Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

Toxoplasma gondii IST suppresses inflammatory and apoptotic responses by inhibiting STAT1-mediated signaling in IFN-γ/TNF-α-stimulated hepatocytes: Seung-Hwan Seo, Ji-Eun Lee, Do-Won Ham, Eun-Hee Shin; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):30-41.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23129

The dense granule protein of Toxoplasma gondii, inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (IST) is an inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) transcriptional activity that binds to STAT1 and regulates the expression of inflammatory molecules in host cells. A sterile inflammatory liver injury in pathological acute liver failures occurs when excessive innate immune function, such as the massive release of IFN-γ and TNF-α, is activated without infection. In relation to inflammatory liver injury, we hypothesized that Toxoplasma gondii inhibitor of STAT1 transcription (TgIST) can inhibit the inflammatory response induced by activating the STAT1/IRF-1 mechanism in liver inflammation. This study used IFN-γ and TNF-α as inflammatory inducers at the cellular level of murine hepatocytes (Hepa-1c1c7) to determine whether TgIST inhibits the STAT1/IRF-1 axis. In stable cells transfected with TgIST, STAT1 expression decreased with a decrease in interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 levels. Furthermore, STAT1 inhibition of TgIST resulted in lower levels of NF-κB and COX2, as well as significantly lower levels of class II transactivator (CIITA), iNOS, and chemokines (CLXCL9/10/11). TgIST also significantly reduced the expression of hepatocyte proapoptotic markers (Caspase3/8/9, P53, and BAX), which are linked to sterile inflammatory liver injury. TgIST also reduced the expression of adhesion (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) and infiltration markers of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) induced by hepatocyte and tissue damage. TgIST restored the cell apoptosis induced by IFN-γ/TNF-α stimulation. These results suggest that TgIST can inhibit STAT1-mediated inflammatory and apoptotic responses in hepatocytes stimulated with proinflammatory cytokines.

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T. gondii CLPTM1 enhances in vivo virulence through activation of the NF-κB/chemokine/macrophage signaling axis
Zhengming He, Di Zhang, Xinru Yue, Min Zhang, Yulian Wei, Junlong Zhao, Rui Fang
Animal Diseases.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Host kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO) serves as a critical immune defense factor restricting Toxoplasma gondii proliferation
Sheng-Jie Tang, Zhong-Yang Chen, Ya-Fei Song, Yanlong Gu, Yanmin You, Dong-Hui Zhou
Acta Tropica.2026; 275: 108012. CrossRef
Dense granule proteins: key mediators of Toxoplasma gondii pathogenesis and therapeutic targets
Ruiming Zeng, Hammad Bacha, Shams Uz Zaman, Mohammed Abohashrh, Rasha Alonaizan, Khalid J. Alzahrani, Khalaf F. Alsharif, Fuad M. Alzahrani, Abdul Qadeer, Qingming Fu
Frontiers in Medicine.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Antimicrobial peptide YAMP1 derived from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum: A Safe Candidate to Combat Toxoplasma gondii Infection
Wenhui Guo, Zixuan Wang, Jiashan Qin, Chenchen Feng, Xinlei Yan
Journal of Agriculture and Food Research.2026; 29: 103122. CrossRef
Attenuation of Tau Hyperphosphorylation by Chronic Toxoplasma gondii Infection in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Seung‐Hwan Seo, Ji‐Eun Lee, Eun‐Ji Cho, Eun‐Hee Shin
Parasite Immunology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and ferroptosis-associated injury in retinal pigment epithelial cells attenuated by Toxoplasma gondii infection
Xin-Cheng Wang, Yu-Sun Yun, In-Wook Choi, Wei Zhou, Jaemin Yuk, Guang-Ho Cha
Genes & Genomics.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxoplasma GRA16 attenuates Tau hyperphosphorylation and enhances autophagy in thrombin-treated HT-22 hippocampal neuronal cells
Seung-Hwan Seo, Do-Won Ham, Ji-Eun Lee, Eun-Hee Shin
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii GRA16 Suppresses Aerobic Glycolysis by Downregulating c-Myc and TERT Expressions in Colorectal Cancer Cells
Ji-Eun Lee, Seung-Hwan Seo, Do-Won Ham, Eun-Hee Shin
Biomolecules & Therapeutics.2025; 33(4): 621. CrossRef

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Prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in high- and low-transmission areas of Tanzania: The role of asymptomatic carriers in malaria persistence and the need for targeted surveillance and control efforts: Ernest Mazigo, Hojong Jun, Wang-Jong Lee, Johnsy Mary Louis, Fadhila Fitriana, Jadidan Hada Syahada, Fauzi Muh, Feng Lu, Md Atique Ahmed, Seok Ho Cha, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Se Jin Lee, Sunghun Na, Joon-Hee Han, Nyalali Kija, Smart Geodfrey, Eun-Teak Han, Jim Todd, Alphaxard Manjurano, Winifrida Kidima, Jin-Hee Han; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(1):57-65.
Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24077

As many countries implement different programs aimed at eliminating malaria, attention should be given to asymptomatic carriers that may interrupt the progress. This was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in Tanzania from December 2022 to July 2023 within 4 villages from each of the 3 regions, Geita and Kigoma, which are high malaria transmission, and Arusha, which is low transmission. Malaria was diagnosed in asymptomatic individuals aged 1 year and older using the malaria rapid diagnostic test and light microscope. A total of 2,365 of 3,489 (67.9%) participants were enrolled from high-transmission villages. The overall prevalence was 25.5% and 15.8% by malaria rapid diagnostic test and light microscope, respectively. Using the respective tools, the prevalence was significantly higher at 35.6% (confidence interval (CI)=23.6–49.9) and 23.1% (CI=16.2–35.1) in the high-transmission regions (Geita and Kigoma) compared with 2.9% (CI=1.1–3.5) and 1.1% (CI=0.7–1.8) in the low-transmission region (Arusha). Children younger than 15 years and males accounted for the greatest proportion of infections. In the study area, the prevalence of asymptomatic cases was higher than that of reported symptomatic cases in health facilities. We hypothesize that these parasite reservoirs may contribute to the persistence of malaria in the country. Therefore, to achieve comprehensive malaria control in the country, the surveillance and screening of asymptomatic malaria cases are vital.

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Diagnostic challenges of histidine-rich protein 2-based rapid diagnostic tests due to pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions in asymptomatic malaria in Tanzania
Ernest Mazigo, Hojong Jun, Wang-Jong Lee, Johnsy Mary Louis, Fadhila Fitriana, Jadidan Hada Syahada, Fauzi Muh, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Se Jin Lee, Sunghun Na, Eun-Taek Han, Feng Lu, Winifrida Kidima, Jin-Hee Han
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Asymptomatic malaria: a hidden reservoir for the transmission and circulation of artemisinin partial-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Tanzania
Ernest Mazigo, Wang-Jong Lee, Hojong Jun, Fadhila Fitriana, Jadidan Hada Syahada, Johnsy Mary Louis, Fauzi Muh, Feng Lu, Kyu Joon Lee, Joo-Won Nam, Joon-Hee Han, Tae-Hyung Kwon, Se Jin Lee, Sunghun Na, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Eun-Taek Han, Jim Todd, Al
Emerging Microbes & Infections.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Mechanistic insights into subclinical Plasmodium infections: Unveiling the silent drivers of malaria transmission
Ritesh Ranjha, Aditi Gupta, Kuldeep Singh, Ruhi Sikka, Anup R. Anvikar, Himanshu Gupta, Praveen K. Bharti
iScience.2026; 29(6): 115979. CrossRef
Epidemiology of malaria and leishmaniasis in Thailand (2004–2025): A systematic review
Warachaya Apajamjarut, Nalin Siriwongsanon, Patanin Tonpon, Lapatrada Boonlertworakul, Ruamporn Joosiriwong, Baby Kyi Soe, Saowalak Kaewmee, Jassada Saingamsook, Catherine Walton, Sung Jae Lee, Chunqing Lin, George Dimopoulos, Narissara Jariyapan
Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases.2026; 9: 100386. CrossRef
Conserved genetic and antigenic profiles of Pf12 and Pf41 in asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum carriers in Tanzania
Fadhila Fitriana, Wang-Jong Lee, Hyun-Young Sim, Hojong Jun, Jadidan Hada Syahada, Fauzi Muh, Se Jin Lee, Sunghun Na, Kyu Joon Lee, Joo-Won Nam, Eun-Taek Han, Jim Todd, Alphaxard Manjurano, Winifrida Kidima, Ernest Mazigo, Jin-Hee Han
Scientific Reports.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Hidden reservoirs of infection: prevalence and risk factors of asymptomatic malaria in a high-endemic region of Zambia
Wisdom Silwamba, David Chisompola, John Nzobokela, Martin Chakulya, Lombe Kabwe, Kingsley Tembo
Malaria Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Emergence of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum and rising resistance to first-line artemisinin partner drugs in Malawi
Ernest Mazigo, Hojong Jun, Wang-Jong Lee, Johnsy Mary Louis, Jadidan Hada Syahada, Fadhila Fitriana, Fauzi Muh, Md Atique Ahmed, Feng Lu, Joon-Hee Han, Tae-Hyung Kwon, Se Jin Lee, Sunghun Na, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Eun-Taek Han, Winifrida Kidima, Jin-
Emerging Microbes & Infections.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
First report of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions compromising HRP2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Malawi
Johnsy Mary Louis, Ernest Mazigo, Hojong Jun, Wang-Jong Lee, Jadidan Hada Syahada, Fadhila Fitriana, Fauzi Muh, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Se Jin Lee, Sunghun Na, Feng Lu, Eun-Teak Han, Jin-Hee Han
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Micro-geographic variation in antigenic diversity of PfEBA-175 region II in asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in Tanzania
Jadidan Hada Syahada, Wang-Jong Lee, Hojong Jun, Johnsy Mary Louis, Fadhila Fitriana, Fauzi Muh, Feng Lu, Md Atique Ahmed, Sunghun Na, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Bo-Young Jeon, Eun-Teak Han, Jim Todd, Alphaxard Manjurano, Winifrida Kidima, Ernest Mazigo,
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Burden and determinants of asymptomatic malaria among adults living in urban and rural areas in Gabon in 2023: a community-based cross-sectional study
Bridy Chesly Moutombi Ditombi, Noé Patrick M’Bondoukwé, Jacques Mari Ndong Ngomo, Helena Noeline Kono, Bedrich Pongui Ngondza, Meredith Ada Mengome, Luccheri Ndong Akomezoghe, Dimitri Ardin Moussavou Mabika, Coella Joyce Mihindou, Reine Moutongo, Denise P
Malaria Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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The therapeutic potential of green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles in murine schistosomiasis: Asmaa M. El-kady, Majed H. Wakid, Khalil Mohamed, Abdullah Alhazmi, Wafa Abdullah Al-Megrin, Hayam Elshazly, Eman Sayed, Matthew W. Spears, Hatem A. Elshabrawy, Eman Fathy Fadel, Marawan Khodary, Somia Mohammed El Hassan; Parasites Hosts Dis 2026;64(3):203-214.
Published online June 25, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.26003

Abstract
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Schistosomiasis remains a major neglected tropical disease, affecting approximately 600 million individuals worldwide and accounting for nearly 500,000 deaths annually. The principal causative species—Schistosoma haematobium, S. mansoni, and S. japonicum—drive significant morbidity through hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and progressive hepatic fibrosis. Praziquantel (PZQ) remains the cornerstone of treatment; however, its limited efficacy against immature worms and eggs, combined with concerns over emerging drug resistance, underscores the urgent need for novel therapeutic alternatives. This study investigated the anti-schistosomal potential of green-synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) in a murine model of S. mansoni infection, benchmarked against PZQ. ZnO NPs were fabricated using ginger extract via an eco-friendly green synthesis approach. Fifty male BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to five groups (n=10): normal control, infected untreated control, infected treated with PZQ alone, infected treated with ZnO NPs alone, and infected treated with a PZQ–ZnO NP combination. Parasitological, histopathological, and fibrosis assessments were subsequently performed. All treatment groups demonstrated significant reductions in worm burden and tissue egg counts relative to infected untreated controls. Histopathological examination of untreated infected mice revealed extensive chronic granulomatous inflammation, concentric perioval fibrosis, fibroblast proliferation, hepatocellular necrosis, hydropic degeneration, marked collagen deposition, and portal-to-portal fibrous bridging. Treated groups, by contrast, exhibited marked hepatic improvement characterized by reduced granuloma size, diminished fibrosis, and decreased collagen deposition. Collectively, these findings indicate that green-synthesized ZnO NPs possess promising anti-schistosomal and antifibrotic properties, warranting further investigation as a potential adjunct or alternative therapeutic strategy for schistosomiasis management.

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Emerging Plasmodium falciparum K13 gene mutation to artemisinin-based combination therapies and partner drugs among malaria-infected population in sub-Saharan Africa: Samuel Adeniyi Oyegbade, Emmanuel Ojochegbe Mameh, Daniel Oluwatobiloba Balogun, Victoria-Grace Onyekachi Aririguzoh, Paul Akinniyi Akinduti; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(2):109-122.
Published online May 26, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24053

Abstract
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The continuous Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 (PfK13) genetic alterations conferring resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapies and partner drugs pose a significant threat to effective treatment and control of P. falciparum infection in developing countries. This review evaluates the emergence and epidemiology of the PfK13 mutation associated with artemisinin resistance in the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) population. Despite empirical control and artemisinin combination therapy, the PfK13 gene mutation, previously described in Southeast Asia, has been reported in the SSA. Eight of these validated markers, including P553L, M476I, C580Y, A675V, P574L, R561H, R622I, and F446I, were reported among the SSA population. Novel and unvalidated markers, such as P615S, M472I, F434S, A578S, P570L, Y558C, K563R, A569T, I684N, M472I, and C473F spread among the population with low frequency. We provide insight into the emergence and spread of validated and unvalidated PfK13 mutations among the SSA population, which could lead to high artemisinin resistance. Investigating the verified PfK13 mutations will improve prophylactic strategies, prognostic diagnosis and guide effective population-based surveillance for effective P. falciparum malaria control in SSA.

