Warning: mkdir(): Permission denied in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 81

Warning: fopen(upload/ip_log/ip_log_2024-03.txt): failed to open stream: No such file or directory in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 83

Warning: fwrite() expects parameter 1 to be resource, boolean given in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 84
Immunosuppressive effect of <i xmlns="">Cryptosporidium baileyi</i> infection on vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis in chicks

Immunosuppressive effect of Cryptosporidium baileyi infection on vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis in chicks

Article information

Korean J Parasito. 1998;36(3):203-206
Publication date (electronic) : 1998 September 20
doi : https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.3.203
Department of Parasitology, Veterinary School, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, Korea.
Corresponding author (jkr@moak.chonbuk.ac.kr)
Received 1998 April 28; Accepted 1998 July 30.

Abstract

Two-day-old commercial chicks were inoculated orally with 2 × 106 oocysts of Cryptosporidium baileyi and vaccinated with 103.5 EID50/head of a commercially available avian infectious bronchitis (IB) live virus vaccine at 4 and 14 days following inoculation. Chicks infected with C. baileyi were shown to have an immunosuppressive effect on IB virus. It is concluded that infection with the protozoon in early life may increase their susceptibility to IB.

Cryptosporidiosis caused by Cryptosporidium baileyi is a protozoan infection that produces marked diffuse chronic superficial purulent bursitis with a mild to moderate depletion of lymphocytes in the lymphoid follicles of young chicks (Rhee et al., 1997). We had shown previously that infection with C. baileyi in early life depressed the ability of the chicks to respond to sRBC (Rhee et al., 1998b). Recent investigations have demonstrated that 2-day-old chicks initially infected with C. baileyi tended to reduce the immune response following vaccination against Newcastle disease (Rhee et al., 1998a).

Since the incidence of cryptosporidiosis appears to be widespread among domestic poultry, it is thought that its effect on the susceptibility to other important poultry diseases should be further examined. Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute, highly contagious viral disease of the respiratory tract of chicks, causing high mortality in young chicks. It is characterized by a lightning-fast spread and occurs worldwide.

It has been demonstrated that infectious bursal disease virus induced an immuno-suppression against challenge infection with IB virus in chicks at 1 or 5 days of age (Pejkovski et al., 1979). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of cryptosporidiosis on vaccination against IB in chicks in the field because the effect of the former is largely unknown, with all both diseases have been prevailing in Korea as well as other parts of the world.

Two-day-old commercial chicks (Dekalb-Warren, Scx-Sal-Link, male) with maternal antibody to IB virus were each orally inoculated with 2 × 106 oocysts of C. baileyi (infected group), as previously described by Rhee et al. (1997). Oocysts have been maintained in our laboratory since 1990. Age-matched chicks were served as uninfected control group. Each bird in both groups was orally given 103.5 EID50/head of a commercially available IB live virus vaccine at 4 and 14 days postinoculation (PI), as recommended by the manufacture. Following inoculation, the feeding of chicks and the examination of fecal samples were referred to the methods previously described by Rhee et al, (1995 & 1996). Furthermore, 10 commercial chicks immediately after incubation were allocated into intrinsic control group (uninfected and unvaccinated) to monitor maternal antibodies to IB virus.

The serum samples were collected weekly from the same 10 chicks per stage in the intrinsic, the infected and the uninfected groups, respectively. The immune response to IB vaccination was estimated by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) levels determined by the method described by King and Hopkins (1983) using Massachusetts 41 IB antigen prepared by 4 hemagglutinating units. The experiment in the present study was repeated at least three times with similar results. HI levels to IB virus between the uninfected and the infected groups were analyzed by Student's t-test.

In the intrinsic control chicks, the mean log2 based HI levels of maternal antibody to IB virus at one day-old were 5.16 ± 1.39, subsequently decreased, and reached to negative seroconversion at 6 weeks of age. A negative relationship between the ages of chicks and the levels of maternal antibodies was linear, and in agreement with the linear equation Y = -0.90X + 4.67, showing that the age (X) was a parameter (R = 0.9454). As presented in Table 1, the mean levels of HI to IB virus were, in general, significantly lower in the infected group chicks compared with the uninfected group throughout the experimental period (p < 0.05). The mean levels were gradually decreased with day post-booster-vaccination (PBV), dropped at the lowest grade at 2 weeks PBV, and then increasingly raised with somewhat constant profiles thereafter in both groups. Such diminutions of the mean levels in initial stages of both groups were nearly in line with those of maternal antibody of the intrinsic control chicks.

Fluctuations in log2 based hemagglutination-inhibition titer against avian infectious bronchitis vaccination in chicks infected with Cryptosporidium baileyi

In the infected group, oocyst output in the excrements revealed profiles similar to those of the previous study of Rhee et al (1998b). However, the oocysts did not show up in the excremental samples of the intrinsic and the uninfected groups during this period.

