Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Volume 55(4); August 2017

Original Articles

Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Iranian Leishmania Parasites Based on HSP70 Gene PCR-RFLP and Sequence Analysis: Sara Nemati, Asghar Fazaeli, Homa Hajjaran, Ali Khamesipour, Mohsen Falahati Anbaran, Arezoo Bozorgomid, Fatah Zarei; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):367-374.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.367

Abstract
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Despite the broad distribution of leishmaniasis among Iranians and animals across the country, little is known about the genetic characteristics of the causative agents. Applying both HSP70 PCR-RFLP and sequence analyses, this study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among Leishmania spp. isolated from Iranian endemic foci and available reference strains. A total of 36 Leishmania isolates from almost all districts across the country were genetically analyzed for the HSP70 gene using both PCR-RFLP and sequence analysis. The original HSP70 gene sequences were aligned along with homologous Leishmania sequences retrieved from NCBI, and subjected to the phylogenetic analysis. Basic parameters of genetic diversity were also estimated. The HSP70 PCR-RFLP presented 3 different electrophoretic patterns, with no further intraspecific variation, corresponding to 3 Leishmania species available in the country, L. tropica, L. major, and L. infantum. Phylogenetic analyses presented 5 major clades, corresponding to 5 species complexes. Iranian lineages, including L. major, L. tropica, and L. infantum, were distributed among 3 complexes L. major, L. tropica, and L. donovani. However, within the L. major and L. donovani species complexes, the HSP70 phylogeny was not able to distinguish clearly between the L. major and L. turanica isolates, and between the L. infantum, L. donovani, and L. chagasi isolates, respectively. Our results indicated that both HSP70 PCR-RFLP and sequence analyses are medically applicable tools for identification of Leishmania species in Iranian patients. However, the reduced genetic diversity of the target gene makes it inevitable that its phylogeny only resolves the major groups, namely, the species complexes.

Citations

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Existing and newly emerging human cutaneous Leishmania isolates in Ethiopia: a systematic review
Abiy Ayele Angelo, Getu Girmay, Dereje Mengesha Berta, Bisrat Birke Teketelew, Elias Chane, Negesse Cherie, Muluneh Assefa, Zufan Yiheyis Abriham, Mebratu Tamir
Discover Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Update on the Seroepidemiology of Human Cystic Echinococcosis and Associated Risk Factors in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Nashmin Mohemmi, Mohammad Taghi Khodayari, Seyed Ahmad Karamati, Mohammad Reza Shiee, Hossein Effatpanah, Afshin Davari, Ali Reza Ghorbani, Arezoo Bozorgomid
Health Science Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Genetic Diversity and Chromosomal Variations in the Iranian Leishmania major Strain: Insights into Pathogenicity and Drug Resistance
Hanieh Sharifian, Anis Khalafiyan, Mahmood Fadaie, Hossein Khanahmad, Zabihollah Shahmoradi, Erfan Zaker, Parisa Mousavi, Nadia Pourmoshir, Azadeh Zolfaghari
Advanced Biomedical Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Genetic diversity and epidemiological insights into cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan: a comprehensive study on clinical manifestations and molecular characterization of Leishmania species
Shumaila Naz, Muhammed Nalcaci, Obaid Hayat, Seray Toz, Azhar Minhas, Shahid Waseem, Yusuf Ozbel
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessment of genetic markers for multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of Fasciola isolates from Iran
Naser Nazari, Mohamad Bagher Rokni, Madoka Ichikawa‐Seki, Saber Raeghi, Homa Hajjaran, Shahab Falahi, Yazdan Hamzavi, Peyman Heydarian, Afshin Davari, Keyphobad Ghadiri, Arezoo Bozorgomid
Veterinary Medicine and Science.2023; 9(2): 924. CrossRef
Real‐time impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on cutaneous leishmaniasis case finding and strategic planning, preventive interventions, control and epidemiology in a region with a high burden of cutaneous leishmaniasis and COVID‐19: A cross‐sectional descriptive
Morteza Shams, Ayoub Rashidi, Jasem Mohamadi, Mohamad Moradi, Reza Pakzad, Razi Naserifar, Jahangir Abdi, Fariba Ghelichi, Arezoo Bozorgomid, Nahid Maspi, Azra Kenarkoohi, Yasin Mohammadi, Amir Abdoli, Shahab Falahi
Health Science Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
An overview of the trypanosomatid (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) parasites infecting several mammal species in Colombia
Adriana C. Castillo-Castañeda, Luz H. Patiño, Maria Fernanda Zuñiga, Omar Cantillo-Barraza, Martha S. Ayala, Maryi Segura, Jessica Bautista, Plutarco Urbano, Jeiczon Jaimes-Dueñez, Juan David Ramírez
Parasites & Vectors.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Taxonomy, Population Structure and Genetic Diversity of Iranian Leishmania Strains of Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis
Sara Nemati, Homa Hajjaran, Soudabeh Heydari, Asghar Fazaeli, Ali Khamesipour, Mohsen Falahati Anbaran, Mehdi Mohebali, Hamed Mirjalali
Acta Parasitologica.2021; 66(4): 1274. CrossRef
The Geographical Distribution of Human Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmania Species Identified by Molecular Methods in Iran: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis
Homa Hajjaran, Reza Saberi, Alireza Borjian, Mahdi Fakhar, Seyed Abdollah Hosseini, Sajjad Ghodrati, Mehdi Mohebali
Frontiers in Public Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Development of a Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for Pan-Leishmania
Juan Jose Lauthier, Paula Ruybal, Paola Andrea Barroso, Yoshihisa Hashiguchi, Jorge Diego Marco, Masataka Korenaga
Acta Tropica.2020; 201: 105189. CrossRef
Isolation and Molecular Identification of Leishmania spp. in Patients With Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Golestan Province, Iran
Ali Fattahi Bafghi, Gilda Eslami, Oghol Niazjorjani, Farzaneh Mirzaei, Javad Namrodi
International Journal of Epidemiologic Research.2019; 6(1): 8. CrossRef
Description of Leishmania species among dogs and humans in Colombian Visceral Leishmaniasis outbreaks
Giovanny Herrera, Adriana Higuera, Luz Helena Patiño, Martha S. Ayala, Juan David Ramírez
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2018; 64: 135. CrossRef
Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Qasr-e Shirin, a border area in the west of Iran
Yazdan Hamzavi, Naser Nazari, Nahid Khademi, Keivan Hassani, Arezoo Bozorgomid
Veterinary World.2018; : 1692. CrossRef