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Asymptomatic malaria: a hidden reservoir for the transmission and circulation of artemisinin partial-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Tanzania
Ernest Mazigo, Wang-Jong Lee, Hojong Jun, Fadhila Fitriana, Jadidan Hada Syahada, Johnsy Mary Louis, Fauzi Muh, Feng Lu, Kyu Joon Lee, Joo-Won Nam, Joon-Hee Han, Tae-Hyung Kwon, Se Jin Lee, Sunghun Na, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Eun-Taek Han, Jim Todd, Al
Emerging Microbes & Infections.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Fabrication and evaluation of quinine-loaded chitosan-polycaprolactone core-shell polymeric nanoparticles for the treatment of malaria: an in vitro and in silico study
Yohana Amos, Edwar D. Montenegro, Clarence Rubaka, Hulda Swai
Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition.2026; : 1. CrossRef
Incidence of kelch13 and Pfmdr1 gene mutations associated with antimalarial drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Temesgen Mitiku Yeshanew, Bokretsion Gidey Brhane, Betelhem Abebe Begashew, Gemechis Waktole Bayisa, Nega Birhane
BMC Infectious Diseases.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Genomic Surveillance of Plasmodium falciparum in Southeastern Nigeria: Implications for Artemisinin-Based Therapy Policy
Ugo Uwadiako Enebeli, Eziyi Iche Kalu, Agwu Nkwa Amadi, Faith Adamma Kalu, Perfection Chinyere Igwe, Justin Junior Kalu, Beauty Olamma Kalu
Research Journal of Parasitology.2026; 21(1): 1. CrossRef
The Edges of Elimination: Barriers to Malaria Elimination in Tribal and Island Communities of India
Nikhat Khan, Addepalli Prem Kumar, Aparup Das
Tropical Medicine & International Health.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Changes in molecular markers of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance between 2017 and 2024 in Southern Benin
Francis Emmanuel Towanou Bohissou, Diolinda Nahum, Juliana Inoue, Paul Sondo, Lazare Hounsou, Gethaime Sondjo, Nicaise Denis Codjo Djègbè, Robinson Woli, Salomon Dossou, Charlotte Kpohonnou, Halidou Tinto, Jana Held
International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance.2026; 32: 100670. CrossRef
The role of molecular docking and network pharmacology in antimalarial drug discovery
Joseph Kibirige, Sanjeev R Acharya
Next Research.2026; 13: 102455. CrossRef
Hemoglobin uptake as a convergent mechanistic pathway in artemisinin resistance
Kanika Verma, Priyanka Sharma, Praveen Kumar Bharti
Trends Open.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Emergence of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum and rising resistance to first-line artemisinin partner drugs in Malawi
Ernest Mazigo, Hojong Jun, Wang-Jong Lee, Johnsy Mary Louis, Jadidan Hada Syahada, Fadhila Fitriana, Fauzi Muh, Md Atique Ahmed, Feng Lu, Joon-Hee Han, Tae-Hyung Kwon, Se Jin Lee, Sunghun Na, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Eun-Taek Han, Winifrida Kidima, Jin-
Emerging Microbes & Infections.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A scoping review of antimalarial drug resistance markers in Kenya (1987–2022): toward a National Surveillance Framework and Data Repository
Kevin Wamae, John Magudha, Emmanuel Asiimwe, Kariuki Kimani, Regina Kandie, Kibor Keitany, Robert W. Snow, L. Isabella Ochola-Oyier
Malaria Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Imidazolopiperazines as next-generation antimalarial agents: a scoping review of efficacy, mechanisms of action and resistance; prospects for future development
Fatoumata Ousmane Maiga, Laurent Dembele, Mohamed Maiga, Abdoulaye A. Djimde
Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Possible association between Toxoplasma gondii infection and autism spectrum disorder: Tahereh Mikaeili Galeh, Tooran Nayeri, Samira Dodangeh, Zahra Hosseininejad, Asal Tanzif, Alireza Khalilian, Ahmad Daryani; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(3):201-214.
Published online August 20, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24066

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is a neurotropic apicomplexan protozoan estimated to affect approximately 30% of the global population. In this review, we aimed to examine scientific evidence on the potential role of T. gondii infection in the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder. This review summarizes the current literature exploring the possible association between T. gondii and ASD. Findings indicate that toxoplasmosis may contribute to host alterations, including the induction of humoral and cellular immune responses, production of various cytokines, and changes in neurotransmitter levels (e.g., serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glutamate), as well as the activation of enzymes such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which may influence the pathophysiology of ASD. In conclusion, this review suggests that T. gondii infection could act as a potential risk factor for ASD. However, further intensive studies are necessary to clarify the role of this parasite in the etiology and progression of ASD. This review is anticipated to stimulate further studies aimed at understanding and potentially reducing the burden of neurodevelopmental disorders worldwide.

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Molecular cloning, identification, transcriptional analysis, and silencing of enolase on the life cycle of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari, Ixodidae) tick: Md. Samiul Haque, Md. Khalesur Rahman, Mohammad Saiful Islam, Myung-Jo You; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):226-237.
Published online May 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24015

Ticks, blood-sucking ectoparasites, spread diseases to humans and animals. Haemaphysalis longicornis is a significant vector for tick-borne diseases in medical and veterinary contexts. Identifying protective antigens in H. longicornis for an anti-tick vaccine is a key tick control strategy. Enolase, a multifunctional protein, significantly converts D-2-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in cell cytoplasm. This study cloned a complete open reading frame (ORF) of enolase from the H. longicornis tick and characterized its transcriptional and silencing effect. We amplified the full-length cDNA of the enolase gene using rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The complete cDNA, with an ORF of 1,297 nucleotides, encoded a 432-amino acid polypeptide. Enolase of the Jeju strain H. longicornis exhibited the highest sequence similarity with H. flava (98%), followed by Dermacentor silvarum (82%). The enolase motifs identified included N-terminal and C-terminal regions, magnesium binding sites, and several phosphorylation sites. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis indicated that enolase mRNA transcripts were expressed across all developmental stages of ticks and organs such as salivary gland and midgut. RT-PCR showed higher transcript levels in syn-ganglia, suggesting that synganglion nerves influence enolase,s role in tick salivary glands. We injected enolase double-stranded RNA into adult unfed female ticks, after which they were subsequently fed with normal unfed males until they spontaneously dropped off. RNA interference significantly (P<0.05) reduced feeding and reproduction, along with abnormalities in eggs (no embryos) and hatching. These findings suggest enolase is a promising target for future tick control strategies.

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Comprehensive antigen identification and comparative analysis: significant approaches for controlling Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks
Md. Samiul Haque, Bumseok Kim, Myung-Jo You
Journal of Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Microbiome Composition of Haemaphysalis flava in Korea and Diversity Analysis Based on Region, Developmental Stage, and Sex
Min Kyu Sang, Jie eun Park, Dae Kwon Song, Jun Yang Jeong, Chan‐Eui Hong, Hyeonjun Shin, Hyeok Lee, Kyoung Won Lee, Hee Ju Hwang, Hyun woo Kim, Seong Yoon Kim, Wook‐Gyo Lee, So Young Park, Se Won Kang, Jung Han Park, Bharat Bhusan Patnaik, Sung‐Jae Cha, S
Entomological Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification and knockdown effect of disulfide isomerase in the Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae)
Md Samiul Haque, Bumseok Kim, Myung-Jo You
Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Organ-specific Toxocara canis larvae migration and host immune response in experimentally infected mice: Min Seok Kim, Yan Jin, Se Joon Woo; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):243-250.
Published online May 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23125

Abstract
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We investigated organ specific Toxocara canis larval migration in mice infected with T. canis larvae. We observed the worm burden and systemic immune responses. Three groups of BALB/c mice (n=5 each) were orally administered 1,000 T. canis 2nd stage larvae to induce larva migrans. Mice were sacrificed at 1, 3, and 5 weeks post-infection. Liver, lung, brain, and eye tissues were collected. Tissue from 2 mice per group was digested for larval count, while the remaining 3 mice underwent histological analysis. Blood hematology and serology were evaluated and compared to that in a control uninfected group (n=5) to assess the immune response. Cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were also analyzed. We found that, 1 week post-infection, the mean parasite load in the liver (72±7.1), brain (31±4.2), lungs (20±5.7), and eyes (2±0) peaked and stayed constant until the 3 weeks. By 5-week post-infection, the worm burden in the liver and lungs significantly decreased to 10±4.2 and 9±5.7, respectively, while they remained relatively stable in the brain and eyes (18±4.2 and 1±0, respectively). Interestingly, ocular larvae resided in all retinal layers, without notable inflammation in outer retina. Mice infected with T. canis exhibited elevated levels of neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and immunoglobulin E. At 5 weeks post-infection, interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13 levels were elevated in BAL fluid. Whereas IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, and interferon-γ levels in BAL fluid were similar to that in controls. Our findings demonstrate that a small portion of T. canis larvae migrate to the eyes and brain within the first week of infection. Minimal tissue inflammation was observed, probably due to increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines. This study contributes to our understanding of the histological and immunological responses to T. canis infection in mice, which may have implications to further understand human toxocariasis.

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The association of seropositivity to Toxocara canis and Ascaris lumbricoides with blood group antigens
Kravchun Pavlo Grigorovich, Leontyeva Frida Solomonivna, Povelichenko Olena Dmytrivna, Kadykova Olga Igorivna, Valentyna Dielievska
Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology.2026; 37(3): 178. CrossRef
Histopathological changes, dynamics of macrophage polarization and deposition of type I and III collagen along the course of experimental hepatic toxocariasis
Iman F. Abou-El-Naga, Eman Dorry Elkerdany, Rania G. Aly, Enas Mohammed Mostafa Zaytoun
Experimental Parasitology.2026; 280: 109082. CrossRef
Toxocara canis infections in mice: from subtle to severe consequences in 100 weeks
Nicol Bernardová, Jan Novák, Chia-Kwung Fan, Libuše Kolářová, Marta Chanová
Journal of Helminthology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Characteristics of Toxocara canis induced lung inflammation in C57BL/6 mice
Janina Lekki-Jóźwiak, Justyna Karabowicz, Magdalena Paschall, Karolina Gregorczyk-Zboroch, Małgorzata Sobczak-Filipiak, Piotr Bąska, Irma Schabussova, Ewa Długosz
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Immunomodulatory and anti-fibrotic effects of Toxocara canis infection in a murine model of thioacetamide-induced chronic hepatic fibrosis
Iman F. Abou-El-Naga, Eman Dorry Elkerdany, Rania G. Aly, Enas Mohamed Mostafa Zaytoun
Acta Tropica.2025; 272: 107913. CrossRef

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A case of human sparganosis caused by Spirometra erinaceieuropaei in Korea: Seo Yeong Choi, Mi-Kyung Park, Yu Jin Jeong, Bong-Kwang Jung, Seungjin Lim, Hak Sun Yu; Parasites Hosts Dis 2026;64(2):186-189.
Published online April 13, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25105

Abstract
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Sparganosis is a parasitic zoonosis caused by plerocercoid larvae of Spirometra species, commonly transmitted through ingestion of infected copepods or raw intermediate hosts. A 51-year-old man presented with a palpable mass in his right thigh. Surgical excision revealed a worm-like structure. Histopathological and serologic findings suggested sparganosis, and PCR amplification of the cox1 gene from paraffin-embedded tissue showed 99% sequence identity with Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (GenBank accession No. KJ599680.1). Praziquantel (75 mg/kg/day for 3 days) was administered, and the patient showed no evidence of recurrence during follow-up. Eosinophilia was not observed; however, positive sparganum antibodies supported the diagnosis. This case demonstrates that molecular identification using mitochondrial genes can be a valuable diagnostic tool, especially when morphological features are limited. Furthermore, it highlights the zoonotic potential of S. erinaceieuropaei and underscores the importance of food safety, hygiene education, and continuous epidemiological surveillance to prevent human sparganosis in endemic regions.

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Species identification and pyrethroid resistance genotyping of recently resurgent Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus in Korea: Susie Cho, Heung Chul Kim, Hoonsik Eom, Jae Rok Lee, Chung Hyun Ko, E-hyun Shin, Won Kyu Lee, Si Hyeock Lee, Ju Hyeon Kim; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):251-256.
Published online May 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24002

The global resurgence of bed bug infestations, exacerbated by increasing international travel, trade, and insecticide resistance, has significantly impacted Korea. This study identified the bed bug species and performed pyrethroid resistance genotyping of recently resurgent bed bugs in Korea. Thirty-one regional bed bug samples were collected from 5 administrative regions: Gyeonggi-do (n=14), Seoul (n=13), Busan (n=2), Jeonllanam-do (n=1), and Chungcheongbuk-do (n=1). The samples underwent morphological and molecular identification. Twenty-four regional samples (77.4%) were identified as the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus, and the remaining 7 regional samples (22.6%) were identified as the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. The C. hemipterus regional samples carried at least three mutations associated with knockdown resistance (kdr), including 2 super-kdr mutations. The 7 C. lectularius regional samples possessed at least one of the 3 kdr-related mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance. This study confirms that the prevalent bed bug species recently in Korea is C. hemipterus, replacing the previously endemic C. lectularius. Additionally, the rise in bed bug populations with pyrethroid resistance underscores the necessity of introducing alternative insecticides.

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Widespread fixation of kdr-associated mutations in temporal samples of Cimex lectularius collected from multi-unit buildings
Jin-Jia Yu, Warren Booth, Changlu Wang
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Efficacy of dust formulations against pyrethroid-resistant Cimex hemipterus and susceptible Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): influence of exposure pathways and cuticle-mediated tolerance
Song-Xuan Lum, G Veera Singham, Zachary DeVries
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Multiple mechanisms associated with deltamethrin and imidacloprid resistance in field-collected common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L.
Jin-Jia Yu, Shao-Hung Lee, Chow-Yang Lee, Changlu Wang
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Andreas A. Kudom, Philipp Hanke, Joana Ayettey, Rofela Combey, Ben A. Mensah, Benjamin Anderson, Andreas Wieser
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Development of molecular diagnostic protocols for simultaneous identification of common bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) and tropical bed bugs (Cimex hemipterus)
Jeong Heum Han, Junhyeong Choi, Susie Cho, Si Hyeock Lee, Ju Hyeon Kim
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2023–2024년 국내에서 발생한 빈대의 분포 조사
기훈 김, 선란 조, 희일 이
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Exploratory evaluation of candidate metabolites identified in Clonorchis sinensis preparations in psoriasis-like inflammatory models: Yu Jeong Lee, Moon-Ju Kim, Sung Min Yu, Je-Hwang Ryu, Eun Jeong Won, Tae-Jong Kim; Parasites Hosts Dis 2026;64(3):215-228.
Published online July 21, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.26026

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory seronegative disease closely associated with ankylosing spondylitis and inflammatory bowel disease. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of candidate metabolites, such as D-proline, L-iditol, and propionylcarnitine, identified in Clonorchis sinensis preparations, in in vitro and in vivo models. None of the 3 metabolites exhibited cytotoxicity within the tested concentration range. In LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, D-proline and L-iditol significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and in an imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mouse model, L-iditol significantly reduced disease severity and histopathological scores, whereas the effects of other metabolites were inconsistent. These research results suggest that L-iditol, a candidate metabolite identified in Clonorchis sinensis formulations, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in both in vitro and in vivo environments and may have therapeutic potential for inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis.

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Influence of livestock keeping on feeding behavior, host choice, and spatial distribution of malaria vectors in rural northwestern Tanzania: Diana Zakayo, Deokary J. Matiya, Winifrida Kidima, Jaeyul Kwon, Bo-In Kwon, Ernest Mazigo; Parasites Hosts Dis 2026;64(3):237-247.
Published online February 27, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25003

Abstract
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Malaria transmission remains high in rural Tanzania despite widespread use of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying. Outdoor biting and flexible host-feeding behavior of Anopheles mosquitoes reduce the effectiveness of these interventions. Livestock near households may influence vector behavior, but evidence from high-transmission rural settings is limited. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2022 to February 2023 in 5 villages of Misungwi District, involving 44 households (22 livestock-keeping and 22 non-livestock-keeping). Adult Anopheles mosquitoes were collected indoors and outdoors using Center for Disease Control light traps, identified morphologically and by PCR, and blood-meal sources were determined by ELISA. Host-feeding patterns were assessed using the human blood index, bovine blood index, and foraging ratios. A total of 611 female mosquitoes were collected, dominated by An. gambiae s.l. (96.1%) and An. funestus s.l. (3.9%). Livestock households had more mosquitoes (61.5%) and higher outdoor activity (67.3%), while non-livestock households had higher indoor collections (73.6%). Among 231 blood-fed mosquitoes, 150 (64.9%) were from livestock households and 81 (35.1%) from non-livestock households. In livestock households, 108 (72.0%) had animal blood only, 27 (18.0%) mixed blood, and 15 (10.0%) human blood only. In non-livestock households, 44 (54.3%) had human blood only, 24 (29.6%) mixed blood, and 13 (16.0%) animal blood only. An. arabiensis was opportunistic, while An. gambiae s.s. and An. funestus s.s. remained strongly anthropophilic. Livestock shifts feeding toward animals and increases outdoor activity but does not eliminate human feeding, highlighting the need for integrated malaria control strategies.

