A new haplosphlanchnid cercaria, Cercaria kuwaitae VI sp.
n., was found in the prosobranch snail Cerithidea cingulata in the Kuwait Bay. Details are presented on the morphology and behavior of the cercaria and the encystment process. The new cercaria is a biocellate, distome, with a prominent single sac-like intestinal cecum extending well posterior to the ventral sucker and develops in simple sporocysts. It differ from known haplosplanchnid cercariae in the absence of finger- like processes on the tail, and the presence of V-shaped excretory vesicle extending beyond ventral sucker and the presence of cervical glands. The surface topography of the cercaria and its sporocyst is examined by scanning electron microscopy. This is the first haplosplanchnid cercaria to be described from a Cerithidea species.
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Studies on cercariae from Kuwait Bay. VIII. Description and surface topography of Cercaria kuwaitae VIII sp. n. (Digenea: Opecoelidae) J. Abdul-Salam, B.S. Sreelatha Parasitology International.1998; 47(2): 87. CrossRef
The location of actin and myosin of the several stages of Cryptosporidium parvum was observed. The tissue antigen of C. parvum was prepared through immunosuppression of ICR mice with Depomedrol. The thin sectioned specimens, which were incubated with the IgG fraction of the rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against chicken back muscle actin and bovine uterus myosin, were treated with 10 nm gold-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG. Electrodense particles were located mainly on the pellicles of all observed developmental stages of the parasites. The number of actin gold particles in the cytoplasm increased when the parasite was dividing actively as in case of meronts. Especially in macrogametocytes, a lot of actin and myosin particles were synthesized and storaged as amilopectin-like bodies. There were many actin gold particles along the microspikes of cytoplasmic membranes in various developmental stages. The actin and myosin observed in this study may play important roles to control the shape of the parasites and movements of cytoplasmic membranes as cytoskeletal proteins.
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Localization of cytoskeletal proteins in Pneumocystis carinii by immuno-electron microscopy Jae-Ran Yu, Jae-Kyong Pyon, Min Seo, Byung-Suk Jung, Sang Rock Cho, Soon-Hyung Lee, Sung-Tae Hong The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2001; 39(1): 13. CrossRef
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A transmission electron microscopic study was performed on the ultrastructure of the tegumental layer of Gymnophalloides seoi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) metacercariae and adults. The metacercariae were obtained from naturally infected oysters, Crassostrea gigas, and the adults from experimentally infected C3H mice. The tegumental layer generally revealed a small number of foldings, numerous small vacuoles, sines, and muscle bundles. Beneath the muscle layer, nuclei of the tegumental cells were located.
There was little difference in the structure of the tegument between the metacercariae and adults. The oral sucker, having well-developed muscle layers, showed a similar structure to the ventral sucker except numerous foldings in the ventral sucker. The ventral pit was surrounded by a thin syncytial layer, where a number of microtubules and mitochondria were seen. Around the ventral pit located well-developed circular and longitudinal muscles. The results showed that the ultrastructure of the tegumental layer of G. seoi metacercariae and adults revealed little difference from other trematodes in general. The ventral pit, a peculiar structure of this trematode, seems to function as a sphincter or an accessory adhesive organ.
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A quantitative assay was performed on the effects of gamma-irradiation (30-300 Gy) on intracellular proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii RH tachyzoites in human leukemic HL-60 cells and murine peritoneal macrophages by means of 3H-uracil uptake assay. Infected non- irradiation group (NI) and uninfected group (incubating only host cells) were prepared. The 3H-uracil uptake by tachyzoites of NI group 12-24 hrs after infection was 2,190-4,787 counts per minute for macrophages and 2,967-8,254 for HL-60 cells, whereas the irradiated tachyzoites revealed only 381-703 (100 Gy) and 218-408 (300 Gy) for macrophages, and 1,911-2,618 (30 Gy), 1,253-1,384 (70 Gy), 1,013-1,090 (100 Gy), and 483-588 (300 Gy) for HL-60 cells. The proliferation inhibition rate was similar in macrophages and HL-60 cells, for example, 89-94% and 80-94% respectively by 300 Gy, 12-24 hrs after infection. It is concluded that RH tachyzoites of T. gondii are severely affected by gamma-irradiation in their capability of intracellular proliferation.
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Human anisakiasis may occur after ingestion of raw marine fish infected with nematode larvae of Anisakidae.
Anisakiasis caused by the migration of the larva into the wall of stomach, small intestine and other portion has been reported in Korea. This prospective study was made of all cases referred to parasitological laboratory in Cheju-do between June 1989 and June 1992. Gastric anisakiasis was confirmed if larvae invading the gastric wall were observed by gastrofiberscopy. One hundred and seven cases were diagnosed, most of which were in 30-49 years old. Most of the patients complained acute epigastric pain with history of eating raw marine fish. This symptom usually occurred about 12 hours to 1 day after ingestion of infected marine fish. Edema, erosion or ulcer of the mucosa and hemorrhage from the gastric wall were observed in the involved areas.
Ninety larvae removed from the stomach were identified; the larva of Anisakis simplex was the most prevalent species, and the larva of Pseudoterranova decipiens was also detected. The important species of marine fish from which the patients became infected was demonstrated as yellow corvina, sea eel, ling, cuttle fish, yellowtail and others.
