Echinostoma macrorchis Metacercariae in Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata from Xiengkhuang Province, Lao PDR and Morphologies of Adults from Experimental Animals

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Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Trematode members in the family Echinostomatidae are intestinal parasites and can cause severe epigastric or abdominal pain, diarrhea, malnutrition and fatigue in humans and animals [1]. Total 8 genera, i.e., Echinostoma, Echinochasmus, Acanthoparyphium, Artyfechinostomum, Episthmium, Himasthla, Hypoderaeum and Isthmiophora, in this fluke group are known to be infected humans worldwide. Among these, Echinostoma is the largest group as the type genus, consists of more than 60 species and about 6 ones, i.e., E. angustitestis, E. cinetorchis, E. echinatum, E. ilocanum, E. macrorchis, and E. revolutum are reported as the human infecting species [1,2]. Echinostoma macrorchis was originally described from naturally infected house rats, Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus, in Japan [3]. And then, this echinostomes have been detected in other rodent species, birds and even humans in Japan [4–8]. The presence of this fluke species was also confirmed in Taiwan, Lao PDR and the Republic of Korea (Korea) [9–13].

In Lao PDR, a species of the liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, and several species of intestinal flukes, i.e., Haplorchis taichui, H. pumilio, H. yokogawai, Centrocestus formosanus, Prosthodendrium molenkampi, and Phaneropsolus bonnei, have been prevalently detected among riparian peoples in the several localities of Mekong basin [14–18]. And then human infections with 4 echinostome species, i.e., Echinostoma revolutum, Artyfechinostomum malayanum, Echinochasmus caninus, and Euparyphium sp. were also reported in riparian peoples of Khammouane Province [19,20]. Recently Sohn et al. [12] found E. macrorchis metacercariae in freshwater snails, Cipangopaludina sp., purchased from a local market in Vientiane Municipality and described the morphological characteristics of adult flukes obtained after experimental infection to rats and a cat. On the other hand, in the Korea-Lao PDR Collaborative Project for Control of Foodborne Trematode Infections (esp. Opisthorchiasis) in Lao PDR, we also focused the source of human infections to expand the trematode fauna in Lao PDR. Therefore, we intended to identify larval and adult echinostomes, which were originated from Chinese mystery snails, Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata, in Xiengkhuang Province, Lao PDR. And we described here some morphological and biological differences from the findings of previous studies, especially Sohn et al. [12].

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We collected Chinese mystery snails, C. chinensis malleata, (Fig. 1) in a field of Phonsavan in Xiengkhuang Province, Lao PDR in June 2011. Collected snails were transferred in our laboratory (Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine) with ice, and each 20 snails were digested with pepsin-HCl solution for 2 hr after crushing their shells with a mortar. Metacercariae were collected in the digested materials under the stereomicroscope. Collected metacercariae were morphologically observed and measured under a light microscope with a micrometer. A mouse (ICR) and a rat (Sprague-Dawly) were infected orally with 100 metacercariae each. Adult worms were recovered in the small intestines of mouse and rat at 2 and 3 weeks after infection. In the animal experiments, the guidelines of animal experiments from Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine were followed. Each 10 adults recovered from a mouse and a rat were fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin under the cover glass pressure, stained with Semichon’s acetocarmine, and observed their morphological characteristics and differential indices under a light microscope with a micrometer. To observe the surface ultrastructure, some of them were washed several times with 0.2 M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.2) and fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde at 4°C. After washing 3 times with the same buffer, they were dehydrated through a graded alcohol series (50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% and absolute alcohol), dried with hexamethyldisilazane, coated (JFC-1100E ion sputtering device) with gold, and observed with a scanning electron microscope (Philips XL-30S) at 15 kV accelerating voltage.

Fig. 1

(A) Two Chinese mystery snails, Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata, the second intermediate host of E. macrorchis, collected from a field of Xiengkhuang Province, Lao PDR. (B) A metacercaria of E. macrorchis detected in a Chinese mystery snail. Scale bar is 50 μm.

We basically measured the body length (BL) and width (BW), the size of oral sucker (OS) and ventral sucker (VS), pharynx, esophagus, head collar, cirrus sac, ovary and 2 testes, and additionally the forebody length (FBL: from the anterior end to the anterior margin of the ventral sucker), hindbody length (HBL: from the posterior margin of the posterior testis to the posterior end) and uterus length (UL: from the posterior margin of the ventral sucker to the anterior margin of the ovary). And then we also calculated the ratio of BL/BW, VS/OS, the length/width in ovary and 2 testes, and percentage (%) of FBL/BL, HBL/BL, and UL/BL as the differential indices of this fluke. Measurements and scales are in micrometres (μm).