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Infection characteristics of Diplostomum species (Digenea: Diplostomidae) metacercariae in fishes from Korea: Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Jung-A Kim, Hee-Ju Kim; Parasites Hosts Dis 2026;64(3):195-202.
Published online July 2, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.26007

Infection characteristics of Diplostomum spp. metacercariae (DsMc) were analyzed in fishes from 9 major water systems of Korea. A total of 15,879 fishes in 79 species were examined by the artificial digestion method for 8 years (2013–2020). DsMc were detected in 48 (60.8%) out of 79 fish species examined. The prevalence was higher in Pseudogobio esocinus (61.5%), Squalidus chankaensis (56.9%) and Zacco platypus (44.8%). The infection intensities were 22.1, 9.4, 7.5 and 6.7 per fish infected in Hemibarbus longirostris, P. esocinus, Z. platypus, and S. chankaensis respectively. The higher prevalence was shown in fishes from Yeongsan-gang (59.3%) and the middle reaches of Seomjin-gang (48.0%), and the higher infection intensities were revealed in fishes from above 2 regions and streams in east coast (83.1, 7.5, and 11.3 per fish infected). In index fish, Z. platypus, overall prevalence was 44.8% and the higher prevalence were revealed in the middle reaches of Seomjin-gang (79.6%), Geum-gang (79.2%) and Tamjin-gang (64.7%). The susceptibility index in index fish was highest in fish from the streams in east coast (13.64), and followed by fish from the middle reaches of Seomjin-gang (7.56) and Mangyeong-gang (4.75). This study provides several novel characteristics of DsMc infection in fishes with a report of 30 new second intermediate host of Diplostomum spp. in Korea.

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Understanding the pathogenicity of Naegleria fowleri in association with N. fowleri antigen-1 (Nfa1): Jong-Hyun Kim, Hae-Jin Sohn, Ho-Joon Shin, Stacy E. Walz, Suk-Yul Jung; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(4):385-398.
Published online November 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24025

Abstract
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Naegleria fowleri, a brain-eating amoeba, thrives in lakes and rivers with aquatic vegetation and causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in humans. Most recently, it has become such a serious problem that N. fowleri was detected in tap water in Houston, USA. Several pathogenic factors are considered very important to destroy target cells in the brain. In particular, the food-cup where N. fowleri antigen-1 (Nfa1) is located, is strongly expressed in pseudopodia involved in the movement of N. fowleri, and is involved in phagocytosis by attaching to target cells. In this article, we reviewed the role of the Nfa1 protein and its associated pathogenicity. The nfa1 gene was cloned by cDNA library immunoscreening using infection serum and immune serum. Nfa1 protein is mainly distributed in pseudopodia important to movement and vacuoles. Moreover, heat shock protein 70, cathepsin-like proteare and Nf-actin are also associated with pseudopodia in which Nfa1 is localized. Interestingly, the amount of the nfa1 gene changed as N. fowleri trophozoites transformed into cysts. Polyclonal antiserum against Nfa1 showed a protective effect against cytotoxicity of approximately 19.7%. Nfa1-specific IgA antibodies prevent N. fowleri trophozoites from adhering to the nasal mucosa, delaying invasion. The nfa1-vaccinated mice showed significantly higher levels of Nfa1-specific antibody. The duration of anti-Nfa1 IgG in the vaccinated mice lasted 12 weeks, strongly suggesting that nfa1 is a significant pathogenic gene and that Nfa1 is a pathogenic protein. Several factors related to pseudopodia and locomotion have been linked to Nfa1. A clearer function of N. fowleri targeting nfa1 with other genes might enable target-based inhibition of N. fowleri pathogenicity.

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Digital Twins for a Rapidly Fatal Amoebic Infection: Modelling Host-Pathogen Dynamics in Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Due to Naegleria fowleri
Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Sutherland K. Maciver, Naveed Ahmed Khan
Current Clinical Microbiology Reports.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Different roads to the brain: A brief overview of divergent pathways and convergent mechanisms in amoebic neuroinvasion
Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Sutherland K. Maciver, Naveed Ahmed Khan
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Neuroinvasive Free-Living Amoebae Pathogenesis, Neuroinflammation and Therapeutic Challenges
Oliwia Pawelec-Pęciak, Karolina Kot, Danuta Kosik-Bogacka, Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2026; 27(13): 6056. CrossRef
Comparative neuropathology of Naegleria fowleri infection across species
Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Sutherland K. Maciver, David Lloyd, Naveed Ahmed Khan
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Computational exploration of natural inhibitors against toxin-associated proteins in Naegleria fowleri Karachi strain
Rabia Faizan, Muhammad Naveed, Inmaculada Bellido Estevez, Nimra Hanif, Arooj Arshad, Tariq Aziz, Abdulhakeem S. Alamri, Walaa F. Alsanie, Majid Alhomrani
Pathology - Research and Practice.2025; 274: 156184. CrossRef
A review of the mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment of Naegleria fowleri infection
Ling Dai, Xin-Ru Guo, Xu-Rui Chen, Ming-Hao Ma, Zi-Han Liu, Juan Lai, Jun Lu, Ming Feng, Xi-Xia Liu, Sheng-Hui Yang
Frontiers in Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Thelazia callipaeda (Nematoda: Spirurida) infections in 2 wildlife species, Prionailurus bengalensis and Nyctereutes procyonoides, in Korea: Jinho Jang, Young-Seok Park, YoungMin Yun, Keeseon S. Eom, Seongjun Choe; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(1):95-101.
Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24079

Abstract
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Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae), a parasitic eye worm causing thelaziasis has been reported in humans and dogs in Korea. However, its occurrence in other potential reservoir hosts, including wild animals, remains unclear. In the present study, we described the 2 cases of thelaziasis from both of feral and captive wild animal in Korea. In August and November 2017, 2 cases of the parasitic infections were found in the third eyelid of rescued leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis and reared raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides at the Chungnam Wild Animal Rescue Center. A total of 20 and 24 worms were detected from the left and right eyes of leopard cat, respectively. In the left eye of the raccoon dog, 5 worms were recognized. Male worms were 969–11,860 μm long (10,600 μm on average) and 300–320 μm width (315 μm on average). Female worms were 13,430–15,330 (14,480) μm long and 320–370 (344) μm wide in size. They commonly had a characteristic scalariform buccal cavity and short esophagus. The vulva openings were located at the anterior of esophago-intestinal junction in females. The thelaziasis is reported in 2 species of wildlife, P. bengalensis and N. procyonoides, for the first time in Korea.

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Unwelcome guests: Nematodes of zoonotic and animal health importance in native and invasive carnivores of Hungary
Tamara Szentiványi, Borbála Bruszniczky, Zsolt Biró, Krisztián Katona, Ágnes Klein, Attila Bende, László Bánáti, Gábor Vass, Pál Lehotzky, Dorottya Kovács, Gábor Földvári, Ágnes Csivincsik, Gábor Nagy, Rebeka Ráhel Nagy, Máté Miklós, Kriszta Lilla Szabadi
Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases.2026; 9: 100380. CrossRef
Detection of intestinal parasites in leopard cat fecal samples using shotgun metagenomics
Jun Ho Choi, Singeun Oh, Myung-hee Yi, Dongjun Kang, Du-Yeol Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Arwa Shatta, Yoon Hee Cho, Seongjun Choe, Seung-Hun Lee, Ju Yeong Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(4): 349. CrossRef

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2 Web of Science
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Presence and diversity of free-living amoebae and their potential application as water quality indicators: Areum Choi, Ji Won Seong, Jeong Hyun Kim, Jun Young Lee, Hyun Jae Cho, Shin Ae Kang, Mi Kyung Park, Mi Jin Jeong, Seo Yeong Choi, Yu Jin Jeong, Hak Sun Yu; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):180-192.
Published online May 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24020

Free-living amoebae (FLA) are found in diverse environments, such as soils, rivers, and seas. Hence, they can be used as bioindicators to assess the water quality based solely on their presence. In this study, we determined the presence of FLA in river water by filtering water samples collected from various sites and culturing the resulting filtrates. FLA were detected in all the water samples with varying quality grades (Grades Ι-V). The significant increase in the size of the amoebae population with the deterioration in the water quality. Monoxenic cultures of the amoebae were performed, and genomic DNAs were isolated, among which 18S rDNAs were sequenced to identify the amoeba species. Of the 12 species identified, 10 belonged to the Acanthamoeba genus; of the remaining 2 species, one was identified as Vannella croatica and the other as a species of Vermamoeba. Acanthamoeba was detected in samples with Grades Ι to VI quality, whereas the Vermamoeba species was present only in Grade Ι water. V. croatica was found exclusively in water with Grade ΙΙ quality. Following morphological observations, genomic DNA was sequenced using 16S rDNA to determine whether the species of Acanthamoeba harbored endosymbionts. Most of the isolated Acanthamoeba contained endosymbionts, among which 4 species of endogenous bacteria were identified and examined using transmission electron microscopy. This study provides evidence that the distribution of amoebae other than Acanthamoeba may be associated with water quality. However, further confirmation will be required based on accurate water quality ratings and assessments using a more diverse range of FLA.

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Microbial community structure and pathogen persistence in tropical drinking water distribution systems: the role of seasonality and treatment
Youri Vingataramin, Isaure Quétel, Nina Allouch, Isabel Marcelino
Total Environment Microbiology.2026; 2(1): 100059. CrossRef
Free-living amoeba diversity in river waters of western Brazil and their in vitro and in vivo pathogenic potential
Amanda Cardoso Fonseca Lemos, Ivan Luiz Santos da Cruz, Ivani Souza Mello, Ibraim Fantin Cruz, Marcos Antônio Soares
Protist.2026; 181: 126164. CrossRef
First identification of Holosporales endosymbionts in Acanthamoeba spp. isolated from keratitis patients in Taiwan
Jie Yu Lau, Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui, Nai-Wen Fan, Silvere D. Zaongo, Bing-Mu Hsu, Dar-Der Ji
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Isolation of Acanthamoeba Species and Bacterial Symbiont Variability in Puna Salt Plains, Argentina
Ronnie Mooney, Kiri Rodgers, Sandro Carnicelli, Matías E. Carnevale, Maria Eugenia Farias, Fiona L. Henriquez
Environmental Microbiology Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Identifying Promising Novel Compounds Against Free-Living Amoebae: A Systematic Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
Beni Jequicene Mussengue Chaúque, Thaisla Cristiane Borella da Silva, Luiza Bernardes Chagas, Letícia F. G. Kinape, Paula Eliete Rodrigues Bitencourt, Custódio José Gaspar, Alexandre Coelho Borges Cheinquer, Marilise Brittes Rott, Régis Adriel Zanette, Jo
Parasitologia.2025; 5(4): 56. CrossRef
The Microbial Trojan Horse and Antimicrobial Resistance: Acanthamoeba as an Environmental Reservoir for Multidrug Resistant Bacteria
Ronnie Mooney, Erin Corbett, Elisa Giammarini, Kiri Rodgers, Carla Donet, Ernest Mui, Arhama T. A. Ansari, Ayush Ransingh, Pradnya S. Vernekar, Harleen K. Walia, Jyoti Sharma, John Connolly, Andrew Hursthouse, Suparna Mukherji, Soumyo Mukherji, Fiona L. H
Environmental Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Le monde fascinant des amibes libres, des protistes aux multiples facettes
Aurélie Delumeau, Nina Allouch, Isaure Quétel, Virginie Nerrière, Isabel Marcelino
médecine/sciences.2025; 41(10): 743. CrossRef

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High prevalence of soilborne and waterborne parasitic infections among schoolchildren, Belén District, Loreto Region, Peru: Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Dong-Chan Kim, Sehyeon Regina Kim, Eunseo Kim, Hae Ram Lee, Sangmi Lee, Sangmoon Shin, Dong Youb Suh, Cesar Renato Tuesta Rojas, César Vladimir Munayco; Parasites Hosts Dis 2026;64(2):161-167.
Published online March 24, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25088

Abstract
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The Belén District in Loreto Region, Peru, is known for its extensive riverfront areas, where many houses are built on stilts and float during the rainy season. We conducted fecal examinations on 997 schoolchildren (ages 4–14 years; 488 boys, 497 girls) across 4 schools in Belén using the Kato-Katz thick smear and formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation techniques. The results revealed high rates of soilborne helminths and waterborne protozoan infections, with an overall parasite-positive rate of 79.7%. The primary helminth species were Ascaris lumbricoides (39.2%), Trichuris trichiura (33.2%), Hymenolepis nana (3.4%), hookworms (2.1%), and Enterobius vermicularis (1.5%). The main pathogenic protozoans were Giardia lamblia (20.9%) and Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar (14.2%), along with Cryptosporidium-like coccidian (4.6%). Non-pathogenic protozoans included Entamoeba coli (31.5%), Endolimax nana (15.1%), and Blastocystis hominis (3.7%). The intensity of soilborne helminth infections was very high for A. lumbricoides (average eggs per gram of feces per child: 18,589), followed by T. trichiura (1,501) and hookworms (160). The prevalence of anemia, often associated with malnutrition, was moderate at 33.1% (298 anemic children among 901 examined). Mass deworming was initiated with albendazole 400 mg, 3 times a year, in conjunction with health education and environmental sanitation. Metronidazole was administered once at a dose of 200 mg 3 times daily for 10 days. A notable finding in this study was that soilborne and waterborne parasites are both highly prevalent among schoolchildren in the floating villages of the Belén District, Loreto Region. Sustained mass deworming is urgently needed and the WASH program is crucial.

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A Context-Informed Framework for Interpreting Iron Status in Heterogeneous Settings: Insights from Peru
Jeannett Rivera-Manhualaya, Parminder S. Suchdev, Chris A. Rees, Kenia Lobo, Yi-An Ko, Melissa F. Young, Gustavo F. Gonzales, Cinthya Vásquez-Velasquez
Nutrients.2026; 18(19): 3152. CrossRef

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Acanthamoeba profilin as a novel airway allergen with diverse sensitization patterns including pollen cross-reactivity: Mi-Kyung Park, Hye-Kyung Park, Hak Sun Yu; Parasites Hosts Dis 2026;64(3):229-236.
Published online June 22, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.26021

Abstract
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Profilins are ubiquitous pan-allergens responsible for cross-reactivity between pollens and plant foods. While we previously demonstrated that recombinant Acanthamoeba profilin (rAc-PF) drives allergic airway inflammation via Th2/Th17 pathways in murine models, its clinical relevance in human allergic disease remains unclear. This study investigated rAc-PF as a novel inhalant allergen and its immunological impact on patients with allergic airway diseases. A total of 176 patients with allergic airway diseases underwent skin prick tests with rAc-PF and a standard panel of 55 common aeroallergens. Acanthamoeba-specific and rAc-PF–specific serum IgE levels were quantified using ELISA. To elucidate immune mechanisms, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from atopic asthma patients were stimulated with rAc-PF, and Th2/Th17 cytokine production was analyzed. Thirteen patients (7.4%) showed positive skin prick tests reactions to rAc-PF. This sensitization was significantly associated with tree, grass, and weed pollens, indicating a pan-allergen characteristic due to high cross-reactivity. Notably, one patient sensitized to rAc-PF reacted to no other common inhalants, suggesting rAc-PF as a unique causative agent. Patients exhibited significantly elevated levels of serum Acanthamoeba-specific and rAc-PF–specific IgE compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, rAc-PF stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from asthmatic patients induced robust production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-17A in humans. rAc-PF is identified as a novel allergen capable of inducing IgE-mediated sensitization and mixed Th2/Th17 responses. The strong association with pollen sensitization supports its role as an environmental pan-allergen. Therefore, rAc-PF should be considered a clinically relevant diagnostic target, especially in patients with polysensitization or unidentified triggers.

