Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Volume 45(2); June 2007

Mini Review

Imaging diagnosis of clonorchiasis: Dongil Choi, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):77-85.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.77

Abstract
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Among several diagnostic tools for clonorchiasis (Clonorchis sinensis infection), radiologic examinations are commonly used in clinical practices. During the 2 past decades, many reports regarding imaging findings of clonorchiasis were introduced. The basic imaging finding of clonorchiasis is diffuse dilatation of the peripheral intrahepatic bile ducts, without dilation of the large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts. By this finding, however, active clonorchiasis cannot be differentiated from cured infection. Some recent radiologic studies suggested specific findings of active clonorchiasis. Besides direct demonstration of worms, increased periductal echogenicity on sonography and periductal enhancement on dynamic contrast-enhanced CT or MR imaging possibly represent active clonorchiasis. Those images of the liver clonorchiasis are known to be correlated with worm burdens (EPG counts) in their frequency and also severity. The images of cholangiocarcinoma associated with clonorchiasis show both the tumor with obstruction images and diffuse dilatation of the peripheral intrahepatic bile ducts. Radiological images can be a good practical alternative diagnostic method of clonorchiasis.

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Original Articles

Double-stranded RNA virus in Korean Isolate IH-2 of Trichomonas vaginalis: Jong Wook Kim, Pyung-Rim Chung, Myung-Ki Hwang, Eun Young Choi; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):87-94.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.87

Abstract
PDF

In this study, we describe Korean isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis infected with double-stranded (ds) RNA virus (TVV). One T. vaginalis isolate infected with TVV IH-2 evidenced weak pathogenicity in the mouse assay coupled with the persistent presence of a dsRNA, thereby indicating a hypovirulence effect of dsRNA in T. vaginalis. Cloning and sequence analysis results revealed that the genomic dsRNA of TVV IH-2 was 4,647 bp in length and evidenced a sequence identity of 80% with the previously-described TVV 1-1 and 1-5, but only a 42% identity with TVV 2-1 and 3 isolates. It harbored 2 overlapping open reading frames of the putative capsid protein and dsRNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). As previously observed in the TVV isolates 1-1 and 1-5, a conserved ribosomal slippage heptamer (CCUUUUU) and its surrounding sequence context within the consensus 14-nt overlap implied the gene expression of a capsid protein-RdRp fusion protein, occurring as the result of a potential ribosomal frameshift event. The phylogenetic analysis of RdRp showed that the Korean TVV IH-2 isolate formed a compact group with TVV 1-1 and 1-5 isolates, which was divergent from TVV 2-1, 3 and other viral isolates classified as members of the Giardiavirus genus.

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ՏՐԻԽՈՄՈՆԱՍ ՎԱԳԻՆԱԼԻՍ ՎԻՐՈՒՍԻ (TVV) ԱԶԴԵՑՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ ԿԱՆԱՆՑ ՄԻԶԱՍԵՌԱԿԱՆ ՏՐԻԽՈՄՈՆԻԱԶԻ ՎՐԱ
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Changes of cytokine mRNA expression and IgG responses in rats infected with Capillaria hepatica: Dong-Kwan Kim, Kyoung-Hwan Joo, Myung-Sook Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):95-102.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.95

Abstract
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The mRNA expression of several cytokines was evaluated in splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells of rats infected with Capillaria hepatica by reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR until week 12 after infection. IgG1 and IgG2a, which are associated with Th1 and Th2 response, respectively, were also assessed by ELISA. The results indicated that the majority of cytokines, including the Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-γ) and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10) were expressed at maximal levels during the early stage of infection (after week 1-2), and the ELISA data also evidenced a similar pattern of changes in IgG1 and IgG2a. Th1 and Th2 cytokines responded in a similar fashion in this rat model. The expression of cytokines in splenocytes was significantly higher than that in MLN cells, thereby indicating that cytokine production is controlled more by spleen than by MLN. In addition, the observation that IFN-γ expression increased unexpectedly at the time of maximal egg production (6 weeks after infection) indicated that IFN-γ is a cytokine reacting against egg production. However, increased IL-5 expression occurring in tandem with worm activity indicated that the activity of C. hepatica might be controlled by IL-5 expression.