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Trichomonas vaginalis α-Actinin 2 Modulates Host Immune Responses by Inducing Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells via IL-10 Production from Regulatory T Cells: Hye-Yeon Lee, Juri Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu, Soon-Jung Park; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):375-384.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.375

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis is a pathogen that triggers severe immune responses in hosts. T. vaginalis α-actinin 2, Tvα-actinin 2, has been used to diagnose trichomoniasis. This study was undertaken to examine the role of Tvα-actinin 2 as an antigenic molecule to induce immune responses from humans. Western blot analysis using anti-Tvα-actinin 2 antibodies indicated its presence in the secreted proteins of T. vaginalis. ELISA was employed to measure cytokine production by vaginal epithelial cells, prostate cells, mouse dendritic cells (DCs), or T cells stimulated with T. vaginalis or Tvα-actinin 2 protein. Both T. vaginalis and rTvα-actinin 2 induced cytokine production from epithelial cell lines, including IL-10. Moreover, CD4⁺CD25^- regulatory T cells (Treg cells) incubated with rTvα-actinin 2-treated DCs produced high levels of IL-10. These data indicate that Tvα-actinin 2 modulates immune responses via IL-10 production by Treg cells.

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Identification and Characterization of α-Actinin 1 of Histomonas meleagridis and Its Potential Vaccine Candidates against Histomonosis
Dandan Liu, Chen Chen, Qiaoguang Chen, Shuang Wang, Zaifan Li, Jie Rong, Yuming Zhang, Zhaofeng Hou, Jianping Tao, Jinjun Xu
Animals.2023; 13(14): 2330. CrossRef
Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering of secretory proteins for the cytotoxicity analysis of low‐dose doxorubicin
Mengmeng Zheng, Siqi Gao, Yamin Lin, Yating Lin, Zufang Huang, Shusen Xie, Yun Yu, Juqiang Lin
Journal of Raman Spectroscopy.2020; 51(11): 2217. CrossRef
Vasoactive intestinal peptide is required in the maintenance of immune regulatory competency of immune regulatory monocytes
L Guan, D Yu, G-H Wu, H-J Ning, S-D He, S-S Li, T-Y Hu, G Yang, Z-Q Liu, H-Q Yu, X-Z Sun, Z-G Liu, P-C Yang
Clinical and Experimental Immunology.2019; 196(2): 276. CrossRef

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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis Detected by RDT in Residents near the DMZ (demilitarized zone) of Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea: Yeong Hoon Kim, Jihoo Lee, Young-Eun Kim, Seongkyu Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):385-389.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.385

Abstract
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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among the residents of Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea, which partly includes the demilitarized zone (DMZ), were surveyed for 4 years and evaluated by RDT using recombinant fragment of major surface antigen (SAG1A). Sera from 1336, 583, 526, and 583 adult residents were collected on a yearly basis from 2010 to 2013, respectively. The total positive seroprevalence was 19.3, 21.9, 23.4, and 26.8% from 2010 to 2013, respectively. The positive seroprevalence in men (23.6, 27.5, 29.5, 34.6%) was far higher than women (14.1, 18.3, 19.4, 21.4%), from 2010 to 2013, respectively. This high seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in Cheorwon-gun may have been influenced in part by its geographical locality of the area as it includes the DMZ, where civilian access is strictly limited, thus creating a relatively isolated area that is a well-preserved habitat. Further research is necessary to study the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in this area.

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Is the incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis declining?
Gregory Colin Milne, Joanne P. Webster, Martin Walker
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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among patients of a tertiary hospital in Guangzhou, Guangdong province, PR China
Yu-bin Guan, Xiao-xiao Sun, Shao-lian Chen, Xiao-ting Zhu, Zhi-hua Zeng, Han-wei Lu, Hong-mei Feng, Yu Guo, Wen-gong Jiang, Kui Xiong, Xiao-rong Yang, Ho-Woo Nam, Zhao-shou Yang, Pan Li
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(7): e0286430. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii assayed using Rapid Diagnostic Tests among Residents in Three Counties Adjacent to The Demilitarized Zone, Korea
Jeehi Jung, Jinyoung Lee, Yoon Kyung Chang, Seong Kyu Ahn, Seo Hye Park, Sung-Jong Hong, Jihoo Lee, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Tong-Soo Kim, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 9. CrossRef
Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Ganghwa-gun, Cheorwon-gun, and Goseong-gun, Korea
Jihye Yu, Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 251. CrossRef
Distribution of toxoplasmosis among different groups of the population of the Оmsk Region
O.Yu. Starostina, Yu.I. Patsula, A.Kh. Nurpeisova
ЗДОРОВЬЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ И СРЕДА ОБИТАНИЯ - ЗНиСО / PUBLIC HEALTH AND LIFE ENVIRONMENT.2019; : 51. CrossRef