RESULTS

Morphology of metacercariae (Fig. 2)

Fig. 2

Adult worms (3-week-old) of E. macrorchis (A: unstained; B: Semichon’s acetocarmine stained) recovered from an experimental rat. Scale bar is 1,000 μm. Head collar with 43 collar spines including 5 end group ones (encircle) on each side (C & D). Scale bar is 100 μm.

The metacercariae (n=20) were round, 115–133 (125)×113–133 (123) in size, with a moderately thick cyst wall, collar spines distributed in the head collar and excretory granules in two descending canals of the main excretory tube.

Morphological characteristics of adult worms (3-week-old) (Fig. 3)

Fig. 3

Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) view of E. macrorchis adults (3-week-old) from an experimental rat. (A) Whole ventral view, which was elongated, ventrally curved and had the largest width near the middle portion of the body. (B) Dorsal view of the head collar showed 2 alternating rows of collar spines. (C) Scale-like tegumental spines were densely distributed on the body surface between the head collar and ventral sucker level. (D) Density of tegumental spines was decreased posteriorly on the tegumental surface from the behind of ventral sucker to the posterior 1/4 level. (E, F) Tegumental spines were very rarely observed on the dorsal surface behind the ventral sucker level and ventral surface in the posterior portion.

Adult worms were elongated, ventrally curved, 4,975–6,000 long and 925–1,100 wide. Head collar distinct, 300–360 in width, bearing 43 collar spines with 5 end group ones on each side. Oral sucker subterminal, 120–158×145–178 in size. Prepharynx very short. Pharynx well developed, 145–163×98–125 in size. Esophagus relatively short, 105–155 long. Cirrus sac well developed, with a saccular seminal vesicle, 230–350×90–200 in size. Ventral sucker very large, 410–480×455–510 in size. Ovary round, 225–325×225–350 in size, and on the median line of the body. Testes tandom, elongated, slightly indented, 650–820×360–500 (anterior testis) and 740–950×370–470 (posterior testis). Vitelline follicles bilaterally distributed from the anterior 1/4 level of uterine field to the posterior end. Numerous eggs contained in the uterus located between the posterior margin of ventral sucker and ovary. Eggs operculated, elliptical and 88–96 (90)×55–60 (57) in size. Dimensions of E. macrorchis from a mouse and a rat at 2 and 3 weeks after infection were detailedly revealed and compared with those of previous studies in Table 1.

Table 1

Dimensionsa of Echinostoma macrorchis adults recovered from mouse and rat experimentally infected with metacercariae from Chinese mistery snails from Xiengkhuang Province in Lao PDR and comparison with those of previous studies

In the SEM observation, adult worms were elongated, ventrally curved and had the largest width near the middle portion of the body (Fig. 3A). The head collar was well-developed and prominent bearing total 43 collar spines. A dorsal view of the head collar showed 2 alternating rows of collar spines (Fig. 3B). Scale-like tegumental spines were densely distributed on the body surface between the head collar and ventral sucker level (Fig. 3C), and their densities decreased posteriorly on the ventral surface (Fig. 3D). However, tegumental spines were very rarely observed on the dorsal surface behind the ventral sucker level and ventral surface in the posterior portion (Fig. 3E, F).

Differential indices of adult worms

The ratios of body length (BL) to body width (BW) were 5.15 and 5.19 in 2-week-old and 3-week-old worms. Those of ventral sucker (VS) to oral sucker (OS) were 3.13 and 3.12. The ratios of length (L)/width (W) in the ovary were 0.95 and 0.98, those in the anterior testis were 1.59 and 1.68, and in the posterior testis were 1.85 and 2.04. The percentages of forebody length (FBL) to BL were 14.8% and 12.4%, and those of hindbody length (HBL) to BL were 18.7% and 18.2%. The percentages of uterine field (UL) to BL were 18.1% and 20.9% (Table 2).