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Leishmania tropica infection, in comparison to Leishmania major, induces lower delayed type hypersensitivity in BALB/c mice: Hamid Mahmoudzadeh-Niknam, Simin Sadat Kiaei, Davood Iravani; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):103-109.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.103

Abstract
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Leishmania tropica and L. major are etiologic agents of human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an immunologic response that has been frequently used as a correlate for protection against or sensitization to leishmania antigen. In BALB/c mice, L. tropica infection results in non-ulcerating disease, whereas L. major infection results in destructive lesions. In order to clarify the immunologic mechanisms of these 2 different outcomes, we compared the ability of these 2 leishmania species in induction of DTH response in this murine model. BALB/c mice were infected with L. major or L. tropica, and disease evolution and DTH responses were determined. The results show that the primary L. major infection can exacerbate the secondary L. major infection and is associated with DTH response. Higher doses of the primary L. major infection result in more disease exacerbation of the secondary L. major infection as well as higher DTH response. L. tropica infection induces lower DTH responses than L. major. We have previously reported that the primary L. tropica infection induces partial protection against the secondary L. major infection in BALB/c mice. Induction of lower DTH response by L. tropica suggests that the protection induced against L. major by prior L. tropica infection may be due to suppression of DTH response.

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Clinical efficacy of chloroquine versus artemether-lumefantrine for Plasmodium vivax treatment in Thailand: Srivicha Krudsood, Noppadon Tangpukdee, Sant Muangnoicharoen, Vipa Thanachartwet, Nutthanej Luplertlop, Siripan Srivilairit, Polrat Wilairatana, Shigeyuki Kano, Pascal Ringwald, Sornchai Looareesuwan; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):111-114.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.111

Abstract
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Chloroquine remains the drug of choice for the treatment of vivax malaria in Thailand. Mixed infections of falciparum and vivax malaria are also common in South-East Asia. Laboratory confirmation of malaria species is not generally available. This study aimed to find alternative regimens for treating both malaria species by using falciparum antimalarial drugs. From June 2004 to May 2005, 98 patients with Plasmodium vivax were randomly treated with either artemether-lumefantrine (n = 47) or chloroquine (n = 51). Both treatments were followed by 15 mg of primaquine over 14 days. Adverse events and clinical and parasitological outcomes were recorded and revealed similar in both groups. The cure rate was 97.4% for the artemether-lumefantrine treated group and 100% for the chloroquine treated group. We concluded that the combination of artemether-lumefantrine and primaquine was well tolerated, as effective as chloroquine and primaquine, and can be an alternative regimen for treatment of vivax malaria especially in the event that a mixed infection of falciparum and vivax malaria could not be ruled out.