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Hookworm Infection: A Neglected Cause of Overt Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Kun-Yan Wei, Qiong Yan, Bo Tang, Shi-Ming Yang, Peng-Bing Zhang, Ming-Ming Deng, Mu-Han L?; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):391-398.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.391

Abstract
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Hookworm infections are widely prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in low income regions. In the body, hookworms parasitize the proximal small intestine, leading to chronic intestinal hemorrhage and iron deficiency anemia. Occasionally, hookworms can cause overt gastrointestinal bleeding, but this is often ignored in heavily burdened individuals from endemic infectious areas. A total of 424 patients with overt obscure gastrointestinal bleeding were diagnosed by numerous blood tests or stool examinations as well as esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy, capsule endoscopy or double-balloon enteroscopy. All of the patients lived in hookworm endemic areas and were not screened for hookworm infection using sensitive tests before the final diagnosis. The patients recovered after albendazole treatment, blood transfusion, and iron replacement, and none of the patients experienced recurrent bleeding in the follow-up. All the 31 patients were diagnosed with hookworm infections without other concomitant bleeding lesions, a rate of 7.3% (31/424). Seventeen out of 227 patients were diagnosed with hookworm infections in the capsule endoscopy (CE), and 14 out of 197 patients were diagnosed with hookworm infections in the double balloon enteroscopy (DBE). Hookworm infections can cause overt gastrointestinal bleeding and should be screened in patients with overt obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) in endemic infectious areas with sensitive methods. Specifically, the examination of stool specimens is clinically warranted for most patients, and the proper examination for stool eggs relies on staff’s communication.

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Hookworm: a challenge diagnosis of occult gastrointestinal bleeding
A C Garcia, M Francisco, H Coelho, S Bragança, F Pereira Correia, M L Figueiredo, G Alexandrino, J C Branco, D Horta, M Alexandra
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Ghaiska Najma Amnur, Yunita Armiyanti, Irawan Fajar Kusuma, Leersia Yusi Ratnawati, Wiwien Sugih Utami, Bagus Hermansyah
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Sumera Aziz Ali, Anam Feroz, Zahid Abbasi, Savera Aziz Ali, Ahreen Allana, K. Michael Hambidge, Nancy F. Krebs, Jamie E. Westcott, Elizabeth M. McClure, Robert L. Goldenberg, Sarah Saleem, Frank T. Spradley
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Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke, Ayenew Addisu, Adane Derso, Yalewayker Tegegne, Meseret Birhanie, Tekeba Sisay, Mulugeta Aemero, José F. Silveira
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Yue Huang, Asmaa M.I. Abuzeid, Yunqiu Liu, Long He, Qi Zhao, Xinxin Yan, Jianxiong Hang, Rongkun Ran, Yongxiang Sun, Xiu Li, Jumei Liu, Guoqing Li
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Prevalence and Density of Digenetic Trematode Metacercariae in Clams and Oysters from Western Coastal Regions of the Republic of Korea: Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Won-Ja Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):399-408.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.399

Abstract
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A survey was performed to know the recent infection status of digenetic trematode metacercariae in clams and oysters from 4 sites in western coastal regions of the Republic of Korea (=Korea). Four species of clams (Mactra veneriformis, Ruditapes philippinarum, Cyclina sinensis, and Saxidomus purpuratus) were collected from Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do (Province), Buan-gun (County) and Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-do, and oysters, Crassostrea gigas, from Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do were transferred to our laboratory on ice and examined by the artificial digestion method. The metacercariae of Himasthla alincia were detected in 3 species of clams, M. veneriformis, R. philippinarum, and C. sinensis from the 3 surveyed areas. The positive rate and the mean density per clam infected were 98.9% (30.8 metacercariae) in M. veneriformis, 60.0% (5.0) in R. philippinarum, and 96.0% (28.4) in C. sinensis. The positive rate (mean density) of Acanthoparyphium tyosenense metacercariae in M. veneriformis was 50.0% (2.1) from Taean-gun and 70.0% (2.8) from Gochang-gun. The metacercariae of Parvatrema spp. were detected in M. veneriformis and R. philippinarum from Taean-gun and Gochang-gun; the positive rate (mean density) was 63.3% (4,123) and 50.0% (19) in M. veneriformis, and 6.7% (126) and 100% (238) in R. philippinarum from the 2 regions, respectively. The metacercariae of Gymnophalloides seoi were detected in all 30 oysters from Shinan-gun, and their average density per oyster was 646. From the above results, it has been confirmed that more than 3 species of metacercariae are prevalent in clams from the western coastal regions, and G. seoi metacercariae are still prevalent in oysters from Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea