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A case of disseminated strongyloidiasis diagnosed by worms in the urinary sediment: Young-Ha Lee; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):238-242.
Published online May 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23124

Abstract
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Strongyloidiasis is a chronic infection caused by the intestinal nematode parasite Strongyloides stercoralis and is characterized by a diverse spectrum of nonspecific clinical manifestations. This report describe a case of disseminated strongyloidiasis with urination difficulty, generalized weakness, and chronic alcoholism diagnosed through the presence of worms in the urinary sediment. A 53-year-old man was hospitalized for severe abdominal distension and urinary difficulties that started 7–10 days prior. The patient also presented with generalized weakness that had persisted for 3 years, passed loose stools without diarrhea, and complained of dyspnea. In the emergency room, approximately 7 L of urine was collected, in which several free-living female adult and rhabditiform larvae of S. stercoralis, identified through their morphological characteristics and size measurements, were detected via microscopic examination. Rhabditiform larvae of S. stercoralis were also found in the patient’s stool. During hospitalization, the patient received treatment for strongyloidiasis, chronic alcoholism, peripheral neurosis, neurogenic bladder, and megaloblastic anemia, and was subsequently discharged with improved generalized conditions. Overall, this report presents a rare case of disseminated strongyloidiasis in which worms were detected in the urinary sediment of a patient with urination difficulties and generalized weakness combined with chronic alcoholism, neurogenic bladder, and megaloblastic anemia.

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Current status and epidemiology of endemic parasitic infections in Korea as of 2026: a narrative review
Sun Huh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2026; 69(3): 240. CrossRef
Tropical gastrointestinal infections of contemporary public health importance
Carlos Seas, Pedro Legua
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases.2025; 38(5): 426. CrossRef

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Tick-borne bacterial pathogens in wildlife and their parasitizing ticks in Korea: A molecular epidemiological study: You-Jeong Lee, Beoul Kim, Yong Sun Hyun, Jae Woong Heo, Hyo-Min Woo, Jae-Woo Choi, Insu Choi, Yong‑Myung Kang, Man Hee Rhee, Dongmi Kwak, Kyoo-Tae Kim, Min-Goo Seo; Parasites Hosts Dis 2026;64(3):248-259.
Published online July 21, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.26028

Abstract
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Ticks are important vectors of numerous zoonotic pathogens, yet integrated molecular surveillance of wildlife hosts and their parasitizing ticks remains limited in Korea. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of major tick-borne bacterial pathogens in wildlife and their associated ticks. Blood samples were collected from Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis), raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), and wild boars (Sus scrofa), and a total of 246 ticks were obtained from these 34 animals. Molecular analyses identified multiple bacterial pathogens, including Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia canis, Bartonella schoenbuchensis, Rickettsia raoultii, Rickettsia monacensis, and Candidatus Rickettsia longicornii. Notably, E. canis was detected for the first time in blood samples from raccoon dogs and wild boars in Korea, and B. schoenbuchensis was identified in ticks for the first time in the country. In addition, R. monacensis exhibited a remarkably high minimum infection rate in Ixodes nipponensis, and all positive ticks were collected from raccoon dogs. Strikingly, Ca. R. longicornii was detected at a very high prevalence (94.1%) in wildlife blood samples, suggesting extensive circulation among wildlife hosts in the study area. These findings indicate that wildlife and their parasitic ticks may serve as important reservoirs of diverse tick-borne bacteria in Korea and highlight the importance of continuous molecular surveillance within a One Health framework.

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A human case of cercarial dermatitis and molecular characterization of Trichobilharzia cercariae from Radix plicatula of paddy field in Tokyo, Japan: Azusa Banzai, Hiromu Sugiyama, Kentaro Wada, Hirotaka Katahira, Rei Hirasawa, Ryota Tanabe, Sou Saito, Kunitaka Kobayashi; Parasites Hosts Dis 2026;64(1):18-26.
Published online January 22, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25039

Abstract
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Avian schistosomes, mainly belonging to the genus Trichobilharzia, are the etiological agents of cercarial dermatitis in humans. The aims of this study were to report a human case of cercarial dermatitis contracted in a paddy field in a natural regeneration area in Tokyo, Japan, and identify the etiological agents of this case using molecular phylogenetic analyses. A snail survey was conducted between 2021 and 2023 in a rice paddy field where a case of cercarial dermatitis occurred, and molecular phylogenetic analyses of the furcocercariae and parasitized lymnaeid snails were performed based on the partial sequence of the mtDNA cox1 gene. Furcocercariae were detected in 11 (2.7%) of the 413 lymnaeid snails examined, and all 120 pleurocerid snails tested negative for cercariae. The cercarial larvae possessed a pair of eye spots and a characteristic bifurcated tail. Phylogenetic analyses of the cox1 genes identified the furcocercariae as Trichobilharzia sp., and the lymnaeid snails were Radix plicatula. This study demonstrated that the life cycle of a Trichobilharzia sp., using R. plicatula as an intermediate host, is established in an urban natural restoration area in Tokyo, serving as a source of human cercarial dermatitis. This study emphasizes the need for an increased awareness of cercarial dermatitis as a potential public health concern.

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Sparganosis in the Indian Sub-continent and the Middle East: Yukifumi Nawa, Mio Tanaka, Masahide Yoshikawa; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(3):263-269.
Published online August 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23126

Abstract
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Sparganosis is one of the common zoonotic diseases caused by infection with the larval plerocercoids (spargana) of the cestode genus Spirometra. While this parasite distributes globally in canine and feline hosts, human infection is predominantly reported in East Asia, especially China, Korea, Japan, and Thailand. Maybe related to the behavior and food culture, this zoonotic disease is rather rare in South Asia to the Middle East. In these areas, sporadic case reports have been appeared mostly in the local medical journals. To draw a solid picture of sparganosis in these non-endemic areas of Asia, we made an extensive literature survey to gather sparganosis cases in the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East.

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Case report: Sparganosis in Minervarya pierrei (Dubois, 1975) (Amphibia: Anura: Dicroglossidae), a new host from India
Neelanjana Saha, Sudheer Kumar Jena, Oindrila Paul, Suman Das, Upasana Bhattacharya, Anjum N. Rizvi, Pratyush P. Mohapatra
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2026; 50(2): 509. CrossRef
MRI Characteristics of Intraspinal Sparganosis: A Case Report
Yilan Zheng, Shuanghong Li, Xintian Wu, Tao Li
Current Medical Imaging Formerly Current Medical Imaging Reviews.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Spirometra infections in humans in Asia and Oceania
Hiroshi Yamasaki, Pewpan Maleewong Intapan, Wanchai Maleewong
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Anil Kumar Nehra, Rasmita Panda, Prem Sagar Maurya, Ansu Kumari, Aman Dev Moudgil
Parasitology Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Infection status and species diversity of trematode cercariae in freshwater snails from canal networks in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand: Phuphitchan Rachprakhon, Watchariya Purivirojkul; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(4):461-475.
Published online November 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24033

This study aimed to investigate the infection status and species diversity of trematode cercariae in freshwater snails from canal networks in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR), Thailand. The snails were collected from 35 sites during 2 cycles of the wet (July–October) and dry (November–June) seasons in 2018–2019. A total of 29,420 snails representing 24 species/subspecies were examined for cercarial infection using shedding and crushing techniques. We found that 1,275 snails from 12 species/subspecies were infected, resulting in an overall prevalence of 4.3%. Infections were significantly higher (p<0.001) during the wet season (5.9%; 970/16,473) than during the dry season (2.4%; 305/12,947). Morphological identification revealed 37 distinct types within 15 morphotypes, with the armatae morphotype showing the highest infection rate (1.8%) and the greatest cercarial diversity (8 distinct types). This study highlights the health risk posed by the Bithynia siamensis siamensis, which was the second most prevalent (8.5%) and hosted the greatest cercarial diversity (11 morphotypes, 15 distinct types). This subspecies also displayed a wide distribution range (31 localities) with a generally high occurrence frequency in the BMR. This study firstly documents a gymnophallid digenean as a freshwater digenean, presenting evidence of a dichotoma cercarial morphotype from 4 species/subspecies (Filopaludina martensi martensi, F. sumatrensis polygramma, B. siamensis siamensis, and Wattebledia siamensis) with a low infection range (0.1–0.4%). A staggering diversity of cercariae was observed in the BMR canal networks with seasonal fluctuations. The B. siamensis siamensis displayed notable epidemiological importance in the BMR flowing-water networks. This study provides quantitative and qualitative morphological descriptions and measurement guidelines for the dichotoma cercaria in Thailand.

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Morphological and molecular characteristics of trematode cercariae isolated from the freshwater snails collected from three paragonimiasis endemic areas in Manipur, India
Umananda Yumnam, Karma G. Dolma, Paron Dekumyoy, Urusa Thaenkham, Kangjam Rekha Devi, Mutum Ranjana Devi, T. Shantikumar Singh
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2026; 50(3): 746. CrossRef

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Clinical characteristics of toxoplasmosis patients in Korea: A retrospective study using health insurance review and assessment service data and electronic medical records: Do-Won Ham, Bong-Kwang Jung, Ji-Hun Shin, Yong Joon Kim, Kyoung Yul Seo, Seung Mi Lee, Jae Hyoung Im, Jeong-Ran Kwon, Ho-Sung Lee, Kyung-Won Hwang, Eun-Hee Shin; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(4):424-437.
Published online November 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24001

This study aimed to elucidate the clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with toxoplasmosis in Korea. We collected and analyzed the specific research data of 5,917 patients from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment (HIRA; 2007–2020) and 533 electronic medical records (EMRs; 2003–2021) of Korean patients. The HIRA data showed that toxoplasmosis is an endemic disease that occurs constantly in Korea, with a large proportion of patients complaining of ocular symptoms. Of the 533 patients for whom EMR data were available, 54.6% were diagnosed with toxoplasmosis; ocular toxoplasmosis (35.7%), congenital toxoplasmosis (4.7%), cerebral toxoplasmosis (4.1%), pulmonary toxoplasmosis (0.4%), and toxoplasma hepatitis (0.6%), in order of frequency. In ocular cases, 54.4% of the patients had diverse ocular pathologies. Toxoplasmosis in Korea is characterized by a high frequency of ocular symptoms, most patients are adults, and 51.8% of patients with seropositivity were positive for IgG, suggesting prior infection. This study highlights that patients with ocular symptoms are included in the major diagnosis group for acquired toxoplasmosis in Korea.

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Case Report: Unusual inferonasal peripheral retinal involvement in ocular toxoplasmosis: a case report with diagnostic and therapeutic implications
Xiaodong Li, Wei Qin, Hang Long, Yong Chen
Frontiers in Immunology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Detection of intestinal parasites in leopard cat fecal samples using shotgun metagenomics
Jun Ho Choi, Singeun Oh, Myung-hee Yi, Dongjun Kang, Du-Yeol Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Arwa Shatta, Yoon Hee Cho, Seongjun Choe, Seung-Hun Lee, Ju Yeong Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(4): 349. CrossRef

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Therapeutic efficacy of an ivermectin dose of 200 μg/kg/day for 2 consecutive days to treat Strongyloides stercoralis infection: A serological evaluation in Vietnam: Van Hue Thi Tran, Chinh Duc Nguyen, Quang Hong Huynh; Parasites Hosts Dis 2026;64(2):105-111.
Published online April 22, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25047

Abstract
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Strongyloidiasis is a neglected infectious disease with diverse clinical manifestations that may lead to severe complications, including death in immunocompromised individuals. Uncomplicated infections can be diagnosed early using serological testing. Regarding treatment, the World Health Organization recommends ivermectin, thiabendazole, and albendazole as effective therapies against Strongyloides stercoralis. The
objective
of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of ivermectin 200 μg/kg/day for 2 consecutive days in patients infected with S. stercoralis, with the aim of optimizing treatment efficacy while shortening the duration of therapy compared with longer regimens. This before-and-after study assessed the therapeutic effectiveness of ivermectin 200 μg/kg/day for 2 consecutive days in patients with S. stercoralis infection. From January to October 2023, 3,814 patients with suspected S. stercoralis infection—presenting with symptoms such as urticaria, abdominal pain, and loose stools with seropositivity on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for IgG antibodies against S. stercoralis—were screened, and 42 patients with uncomplicated S. stercoralis mono-infection were recruited. Symptoms, IgG optical density antibody titers against S. stercoralis, and eosinophils were assessed before and after treatment. Therapeutic effectiveness was evaluated based on cure rate and disease reduction after intervention. After 3 months of treatment, the overall effectiveness of ivermectin 200 μg/kg/day for 2 consecutive days reached 95.2%, of which 50% were completely cured, 9.5% had symptom resolution without improvement in paraclinical indicators, 21.4% experienced clear symptom reduction, and 14.3% had symptom recurrence. The regimen of ivermectin 200 μg/kg/day for 2 consecutive days demonstrated high effectiveness in the treatment of strongyloidiasis.

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Distribution and genotypic analysis of Enterocytozoon bieneusi from cats in Korea: Heon-Moo Park, Haeseung Lee, So-Young Sung, Kaifa Nazim, Bo-Yoon Jang, Ki-Chang Sung, Seung-Hun Lee, Min-Goo Seo, Man Hee Rhee, Dongmi Kwak; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(2):188-194.
Published online May 26, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25019

Abstract
PDF

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an opportunistic microsporidian parasite with zoonotic potential that causes gastrointestinal illness in humans and animals. This study aimed to investigate the presence and genetic diversity of E. bieneusi from cats in Korea and to assess the potential public health risks associated with zoonotic genotypes. Among the 137 feline fecal samples, 4 (2.9%) were PCR-positive for E. bieneusi. In addition, 2 E. bieneusi genotypes were identified: Type IV, a known zoonotic genotype belonging to Group 1, and KCAT1, a novel genotype with zoonotic potential belonging to Group 1. This study is the first to report on these genotypes from cats in Korea, most of which were companion cats visiting veterinary clinics. Despite the low detection rate, the presence of zoonotic genotypes in companion cats is a potential public health concern because of the close physical interaction between cats and their human caregivers. These findings indicate the importance of routine monitoring and the molecular characterization of E. bieneusi in companion animals to comprehensively understand their zoonotic transmission patterns and to guide future risk assessments and preventive strategies.