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Thanawat Sridapan, Paweesuda Rattanakoch, Kaewkanha Kijprasong, Suttipat Srisutham, Kristan Alexander Schneider
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Samah Elhassan, Sahar Khalid Mohamed, Khlood Fathi Hassan Alnaeem, Ahmed Abdulgadir Noureddin, Samah Kamaleldeen Bakrri Abass, Fadwa Mohamed Saad, Technical Advisory Committee
Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences.2024; 19(4): 531. CrossRef
Plasmodium knowlesi as a model system for characterising Plasmodium vivax drug resistance candidate genes
Lisa H. Verzier, Rachael Coyle, Shivani Singh, Theo Sanderson, Julian C. Rayner, Paulo Pimenta
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2019; 13(6): e0007470. CrossRef
Management of relapsingPlasmodium vivaxmalaria
Cindy S Chu, Nicholas J White
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy.2016; 14(10): 885. CrossRef
Evaluation of Efficacy of Chloroquine for Plasmodium Vivax Infection Using Parasite Clearance Times: A 10-Year Study and Systematic Review
Hariharan Subramony, Noppadon Tangpukdee, Srivicha Krudsood, Kittiyod Poovorawan, Sant Muangnoicharoen, Polrat Wilairatana
Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore.2016; 45(7): 303. CrossRef
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Benjamin J Visser, Rosanne W Wieten, Daniëlle Kroon, Ingeborg M Nagel, Sabine Bélard, Michèle van Vugt, Martin P Grobusch
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Benjamin J Visser, Michèle van Vugt, Martin P Grobusch
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Nicolas Senn, Patricia Rarau, Doris Manong, Mary Salib, Peter Siba, John C. Reeder, Stephen J. Rogerson, Blaise Genton, Ivo Mueller
Clinical Infectious Diseases.2013; 56(10): 1413. CrossRef
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Nithya Gogtay, Sridharan Kannan, Urmila M Thatte, Piero L Olliaro, David Sinclair
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Tajeldin M Abdallah, Abdel Aziem A Ali, Mohammed Bakri, Gasim I Gasim, Imad R Musa, Ishag Adam
Malaria Journal.2012;[Epub] CrossRef
Therapeutic efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine for Plasmodium vivax infections in a prospective study in Guyana
Daniel Eibach, Nicolas Ceron, Karanchand Krishnalall, Keith Carter, Guillaume Bonnot, Anne-Lise Bienvenu, Stéphane Picot
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Teferi Eshetu, Nasir Abdo, Kunuz H Bedru, Sintayehu Fekadu, Andreas Wieser, Michael Pritsch, Thomas Löscher, Nicole Berens-Riha
Malaria Journal.2012;[Epub] CrossRef
Primaquine in vivax malaria: an update and review on management issues
Deepika Fernando, Chaturaka Rodrigo, Senaka Rajapakse
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Plasmodium vivax treatments
Ric N. Price, Nicholas M. Douglas, Nicholas M. Anstey, Lorenz von Seidlein
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases.2011; 24(6): 578. CrossRef
Pyronaridine-Artesunate versus Chloroquine in Patients with Acute Plasmodium vivax Malaria: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Non-Inferiority Trial
Yi Poravuth, Duong Socheat, Ronnatrai Rueangweerayut, Chirapong Uthaisin, Aung Pyae Phyo, Neena Valecha, B. H. Krishnamoorthy Rao, Emiliana Tjitra, Asep Purnama, Isabelle Borghini-Fuhrer, Stephan Duparc, Chang-Sik Shin, Lawrence Fleckenstein, Lorenz von S
PLoS ONE.2011; 6(1): e14501. CrossRef
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Quique Bassat, David Joseph Diemert
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2011; 5(12): e1325. CrossRef
Confirmed Vivax Resistance to Chloroquine and Effectiveness of Artemether-Lumefantrine for the Treatment of Vivax Malaria in Ethiopia
Ambachew M. Yohannes, Pascal Ringwald, Awash Teklehaimanot, Yngve Bergqvist
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2011; 84(1): 137. CrossRef
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Cho Naing, Kyan Aung, Daw-Khin Win, Mak Joon Wah
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2010; 104(11): 695. CrossRef
Artemisinin combination therapy for vivax malaria
Nicholas M Douglas, Nicholas M Anstey, Brian J Angus, Francois Nosten, Ric N Price
The Lancet Infectious Diseases.2010; 10(6): 405. CrossRef
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Malaria Journal.2010;[Epub] CrossRef
Resistance to Therapies for Infection byPlasmodium vivax
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Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2009; 22(3): 508. CrossRef

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Parvatrema chaii n. sp. (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) from mice experimentally infected with metacercariae collected from surf-clam, Mactra veneriformis: Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Yong-Suk Ryang, Hilda Lei Ching, Soon-Hyung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):115-120.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.115