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Survey of trematodes in Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum on the west coast of Korea: A preliminary study
Cuong Thanh Le, Hee-Do Jeung, Young-Ghan Cho, Kwang-Sik Choi
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Infection of Mytilus Galloprovincialis By the Trematode Parvatrema Sp. (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) in the Middle Adriatic Sea, Croatia
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Effects of larval trematode parasitism on the reproductive capacity of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in a sandy-mud tidal flat on the west coast of Korea
Young-Ghan Cho, Hye-Mi Lee, Jeong-Hwa Kim, Jong-Seop Shin, Hee-Do Jeung, Kwang-Sik Choi
Frontiers in Marine Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Vicki Bonham, John Humphreys, Ningsheng Yang, Ouyang Haiying, Yan Caiping
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Parvatrema duboisi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) Life Cycle Stages in Manila Clams, Ruditapes philippinarum, from Aphae-do (Island), Shinan-gun, Korea
Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Hyejoo Shin, Seungwan Ryoo, Sooji Hong, Jeonggyu Lee, Hyemi Song, Jaeeun Cho, Deok-Gyu Kim, Hojong Jun, Min-Jae Kim, Eun Jeong Won, Eun-Taek Han, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
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Morphological and Molecular Confirmation of Parvatrema duboisi Metacercariae in the Manila Clam Ruditapes philippinarum from Gochang-gun, Korea
Taehee Chang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyejoo Shin, Sooji Hong, Jeonggyu Lee, Deok-Gyu Kim, Laddawan Patarwut, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jong-Yil Chai
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Journal of Shellfish Research.2019; 38(2): 271. CrossRef
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Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho
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Survey of Gymnophalloides seoi Metacercariae in Natural and Cultured Oysters from Several Western Coastal Areas, Korea
Taehee Chang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Song, Jaeeun Cho, Sooji Hong, Keon-Hoon Lee, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Jisu Kang, Jini Lim, Hana Lee, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(6): 705. CrossRef

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Safety, Efficacy, and Physicochemical Characterization of Tinospora crispa Ointment: A Community-Based Formulation against Pediculus humanus capitis: Gerwin Louis Tapan Dela Torre, Kerstin Mariae Gonzales Ponsaran, Angelica Louise Dela Pe?a de Guzman, Richelle Ann Mallapre Manalo, Erna Custodio Arollado; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):409-416.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.409

Abstract
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The high prevalence of pediculosis capitis, commonly known as head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) infestation, has led to the preparation of a community-based pediculicidal ointment, which is made of common household items and the extract of Tinospora crispa stem. The present study aimed to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and physicochemical characteristics of the T. crispa pediculicidal ointment. The physicochemical properties of the ointment were characterized, and safety was determined using acute dermal irritation test (OECD 404), while the efficacy was assessed using an in vitro pediculicidal assay. Furthermore, the chemical compounds present in T. crispa were identified using liquid-liquid extraction followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometric (UPLC-qTOF/MS) analysis. The community-based ointment formulation was light yellow in color, homogeneous, smooth, with distinct aromatic odor and pH of 6.92±0.09. It has spreadability value of 15.04±0.98 g·cm/sec and has thixotropic behavior. It was also found to be non-irritant, with a primary irritation index value of 0.15. Moreover, it was comparable to the pediculicidal activity of the positive control Kwell^®, a commercially available 1% permethrin shampoo (P>0.05), and was significantly different to the activity of the negative control ointment, a mixture of palm oil and candle wax (P<0.05). These findings suggested that the community-based T. crispa pediculicidal ointment is safe and effective, having acceptable physicochemical characteristics. Its activity can be attributed to the presence of compounds moupinamide and physalin I.

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Association between Hair Hygiene and Pediculus capitis Infestation among Elementary School Students in Sukorambi District, Jember Regency
Alya Maulidya Ali, Yudha Nurdian, Nindya Shinta Rumastika
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In vitro and in vivo studies of the therapeutic potential of Tinospora crispa extracts in osteoarthritis: Targeting oxidation, inflammation, and chondroprotection
Agnes Llamasares-Castillo, Rhoda Uclusin-Bolibol, Pornchai Rojsitthisak, Khent Primo Alcantara
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An updated and comprehensive review on the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity and toxicological profile of Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson
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Phytochemistry Reviews.2023; 22(1): 211. CrossRef

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Case Reports

Hookworm Infection Caused Acute Intestinal Bleeding Diagnosed by Capsule: A Case Report and Literature Review: Xia Tan, Meichu Cheng, Jie Zhang, Guochun Chen, Di Liu, Yexin Liu, Hong Liu; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):417-420.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.417

Abstract
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Hookworm infections are rare causes of acute gastrointestinal bleeding. We report a middle aged man with primary nephrotic syndrome and pulmonary embolism. During the treatment with steroids and anticoagulants, the patient presented acute massive hemorrhage of the gastrointestinal tract. The results of gastroscopy showed red worms in the duodenum. Colonoscopy and CT angiogram of abdomen were unremarkable. Capsule endoscopy revealed fresh blood and multiple hookworms in the jejunum and ileum. Hookworms caused the acute intestinal bleeding. The patient responded well to albendazole. Hematochezia was markedly ameliorated after eliminating the parasites. Hence, hookworm infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Capsule endoscopy may offer a better means of diagnosis for intestinal hookworm infections.