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Molecular Detection and Genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Environmental Sources near Cattle Farms in Korea
Haeseung Lee, Myungji Jo, Hyeyeon Kim, Kaifa Nazim, Seung-Hun Lee, Min-Goo Seo, Sang-Joon Park, Man Hee Rhee, Dongmi Kwak
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(15): 7270. CrossRef
Distribution and genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in raccoon dogs in Korea
Heon-Moo Park, Haeseung Lee, Su-Jin Chae, Kidong Son, Sanghyun Lee, Kaifa Nazim, Seung-Hun Lee, Yoonhoi Koo, Jinsu Kang, Min-Goo Seo, Sang Joon Park, Man Hee Rhee, Dongmi Kwak
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(3): 258. CrossRef

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Infection characteristics of Metagonimus species (Digenea: Heterophyidae) metacercariae in fish from major rivers of Korea: Woon-Mok Sohn; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):1-29.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23096

This article analyzed the infection characteristics of metacercariae of Metagonimus spp. (MsMc) in fish from 9 major water systems in Korea. A total of 19,568 fish in 87 species were examined over a period of 10 years (2011–2020). MsMc were detected in fish from all 44 survey areas in 9 water systems. Most of the surveyed sites showed very low and low infection levels (66.7%), while 33.3% of the areas, such as Tamjin-gang and Seomjin-gang, revealed moderate and high infection levels. High endemicity depends on the abundance of susceptible fish species, especially sweet smelt (Plecoglosus altivelis). The susceptibility index (SI) with MsMc in index fish, Zacco spp., was very low and low levels in 62.0%, moderate in 28.0%, and high in 10.0% regions. The SI was highest in the following order: Yeongam-cheon (283.8), Hoeng-cheon (192.3), Togyo-jeosuji (131.2), Deokcheon-gang (119.1), and Joyang-gang (106.3). The recent infection status of MsMc in P. altivelis was analyzed by the survey localities. In addition, except for P. altivelis, 9 fish species were highly infected with MsMc in some survey areas, including Zacco platypus, Z. koreanus, Z. temminckii, Opsariichthys uncirostris, Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, Carassius auratus, Acheilognathus rhombeus, Onchorhynchus masou, and Tribolodon hakonensis. In Korea, 74 fish species (15 families) are collectively listed as second intermediate hosts of Metagonimus spp. This review provides several novel characteristics of MsMc infection and clarifies the fish species of second intermediate host of Metagonimus spp. in this country.

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Infection characteristics of Diplostomum species (Digenea: Diplostomidae) metacercariae in fishes from Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Jung-A Kim, Hee-Ju Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2026; 64(3): 195. CrossRef
Infections of digenetic trematode metacercariae in freshwater fish from Banbyeon-cheon (stream) in Yeongyang-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
Emmanuel Opara, Ha-Eun Lee, Heon Woo Lee, Mohammed Mebarek Bia, Myoung-Ro Lee, Sunmin Kim, Seongjun Choe
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2026; 64(3): 265. CrossRef
Detection of intestinal parasites in leopard cat fecal samples using shotgun metagenomics
Jun Ho Choi, Singeun Oh, Myung-hee Yi, Dongjun Kang, Du-Yeol Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Arwa Shatta, Yoon Hee Cho, Seongjun Choe, Seung-Hun Lee, Ju Yeong Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(4): 349. CrossRef

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Molecular detection and characterization of Acanthamoeba infection in dogs and its association with keratitis in Korea: Subin Lee, Badriah Alkathiri, Ji Seung Jung, Nanyoung Kang, Jiyi Hwang, Sang-Eun Park, Yeonchul Hong, Kyung-Mee Park, Seung-Hun Lee; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):139-144.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23112

Abstract
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Acanthamoeba infection is associated with keratitis in humans; however, its association with keratitis in dogs remains unclear. To investigate this possibility, we collected 171 conjunctival swab samples from dogs with eye-related diseases (65 with keratitis and 106 without keratitis) at Chungbuk National University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Korea, from August 2021 to September 2022. Polymerase chain reaction identified 9 samples (5.3%) as Acanthamoeba positive; of these, 3 were from dogs with keratitis (4.6%) and 6 were from dogs without keratitis (5.7%). Our results indicated no significant association between Acanthamoeba infection and keratitis, season, sex, or age. All Acanthamoeba organisms found in this study had the genotype T4, according to 18S ribosomal RNA analysis. Acanthamoeba infection in dogs might have only a limited association with keratitis.

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Impact of cyst maturity on drug resistance assays in Acanthamoeba Genotype T4
Chun-Hsien Chen, Ya-Na Wu, Chih Ming Tsai, Shang-Rung Wu, Wei-Chen Lin
International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance.2026; 31: 100659. CrossRef
Epidemiology, molecular characterization, and risk factors of Acanthamoeba spp., Blastocystis spp., and Cyclospora spp. infections in snakes in China
Yilei Zhang, Zhouchun Li, Xinyuan Wang, Kaili Gao, Lijie Tian, Olalekan Opeyemi Ayanniyi, Qianming Xu, Congshan Yang
Veterinary Parasitology.2025; 335: 110420. CrossRef
Acanthamoeba spp.: Neglected Protists in Veterinary Medicine
Somayeh Bahrami, Mehdi Zarei, Fiona L. Henriquez, Chukwunonso O. Nzelu
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Anti-adherent effects of Rhizophora apiculata bark and leaf extracts and computational prediction of the effects of its compound on β-tubulin interaction in Acanthamoeba triangularis genotype 4
Siriphorn Chimplee, Imran Sama-ae, Suthinee Sangkanu, Watcharapong Mitsuwan, Julalak Chuprom, Rachasak Boonhok, Dhrubo Ahmed Khan, Partha Biswas, Md Nazmul Hasan, Hazel Anne Tabo, Cristina C. Salibay, Polrat Wilairatana, Maria L. Pereira, Muhammad Nawaz,
Veterinary World.2024; : 2829. CrossRef

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Probiotic-induced changes in intestinal microbiome inhibits Toxoplasma gondii infection: Hak-Jae Lee, Do-Won Ham, Seung-Hwan Seo, Guang-Ho Cha, Eun-Hee Shin; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(4):408-423.
Published online November 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24068

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii primarily invades the central nervous system, causing latent infections. Cysts persist in the host for life and there is currently no effective treatment. T. gondii infects human hosts through contaminated meat, invading the intestinal tissue and leading to changes in the number and composition of the gut microbiota. Since probiotic ingestion modulates intestinal microbiota changes, we hypothesized that intestinal microbiota dysbiosis caused by T. gondii infection would be restored following probiotic supplementation. To this end, we orally infected C57BL/6 mice with 10 T. gondii cysts and administered supplemental probiotics daily. We analyzed the levels of T. gondii B1 gene DNA, indicative of T. gondii infection, in brain tissue. We investigated alterations in the gut microbiota composition and functional pathways between the probiotic and non-probiotic treatment groups via next-generation sequencing analysis of each fecal sample. The infection level in the probiotic-treated group was significantly reduced after 4 weeks (p<0.05). Probiotic supplementation notably changed the gut microbiota after 2 weeks of infection, increasing the relative abundance of Intestinimonas massiliensis and Lawsonibacter asaccharolyticus. Probiotic supplements appear to modulate the gut microbiota, activating functional pathways involved in intestinal short-chain fatty acid production and strengthening the intestinal barrier, thereby impeding T. gondii infection and subsequent proliferation. Our findings provide valuable insights into T. gondii infection control and future study directions.

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Lactobacillus paracasei WIS43 alleviates DSS-induced colitis by modulating gut microbiota and suppressing inflammation
Yu Fu, Shuxia Chen, Lei Cui, Ying Cao, Yanan Dong, Yunfeng Duan, Chongming Wu
Frontiers in Microbiology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Milk-delivered postbiotics from Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 modulate the gut microbiota–SCFA–immune axis in rats compared to probiotic delivery
Ecem Akan, Esra Orenlili Yaylagul, Adem Yavaş, Mustafa Dikme, Seda Gezgin, Zafer Erbay
Food & Function.2026; 17(16): 7275. CrossRef
From dysbiosis to disease: the role of gut microbial communities in Toxoplasma gondii pathogenesis, zoonotic transmission, diagnostic innovation, and therapeutic outcomes
Sadaqat Ali, Benish Ali, Aftab Shaukat, Saad Alghamdi, Ahmed Kabrah, Mawahib A. Ahmed, Li Zhang
Veterinary Research Communications.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Lactobacillus vaginalis alleviates DSS induced colitis by regulating the gut microbiota and increasing the production of 3-indoleacrylic acid
Zhuoya Wang, Tian Liu, Li Liu, Jian Xie, Furui Tang, Yimin Pi, Yuchun Zhong, Zhidong He, Wenming Zhang, Cihua Zheng
Pharmacological Research.2025; 213: 107663. CrossRef
Gut microbiota-derived butyrate alleviates the impairment of mice intestinal integrity caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection
Shuni Liu, Yutao Zheng, Bingqian Cui, Jiayi Yang, Bohui Yuan, Yuhan Cao, Zimu Zhao, Zhuo Sun, Qingling Wang, Xiaoying Yang, Wei Pan, Cheng He
Life Sciences.2025; 374: 123709. CrossRef
Analysis of Gut Microbiota and Assessment of Environmental Health in Western Anatolian Vole (Microtus lydius Blackler, 1916)
Tuba Yağcı, Gözde Ayseçkin
Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences.2025; 10(4): 471. CrossRef
Microbiome of Dipteran vectors associated with integron and antibiotic resistance genes in South Korea
Xavier Chavarria, Arwa Shatta, Hyun Seo Park, Du-Yeol Choi, Dongjun Kang, Singeun Oh, Dawon Lee, Myungjun Kim, Jun Ho Choi, Yoon Hee Cho, Myung-hee Yi, Ju Yeong Kim
Acta Tropica.2025; 271: 107858. CrossRef
Urban environmental drivers of eukaryotic microbiota and parasite prevalence in domestic pigeon faeces: a metabarcoding-based public health risk assessment in Seoul, South Korea
Singeun Oh, Jun Ho Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Myungjun Kim, Dongjun Kang, Myung-hee Yi, Yoon Hee Cho, In-Yong Lee, Tai-Soon Yong, Seongjun Choe, Ju Yeong Kim
Journal of The Royal Society Interface.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Pathological fracture induced by Halicephalobus gingivalis (Nematoda: Rhabditida) in a horse limb: Ticiana Meireles Sousa, Hugo Shisei Toma, Antonio de Pádua Lima, Antonio Carlos Cunha Lacreta Junior, Maira Meira Nunes, Ana Paula Cassiano da Silva, Daniel Wouters, Adriana Silva Albuquerque, Mary Suzan Varaschin, Djeison Lutier Raymundo, Claudia Dias Monteiro Toma, Fernando Arévalo Batista; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):131-138.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23066

Abstract
PDF

Halicephalobus gingivalis is a free-living nematode that occasionally causes infections in horses. We report a rare case of limb fracture of horse caused by infection with H. gingivalis. An 8-year-old mare was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Lavras with claudication grade 5 of the right hind limb, that had been started 3 months ago. The patient had aseptic arthritis in the tarsal joint and edema that extended to the quartile. The radiographic examination showed punctate osteolysis with exacerbation of bone trabeculation along the calcaneus, talus, proximal epiphysis of the third metatarsal and distal epiphysis of the tibia. Treatment for arthritis was initiated, and the animal showed a slight improvement in limb function. However, 21 days after hospitalization, due to a comminuted fracture of the tibia, it was euthanized. At necropsy, yellowish masses were found from the metatarsal to the tibia, and around the tarsal bones and joint. Similar masses were also found in the left kidney. Numerous nematodes compatible with H. gingivalis were identified. This is the first description of a pathological fracture caused by H. gingivalis infection in an equine limb.

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First case report of lameness due to Halicephalobus gingivalis in the cannon bone of a horse in France
Isaline Perdang, Solenn Le Corre, Charline Alleaume, Frédéric Beugnet, Jacques Guillot
Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2026; 75: 101586. CrossRef
Multisystemic and cerebral infection associated with Halicephalobus gingivalis in Brazilian Criollo horses
Laura Berger, Joanna V. Z. Echenique, Vinícius Baggio-Souza, Renata Fagundes-Moreira, Paula R. Ribeiro, Francisca M. S. Barbosa, Eryca C. Lamego, Flávia U. Bueno, Saulo P. Pavarini, Luciana Sonne, Welden Panziera, João F. Soares
Veterinary Research Communications.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Halicephalobus gingivalis infection in equids
Simone Peletto
UK-Vet Equine.2024; 8(6): 286. CrossRef

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Population genetic analysis of Plasmodium vivax vir genes in Pakistan: Sylvatrie-Danne Dinzouna-Boutamba, Zin Moon, Sanghyun Lee, Sahib Gul Afridi, Hương Giang Lê, Yeonchul Hong, Byoung-Kuk Na, Youn-Kyoung Goo; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(3):313-322.
Published online August 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24036

Plasmodium vivax variant interspersed repeats (vir) refer to the key protein used for escaping the host immune system. Knowledge in the genetic variation of vir genes can be used for the development of vaccines or diagnostic methods. Therefore, we evaluated the genetic diversity of the vir genes of P. vivax populations of several Asian countries, including Pakistan, which is a malaria-endemic country experiencing a significant rise in malaria cases in recent years. We analyzed the genetic diversity and population structure of 4 vir genes (vir 4, vir 12, vir 21, and vir 27) in the Pakistan P. vivax population and compared these features to those of the corresponding vir genes in other Asian countries. In Pakistan, vir 4 (S=198, H=9, Hd=0.889, Tajima’s D value=1.12321) was the most genetically heterogenous, while the features of vir 21 (S=8, H=7, Hd=0.664, Tajima’s D value =-0.63763) and vir 27 (S =25, H =11, Hd =0.682, Tajima’s D value=-2.10836) were relatively conserved. Additionally, vir 4 was the most genetically diverse among Asian P. vivax populations, although within population diversity was low. Meanwhile, vir 21 and vir 27 among all Asian populations were closely related genetically. Our findings on the genetic diversity of vir genes and its relationships between populations in diverse geographical locations contribute toward a better understanding of the genetic characteristics of vir. The high level of genetic diversity of vir 4 suggests that this gene can be a useful genetic marker for understanding the P. vivax population structure. Longitudinal genetic diversity studies of vir genes in P. vivax isolates obtained from more diverse geographical areas are needed to better understand the function of vir genes and their use for the development of malaria control measures, such as vaccines.

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Genetic polymorphism and natural selection of merozoite surface protein 1 C-terminal 42 kDa in Vietnamese Plasmodium vivax isolates
Đăng Thùy Dương Nguyễn, Thu Hằng Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường Võ, Hương Giang Lê, Chau Van Khanh, Nguyen Thi Minh Trinh, Nguyen Thi Lien Hanh, Minkyoung Cho, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Huynh Hong Quang, Byoung-Kuk Na
Acta Tropica.2026; 279: 108152. CrossRef
Genetic polymorphisms of merozoite surface protein-3α in Plasmodium vivax isolates from Pakistan
Kim Oanh Nguyễn, Jung-Mi Kang, Tuấn Cường Võ, Hương Giang Lê, Seemab Akhtar, Thu Hằng Nguyễn, Đăng Thùy Dương Nguyễn, Minkyoung Cho, Sahib Gul Afridi, Byoung-Kuk Na
Acta Tropica.2025; 272: 107904. CrossRef
Genetic polymorphism of Duffy binding protein in Pakistan Plasmodium vivax isolates
Đăng Thùy Dương Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường Võ, Kim Oanh Nguyễn, Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Thu Hằng Nguyễn, Minkyoung Cho, Sahib Gul Afridi, Byoung-Kuk Na
Acta Tropica.2024; 260: 107421. CrossRef

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Comparative analysis of essential oil efficacy against the Asian longhorned tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae): Mohammad Saiful Islam, Md. Samiul Haque, Myung-Jo You; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):217-225.
Published online May 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23097

Abstract
PDF

This study evaluated the potential repellent and acaricidal effects of 4 essential oils (clove, eucalyptus, lavender, and mint) against the Asian longhorned tick Haemaphysalis longicornis, a vector of various tick-borne diseases in medical and veterinary contexts. Selected for their potential repellent and acaricidal properties, the 4 essential oils were tested on adult and nymph H. longicornis ticks at different concentrations. The experiment assessed mortality rates and repellency, particularly during tick attachment to host skin. There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in tick mortality and repellency scores across all groups. At a 1% concentration, adult tick mortality ranged from 36% to 86%, while nymph mortality ranged from 6% to 97%. Clove oil exhibited notable efficacy, demonstrating high mortality rates of nymphs and adults. Clove oil also displayed strong repellency properties, with a repellency index of 0.05, surpassing those of mint, eucalyptus, and lavender oils. Clove oil showed the highest effectiveness in deterring nonattached adult ticks (90%) and nymphs (95%) when applied to skin. Clove oil was the most effective against adult and nymph ticks, achieving mortality rates of 86% and 97%, respectively, and led to the highest nonattachment rates when applied to skin. In conclusion, essential oils such as clove, eucalyptus, lavender, and mint oils present promising results for tick population control.