Abstract
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Parvatrema chaii n. sp. (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) is described using the worms recovered from experimentally infected mice in Korea. The metacercariae were collected from surf-clams, Mactra veneriformis, from a tidal flat in Sochon-gun, Chungchongnam-do. The metacercariae were elliptical (0.262 × 0.132 mm), and the genital pore had an anterior arch of 16-17 sensory papillae in scanning electron microscopic view. Adult worms were ovoid to foliate (0.275-0.303 by 0.140-0.150 mm), and their characteristic features included the presence of lateral lips, short esophagus, genital pore located some distance anterior to the ventral sucker, club-shaped seminal vesicle, a compact to slightly lobed vitellarium, elliptical eggs (0.018-0.020 by 0.010-0.013 mm), and absence of the ventral pit. This gymnophallid is classified as a member of the genus Parvatrema because of the location of the wide genital pore some distance from the ventral sucker, and the absence of the ventral pit. It differs from previously reported Parvatrema species, including the type species, P. borinquenae. In particular, the morphologies of the vitellarium and the genital pore with an anterior arch of 16-17 sensory papillae are unique features. Therefore, we propose it as a new species, Parvatrema chaii n. sp. (Digenea: Gymnophallidae).

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Kirill V. Galaktionov, Anna Gonchar, Daria Postanogova, Aleksei Miroliubov, Semen Yu. Bodrov
International Journal for Parasitology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Parvatrema duboisi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) Life Cycle Stages in Manila Clams, Ruditapes philippinarum, from Aphae-do (Island), Shinan-gun, Korea
Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Hyejoo Shin, Seungwan Ryoo, Sooji Hong, Jeonggyu Lee, Hyemi Song, Jaeeun Cho, Deok-Gyu Kim, Hojong Jun, Min-Jae Kim, Eun Jeong Won, Eun-Taek Han, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 83. CrossRef
Morphological and molecular characterization of larval digenean trematodes (Parvatrema: Gymnophallidae) and their pathological effects on the clam Leukoma thaca (=Protothaca thaca) (Bivalvia:Veneridae) (Molina, 1782) from northern Chile
Diana Montenegro, María Soledad Romero, María Teresa González
Parasitology International.2021; 80: 102238. CrossRef
Morphological and Molecular Confirmation of Parvatrema duboisi Metacercariae in the Manila Clam Ruditapes philippinarum from Gochang-gun, Korea
Taehee Chang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyejoo Shin, Sooji Hong, Jeonggyu Lee, Deok-Gyu Kim, Laddawan Patarwut, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(1): 87. CrossRef
Prevalence and Density of Digenetic Trematode Metacercariae in Clams and Oysters from Western Coastal Regions of the Republic of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Won-Ja Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(4): 399. CrossRef
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Przemysław Sztajner
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Margarita C. Ostrowski de Núñez, Nathalia J. Arredondo, Alicia A. Gil de Pertierra
Systematic Parasitology.2011; 80(1): 67. CrossRef
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Margarita C. Ostrowski de Núñez, Nathalia J. Arredondo, Irene L. Doma, Alicia A. Gil de Pertierra
Systematic Parasitology.2011; 78(1): 27. CrossRef
Discovery ofParvatrema duboisiandParvatrema homoeotecnum(Digenea: Gymnophallidae) from Migratory Birds in Korea
Ok-Sik Chung, Hye-Jung Lee, Woon-Mok Sohn, Yun-Kyu Park, Jong-Yil Chai, Min Seo
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2010; 48(3): 271. CrossRef
Mactra veneriformis, an Intertidal Clam, as a New Second Intermediate Host for Acanthoparyphium marilae (Digenea: Echinostomatidae)
Eun-Taek Han, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2008; 46(2): 101. CrossRef

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Arthrostoma miyazakiense (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) infection in raccoon dogs of Korea and experimental transmission to dogs: Sung-Shik Shin, Dae-Jung Cha, Kyoung-Oh Cho, Ho-Sung Cho, Jeong-Ok Choi, Shin-Hyeong Cho; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):121-128.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.121

Abstract
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Arthrostoma miyazakiense (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) is a hookworm species reported from the small intestines of raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Japan. Five Korean raccoon dogs (N. procyonoides koreensis) caught from 2002 to 2005 in Jeollanam-do (Province), a southeastern area of South Korea, contained helminth eggs belonging to 4 genera (roundworm, hookworm, whipworm, and Capillaria spp.) and cysts of Giardia sp. in their feces. Necropsy findings of 1 raccoon dog revealed a large number of adult hookworms in the duodenum. These hookworms were identified as Arthrostoma miyazakiense based on the 10 articulated plates observed in the buccal capsule and the presence of right-sided prevulval papillae. Eggs of A. miyazakiense were 60-65 × 35-40 ?m (av. 62.5 × 35 ?m), and were morphologically indistinguishable from those of Ancylostoma caninum. The eggs were cultured to infective 2nd stage larvae via charcoal culture, and 100 infective larvae were used to experimentally infect each of 3 mixed-bred puppies. All puppies harbored hookworm eggs in their feces on the 12th day after infection. This is the first report thus far concerning A. miyazakiense infections in raccoon dogs in Korea, and the first such report outside of Japan.