Although IB viruses perform well as vaccines with SPF chickens, it is well known that maternal antibodies to IB block vaccine viruses and reduce the immune responses when vaccination is carried out at few days of age (Klieve and Gumming, 1988; Calnek, 1991). After booster-vaccination such a temporary depression of HI titer is supposed to be due to the interference phenomenon of maternal antibody. This suggests that the vaccines' efficacy is diminished when birds with maternal antibody are vaccinated with the virus of the same serological subtype. Overall, the data presented confirm reports that maternal antibodies reduce the activity of vaccine reaction.

Based on previous findings (Rhee et al., 1997, 1998a & b) and the present result, it is thought that cryptosporidiosis has an immunosuppressive effect on important poultry disease such as Newcastle disease and IB owing to disturbance of the ontogeny of B-cells by hyperplasia and thickening of bursal epithelium and a mild to moderate depletion of lymphocytes in bursal lymphoid follicles. Therfore, the results give rise to suggestion that the infection with C. baileyi tends to increase the susceptibility of chicks to other important poultry diseases.

The mean HI titers of IB virus were kept up high during 20 to 60-week-old chicks ascribed to several vaccination against IB virus in Korea (Seong et al., 1993). Moreover, the disease is characterized by epizootiological character, as previously described and has been prevailing in Korea (Rhee et al., 1986). Hence, chicks with maternal antibody to IB virus were used as an experimental animal model for the present study to document immunosuppressive effect on other important poultry diseases of chicks at field and general poultry farms. Therefore, the outcome obtained from the present investigation can effectively execute disease prevention practices. It indicate that the managers of poultry flocks have to counteract the incidence of crypto-sporidiosis initially by good managements prior to prevent important poultry diseases.

Notes

This study was financially supported in part by a Research Grant from Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University in 1998 (CNU-BSRI, No, 98-01).

References

1. Calnek BW. Diseases of Poultry 1991. 9th edth ed. Ames, Iowa, USA: Iowa State University Press. p. 471–484.
2. King DJ, Hopkins SR. Evaluation of hemagglutination-inhibition test for measuring the response of chickens of avian infectious bronchitis vaccination. Avian Dis 1983;27(1):100–112. 6189476.
3. Klieve AV, Cumming RB. Infectious bronchitis: safety and protection in chickens with maternal antibody. Aust Vet J 1988;65(12):396–397. 2851970.
4. Pejkovski C, Davelaar FG, Kouwenhoven B. Immunosuppressive effect of infectious bursal disease virus on vaccination against infectious bronchitis. Avian Pathol 1979;8:95–106. 18770430.
5. Rhee JK, Jang BG, Park BK. Oocyst production and immunogenicity of Cryptosporidium baileyi in chickens and mallards. Korean J Parasitol 1995;33(1):45–54. 7735785.
6. Rhee JK, Kim HC, Lee SB, Yook SY. Immunosuppressive effect of Cryptosporidium baileyi infection on vaccination against Newcastle disease in chicks. Korean J Parasitol 1998a;36(2):121–125. 9637829.
7. Rhee JK, Kim HC, Park BK. Chronologic change of serum IgG antibody response in chickens reinfected with Cryptosporidium baileyi. Korean J Parasitol 1996;34(4):255–258. 9017911.
8. Rhee JK, Kim HC, Park BK. Effects of Cryptosporidium baileyi infection on the bursa of Fabricius in chickens. Korean J Parasitol 1997;35(3):181–187. 9335183.
9. Rhee JK, Kim HC, Park BK. Effect of Cryptosporidium baileyi infection on antibody response to sRBC in chickens. Korean J Parasitol 1998b;36(1):33–36. 9529861.
10. Rhee YO, Kim JH, Kim JH, et al. Outbreaks of infectious bronchitis in Korea. Korean J Vet Res 1986;26(2):277–282.
11. Seong HW, Kim JH, Song CS, MO IP, Lee JW, Kim SH. Serological survey against several avian diseases in breeder farms in Korea. RDA J Agri Sci 1993;35(2):604–611.

Article information Continued

Table 1.

Fluctuations in log2 based hemagglutination-inhibition titer against avian infectious bronchitis vaccination in chicks infected with Cryptosporidium baileyi

Weeks postvaccination Uninfected Infected Significance of difference (p)
0 5.16 ± 1.39 5.16 ± 1.39
1 4.85 ± 1.25 4.15 ± 1.20 0.0166
2 4.74 ± 1.00 3.83 ± 2.11 0.0178
3 4.48 ± 1.52 3.58 ± 1.10 0.0045
4 3.85 ± 1.24 2.85 ± 1.95 0.0064
5 4.70 ± 2.20 3.55 ± 1.96 0.0234
6 6.10 ± 1.02 4.65 ± 0.93 0.0001
7 5.95 ± 1.43 3.70 ± 1.38 0.0001
8 5.70 ± 1.83 3.35 ± 2.00 0.0004
9 4.80 ± 1.36 3.25 ± 2.07 0.0081
10 4.90 ± 0.99 3.70 ± 0.67 0.0054
11 4.00 ± 0.66 3.30 ± 0.67 0.0314

Chicks were inoculated with C. baileyi at two days of age and vaccinated with a commercially available IB live virus vaccine 4 and 14 days following inoculation. Each value represents the mean of triple repetition of ten determinations with the standard deviations.