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Predictors of anemia among HIV-infected children in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis
Desalegn Girma, Zinie Abita, Wubetu Agegnehu, Daniel Asmelash, Amanuel Adugna, Nigusie Shifera, Melsew Setegn Alie, Gossa Fetene Abebe
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Hookworm: a challenge diagnosis of occult gastrointestinal bleeding
A C Garcia, M Francisco, H Coelho, S Bragança, F Pereira Correia, M L Figueiredo, G Alexandrino, J C Branco, D Horta, M Alexandra
Endoscopy.2025; 57(S 02): S415. CrossRef
Not your typical hookworm infection—a case report from the Peruvian Amazon and review of the literature
Edgar A. Ramirez-García, Ricci A. Chafloque-Vasquez, Angel A. Moreno-Soto, Jhosephi J. Vásquez-Ascate, Marco F. Paredes-Obando, Nelson Iván Agudelo Higuita, Andrés F. Henao-Martínez, Carlos Franco-Paredes, Luis A. Marcos, Juan C. Celis Salinas, Martín Cas
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Sangrado digestivo crónico causado por uncinarias diagnosticado mediante cápsula endoscópica: reporte de caso
Cesar Ramiro Pastás Navarrete, Fredy Alexander Pazmiño
Revista colombiana de Gastroenterología.2024; 39(3): 310. CrossRef
Detection of hookworm infection using colonoscopy diagnosis
Si‐Yu Chen, Cheng‐Yuan Jiang, Wei‐Shuo Chang, Tze‐Kiong Er
The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences.2023; 39(11): 1159. CrossRef
Parasitic Disease and COVID-19 Syndemics in Indonesia: Biomedical Aspects
Reqgi First Trasia
International Islamic Medical Journal.2023; 5(1): 58. CrossRef
Endoscopic Diagnosis of Hookworm Disease in a Patient with Severe Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Case Report
Shamil Tiremo, Mulugeta Shibeshi
International Medical Case Reports Journal.2023; Volume 16: 841. CrossRef
Prevalence and effect of Plasmodium spp. and hookworm co-infection on malaria parasite density and haemoglobin level: a meta-analysis
Aongart Mahittikorn, Frederick Ramirez Masangkay, Giovanni De Jesus Milanez, Saruda Kuraeiad, Manas Kotepui
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The New Status of Parasitic Diseases in the COVID-19 Pandemic—Risk Factors or Protective Agents?
Kinga Głuchowska, Tomasz Dzieciątkowski, Aleksandra Sędzikowska, Anna Zawistowska-Deniziak, Daniel Młocicki
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2021; 10(11): 2533. CrossRef
Ancylostoma duodenale as a cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a case report
Andrea Carlin Ronquillo, Lidia Benites Puelles, Luis Pampa Espinoza, Víctor Aguilar Sánchez, José Luis Pinto Valdivia
The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases.2019; 23(6): 471. CrossRef
Helminths detection with video capsule endoscopy
A O Akopova, O M Mikcheeva, P L Shcherbakov, A I Parfenov
Terapevticheskii arkhiv.2019; 91(11): 72. CrossRef
Overt gastrointestinal bleeding caused by hookworm infection, diagnosed by capsule endoscopy
Gerardo Blanco‐Velasco, Omar Solorzano‐Pineda, Oscar Víctor Hernández‐Mondragón
Digestive Endoscopy.2018; 30(4): 531. CrossRef

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Sparganosis of the Unilateral Breast: A Case Report: Hyung Suk Kim, Man Sik Shin, Chang Jong Kim, Sun Hyung You, Yong Hwa Eom, Tae Kyung Yoo, Ahwon Lee, Byung Joo Song, Byung Joo Chae; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):421-424.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.421

Abstract
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Sparganosis is a parasitic infection caused by the sparganum, the plercercoid of the genus Spirometra. The preoperative diagnosis of breast sparganosis is difficult in most cases because it is a rare parasitic infection less than 2% of all cases. We report a 62-year-old woman case of breast sparganosis that were confirmed by surgical removal of worms from the right breast. The radiologic images of the patient also revealed characteristic features of breast sparganosis. The patient described the migrating palpable breast mass, which strongly suggested the possibility of breast sparganosis. The treatment of choice and confirmative diagnosis for sparganosis are complete surgical extraction of the sparganum irrespective of infected site. Inspection of the mass site with detailed medical history and radiological examinations are important for preoperative diagnosis of sparganosis patients.

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A Painful Breast Mass
Samkeliso Blundell, Manjiri Deshmukh, Alastair McGregor
Clinical Infectious Diseases.2022; 75(12): 2275. CrossRef

11,617 View
189 Download
1 Web of Science
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Molecular Identification of Diphyllobothrium latum from a Pediatric Case in Taiwan: Yu-Chin An, Chia-Cheng Sung, Chih-Chien Wang, Hsin-Chung Lin, Kuang-Yao Chen, Fu-Man Ku, Ruei-Min Chen, Mei-Li Chen, Kuo-Yang Huang; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):425-428.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.425

Abstract
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Human diphyllobothriasis is a parasitic disease caused by ingestion of larvae (plerocercoids) in raw or undercooked fish and commonly found in temperate areas. Rare cases were reported in tropical or subtropical areas especially in children. The first documented case of pediatric diphyllobothriasis in Taiwan had been reported 11 years ago. Here, we report another 8-year-old girl case who presented with a live noodle-like worm hanging down from her anus, with no other detectable symptoms. We pulled the worm out and found the strobila being 260 cm in length. Examination of gravid proglottids showed that they were wider than their lengths, containing an ovoid cirrus sac in the anterior side and the rosette-shaped uterus. Eggs extracted from the uterus were ovoid and operculated. Diphyllobothrium latum was confirmed by molecular analysis of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene. The girl was treated with a single oral dose of praziquantel, and no eggs or proglottids were observed from her stool in the subsequent 3 months. The reemergence of human diphyllobothriasis in non-endemic countries is probably due to prevalent habit of eating imported raw fish from endemic areas. This pediatric case raised our concern that human diphyllobothriasis is likely underestimated because of unremarkable symptoms.