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Gang Liu, Shiyi Wang, Weihua Liang, Sándor Hornok, Shanshan Zhao, Wenbo Tan, Zhiqiang Liu, Xinli Gu, Yuanzhi Wang
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(6): 567. CrossRef
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Veterinary Parasitology.2016; 217: 71. CrossRef
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Astrid Sutor, Sabine Schwarz, Franz Josef Conraths
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Kyung-Yeon Eo, Dongmi Kwak, Oh-Deog Kwon
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine.2012; 43(3): 682. CrossRef

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Status of Haemaphysalis tick infestation in domestic ruminants in Iran: Sadegh Rahbari, Sedigheh Nabian, Parviz Shayan, Hamid Reza Haddadzadeh; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):129-132.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.129

Abstract
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The geographical distribution and ecological preferences of Haemaphysalis in domestic animals in Iran were studied 4 times a year from April 2003 to March 2005. A total of 1,622 ixodid tick specimens were collected from 3 different zones. Among them, 108 (6.7%) Haemaphysalis ticks, consisting of 6 species, were identified; H. punctata (3.4%), H. parva (0.5%), H. sulcata (0.6%), H. choldokovskyi (1.7%), H. concinna (0.06%) and Haemaphysalis sp. (0.6%). H. punctata was the most abundant species, whereas H. concinna was the rarest species collected in humid and sub-humid zones on cattle, sheep and goats. H. choldokovskyi was principally collected from sheep and goats grazed in cold mountainous areas. The infested areas consisted of Caspian Sea (Guilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, and central provinces), mountainous (Azarbaiejan, Ardebil, Kohgilouyeh, and Kordestan) and semi-dessert (Khorasan, Semnan, Kerman, Sistan, and Baluchestan) zones. The Caspian Sea zone (23.6%) was the most highly infested region. The results show that various species of Haemaphysalis ticks infest domestic ruminants in Iran and each tick species show characteristic geographical distributions.

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Anastasios Saratsis, Panagiota Ligda, Fredie Aal, Mandy Jelicic, Juliette Polgar, Myrthe de Vries, Ioannis Mastranestasis, Vincenzo Musella, Laura Rinaldi, Frans Jongejan, Smaragda Sotiraki
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Mousa khosravani
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Temporal and spatial distribution and species diversity of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in the eastern region of caspian sea
Abbas Farahi, Elahe Ebrahimzade, Sedighe Nabian, Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd, Kamran Akbarzadeh, Alireza Bahonar
Acta Tropica.2016; 164: 1. CrossRef
Distribution of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting domestic ruminants in mountainous areas of Golestan province, Iran
Moslem Sarani, Zakkyeh Telmadarraiy, Abdolreza Salahi Moghaddam, Kamal Azam, Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat
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I. Akimov, I. Nebogatkin
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Ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae and Argasidae) abundance and associated risk factors for animals in the natural habitat of Sanandaj suburb, Iran
Mohammad Yakhchali, Kia Bahramnejad, Omid Almasi
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Moneeb Ahmad Qablan, Michaela Kubelová, Pavel Široký, David Modrý, Zuhair Sami Amr
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Yao Bian, Guangyou Yang, Tao Wang, Jiagang Sun, Kaijun Li, Weizhong Chen
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Yao Bian, Weizhong Chen, Guangyou Yang, Xiaobin Gu, Shuxian Wang, Jiagang Sun, Kaijun Li, Hong Wei
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Prevalence of ixodid ticks on cattle in Mazandaran province, Iran
Gholam Reza Razmi, Meisam Glinsharifodini, Shaboddin Sarvi
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2007; 45(4): 307. CrossRef