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Acaricidal potential of plants: a strategic alternative for efficient tick management
Mewoéami Delphine Hema, Roland Eric Yessinou, Anass Coulibaly, Ignace Sawadogo, Rémy Kindanloun Bationo, Martin Kiendrebeogo, Roger Charles Honorat Nebié
Parasitology International.2027; 117: 103378. CrossRef
Comprehensive antigen identification and comparative analysis: significant approaches for controlling Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks
Md. Samiul Haque, Bumseok Kim, Myung-Jo You
Journal of Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Current status of intestinal parasite infections in fecal samples of dogs in Korea: You-Jeong Lee, Beoul Kim, Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(4):438-449.
Published online November 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24024

Abstract
PDF

This study surveyed the current status of intestinal parasite infections in Korean dog fecal samples. A total of 367 fecal samples were collected from the northern (Seoul and Gyeonggi-do), central (Chungcheong-do), and southern (Gyeongsang-do) regions and analyzed using the saturated sodium nitrate flotation technique and the nucleotide sequences of 18S rRNA. Six species of intestinal parasites were detected using the flotation technique. Among them, helminth eggs detected included Toxocara canis (6.0%), Toxascaris leonina (1.1%), Trichuris vulpis (6.8%), Ancylostoma caninum (2.7%), and Spirometra sp. (1.1%). Additionally, Cystoisospora sp. (7.6%) oocysts were also detected. The prevalence of intestinal parasite infections was higher in shelter dogs than in pet dogs. Molecular genetic assays revealed the gdh and 18S rRNA genes of Giardia duodenalis (type D) in 4.9% of fecal samples. To the best of our knowledge, 18S rRNA genes of Cryptosporidium canis were identified in 1.9% of fecal samples for the first time in Korea. These findings provide an overview of the current status of intestinal parasite infections in fecal samples of dogs from Korea and can be helpful in the surveillance of zoonotic parasite infections related to dogs.

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The prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in humans, animals, and water sources in Korea
Subin Lee, Myung-Jo You, Yeonsu Oh, Ho-Seong Cho, Seung-Hun Lee
Parasitology International.2027; 116: 103364. CrossRef
Genetically Diverse Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Circulates in Shelter and Companion Dogs in South Korea
In-Ohk Ouh
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2026; 27(4): 1760. CrossRef
Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Zoonotic Potential of Intestinal Parasites in Shelter Dogs in North Macedonia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Bojana Chapkunovska, Ljubica Rashikj, Ivana Shikoska, Iskra Cvetkovikj, Jane Vlahov, Betim Xhekaj, Elena Atanaskova Petrov, Jovana Stefanovska, Aleksandar Cvetkovikj
Macedonian Veterinary Review.2026; 49(1): 85. CrossRef
Morpho-molecular analysis of Cystoisospora canis isolated from dogs in Sulaymaniyah province, Iraq
Aram Ahmad Mohammed
Parasitology International.2026; 115: 103319. CrossRef
Prevalence and molecular characterization of intestinal parasites in shelter dogs from South Korea
You-Jeong Lee, Beoul Kim, Gyeonghyeon Lee, Yong-Myung Kang, Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo
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Temporal dynamics of pathogen removal and faecal source tracking in a Norwegian nature-based solution/system treating urban waters
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Local field study on the effectiveness and safety of milbemycin oxime and lotilaner (Credelio® Plus) against canine gastrointestinal nematodes in the Republic of Korea
Subin Lee, Jinyeong Park, Chong-Ho Kim, Kyung-Duk Min, Hakhyun Kim, Seung-Hun Lee
Parasitology Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Comparative evaluation of synchronization methods for Plasmodium falciparum: Efficiency, practicality and experimental applicability: Ying Deng, Yi Yin, Yinyue Li, Jiahui Xu, Jin-Hee Han, Yaobao Liu, Feng Lu; Parasites Hosts Dis 2026;64(2):130-140.
Published online April 1, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25096

The study of Plasmodium falciparum intraerythrocytic developmental cycle relies on synchronized parasite cultures. This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate 4 common synchronization methods for the culture of P. falciparum 3D7, incorporating a novel nanomaterial-based tool to
objective
ly assess late-stage parasite enrichment. The 4 methods including 5% D-sorbitol, isosmotic Percoll-Sorbitol (60% PS), discontinuous Percoll-Sorbitol gradients (70%–40% PS), and the Plasmion method. Synchronization efficiency was assessed through microscopic examination and flow cytometry. In addition to SYBR Green I as the stain for flow cytometry, we innovatively employed 20 nm polystyrene fluorescent microspheres (PFMs20), which bind to parasites following the production of new permeability pathways, to provide an
objective
validating the enrichment of mature stages. The binding rate was defined as the ratio of PFMs20 positivity to SYBR Green I positivity. Microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood smears served as the gold standard for assessing the stage-specific profiles achieved by each synchronization method. The 4 methods yielded distinct efficiency profiles: 5% D-sorbitol achieved 88.37% ring-stage purity; 60% PS demonstrated high late-stage enrichment with PFMs20 binding rates reaching 87.47%; 70%–40% PS uniquely enabled visible hemozoin-rich layer separation and showed 88.12% binding efficiency in its schizont-enriched fraction; while Plasmion yielded a binding rate of 73.37% in its late-stage fraction. Our results formulate a clear decision matrix for synchronization protocol selection. The sorbitol method is ideal for basic ring-stage studies, Percoll-based gradients support rigorous stage-specific investigations, and the Plasmion method is well-suited for resource-limited settings. This comparative analysis provides preliminary guidelines for synchronization method selection that require validation in diverse laboratory and field contexts.

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Neutrophil reactive oxygen species response to Trichomonas vaginalis modulated by palmitic acid: Julieta Sepúlveda-Angulo, Luis Mario Olmos-Ortiz, Bernardo Franco-Bárcenas, Eva E. Avila, Patricia Cuéllar-Mata; Parasites Hosts Dis 2026;64(2):168-172.
Published online April 10, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25089

This study aimed to investigate the role of palmitic acid (PA) in modulating the neutrophil response during Trichomonas vaginalis infection. A human neutrophil-like cell model (nHL-60) was established by differentiating the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 with 1.3% dimethyl sulfoxide. The expressions of the genes IL-8, NF-κB, MyD88, and TLR4 and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of differentiated cells were compared, using end-point RT-PCR and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, in the presence or absence of 1 mM PA and 100 μM of docosahexaenoic acid. Additionally, oxidative burst activity was also evaluated in response to T. vaginalis stimulation in the presence of either PA or docosahexaenoic acid. nHL-60 cells showed increased expression of key mediators of the TLR4 signaling pathway, and enhanced ROS production upon phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulation. Peripheral blood neutrophils exposed to T. vaginalis in the presence of PA exhibited higher ROS production than neutrophils stimulated by the parasite only. These findings indicate that PA enhances neutrophil activation to a secondary stimulus with T. vaginalis. They provide new insights into the role of metabolic factors in host-pathogen interactions.

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A novel kit for enrichment of fecal helminth eggs: Eunsol Lee, Seon-Ok Back, Young-Ju Lee, Jung-Won Ju, Hee-Il Lee, Myoung-Ro Lee; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(3):323-329.
Published online August 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24021

Abstract
PDF

We developed a new concentration kit, called the ParaEgg (PE), for easy detection trematode eggs from fecal samples in endemic areas of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis in Korea. To create a standard of detection efficiency, 120 fecal samples were examined using the water–ether concentration method (WECM). The PE kit and Mini ParaSep (PS) kit were used to compare the detection sensitivity of 100 egg-positive and 20 egg-negative samples in WECM. Additionally, stool samples, which were intentionally spiked with 10, 20, and 30 Clonorchis sinensis eggs, were evaluated to assess the sensitivity in lowinfection cases. The PE and PS kits showed detection rates of 100% and 92%, respectively, from 100 egg-positive samples in WECM. Meanwhile, eggs were detected in 3 (PE) and 2 (PS) out of 20 egg-negative samples in WECM. The PE kit detected the highest number of eggs per gram of feces (727 on average), followed by the WECM (524) and PS kit (432). In fecal samples that were intentionally spiked with 10, 20, and 30 C. sinensis eggs, PE only detected eggs 2 out of 5 samples in 10 eggs spiked (40%), and the detection rates were 80% and 100%, respectively. The PE kit enabled a more accurate identification of trematode eggs because of the clearance of small fecal debris in the microscopic field. In conclusion, the PE kit is obviously helpful to detect and identify trematode eggs in stool examinations especially in endemic areas of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis.

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Artificial Intelligence-Based Detection of Clonorchis sinensis and Metagonimus spp. Eggs Using an Automated Microscope Solution
Hee-Eun Shin, Young-Ju Lee, Seon-Ok Back, Jung-Won Ju, Hee-Il Lee, Mi-Jin Kim, Young-Min Shin, Myoung-Ro Lee
Parasitologia.2026; 6(1): 7. CrossRef
Molecular evidence for human Metagonimus kogai and M. saitoi infection in Korea: Detection of COI genes in the feces of riverside people along the Seomjin‑gang (river)
Eunsol Lee, Jong-Hun Choi, Yeong-Ju Lee, Seon-Ok Baek, Hee-Il Lee, Jung-Won Ju, Myeong-Ro Lee, Tae Yun Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2026; 64(2): 123. CrossRef
2024년 장내기생충 유행지역 감염 조사

Public Health Weekly Report.2025; 18(19): 707. CrossRef
Diagnostic performance evaluation of ParaEgg for identifying intestinal helminthiasis: A comparative study with conventional copromicroscopy
Tilak Chandra Nath, Heeil Lee, Md. Mahamudul Hasan, Tanmoy Roy Rudro, Dipta Das, Md. Taufiqur Rahman, Nandiny Saha Roy, Pritha Parial, Proloy Chakraborty Tusher, Tarek Siddiki
Parasite Epidemiology and Control.2025; 30: e00449. CrossRef
Detection of intestinal parasites in leopard cat fecal samples using shotgun metagenomics
Jun Ho Choi, Singeun Oh, Myung-hee Yi, Dongjun Kang, Du-Yeol Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Arwa Shatta, Yoon Hee Cho, Seongjun Choe, Seung-Hun Lee, Ju Yeong Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(4): 349. CrossRef

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Diversity of midgut microbiota in ticks collected from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from northern Mexico: Zinnia Judith Molina-Garza, Mariana Cuesy-León, Lidia Baylón-Pacheco, José Luis Rosales-Encina, Lucio Galaviz-Silva; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):117-130.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23006

Ticks host different pathogens as endosymbiont and nonpathogenic microorganisms and play an important role in reproductive fitness and nutrient provision. However, the bacterial microbiomes of white-tailed deer ticks have received minimal attention. This study aimed to examine the bacterial microbiome of ticks collected from Odocoileus virginianus on the Mexico–United States border to assess differences in microbiome diversity in ticks of different species, sexes, and localities. Five different tick species were collected: Rhipicephalus microplus, Dermacentor nitens, Otobius megnini, Amblyomma cajennense, and A. maculatum. The tick microbiomes were analyzed using next-generation sequencing. Among all tick species, the most predominant phylum was Proteobacteria, followed by Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. The ticks from Tamaulipas and Nuevo León presented the highest bacterial species diversity. Acinetobacter johnsonii and A. lwoffii were the common bacterial species in the microbiome of all ticks, Coxiella were present in R. microplus, and Dermacentor nitens also exhibited a Francisella-like endosymbiont. The microbiome of most females in D. nitens was less diverse than that of males, whereas R. microplus occurs in females, suggesting that microbiome diversity is influenced by sex. In the bacterial communities of A. maculatum and O. megnini, Candidatus Midichloria massiliensis, and Candidatus Endoecteinascidia fumentensis were the most predominant endosymbionts. These results constitute the initial report on these bacteria, and this is also the first study to characterize the microbiome of O. megnini.

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Gut microbiota landscape of Haemaphysalis longicornis under Borrelia burgdorferi infection
Shibo Lei, Hao Tong, Yaying Zhou, Jing Huang, Xia Zhou, Jianfeng Dai, Zheng Yu
Insect Science.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular survey of tick-borne pathogens in Otobius megnini from Central Mexico with special emphasis on Bartonella detection
Jannete Gamboa-Prieto, Estefanía Grostieta, Carlos I. Miranda-Caballero, Beatriz Salceda-Sánchez, Saúl González-Guzmán, Vladimir Paredes Cervantes, Gabriela Aguilar-Tipacamú, Melina Ojeda-Chi, Roger I. Rodríguez-Vivas, Héctor M. Zazueta-Islas, Marlene Sol
Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2026; 70: 101468. CrossRef
High-throughput microbiome profiling and co-occurrence with antibiotic-resistance genes in Lucilia sericata
Arwa Shatta, Xavier Chavarria, Jun Ho Choi, Singeun Oh, Myungjun Kim, Dongjun Kang, Yoon Hee Cho, Du-Yeol Choi, Myung-hee Yi, Ju Yeong Kim, Alejandra Bravo
FEMS Microbiology Letters.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Distribution of Rhipicephalus microplus and Hyalomma lusitanicum, and the pathogens they are carrying: A systematic review
Afito Luciano, Binta J.J. Jallow, Mandie Liu, Yuting Ma, Regina Daniel Miambo, Fanming Meng
Parasite Epidemiology and Control.2025; 30: e00437. CrossRef
Nationwide investigation of eukaryotic pathogens in ticks from cattle and sheep in Kyrgyzstan using metabarcoding
Singeun Oh, Nathalie Amvongo-Adjia, Hyun Jung Kim, Jun Ho Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Myung-hee Yi, Arwa Shatta, Bekbolsun Aknazarov, Ju Yeong Kim, Jung-Won Ju, Bekir Oguz
PLOS One.2025; 20(8): e0327953. CrossRef

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Functional characterization of glucose transporter 4 involved in glucose uptake in Clonorchis sinensis: Hojong Jun, Ernest Mazigo, Wang-Jong Lee, Yun-Kyu Park, Jin-Hee Han, Seok Ho Cha; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(4):450-460.
Published online November 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24051

Clonorchis sinensis, which causes clonorchiasis, is prevalent in East Asian countries and poses notable health risks, including bile duct complications. Although praziquantel is the primary treatment for the disease, the emerging resistance among trematodes highlights the need for alternative strategies. Understanding the nutrient uptake mechanisms in trematodes, including C. sinensis, is crucial for developing future effective treatments. This study aimed to characterize the function of C. sinensis glucose transporter 4 (CsGTP4) and determine its role in nutrient uptake employing synthesized cDNA of adult C. sinensis worms. The functional characterization of CsGTP4 involved injecting its cRNA into Xenopus laevis oocytes and analyzing the deoxy-D-glucose uptake levels. The results demonstrated that deoxy-D-glucose uptake depended on the deoxy-D-glucose incubation and CsGTP4 expression time, but not sodium-dependent. The concentration-dependent uptake followed the Michaelis–Menten equation, with a Km value of 2.7 mM and a Vmax value of 476 pmol/oocyte/h based on the Lineweaver–Burk analysis. No uptake of radiolabeled α-ketoglutarate, p-aminohippurate, taurocholate, arginine, or carnitine was observed. The uptake of deoxy-D-glucose by CsGTP4 was significantly inhibited by unlabeled glucose and galactose in a concentration-dependent manner. It was significantly inhibited under strongly acidic and basic conditions. These insights into the glucose uptake kinetics and pH dependency of CsGTP4 provide a deeper understanding of nutrient acquisition in trematodes. This study contributes to the development of novel antiparasitic agents, addressing a considerable socioeconomic challenge in affected regions.

