A storage mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, is recently known to be widely distributed in Korea, being commonly found in house dust, and may, therefore, be allergenically important. The purpose of this study was to develop mass rearing techniques for supplying a large quantity of allergens. The laboratory mouse food powder gave the highest yield, showing 1,251.5-fold increase in number after 10 weeks, and the mixed powder of laboratory mouse food and yeast (1:1) also gave same level of the production (1,203.1-fold increase in week 10). Several different combinations of temperature and relative humidity conditions were compared, and the maximum propagation was obtained at 25 degrees C and 64% RH, showing 960-fold increase in number. When the same amount of culture media was used, the size of the culture container did not significantly influence the quantitative yield of T. putrescentiae mites.
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Studies were conducted from May, 1993 to April, 1995 to determine the changing patterns of infection by the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, among residents and fish hosts in Kyongbuk Province. The infection rate among residents was 7.7% by stool examination. The rate in males (11.3%) was significantly higher than females (4.1%). Positive rate of intradermal test was 27.6% in the same population. The special type of a simple catalytic model was applied for the analysis of intradermal positive reactors by age and sex, and the equation was y = 0.4776 (1 - e-0.0375t) for males and, y = 0.2085 (1 - e-0.0138t) for females. Analysis of stool examination data by two-stage catalytic model revealed y = 0.025 (e-0.00471 - e-0.0235t). The annual Clonorchis infection rate was 4.7 per 1,000 susceptibles and the annual loss rate was 23.5 per 1,000 infected. The frequency distribution by the eggs per gram (EPG) was calculated as well as the cumulative percentages of positives. The regression equations were y = 0.929 + 1.506 log x for males and, y = 0.473 + 1.767 log x for females. Of the 25 fish species, 7 species were infected with Clonorchis metacercariae. Infection rates varied by the species, and ranged from 2.8% in Puntungia herzi to 30.0% in Pseudorasbora parva. Average number of the matacercariae per gram of flesh was 58.1 in P. parva, followed by 10.2 in Gnathopogon atromaculatus, 7.0 in Saurogobio dabryi, and 3.0 in Paracheilognathus rhombea. The present study indicates that clonorchiasis in Kyongbuk Province is less prevalent than that of several decades ago.
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The present study was performed to analyze the infection status of trematode metacercariae in fishes caught from Chunamchosuchi (pond) located in Uichang-gun, Kyongsangnam-do. A total of 130 freshwater fish of 5 species was collected by a fish net and fish traps from November, 1995 to May, 1996. They were examined under a stereomicroscope after artificial digestion with pepsin-HCl solution. A total of 8 species of metacercaria, i.e.
Clonorchis sinensis, Echinochasmus japonicus, Cyathocotyle orientalis, Diplostomum sp., Metorchis orientalis, Holostephanus nipponicus, Exorchis oviformis and unidentified echinostome, was detected from them. The metacercariae of C. sinenesis were found in 8/20 (40.0%) Acanthorhodeus asmussi, 20/20 (100%) Culter brevicauda, 31/45 (68.9) Cultriculus eigenmanni and 21/25 (84.0%) Pseudorasbora parva, and the average number of metacercariae detected in each fish species were 1.9, 31.7, 15.3, and 73.0. From the above results, it was confirmed that fresh-water fishes from Chunamchosuchi (pond) were highly infected with metacercariae of avian trematode, i.e.
C. orientalis, H. nipponicus, M. orientalis, E. japonicus and Diplostomum sp., and 4 species of fish, P. parva, C.
brevicauda, C. eigenmanni and A. asmussi, were infected with metacaecariae of C. sinensis.
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Studies of geographical distributions and relative population densities of the vector mites of tsutsugamushi disease were carried out in October 1996 at 12 locations of the mid-south inland of the Korean peninsula, where chigger mites have been never studied. Of 177 field rodents and insectivores collected, 154 (87.0%) were Apodemus agrarius.
Total 25,707 chigger mites were collected and 14 species were identified, of which Leptotrombidium pallidum was predominant (79.8%) and L. palpale the next (8.9%). L.
pallidum, the vector species, was widely distributed in all study areas, showing the highest density at Cho-o 2-dong, Sangju-si (chigger index 201.8), and the lowest at Tanwol-dong. Chungju-si (chigger index 40.7). The other vector species, L. scutellare was found only at the southern part of the study area such as Yobae and Mipyong, Kumrunggun and Unsu, Kimchon-si. The northernmost areas of the L. scutellare distribution were coincided with the areas where anual mean air temperature is above 10.0 C.
Among 157 A. agrarius sera tested, 48.3% was Karp, 1.7% Gilliam and 3.3% Kuroki. The rest of the sera were not able to determine the sero-type because of the cross antigen-antibody reactions among the tested sero-types.