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Prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in diarrheic and non-diarrheic humans in Iran: Mohammad Mirzaei; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):133-137.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.133

Abstract
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For evaluation of the prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in diarrheic and non-diarrheic humans in Iran, fecal specimens from diarrheic (n = 129) and non-diarrheic humans (n = 271) were collected and examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts. The presence of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts was determined by Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining. Humans were grouped according to their age as follows: younger than 15, 16-25, 26-35, 36-50, and over 51 years. The results showed that the overall prevalence of infection in all 400 samples was 10.8%, but the prevalence (25.6%) in diarrheic humans was higher than that (3.7%) in non-diarrheic humans. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. were detected in the feces of 21.4%, 9.3%, 8.8%, 6.7% and 5.7% of different age groups, respectively. The intensity of oocysts was significantly higher in diarrheic humans than in non-diarrheic ones. There was a significant association between Cryptosporidium sp. infection and occurrence of diarrhea (P < 0.05). The results indicate that Cryptosporidium sp. infection is prevalent in diarrheic humans in Iran.

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Tissue parasitic helminthiases are prevalent at Cheongjin, North Korea: Chenghua Shen, Shunyu Li, Shanzi Zheng, Min-Ho Choi, Young Mee Bae, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):139-144.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.139

Abstract
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We investigated a small-scale serological survey to screen tissue-parasitic helminthiases of North Koreans as one of research programs for re-unification of Korea. Soil-transmitted helminthiases were found highly prevalent among North Korean residents at the border with China. ELISA using 4 tissue-parasitic helminth antigens was applied to 137 residents living in Cheongjin-shi, Hamgyeongbuk-do, North Korea and 133 female refugees in South Korea in 2004-2005. Among a total of 270 samples, 31 (11.5%), 25 (9.3%), and 11 (4.1%) were positive for specific IgG antibodies to antigens of Clonorchis sinensis, Taenia solium metacestode, and sparganum, respectively. The overall positive rate was 21.5%; 38.2% in males and 15.8% in females. The present finding suggests that tissue parasites, such as C. sinensis, T. solium metacestode and sparganum are highly prevalent in some limited areas of North Korea. These foodborne tissue-parasitic helminthiases should be considered for future control measures of parasitic diseases in North Korea.

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Case Report

A case of Moniliformis moniliformis (Acanthocephala) infection in Iran: Fariba Berenji, Abdolmajid Fata, Zahra Hosseininejad; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):145-148.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.145

Abstract
PDF

Only a few cases of Acanthocephala infections have been reported in humans, and Moniliformis moniliformis is the most common species around the world. We report here a case of infection with M. moniliformis, which passed in the stool of a 2-year-old girl in Iran. The patient had abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and facial edema. According to her mother, the patient had habit of eating dirt and once a cockroach was discovered in her mouth. In stool examination, eggs of M. moniliformis were not found. She was treated with levamisole and the clinical symptoms reduced within 2 weeks. The specimen contained 2 pieces of a female worm with a total length of 148 mm lacking the posterior end. The spiral musculature of the proboscis receptacle and the shape of the trunk allowed its generic determination. Previously 2 cases of M. moniliformis infection were reported in Iran. This is the 3rd case of M. moniliformis infection in Iran.

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Brief Communications

Collection of Clonorchis sinensis adult worms from infected humans after praziquantel treatment: Chenghua Shen, Jae-hwan Kim, Jeong-Keun Lee, Young Mee Bae, Min-Ho Choi, Jin-Kyoung Oh, Min Kyung Lim, Hai-Rim Shin, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):149-152.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.149

Abstract
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A cohort was established for evaluation of cancer risk factors in Sancheong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. As one of the cohort studies, stools of 947 residents (403 males and 544 females, age range: 29-86 years) were screened for Clonorchis sinensis eggs using both Kato-Katz method and formalin-ether sedimentation technique. The overall egg positive rate of C. sinensis was 37.7% and individual EPG (eggs per gram of feces) counts ranged from 24 to 28,800. Eight egg positive residents voluntarily joined a process of collection of the passed worms after praziquantel treatment. A total of 158 worms were recovered from 5 of the 8 treated persons, ranged from 3 to 108 in each individual. The worms were 15-20 mm × 2-3 mm in size, and showed brown-pigmented, red, or white body colors. This is the first collection record of C. sinensis adult worms from humans through anthelmintic treatment and purgation. The adult worms of C. sinensis may be paralyzed by praziquantel and then discharged passively through bile flow in the bile duct and by peristaltic movement of the bowel.