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Clonorchis sinensis dopamine transporter (CsDAT) facilitates dopamine uptake
Wang-Jong Lee, Sung-Jun Kim, Woon Kyu Lee, Jin-Hee Han, Seok Ho Cha
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(3): 215. CrossRef

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Anti-tumor effects of Toxoplasma gondii and antigen-pulsed dendritic cells in mice bearing breast cancer: Bong Kyun Kim, Hei Gwon Choi, Jae-Hyung Lee, In Wook Choi, Jae-Min Yuk, Guang-Ho Cha, Young-Ha Lee; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(1):37-49.
Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24082

Cancer immunotherapy is widely used to treat various cancers to augment the weakened host immune response against tumors. Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that play dual roles in inducing innate and adaptive immunity. Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that exhibits anti-tumor activity against certain types of cancers. However, little is known about the anti-tumor effects of T. gondii or tumor/parasite antigen-pulsed DCs (DC vaccines, DCV) in breast cancer. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were administered E0771 mouse breast cancer cells (Cancer-injected) subcutaneously, T. gondii Me49 cysts orally (TG-injected), or DCs pulsed with breast cancer cell lysate antigen and T. gondii lysate antigens (DCV-injected) intraperitoneally. Tumor size and immunological characteristics were subsequently evaluated. We also evaluated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 levels in E0771 mouse breast cancer cells co-cultured with T. gondii or DCs by RT-PCR. The tumor volumes of mice injected with breast cancer cells and antigen-pulsed DCs (Cancer/DCV-injected mice) were similar to those of Cancer-injected mice; however, they were significantly reduced in T. gondii-infected tumor-bearing (TG/Cancer-injected) mice. Moreover, tumor volumes were significantly reduced by adding antigen-pulsed DCs (TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice) compared to TG/Cancer-injected mice. The levels of IFN-γ, serum IgG2a levels, and CD8⁺ T cell populations were significantly higher in DCV- and TG-injected mice than in control mice, while no significant differences between Cancer- and Cancer/DCV-injected mice were observed. The levels of IFN-γ, the IgG2a levels, and the percentage of CD8⁺ T cells were significantly increased in TG/Cancer- and TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice than in Cancer-injected mice. IFN-γ levels and serum IgG2a levels were further increased in TG/Cancer/DCV-injected mice than in TG/Cancer-injected mice. The MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expressions were significantly decreased in mouse breast cancer cells co-cultured with live T. gondii, T. gondii lysate antigen, or antigen-pulsed DCs (DCV) but not in inactivated DCs. These results indicate that T. gondii induces anti-tumor effects in breast cancer-bearing mice through the induction of strong Th1 immune responses, but not in antigen-pulsed DCs alone. The addition of antigen-pulsed DCs further augments the anti-tumor effects of T. gondii.

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Immunomodulatory effects of nematode-microbiota interactions in cancer therapy
Valentyn Oksenych, Marjan Rashidan, Meisam Khazaei, Hamed Tahmasebi
Frontiers in Immunology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Parasite based biotherapy for cancer therapeutic strategies and preclinical applications
Rahim Mehdioghli, Alireza Chavshin, Fatemeh Bakhshipour, Haleh Hanifian
Discover Oncology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of tissue cyst protection in pigs immunized by intradermal and intramuscular routes with a DNA vaccine (rop18 + sag1) against Toxoplasma gondii
Ana Paula Molinari Candeias, Ana Clécia dos Santos Silva, Rafaela Maria Bolson Jurkevicz, Ana Carolina Cavallieri, João Pedro Sasse, Beatriz de Souza Lima Nino, Fernando Pietrini Soufen, Fernando de Souza Rodrigues, Luiz Daniel de Barros, João Luís Garcia
Experimental Parasitology.2026; 290: 109209. CrossRef
Detection of Toxoplasma gondii and High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses in FFPE Malignant and Benign Breast Lesions Using Real-Time PCR
Selma Usluca, Ayfer Bakir, Ata Arikok, Gizem Korkut, Gulsah Yagiz, Murat Alper
Infection and Drug Resistance.2025; Volume 18: 3149. CrossRef
Parasites’ immunomodulators: a breakthrough in immunotherapeutics displaying antineoplastic activity against human colorectal and hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Nahla El Skhawy, Ahmed Shehata, Maha M. Eissa
Infectious Agents and Cancer.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Molecular detection of Borrelia theileri in cattle in Korea: Hyeon-Ji Hyung, Yun-Sil Choi, Jinho Park, Kwang-Jun Lee, Jun-Gu Kang; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):151-156.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23105

Abstract
PDF

Bovine borreliosis, caused by Borrelia theileri which is transmitted via hard tick bites, is associated with mild clinical symptoms, such as fever, lethargy, hemoglobinuria, anorexia, and anemia. Borrelia theileri infects various animals, such as cattle, deer, horses, goats, sheep, and wild ruminants, in Africa, Australia, and South America. Notably, no case of B. theileri infection has been reported in Korean cattle to date. In this study, 101 blood samples were collected from a Korean indigenous cattle breed, among which 1.98% tested positive for B. theileri via nested PCR. The obtained sequences exhibited high homology with B. theileri strains identified in other regions. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA confirmed the B. theileri group affiliation; however, flagellin B sequences exhibited divergence, potentially due to regional evolutionary differences. This study provides the first molecular confirmation of B. theileri infection in Korean livestock. Further isolation and nucleotide sequence analyses are necessary to better understand the presence of B. theileri strains in cows in Korea.

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Molecular Investigation of Borrelia spp. in Small Ruminants and Collected Hard Ticks from Them in Kurdistan Province, Western Iran
Mahsa Farhoodi Moghaddam, Mina Latifian, Meysam Moravedji, Mojdeh Fehri, Maryam Rahravani, Saber Esmaeili
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2026; 26(4): 191. CrossRef
New Data on Ixodid Ticks and Their Infection with Borrelia and Coxiella burnetii in Vietnam
Nguyen Van Hiep, Tatiana A. Bondarenko, Le Thi Lan Anh, Olga A. Stukolova, Luong Thi Mo, Kseniia A. Sycheva, Vien Chinh Chien, Alex L. Viskontene, Nguyen Thi Dung, Dmitriy V. Dubrovskiy, Truong Xuan Toan, Marina I. Sokolova, Truong Thi Ngan, Irina P. Lisy
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2026; 11(5): 126. CrossRef
Detection by PCR of Borrelia theileri in ticks and anti-rGlpQ antibodies in cattle from Guanajuato, Mexico
Sofía L. Luna-Rojas, José Luis Gutiérrez-Hernández, Edwin Vázquez-Guerrero, Jose Alberto Hernández-Martínez, Rigoberto Hernández-Castro, Paulina Estrada-de los Santos, J. Antonio Ibarra
Veterinary Research Communications.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Borrelia theileri infection in beef and dairy cattle in Israel: molecular detection and co-infection with bovine piroplasmids
Dor Shwartz, Harold Salant, Yaarit Nachum-Biala, Netta Simon, Monica Leszkowicz -Mazuz, Daniel Yasur-Landau, Dan Gleser, Eyal Klement, Nir Rudoler, Elad Eliahoo, Gad Baneth
Parasites & Vectors.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular detection and genetic characterization of Borrelia spp. and piroplasmids in wildlife blood and host-attached ticks from Jeonnam Province, South Korea
You-Jeong Lee, Beoul Kim, YongSun Hyun, JaeWoong Heo, Hyo-Min Woo, Jae-Woo Choi, Insu Choi, Yong‑Myung Kang, Man Hee Rhee, Dongmi Kwak, Kyoo-Tae Kim, Min-Goo Seo
Acta Tropica.2026; 282: 108285. CrossRef
Nationwide Geographical and Temporal Distribution of Tick-Borne Diseases in Korean Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus)
Beoul Kim, Su-Jin Chae, You-Jeong Lee, Haksub Shin, Sunmin Kwak, Hyesung Jeong, Suwoong Lee, Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo
Animals.2025; 15(10): 1499. CrossRef
Circulation of tick-borne pathogens in wildlife of the Republic of Korea
Hye-ryung Byun, Seong-Ryeong Ji, Jun-Gu Kang, Chang-Yong Choi, Ki-Jeong Na, Jong-Taek Kim, Joon-Seok Chae
One Health.2024; 19: 100913. CrossRef

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The storage mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae induces greater lung inflammation than house dust mites in mice: Eun-Min Kim, Ju Yeong Kim, You Shine Kwak, Myung-Hee Yi, Tai-Soon Yong; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(3):365-377.
Published online August 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24032

Abstract
PDF

Exposure to storage mite (SM) and house dust mite (HDM) allergens is a risk factor for sensitization and asthma development; however, the related immune responses and their pathology have not been fully investigated. The HDMs Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and SM Tyrophagus putrescentiae are potent allergens that induce asthma. Most SM-related studies have focused on the allergic reactions of individuals by measuring their immunoglobulin (Ig)E expression. Considering the limited research on this topic, the present study aims to investigate the differences in the immune responses induced by HDMs and SMs and histologically analyze lung tissues in a mouse asthma model to understand the differential effects of HDM and SM. The results revealed that all mite species induced airway inflammation. Mice challenged with T. putrescentiae had the highest airway resistance and total cell, eosinophil, and neutrophil counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The SM-sensitized groups showed more severe lesions and mucus hypersecretions than the HDM-sensitized groups. Although the degree of HDM and SM exposure was the same, the damage to the respiratory lung tissue was more severe in SM-exposed mice, which resulted in excessive mucin secretion and increased fibrosis. Furthermore, these findings suggest that SM sensitization induces a more significant hypersensitivity response in mucosal immunity than HDM sensitization in asthma models.

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House dust mites in three contrasting climatic regions of Saudi Arabia
Riyadh Hussain S. Aeban, Medjedline Hani, Henk R. Braig, M. Alejandra Perotti
Experimental and Applied Acarology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
A narrative review of house dust mite allergy: species distribution and allergen sensitisation patterns across tropical regions
Hiryahafira Mohamad Tahir, Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Kamarudin, Mariana Ahamad, Ernieenor Faraliana Che Lah
Frontiers in Allergy.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

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Genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of Anopheles kochi, Anopheles maculatus, and Anopheles vagus: ITS2-based analysis of highland transboundary populations in the Menoreh Hills, Java, Indonesia: Derico Hitipeuw, Raisha Nuranindita, Martini Martini, Arif Suryo Prasetyo, Jin-Hee Han, Hojong Jun, Bo Young Jeon, Triwibowo Ambar Garjito, Rohmadi Rohmadi, Fauzi Muh; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(3):228-242.
Published online August 20, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25026

Abstract
PDF

Baseline genetic characterization of malaria vector populations provides critical data for evidence-based surveillance in persistent transmission foci. This pilot study generated preliminary genetic baseline data for Anopheles populations in the Menoreh Hills border region between Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces, Indonesia, addressing a key geographic gap in regional vector research. Adult female mosquitoes were collected from 3 houses with reported malaria cases in Ngadirejo Village using standardized entomological methods, including human landing, animal landing, and resting collections. Specimens were morphologically identified and molecularly characterized via ITS2 gene sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses were assessed using maximum likelihood methods, and genetic diversity indices were calculated to examine population structure. A total of 62 specimens representing 3 species were collected exclusively through animal landing collections: Anopheles vagus (48 specimens, 77.4%), Anopheles maculatus (9 specimens, 14.5%), and Anopheles kochi (5 specimens, 8.1%). An. kochi exhibited high haplotype diversity (Hd=0.709) with low nucleotide diversity (π=0.004), while An. maculatus showed lower haplotype diversity (Hd=0.480) and higher nucleotide diversity (π=0.026). Phylogenetic analysis revealed Purworejo specimens clustered with regional populations: An. kochi grouped within Clade I with Indonesian isolates; An. maculatus distributed across multiple clades; An. vagus formed a cohesive unit with other Indonesian populations. The exclusive success of animal landing collections in the Menoreh Hills highlands provides key methodological insights. This study offers essential baseline reference data, validates cost-effective genetic surveillance approaches, and supports future large-scale population connectivity studies across the Menoreh Hills malaria transmission complex.

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Identifikasi dan Perilaku Nyamuk Anopheles di Kulon Progo
Fardiasih Dwi Astuti, Shafira Putri Hermayanti, Ali Sukamto
ASPIRATOR - Journal of Vector-Borne Diseases Studies.2026; 16(2): 43. CrossRef

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Identification of essential genes for Acanthamoeba castellanii excystation during encystation and excystation: Min-Jeong Kim, Hye-Jeong Jo, Fu-Shi Quan, Ki Back Chu, Hyun-Hee Kong, Eun-Kyung Moon; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(4):399-407.
Published online November 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24062

Acanthamoeba is an opportunistic pathogen that causes Acanthamoeba keratitis, granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, and other cutaneous diseases. The life cycle of Acanthamoeba consists of 2 stages of trophozoites and cysts. Under adverse environmental conditions, Acanthamoeba encysts, while the conditions become favorable for growth, it reverts to the trophozoite form. Acanthamoeba excystation is crucial for its proliferation and can lead to recurrent infections after incomplete treatment. To identify the factors involved in excystation, A. castellanii was subjected to either encystation- or excystation-inducing conditions, and gene expression profiles were compared using mRNA sequencing. A. castellanii samples were collected at 8 h intervals for analysis under both conditions. Differentially expressed gene analysis revealed that 1,214 and 1,163 genes were upregulated and downregulated, respectively, by more than 2-fold during early excystation. Five genes markedly upregulated in early excystation (ACA1_031140, ACA1_032330, ACA1_374400, ACA1_275740, and ACA1_112650) were selected, and their expression levels were confirmed via real-time PCR. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting these 5 genes was transfected into Acanthamoeba and gene knockdown was validated through real-time PCR. The silencing of ACA1_031140, ACA1_032330, ACA1_374400, and ACA1_112650 inhibited excystation and suggested that these genes might be essential for excystation. Our findings provide valuable insights for suppressing Acanthamoeba proliferation and recurrence.

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Integrating molecular pathogenesis and predictive modelling in granulomatous amoebic encephalitis due to Acanthamoeba : a digital twin framework for personalised therapy
Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, David Lloyd, Naveed Ahmed Khan
Infectious Diseases.2026; 58(1): 164. CrossRef
The effect of Legionella pneumophila infection on the encystation of Acanthamoeba castellanii
Hye-Jeong Jo, Hae-Ahm Lee, Fu-Shi Quan, Hyun-Hee Kong, Eun-Kyung Moon
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2026; 64(1): 37. CrossRef
Encystment and Excystment Processes in Acanthamoeba castellanii: An Emphasis on Cellulose Involvement
Mathew Choaji, Ascel Samba-Louaka, Zineb Fechtali-Moute, Willy Aucher, Sébastien Pomel
Pathogens.2025; 14(3): 268. CrossRef
Microarray-based characterization of airway inflammation induced by environmental Acanthamoeba exposure versus the ovalbumin-alum model
Shin Ae Kang, Hak Sun Yu
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(4): 327. CrossRef

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Therapeutic potentials of Trichinella spiralis in immune disorders: From allergy to autoimmunity: Minkyoung Cho, Hak Sun Yu; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(2):123-134.
Published online May 26, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24086

Abstract
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The incidence of immune system diseases is increasing globally, particularly in developed countries. The hygiene and old friend hypotheses suggest that the decreased incidence of helminth infections in these countries may underlie the rising prevalence of autoimmune, allergic, and inflammatory diseases. The preventive and therapeutic potential of Trichinella spiralis, a helminthic parasite, has been well demonstrated in animal models of immune dysregulation-mediated diseases. This review comprehensively analyze how T. spiralis modulates immune responses across a spectrum of immune dysregulation. We systematically review the key research findings on the effects of T. spiralis infection on immune-related disease. T. spiralis has shown the ability to regulate host immune responses in autoimmune, allergic, and inflammatory disorders, exerting anti-inflammatory effects and restoring immune homeostasis through various immunological pathways. Given its significant immunomodulatory potential, T. spiralis represents a promising candidate for therapeutic interventions against immune-mediated diseases, warranting further molecular investigations and clinical applications.