Five species of marine fish as a possible source of infection were examined, and Anisakis simplex larvae and Pseudoterranova decipiens larvae were collected from the mackerel and rock cod. This study demonstrates that anisakiasis is recognized as a public health problem in Korea.
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The present study aims to observe changing patterns of serum antibody to Pneumocystis carinii in normal rats of different ages and in immunosuppressed rats. The serum IgG antibody was observed by immunoblotting with crude antigen of P.
carinii which were purified from the lungs of infected rats.
The crude antigens separated in SDS- PAGE resolved more than 20 protein bands from 20 to 200 kDa. Of them, 40-45, 50-55, 116 and 200 kDa bands were major antigens of P. carinii.
Most of the normal rats of up to 4 weeks had the antibodies reacting the 4 bands, but none of 8-week-old rats revealed the specific antibody. After the rats grew for 40 weeks, all were found to have the antibody in their serum. Same pattern of serum antibody level by age was found in ELISA. When immunosuppressed rats became heavily infected, the antibody in their serum decreased distinctively. The present results suggest that antibodies in normal newborn rats are transferred from their mother and lowered up to 8 weeks.
Thereafter, the levels of the antibodies begin to increase by natural exposure to P. carinii. It was also confirmed that the intensity of P. carinii infection is inversely related with levels of serum antibodies.
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Genetic heterogeneity of Pneumocystis carinii from rats of several regions and strains Byung-Suk Chung, Yun-Kyu Pars, Sun Huh, Jae-Ran Yu, Jin Kim, Xiaohua Shi, Sang Rock Cho, Soon-Hyung Lee, Sung-Tae Hong The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2000; 38(3): 151. CrossRef
Variation of antigenicity and serological reaction to Pneumocystis carinii in Korea Hyun-Young Park, Soo-Ung Lee, Seoung-Wan Chae, Sun Huh, Jae-Ran Yu, Jin Kim, Sung-Tae Hong The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1999; 37(2): 109. CrossRef
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The presence of biological response modifiers (BRM)-like effect was confirmed in peritoneal exudate (PE) of Toxoplasma gondii-infected ICR mice which inhibited Concanavalin A (Con A)-induced peritoneal lymphocyte (PL) proliferation. During 5 days of PL incubation with 10 micrograms/ml Con A with or without PE, 3H-thymidine uptake was measured for the last 24 hrs. Compared to uninduced control, PL proliferated by 7.3-fold with Con A induction.
When PE of infected mice was added, PL proliferation was inhibited by 74.0 +/- 11.9% whereas inhibition by PE of normal mice was 16.4 +/- 8.3%. Inhibitory effect of PE increased exponentially from 3 days up to 4-5 days of survival after the infection. Inhibitory activity of PE was decreased concentration- dependently. Also the inhibition was diminished when the PE was treated with heat of 95 degrees C for 10 min or precipitated with 10% trichloracetic acid (TCA). In SDS-PAGE of PE, many minor bands appeared newly. Heat-labile protein molecule in PE exerted inhibitory activity to Con A-induced lymphocyte proliferation.
This study aims to assess the possible strain-dependent variations in detection of Toxoplasma antigens and antibodies. The virulent RH strain or avirulent Beverley strain of T. gondii were injected into mice, intraperitoneally, and their antigens, antibodies and parasites were identified from the blood or tissues; liver, brain and spleen by ELISA, Western blot and PCR. In mice infected with RH strain, circulating antigens and parasitemia were first detected from 2 days after infection, and Toxoplasma DNA were found in the blood, liver, brain and spleen from 3 days after infection. It was impossible to detect specific IgM and IgG antibodies to T. gondii, and any specific band was not found by Western blot. In mice infected with Beverley strain, circulating antigens were detected between day 10 and day 35. The Toxoplasma DNA was found in the blood and liver from day 15 until day 60, and in the brain from day 20. But Toxoplasma DNA in the spleen were mainly detected between day 10 and day 30. The IgM antibodies were first appeared on day 10 post-infection, and were noted obviously increased between day 15 and 25. The IgG antibodies were first detected on day 15, and showed progressively increased titers. The antibody binding bands were specific according to infection period. Sera from mice infected with Beverley strain reacted mainly with the antigen of 27.5-kDa and 32.5-kDa. In conclusion, mice infected with RH strain revealed Toxoplasma antigens strongly, but not antibodies. However, mice infected with Beverley strain revealed both the Toxoplasma antigens and antibodies. The present results showed that immune responses are different between avirulent and virulent T. gondii.
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To clarify the correlation of the proteinase activity with pathogenicity of Clonorchis sinensis, the proteinase activity either in excretory-secretory products (ESP) or in crude extracts of adult C. sinensis was examined. Substrate gel electrophoresis of the ESP and crude extracts revealed four distinct enzyme bands, which were differently inhibited by the specific proteinase inhibitors. The proteinase of the ESP with molecular mass of 24 kDa, was purified 23- fold with 14.5% yield by spectra gel ACA 44 gel filtration. It exhibited optimal pH at 7.5 in sodium phosphate (0.1 M). Its activity was inhibited specifically by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and antipain whereas potentiated 1.9 folds in the presence of 5 mM dithiothreitol (DTT). Cytotoxicity of the proteinase increased in a dose-dependent manner up to 120 micrograms/ml while reduced by NEM and antipain, indicating that cysteine proteinase was responsible for the cytotoxicity. This result shows that the 24 kDa cysteine proteinase is deeply correlated with the pathogenicity of C.
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