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Application of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay targeting cox1 gene for the detection of Clonorchis sinensis in human fecal samples
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Plagiorchis muris infection in Apodemus agrarius from northern Gyeonggi-do (Province) near the demilitarized zone: Jong-Yil Chai, Jae-Hwan Park, Sang-Mee Guk, Jae-Lip Kim, Hyo-Jin Kim, Won-Hee Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Terry A. Klein, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Jin-Won Song, Luck-Ju Baek; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):153-156.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.153

Abstract
PDF

The small intestines of 6 species of rodents and 1 species of insectivore were examined seasonally for Plagiorchis muris infection in 3 different localities in northern Gyeonggi-do (Province), near the demilitarized zone (DMZ). A total of 1,496 animals, including 1,366 Apodemus agrarius, 54 Crocidura lasiura (insectivore), 32 Mus musculus, 28 Micronytus fortis, 9 Eothenomys regulus, 6 Micronys minutus, and 3 Cricetulus triton, were live-trapped at Yeoncheon-gun (n = 351), Paju-shi (804) and Pocheon-gun (343) at 3-mo intervals from December 2004 to September 2005. A total of 1,647 P. muris were collected from 72 (5.3%) A. agrarius. The infection rate was the highest in Pocheon-gun (8.2%), followed by Yeoncheon-gun (5.0%) and Paju-shi (4.2%). A higher infection rate was observed in A. agrarius captured during September (19.4%) than those captured during December (3.0%), June (2.6%), or April (0%). However, the worm burden was the highest in June (av. 32.1/animal), followed by September (24.7), December (4.0), and April (0). None of the other animal species were found infected with P. muris. The results reveal that A. agrarius is a natural definitive host for P. muris, and infection rates and worm burdens vary seasonally and geographically.

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Jong-Yil Chai, Jae-Hwan Park, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sang-Mee Guk, Jae-Lip Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Terry A. Klein, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Luck Ju Baek, Jin-Won Song
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Apodemus agrarius as a new definitive host for Neodiplostomum seoulense: Jong-Yil Chai, Jae-Hwan Park, Sang-Mee Guk, Jae-Lip Kim, Hyo-Jin Kim, Won-Hee Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Terry A. Klein, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Jin-Won Song, Luck-Ju Baek; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):157-161.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.157

Abstract
PDF

A total of 1,496 rodents and insectivores were live-trapped at Yeoncheon-gun (n = 351), Paju-shi (804), and Pocheon-gun (343), Gyeonggi-do (Province), and examined for intestinal helminths, including Neodiplostomum seoulense, seasonally from December 2004 to September 2005. Six species of rodents, including Apodemus agrarius (1,366), Mus musculus (32), Micronytus fortis (28), Eothenomys regulus (9), Micronys minutus (6), and Cricetulus triton (3), and 1 species of insectivores Crocidura lasiura (54) were collected. A total of 321 adult N. seoulense were collected from 19 (1.4%) A. agrarius. The worm burden ranged from 1 to 101 per A. agrarius (mean; 16.9). No N. seoulense was observed in other rodent or insectivore species examined. The infection rate during autumn (4.5%) was higher than those during spring (0.8%), summer (0.8%), and winter (0.5%). The average number of N. seoulense in infected A. agrarius was the highest in spring (66.0 specimens), followed by autumn (15.2), winter (4.5), and summer (3.3). This study first confirms that A. agrarius is a natural definitive host for N. seoulense, and demonstrates that the infection rates and intensities vary seasonally and geographically.

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