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Human diphyllobothriosis in Taiwan: A review of cases and molecular evidence of Dibothriocephalus nihonkaiensis
Chia-Kwung Fan, Daniel Barčák, Tomáš Scholz, Pasaikou Sonko, Martina Orosová, Kua-Eyre Su, Chun-Chao Chang, Yuarn-Jang Lee, Roman Kuchta, Mikuláš Oros
Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2023; 33: e00213. CrossRef

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Unusual Location of Hydatid Cysts: Report of Two Cases in the Heart and Hip Joint of Romanian Patients: Simona Gurzu, Marius Alexandru Beleaua, Emeric Egyed-Zsigmond, Ioan Jung; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):429-431.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.429

Abstract
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Hydatid cyst is usually located in the liver and lungs, rare cases showing localization in other organs or tissues. In the unusual location, echinococcosis is an excluding diagnosis that is established only after microscopic evaluation. Our first case occurred in a 67-year-old female previously diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis and hospitalized with persistent pain in the hip joint. The clinical diagnosis was tuberculosis of the joint, but the presence of the specific acellular membrane indicated a hydatid cyst of the synovial membrane, without bone involvement. Fewer than 25 cases of joint hydatidosis have been reported in literature to date. In the second case, the intramural hydatid cyst was incidentally discovered at autopsy, in the left heart ventricle of a 52-year-old male hospitalized for a fatal brain hemorrhage, as a result of rupture of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm. The conclusion of our paper is that echinococcosis should be taken into account for the differential diagnosis of cystic lesions, independently from their location.

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Unusual primary hydatid cysts of the body without liver and lung involvement
Yener Aydin, Ali Bilal Ulas, Suat Eren, Gurkan Ozturk, Kamber Kasali, Yilmaz Aksoy, Mehmet Kursat Karadag, Eyup Senocak, Abdurrahim Colak
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Cardiac cystic echinococcosis—A systematic review and analysis of the literature
Simone Bumann, Esther Kuenzli, Raffaella Lissandrin, Enrico Brunetti, Sam Goblirsch, Lars Henning, Francesca Tamarozzi, Andreas Neumayr, Adriano Casulli
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2024; 18(5): e0012183. CrossRef
Cardiac hydatid disease with palpitations as the only presenting complaint: the egg in the nest
Ali Azari, Leila Bigdelu, Ossama Maadarani, Zouheir Bitar
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Renal hydatid cyst mimicked cystic renal cell carcinoma: A case report
Xiyi Wei, Jinyong Tian, Jianyu Diao, Gulinuer Aibibula, Maimaitijiang Dawuti, Yiliyasi Tuerxun, Mhtaer Wubuli, Yujie Zhang, Ninghong Song, Jie Yang
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Mircea Bajdechi, Dalia Manolache, Adrian Tudor, Mihnea Orghidan, Adriana Gurghean
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Cystic echinococcosis: a 10-year experience from a middle-income country
Ayesha Butt, Javaid Ahmed Khan
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Uncommon Locations of Cystic Echinococcosis: A Report of 46 Cases from Southern Iran
Reza Shahriarirad, Amirhossein Erfani, Mehrdad Eskandarisani, Mohammad Rastegarian, Bahador Sarkari
Surgery Research and Practice.2020; 2020: 1. CrossRef
Alveolar echinococcosis in the head of pancreas
Rong-Xing Zhou, Hai-Jie Hu, Wen-Jie Ma, Yong Jiang, Fu-Yu Li
Medicine.2018; 97(11): e0072. CrossRef

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A Case of Pentastomiasis at the Left Maxilla Bone in a Patient with Thyroid Cancer: Eunae Sandra Cho, Seung Wook Jung, Hwi-Dong Jung, In Yong Lee, Tai-Soon Yong, Su Jin Jeong, Hyun Sil Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):433-437.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.433

Abstract
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Pentastomiasis, a zoonotic parasite infection, is typically found in the respiratory tract and viscera of the host, including humans. Here, we report for the first time an extremely rare case of intraosseous pentastomiasis in the human maxilla suffering from medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). A 55-year-old male had continuously visited the hospital for MRONJ which had primarily developed after bisphosphonate and anti-neoplastic administration for previous bone metastasis of medullary thyroid cancer. Pain, bone exposure, and pus discharge in the right mandible and left maxilla were seen. Osteolysis with maxillary cortical bone perforation at the left buccal vestibule, palate, nasal cavity, and maxillary sinus was observed by radiologic images. A biopsy was done at the left maxilla and through pathological evaluation, a parasite with features of pentastome was revealed within the necrotic bone tissue. Further history taking and laboratory evaluation was done. The parasite was suspected to be infected through maxillary open wounds caused by MRONJ. Awareness of intraosseous pentastomiasis should be emphasized not to be missed behind the MRONJ. Proper evaluation and interpretation for past medical history may lead to correct differential diagnosis and therapeutic intervention for parasite infections.

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Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Case Series
Filipa Frutuoso, Filipe Freitas, Miguel Vilares, Helena Francisco, Duarte Marques, João Caramês, André Moreira
Diseases.2024; 12(9): 205. CrossRef
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Niccolò Fonti, Francesca Parisi, Francesca Mancianti, Giulia Freer, Alessandro Poli
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C. Rajapaksha, A. P. Amarasinghe, S. Fernando, R. P. V. J. Rajapakse, D. Tappe, S. Wickramasinghe
Parasitology Research.2020; 119(3): 773. CrossRef
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Damien Costa, Pascal Rottenberg, Emmanuel Toure, Pascal Delaunay, Loic Favennec, Gilles Gargala, Erik Munson
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Andhika Yudhantama Subroto, I Komang Wiarsa Sardjana, Moh Sukmanadi, E Djoko Poetranto, Kusnoto Kusnoto, Agus Sunarso
Journal of Parasite Science.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
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Brief Communications

Syphacia obvelata: A New Hope to Induction of Intestinal Immunological Tolerance in C57BL/6 Mice: Niloofar Taghipour, Nariman Mosaffa, Mohammad Rostami-Nejad, Mohamad Mohsen Homayoni, Esmaeil Mortaz, Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei, Mohammad Reza Zali; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):439-444.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.439