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Identification of maternal antibodies targeting a cystatin-like protein of Trichinella spiralis in offspring
Minkyoung Cho, Hak Sun Yu
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2026; 64(1): 82. CrossRef
Transcriptomic profiling reveals Trichinella spiralis-mediated attenuation of respiratory syncytial virus-induced inflammation in mice
Ki Back Chu, Fu-Shi Quan
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2026; 64(1): 7. CrossRef
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor from nematode parasite as a novel approach to combat obesity and its metabolic complications
Mi-Kyung Park, MinKyoung Cho, Hak Sun Yu
Frontiers in Immunology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Could Dirofilaria immitis contribute to occult allergic sensitization? Serological evidence from allergic patients in a hyperendemic area
José Alberto Montoya-Alonso, Alfonso Balmori-de la Puente, Iván Rodríguez-Escolar, Manuel Collado-Cuadrado, Alberto Gil-Abad, Elena Carretón, Rodrigo Morchón
Frontiers in Allergy.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

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Giardia intraflagellar transport protein 88 is involved in flagella formation: Hye Rim Yeo, Mee Young Shin, Juri Kim, Soon-Jung Park; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(1):12-24.
Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24064

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) particles, a multi-protein apparatus composed of complex A and B, are known to be involved in homeostasis of flagella formation. IFT particles have recently become an interesting topic in Giardia lamblia, which has 4 pairs of flagella. In this experiment, we examined the function of giardial IFT components. When 7 components (IFT121, 140, 20, 46, 52, 81, and 88) of IFT were expressed in Giardia trophozoites as a tagged form with mNeonGreen, all of them were found in both flagella pores and cytoplasmic axonemes. In addition, motor proteins for IFT particles (kinesin-13 and kinesin-2b), were localized to a median body and cytoplasmic flagella, respectively. The CRISPRi-mediated knockdown of IFT88 significantly affected the lengths of all 4 flagella compared to the control cells, Giardia expressing dead Cas9 using control guide RNA. Decreased expression of kinesin-2b also resulted in shortening of flagella, excluding the ventral flagella. Live Giardia cells expressing IFT88-mNeonGreen clearly demonstrated fluorescence in flagella pores and cytoplasmic axonemes. These results on IFT88 and kinesin-2b indicate that IFT complex plays a role in maintenance of G. lamblia flagella.

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The cytoskeleton of pathogenic protists
Wanderley de Souza, Ana Paula Gadelha, Marlene Benchimol
Bioscience Reports.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification and confirmation of SUMOylation-modified proteins in Giardia trophozoites
Hye Rim Yeo, Mee Young Shin, Juri Kim, Soon-Jung Park
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(3): 264. CrossRef

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Evaluation of the antimalarial activity of SAM13-2HCl with morpholine amide (SKM13 derivative) against antimalarial drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei infected ICR mice: Hyelee Hong, Kwonmo Moon, Thuy-Tien Thi Trinh, Tae-Hui Eom, Hyun Park, Hak Sung Kim, Seon-Ju Yeo; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):42-52.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23093

Antimalarial drugs are an urgently need and crucial tool in the campaign against malaria, which can threaten public health. In this study, we examined the cytotoxicity of the 9 antimalarial compounds chemically synthesized using SKM13-2HCl. Except for SKM13-2HCl, the 5 newly synthesized compounds had a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC₅₀) > 100 µM, indicating that they would be less cytotoxic than SKM13-2HCl. Among the 5 compounds, only SAM13-2HCl outperformed SKM13-2HCl for antimalarial activity, showing a 3- and 1.3-fold greater selective index (SI) (CC₅₀/IC₅₀) than SKM13-2HCl in vitro against both chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine -resistant (K1) Plasmodium falciparum strains, respectively. Thus, the presence of morpholine amide may help to effectively suppress human-infectious P. falciparum parasites. However, the antimalarial activity of SAM13-2HCl was inferior to that of the SKM13-2HCl template compound in the P. berghei NK65-infected mouse model, possibly because SAM13-2HCl had a lower polarity and less efficient pharmacokinetics than SKM13-2HCl. SAM13-2HCl was more toxic in the rodent model. Consequently, SAM13-2HCl containing morpholine was selected from screening a combination of pharmacologically significant structures as being the most effective in vitro against human-infectious P. falciparum but was less efficient in vivo in a P. berghei-infected animal model when compared with SKM13-2HCl. Therefore, SAM13-2HCl containing morpholine could be considered a promising compound to treat chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum infections, although further optimization is crucial to maintain antimalarial activity while reducing toxicity in animals.

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Immunological response of using emulsifying elongation factor 1 alpha of Plasmodium falciparum-based vaccines in complete Freund's adjuvant
Hyelee Hong, Tae-Hui Eom, Eun Lee, Eunho Lee, Hyun-Young Lee, Solchan Won, Dong-Sup Lee, Mi-il Kim, Hyun Park, Seon-Ju Yeo
Vaccine.2026; 75: 128279. CrossRef
Antimalarial Bioactive Compounds From Aegle marmelos and Syzygium aromaticum: In Vitro Evaluation and In Silico Molecular Insights
Selvam Naveenkumar, Chinnaperumal Kamaraj, Pradisha Prem, Rajagopalan Vijayalakshmi Boomija, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Rajappan Chandra Satish Kumar, Chidambaram Jayaseelan
Chemistry & Biodiversity.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
The Importance of Murine Models in Determining In Vivo Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy in Antimalarial Drug Discovery
Glory Adebayo, Opeyemi I. Ayanda, Matthias Rottmann, Olusola S. Ajibaye, Gbolahan Oduselu, Julius Mulindwa, Olayinka O. Ajani, Oluwagbemiga Aina, Pascal Mäser, Ezekiel Adebiyi
Pharmaceuticals.2025; 18(3): 424. CrossRef
Structural, electrochemical and theoretical studies of some carboxamides
David Izuchukwu Ugwu, Nandisiwe GS Mateyise, Jeanet Conradie
Journal of Molecular Structure.2025; 1348: 143454. CrossRef

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Development of the head collar and collar spines during the larval stages of Isthmiophora hortensis (Digenea: Echinostomatidae): Woon-Mok Sohn, Won-Jae Jung, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):145-150.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23122

It is uncertain when the head collar and collar spines of Isthmiophora hortensis (Digenea: Echinostomatidae), a zoonotic echinostome species in Far Eastern Asia, develop during its larval stages. In this study, the appearance of the head collar and collar spines was studied using light and scanning electron microscopy in cercariae and metacercariae experimentally obtained from freshwater snails (Lymnaea pervia) and tadpoles (Rana nigromaculata), respectively. The cercariae were shed from the snail on day 30 after exposure to laboratory-hatched miracidia. Metacercariae were obtained from the experimental tadpoles at 3, 6, 12, 15, 20, 24, 26, and 30 h after exposure to the cercariae. The head collar was already visible in the cercarial stage, although its degree of development was weak. However, collar spines did not appear in the cercarial stage and even in the early metacercarial stage less than 24 h postinfection in tadpoles. Collar spines became visible in the metacercariae when they grew older than 24 h. It was concluded that the head collar of I. hortensis developed early in the cercarial stage, but the development of collar spines did not occur until the worms became 24-h-old metacercariae in our experimental setting. Counting the number of collar spines was concluded as an unfeasible diagnostic method for I. hortensis cercariae when they are shed from the snail host.

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Three-year survey of Enterobius vermicularis infection among preschool children in Jeollanam-do, Korea (2023–2025): Ji-Yoon Jeon, Yeon-Ju Lee, Hye-Rin Kim, Hye-Lin Yang, Yun-Ji Park, Hye-Jin Kim, Tae-Man Ha, Jin-Yeong Kim, Gwi-Nim Park, Sook Park, Yang-Joon An, Yeongjin Hong; Parasites Hosts Dis 2026;64(3):260-264.
Published online June 19, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.26006

Abstract
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The purpose of this study was to ascertain the status and patterns of pinworm Enterobius vermicularis infection among preschool children in Jeollanam-do from 2023 to 2025. Further, it aimed to assess changes in infection rates during the implementation of the test-and-treatment strategy. Cellophane tape swabs were collected from 12,608 children aged 0–6 years enrolled in daycare or kindergarten facilities in 8 cities and counties of Jeollanam-do. The samples were examined under a light microscope to diagnose pinworm infection. The overall infection rate over the 3-year period was 0.22% (28/12,608). The annual infection rate declined continuously from 0.35% in 2023 to 0.06% in 2025 (trend P<0.05). The infection rate did not vary significantly with sex (P>0.05), but was significantly higher in the 4–6 year age group (P<0.05), and was highest in Jangheung-gun (0.65%) and Goheung-gun (0.37%). The overall infection rate in this study was substantially lower than previously reported. However, this may represent a transient phenomenon reflecting environmental or behavioral factors associated with this specific period. Therefore, continuous monitoring is necessary.

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Genome-wide identification of histone lysine methyltransferases and their implications in the epigenetic regulation of eggshell formation-related genes in a trematode parasite Clonorchis sinensis: Min-Ji Park, Woon-Mok Sohn, Young-An Bae; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):98-116.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23116

Epigenetic writers including DNA and histone lysine methyltransferases (DNMT and HKMT, respectively) play an initiative role in the differentiation and development of eukaryotic organisms through the spatiotemporal regulation of functional gene expressions. However, the epigenetic mechanisms have long been suspected in helminth parasites lacking the major DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 and DNMT3a/3b. Very little information on the evolutionary status of the epigenetic tools and their role in regulating chromosomal genes is currently available in the parasitic trematodes. We previously suggested the probable role of a DNMT2-like protein (CsDNMT2) as a genuine epigenetic writer in a trematode parasite Clonorchis sinensis. Here, we analyzed the phylogeny of HKMT subfamily members in the liver fluke and other platyhelminth species. The platyhelminth genomes examined conserved genes for the most of SET domain-containing HKMT and Disruptor of Telomeric Silencing 1 subfamilies, while some genes were expanded specifically in certain platyhelminth genomes. Related to the high gene dosages for HKMT activities covering differential but somewhat overlapping substrate specificities, variously methylated histones were recognized throughout the tissues/organs of C. sinensis adults. The temporal expressions of genes involved in eggshell formation were gradually decreased to their lowest levels proportionally to aging, whereas those of some epigenetic tool genes were re-boosted in the later adult stages of the parasite. Furthermore, these expression levels were significantly affected by treatment with DNMT and HKMT inhibitors. Our data strongly suggest that methylated histones are potent epigenetic markers that modulate the spatiotemporal expressions of C. sinensis genes, especially those involved in sexual reproduction.

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Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in ticks and their respective host dogs: Min-Goo Seo, Dongmi Kwak; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(1):66-74.
Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24091

Abstract
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We identified the presence of Toxoplasma gondii in ticks and their host dogs, and assess the potential role of ticks as reservoirs for this pathogen. A total of 1,230 feeding ticks were collected from 340 dogs. The tick species identified included Haemaphysalis longicornis, H. flava, and Ixodes nipponensis. Detection of the T. gondii B1 gene occurred in 2 dogs (0.6%) and 4 tick pools (0.9%). Genotyping confirmed the presence of the I/III genotype. This study is the first to report the molecular detection of T. gondii in both canine ticks and their hosts. Our findings offer important insights into the dynamics of T. gondii transmission between vectors and their hosts.

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Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Amblyomma gervaisi ticks infesting monitor lizards (Varanus bengalensis)
Muhammad Naeem, Muhammad Ammar Ameen, Hafiza Misbah Munir, Huma Fatima, Shakir Ullah, Hira Muqaddas, Kasim Sakran Abass, Adil Khan, Furhan Iqbal
Experimental and Applied Acarology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Detection of intestinal parasites in leopard cat fecal samples using shotgun metagenomics
Jun Ho Choi, Singeun Oh, Myung-hee Yi, Dongjun Kang, Du-Yeol Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Arwa Shatta, Yoon Hee Cho, Seongjun Choe, Seung-Hun Lee, Ju Yeong Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(4): 349. CrossRef
The first record of an unknown Coccidea Leuckart, 1879 in the midgut of trombiculid larvae Hirsutiella zachvatkini (Acariformes, Trombiculidae)
A.B. Shatrov
Acarina.2025; 33(2): 159. CrossRef

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Genetic structure of apical membrane antigen-1 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Pakistan: Komal Zaib, Asifullah Khan, Muhammad Umair Khan, Ibrar Ullah, Tuấn Cường Võ, Jung-Mi Kang, Hương Giang Lê, Byoung-Kuk Na, Sahib Gul Afridi; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(3):302-312.
Published online August 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24028

Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen-1 (PfAMA-1) is a major candidate for the blood-stage malaria vaccine. Genetic polymorphisms of global pfama-1suggest that the genetic diversity of the gene can disturb effective vaccine development targeting this antigen. This study was conducted to explore the genetic diversity and gene structure of pfama-1 among P. falciparum isolates collected in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan. A total of 19 full-length pfama-1 sequences were obtained from KP-Pakistan P. falciparum isolates, and genetic polymorphism and natural selection were investigated. KP-Pakistan pfama-1 exhibited genetic diversity, wherein 58 amino acid changes were identified, most of which were located in ectodomains, and domains I, II, and III. The amino acid changes commonly found in the ectodomain of global pfama-1 were also detected in KP-Pakistan pfama-1. Interestingly, 13 novel amino acid changes not reported in the global population were identified in KP-Pakistan pfama-1. KP-Pakistan pfama-1 shared similar levels of genetic diversity with global pfama-1. Evidence of natural selection and recombination events were also detected in KP-Pakistan pfama-1.

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Genetic polymorphism and natural selection of apical membrane antigen-1 in Plasmodium malariae isolated from Vietnam
Đăng Thùy Dương Nguyễn, Hương Giang Lê, Tuấn Cường Võ, Thu Hằng Nguyễn, Jung-Mi Kang, Kim Oanh Nguyễn, Nguyen Thi Minh Trinh, Chau Van Khanh, Nguyen Thi Lien Hanh, Tran Thi Hue Van, Nguyen Kim Trung, Minkyoung Cho, Tran Thanh Son, Huynh Hong Quang, Byoung
BMC Infectious Diseases.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Genetic diversity and natural selection of cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites (CelTOS) in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Vietnam
Tuấn Cường Võ, Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Nguyen Thi Minh Trinh, Minkyoung Cho, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Huynh Hong Quang, Byoung-Kuk Na
Gene.2025; 968: 149731. CrossRef
Genetic polymorphism of Duffy binding protein in Pakistan Plasmodium vivax isolates
Đăng Thùy Dương Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường Võ, Kim Oanh Nguyễn, Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Thu Hằng Nguyễn, Minkyoung Cho, Sahib Gul Afridi, Byoung-Kuk Na
Acta Tropica.2024; 260: 107421. CrossRef

5,467 View
91 Download
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