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Numerous cryptosporidia occurred in the microvillous border of bursal epithelium between days 4 and 16 postinoculation (PI). Appearance of the most mast cells was followed by a dramatic loss of the protozoa in the bursa of Fabricius (BF). The distribution of the coccidium coincided with heterophil infiltration in the epithelium and adjacent lamina propria. The histopathological lesion was marked diffuse chronic superficial purulent bursitis with heterophil infiltration in the epithelium and adjacent lamina propria and mucosal epithelial hyperplasia. These results suggest that the bursitis may induce immunosuppressive effect.
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vaginalis. The cytotoxicity was measured by counting the release of [3H]-thymidine from labelled protozoa and NO2- was assayed by Griess reaction. NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (NAME) and arginase inhibited cytotoxicity to T. vaginalis and nitrite production by activated mouse perioneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells. The addition of excess L-arginine competitively restored trichomonacidal activity of macrophages. Exogenous addition of FeSO4 inhibited cytotoxicity to T. vaginalis and nitric products of macrophages. From above results, it is assumed that nitric oxide plays an important role in the host defense mechanism of macrophages against T. vaginalis.
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Diagnosis of early paragonimiasis is difficult because parasitological evidence is not easily obtained. Antibody tests have been proposed as a good substitute for classical diagnostic techniques. Using the crude extracts of Paragonimus westermani eggs, metacercariae, 4- and 7-week juveniles, and 16-week adults as antigens, we observed the early antibody responses. Sera were obtained from 4 experimental cats, fed 50 metacercariae each, at intervals until 13 weeks post-infection. Antibody (IgG) responses were identified by ELISA using extracts of 4-week juveniles, followed by those of 7- and 16-week worms.
Antibody responses were minimal against the metacercarial extracts. Antibodies to P. westermani egg extracts were elevated after 10 weeks post-infection. In immunoblot analysis, more than nine protein bands in 4-week juveniles reacted with the early infection sera. Antigenic proteins in adult worms were different from those of juveniles.
After four weeks of infection, 32 and 35 kDa bands in the adult extracts were increasingly reactive. Egg specific proteins at 28, 46 and 94 kDa were reactive only after 10 weeks. Antigenic components reacting to the early infection sera changed during the maturation stages of P. westermani; almost all juvenile antigens were replaced by adult antigen components.
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The differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR) analysis was performed to identify the pathogenic strain specific amplicons. mRNAs were purified from the trophozoites of the pathogenic strain YS-27 and the non-pathogenic strain S 16, respectively.
Three kinds of first stranded cDNAs were reverse transcribed from the mRNAs by one base anchored oligo-dT11M (M: A, C, or G) primers. Each cDNA template was used for DDRT-PCR analysis. A total of 144 pathogenic strain specific amplicons was observed in DDRT-PCR analysis using primer combinations of the 11 arbitrary primers and the 3 one base anchored oligo-dT11M primers. Of these, 31 amplicons were verified as the amplicons amplified only from the mRNAs of the pathogenic strain by DNA slot blot hybridization. Further characterization of the 31 pathogenic strain specific amplicons by DNA slot blot hybridization analysis using biotin labeled probes of the PCR amplified DNA of cysteine proteinase genes revealed that 21 of them were amplified from the mRNAs of the cysteine proteinase genes. Four randomly selected amplicons out of the rest 10 amplicons were used for screening of cDNA library followed by immunoscreening and all of them were turned out to be amplified from the mRNA.
Susceptibility of some vertebrates was examined to the early third-stage larvae (EL3) of Gnathostoma hispidum. The larvae collected from the Chinese loaches were infected to 4 silk carps, 3 snake heads, 3 bullfrogs, 5 mice and 9 albino rats. No worms were detected in fish, silk carps and snake heads. In 3 bullfrogs fed 30 larvae, a total of 9 EL3 was recovered in the gastrointestinal tract (8 larvae) and liver (one). In 5 mice infected with 50 larvae, a total of 37 (74.0%) advanced third-stage larvae (AdL3) was recovered from the muscle (31 larvae), liver (5 larvae) and kidney at 4 weeks after infection. In 9 albino rats infected with 115 larvae, a total of 40 (34.8%) AdL3 was found in the muscle.
The mammalian hosts were found susceptible to the EL3 of G.
hispidum from Chinese loaches.
An unusual over-gravid female of Enterobius vermicularis was recovered from a 15-month old child by cello-tape anal swab. The patient resided in Inchon and complained of severe anal itching. The worm measured 7.8 mm in length and 0.5 mm in width, and retained typical morphologic features of E. vermicularis such as cephalic alae and a sharply pointed posterior end. In this gravid female, peculiarly, the uterus was tremendously distended, and about 99% of the whole body length was completely packed with a great number of eggs. Other internal organs were difficult to observe.
This paper describes a peculiar over-gravid female of E.
vermicularis.
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