Abstract
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The ability of nematodes to manipulate the immune system of their host towards a Th2 and T regulatory responses has been proposed to suppress the inflammatory response. Clinical trials have proposed a useful effect of helminth infections on improvement of inflammatory disorders. In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effect of Syphacia obvelata infection to induce intestinal tolerance in C57BL/6 mice. Mice were infected through the cagemates with self-infected BALB/c mice. Four weeks post-infection, expression levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-10 were assessed in the supernatant of mesenteric lymph node (MLN) culture. Foxp3⁺Treg were measured in MLN cells by flow cytometry. In the S. obvelata-infected group, the percentage of Tregs (5.2±0.4) was significantly higher than the control (3.6±0.5) (P<0.05). The levels of IL-10 (55.3±2.2 vs 35.2±3.2), IL-17 (52.9±3.8 vs 41±1.8), IFN-γ (44.8±4.8 vs 22.3±2.3) and TNF-α (71.1±5.8 vs 60.1±3.3) were significantly increased in infected mice compared to the control group (P<0.05). The above results showed the potential effects of S. obvelata to induce intestinal tolerance. Therefore, it seems that S. obvelata may increase the immunological suppressive function in the intestinal tract.

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Syphacia obvelata antigens alter the FOXP3/RORɣt expression balance in isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of IBD patients
Abbas Amin, Niloofar Taghipour, Mohammad Rostami-Nejad, Foroogh Alborzi Avanaki, Reyhaneh Jafarshad, Seyyed Javad Seyyed Tabaei, Nariman Mosaffa
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Potential anthelmintic effect of chitosan on Syphacia muris infecting Wistar rats: biochemical, immunological, and histopathological studies
Nesma A. Mostafa, Salwa A. H. Hamdi, Mona F. Fol
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Immune response, oxidative stress, and histological changes of Wistar rats after being administered with Parascaris equorum antigen
Salma Adel Yehia, Abeer Mahmoud Badr, Abdel-Rahman Bashtar, Mahmoud Abdel-Aziz Ibrahim, Mohamed Refat Mousa, Nesma Abbas Mostafa
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Immunomodulatory effect of Dicrocoelium dendriticum ova on DSS-induced experimental colitis in C57BL/6 mouse
Leila Mighani, Malihe Eilakinezhad, Seyed-Alireza Esmaeili, Majid Khazaei, Moein Eskandari, Seyedeh Elnaz Nazari, Mojtaba Mousavi Bazaz, Khatereh kharazmi, Elham Moghaddas, Mehdi Zarean
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Isolation and Functions of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Parasites: The Promise of a New Era in Immunotherapy, Vaccination, and Diagnosis

Mojdeh Khosravi, Elnaz Sadat Mirsamadi, Hamed Mirjalali, Mohammad Reza Zali
International Journal of Nanomedicine.2020; Volume 15: 2957. CrossRef
Immunomodulatory effect of Syphacia obvelata in treatment of experimental DSS-induced colitis in mouse model
Niloofar Taghipour, Nariman Mosaffa, Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei, Mohammad Rostami-Nejad, Joel V. Weinstock, Sarira Shahnavaz, Mohammad Reza Zali
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
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Patrick K A Kearns, Helen A Casey, John Paul Leach
Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders.2018; 24: 157. CrossRef

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7 Web of Science
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Prevalence of Centrocestus formosanus Metacercariae in Ornamental Fish from Chiang Mai, Thailand, with Molecular Approach Using ITS2: Atcharaphan Wanlop, Chalobol Wongsawad, Pongphol Prattapong, Pheravut Wongsawad, Thapana Chontananarth, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):445-449.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.445

Abstract
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The prevalence of Centrocestus formosanus metacercariae was investigated in ornamental fish purchased from a pet shop in Chiang Mai, Thailand, including Carassius auratus (goldfish), Cyprinus carpio (Koi), Poecilia latipinna (Sailfin Molly), Danio rerio (Zebrafish), and Puntigrus tetrazona (Tiger barb). The parasite species was identified by the morphology of worms as well as by a molecular approach using ITS2. The results showed that 50 (33.3%) of 150 fish examined were infected with the metacercariae. The highest prevalence was found in C. auratus (83.3%), and the highest intensity was noted in C. carpio (70.8 metacercariae/fish). The most important morphological character was the presence of 32-34 circumoral spines on the oral sucker. The phylogenetic studies using the rRNA ITS2 region revealed that all the specimens of C. formosanus in this study were grouped together with C. formosanus in GenBank database. This is the first report on ornamental fish, C. carpio, P. latipinna, D. rerio, and P. tetrazona, taking the role of second intermediate hosts of C. formosanus in Thailand. Prevention and control of metacercarial infection in ornamental fish is urgently needed.