Table 2

Differential indices of Echinostoma macrorchis adults recovered from mouse and rat experimentally infected with metacercariae from Chinese mistery snails of Xiengkhuang Province, Lao PDR

DISCUSSION

In the present study, it was first confirmed that E. macrorchis metacercariae are to be infected in Chinese mystery snails, C. chinensis malleata, from Xiengkhuang Province, Lao PDR. This echinostome metacercariae were previously found in the same species of snails in Korea [13], in Cipangopaludina sp. in Vientiane Municipality, Lao PDR [12], and in C. japonica in Japan [21,22]. And then, Cipangopaludina spp. snails are proved again as the suitable second intermediate hosts of E. macrorchis in Japan, Lao PDR and Korea. Besides Cipangopaludina spp., various species of mollusces, i.e., Assiminea, Biomphalaria, Bulinus, Corbicula, Gyraulus, Hippeutis, Lymnaea, Physa, Segmentina and Thiara, and amphibians, i.e., Rana spp. and Hynobius sp., have been reported as the second intermediate hosts of E. macrorchis in Japan and Taiwan [11,21–24]. Meanwhile only 2 species of freshwater snails, i.e., Segmentina hemisphaerula and Gyraulus chinensis, were known to be the first intermediate host of E. macrorchis in Japan and Taiwan [11,24]. As the natural definitive hosts of E. macrorchis, some species of rodents, i.e., Apodemus spp., Microtus montebelli, Mogera spp. and Rattus spp., a species of bird, Capella gallinago gallinago, and humans have been reported in the literatures [3–10]. Accordingly, studies on the life history of this echinostome species including on the first intermediate and natural definitive hosts should be performed in the near future in Lao PDR as well as in Korea.

In the present study, E. macrorchis metacercariae were 125×123 in average size. They were almost same sizes with those from Taiwan (122×118) and Vientiane Municipality, Lao PDR (121×120) [11,12]. However they were more or less larger than those from Korea (110×108) [13]. The metacercariae from 3 countries, i.e., Taiwan, Lao PDR and Korea, were nearly round, whereas those from Japan were elliptical in shape [11–13,25]. Whether these differences are originated from the geographical and/or host variation or are from the taxonomic significance should be traced through further comparative morphological and molecular genetic studies with each isolates from 4 countries.

Adult worms recovered in this study could be assigned to the subfamily Echinostomatinae, because they have more or less elongated body and dorsally uninterrupted row of collar spines. Additionally, their head collar is well-developed with a double row of spines and their uterine tubules are long with numerous eggs, so they are to be diagnosed as a member of Echinostoma. More than 11 Echinostoma species, i.e., E. academica, E. aegyptiaca, E. attenuatum, E. australasianum, E. azerbaidjanicum, E. coromandum, E. coronale, E. dietzi, E. gotoi, E. macrorchis, and E. phasianina, are known to have 43–45 collar spines [26–31]. And then we are able to assign our specimens to E. macrorchis by the following reasons. The body length of our specimens do not exceed 6.5 mm like in E. academica, E. aegyptiaca, E. attenuatum, E. macrorchis, and E. phasianina, whereas other species, i.e., E. australasianum, E. azerbaidjanicum, E. coromandum, E. coronale, E. dietzi, and E. gotoi, exceed 13.0 mm. E. academica has a very prominent and large head collar compared with that of E. aegyptiaca and E. macrorchis [28]. Our specimens has a moderately developed head collar like that of E. aegyptiaca and E. macrorchis [11,20,32]. Morphologies of the testes, i.e., large, elliptical, slight indentations near the middle, more or less irregular margins, and a pointed posterior end of the posterior testis, in our specimens are compatible with E. macrorchis [3,11], but not those of E. aegyptiaca, which has smooth surface and rounded posterior end of the posterior testis [32,33]. The testes of remain 2 species, i.e., E. attenuatum and E. phasianina, are small, or slender and elongated, which apparently differ from our specimens.

Sohn et al. [13] proposed the differential indices for E. macrorchis based on the data from 40 worms, which were recovered from experimental rats at 15, 20, 25, and 30 days after infection in Korea (Table 2). When we compared them with those from our specimens, the worm body (the ratio of BL/BW: 5.30–5.76) is slightly slender than our specimens (5.15 and 5.19); the ratios of VS/OS, L/W in the ovary and L/W in 2 testes are nearly equal with those of our study; the proportions (%) of FBL/BL and HBL/BL are not so different with those of this study; the proportion of UL/BL (28.2%) is much higher than those of our study (18.1% and 20.9%); the number of collar spines, 45, in the head collar is more than in our specimens, 43 including 5 end group ones on each side. On the other hand, the size of eggs was more or less small in our specimens (88–96×55–60) than in Sohn et al. [13] (93–105×53–64), but nearly equal with that in Sohn et al. [12] (88–98×55–61).

Through the present study, the presence of E. macrorchis was reconfirmed in Lao PDR, and also confirmed that the Chinese mystery snail, C. chinensis malleata, acts as the second intermediate host of this echinostome species in Xiengkhuang Province, Lao PDR like in Korea. However, some morphological differences such as the number of collar spines and differential indices of organs, should be clarified in near future for the taxonomic validity of E. macrorchis.

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