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Loop‐Mediated Isothermal Amplification Combined With Lateral‐Flow Dipstick for Detection of Centrocestus formosanus in Ornamental Fish
Metawee Sabaijai, Thanawan Tejangkura, Thapana Chontananarth
Journal of Fish Diseases.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular detection of the zoonotic trematode Centrocestus formosanus (Nishigori, 1924) (Opisthorchiida, Heterophyidae) in Central Europe
Ľubomír Šmiga, Júlia Šmigová, Federica Berrilli, Ingrid Papajová, Peter Lazár, Isabel Guadano-Procesi
Veterinary Research Communications.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Mateus Tavares Kütter, Leonardo José Gil Barcellos, Robert Tew Boyle, Luis Fernando Marins, Tony Silveira
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Mateus Tavares Kütter, Leonardo José Gil Barcellos, Robert Tew Boyle, Luis Fernando Marins, Tony Silveira
Ciência Animal Brasileira.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Multiplex PCR development for the simultaneous and rapid detection of two pathogenic flukes, Dactylogyrus spp. and Centrocestus formosanus, in ornamental fishes
Phonkawin Jaruboonyakorn, Thanawan Tejangkura, Thapana Chontananarth
Aquaculture.2022; 548: 737660. CrossRef
General overview of the current status of human foodborne trematodiasis
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
Parasitology.2022; 149(10): 1262. CrossRef
First Record ofClinostomumsp. (Digenea: Clinostomidae) inDanio rerio(Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae) and the Implication of Using Zebrafish from Pet Stores on Research
Tony Silveira, Mateus T. Kütter, Camila M.G. Martins, Luis Fernando Marins, Robert T. Boyle, Vinicius F. Campos, Mariana H. Remião
Zebrafish.2021; 18(2): 139. CrossRef
Foodborne intestinal flukes: A brief review of epidemiology and geographical distribution
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
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Infections of Digenetic Trematode Metacercariae in Wrestling Halfbeak, Dermogenys pusilla from Bangkok Metropolitan Region in Thailand
Laddawan Patarwut, Thapana Chontananarth, Jong-Yil Chai, Watchariya Purivirojkul
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(1): 27. CrossRef
Diagnosis of Centrocestus formosanus Infection in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) in Italy: A Window to a New Globalization-Derived Invasive Microorganism
Antonino Pace, Ludovico Dipineto, Serena Aceto, Maria Concetta Censullo, Maria Carmen Valoroso, Lorena Varriale, Laura Rinaldi, Lucia Francesca Menna, Alessandro Fioretti, Luca Borrelli
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Delineating the origins of the multidrug-resistant pathogens in ornamental fish farms by multilocus sequence typing and identification of a novel multidrug-resistant plasmid
Songzhe Fu, Ping Ni, Yi Wang, Shibo Jin, Zhiqiang Jiang, Shigen Ye, Ruijun Li
Canadian Journal of Microbiology.2019; 65(8): 551. CrossRef
Evidence of Centrocestus formosanus (Nishigori, 1924) in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Carmelo Iaria, Sergio Migliore, Daniele Macri, Maurizio Bivona, Fabiano Capparucci, Gabriella Gaglio, Fabio Marino
Zebrafish.2019; 16(6): 522. CrossRef
The life cycle of a zoonotic parasite reassessed: Experimental infection of Melanoides tuberculata (Mollusca: Thiaridae) with Centrocestus formosanus (Trematoda: Heterophyidae)
Hudson A. Pinto, Nicole Q. Gonçalves, Danimar López-Hernandez, Eduardo A. Pulido-Murillo, Alan L. Melo, Petr Heneberg
PLOS ONE.2018; 13(4): e0194161. CrossRef

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Characterization of Echinostoma cinetorchis endoribonuclease, RNase H: Sung-Bin Lim, Seok Ho Cha, Seung Jegal, Hojong Jun, Seo Hye Park, Bo-Young Jeon, Jhang Ho Pak, Young Yil Bakh, Tong-Soo Kim, Hyeong-Woo Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):451-455.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.451

Abstract
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Echinostoma cinetorchis is an oriental intestinal fluke causing significant pathological damage to the small intestine. The aim of this study was to determine a full-length cDNA sequence of E. cinetorchis endoribonuclease (RNase H; EcRNH) and to elucidate its molecular biological characters. EcRNH consisted of 308 amino acids and showed low similarity to endoribonucleases of other parasites (<40%). EcRNH had an active site centered on a putative DDEED motif instead of DEDD conserved in other species. A recombinant EcRNH produced as a soluble form in Escherichia coli showed enzymatic activity to cleave the 3'-O-P bond of RNA in a DNA-RNA duplex, producing 3'-hydroxyl and 5'-phosphate. These findings may contribute to develop antisense oligonucleotides which could damage echinostomes and other flukes.

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Letter to the Editor

Historical Details about the Meat Consumption and Taeniases in Joseon Period of Korea: Dong Hoon Shin, Jong-Yil Chai, Jong Ha Hong, Min Seo; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):457-460.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.457

Previous paleoparasitological studies of Joseon specimens established that the prevalence of Taenia infection was not much different from that of the early 20th century Korean population. As many of taeniases originally diagnosed as Taenia saginata in South Korea were revealed to be actually Taenia asiatica, which share a common intermediate host with T. solium (the pig), Joseon people must have ingested raw pork frequently. However, the current examination of extant Joseon documents revealed that the population ate significant amounts of beef even if the beef ban was enforced; and pork was not consumed as much as we thought. Considering the meat consumption pattern at that time, Joseon people should have been infected by T. saginata more frequently than T. asiatica. This may suggest a low prevalence of T. saginata metacestodes in cattle compared to that of T. asiatica metacestodes in pigs, possibly due to the traditional way of rearing pigs (using human feces). This letter gives us a chance to reconsider the existing preconception about parasitic infections in Korean history though we are still hard to accurately estimate the historical patterns of taeniases at this stage.

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Piers D. Mitchell
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Anatomical and Histological Analyses on Cattle and Horse Bones of Joseon Period Discovered at Archaeological Site in Old Seoul City Area
Jieun Kim, Jong Ha Hong, Sun Kim, Dong Hoon Shin
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Young Yil Bahk, Eun-Hee Shin, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jung-Won Ju, Jong-Yil Chai, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(5): 401. CrossRef