Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Anisakis simplex"

Original Article

Larval Anisakid Infections in Marine Fish from Three Sea Areas of the Republic of Korea: Shin-Hyeong Cho, Sang-Eun Lee, Ok-Hee Park, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):295-299.
Published online November 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.295

Abstract
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The present study was performed to determine the infection status of anisakid larvae in marine fish collected from 3 sea areas of the Republic of Korea. Total 86 marine fish (8 species) collected from the East Sea (Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do), 171 fish (10 species) from the South Sea (Sacheon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do), and 92 fish (7 species) from the Yellow Sea (Incheon Metropolitan City) were examined by both naked eyes and artificial digestion method. Among the total of 349 fish examined, 213 (61.0%) were infected with 8 species of anisakid larvae, i.e., Anisakis simplex, 6 types of Contracaecum spp., and Raphidascaris sp., and the mean larval density was 13.8 per infected fish. Anisakid larvae were detected in 45 fish (52.3%) from the East Sea, 131 fish (76.6%) from the South Sea, and 37 fish (40.2%) from the Yellow Sea. The average numbers of larvae detected were 4.0, 16.6, and 15.9, respectively. Anisakis simplex larvae were detected in 149 fish (42.7%), and the mean larval density was 9.0 per infected fish. They were found in 26 fish (30.2%) collected from the East Sea, 96 fish (56.1%) from the South Sea, and 27 fish (29.3%) from the Yellow Sea. The average numbers of larvae detected were 2.9, 10.3, and 10.5, respectively. Conclusively, the present study suggests that the infection rate and density of anisakid larvae are more or less higher in the fish from the South Sea than those from the East Sea or the Yellow Sea.

Citations

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Genetic analyses of Anisakis pegreffii (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the East Asian finless porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri (Cetacea: Phocoenidae) in Korean waters
Sunmin Kim, Jong Yoon Jeon, Kyunglee Lee, Hyunjoo Lee, Han Chan Park, Kyung Eun Lee, Hang Lee, Sung Bin Lee, Sang Wha Kim, Se Chang Park, Seongjun Choe, Heejeong Youn
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Kazuo Ogawa
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Qing Liu, Qi Wang, Jing Jiang, Jun-Yang Ma, Xing-Quan Zhu, Qing-Long Gong
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Epidemical study of third stage larvae of Anisakis spp. infection in marine fishes in China from 2016 to 2017
Shuran Yang, Xiaoyan Pei, Ying Li, Li Zhan, Zhen Tang, Weiwei Chen, Xia Song, Dajin Yang
Food Control.2020; 107: 106769. CrossRef
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Heung Up Kim
The Korean Journal of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research.2019; 19(1): 23. CrossRef
Anisakis pegreffii Larvae in Sea Eels (Astroconger myriaster) from the South Sea, Republic of Korea
Jaeeun Cho, Hyemi Lim, Bong-Kwang Jung, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(3): 349. CrossRef
Molecular Analysis ofAnisakis Type I Larvae in Marine Fish from Three Different Sea Areas in Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Jung-Mi Kang, Byoung-Kuk Na
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(4): 383. CrossRef
Clinical Update on Parasitic Diseases
Min Seo
Korean Journal of Medicine.2013; 85(5): 469. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Expression and Characterization of α-Methylacyl CoA Racemase from Anisakis simplex Larvae: Bong Jin Kim, Sun Mi Kim, Min Kyung Cho, Hak Sun Yu, Yong Seok Lee, Hee Jae Cha, Meesun Ock; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):165-171.
Published online May 24, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.165

Abstract
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Larval excretory-secretory products of Anisakis simplex are known to cause allergic reactions in humans. A cDNA library of A. simplex 3rd-stage larvae (L3) was immunoscreened with polyclonal rabbit serum raised against A. simplex L3 excretory-secretory products to identify an antigen that elicits the immune response. One cDNA clone, designated as α-methylacyl CoA racemase (Amacr) contained a 1,412 bp cDNA transcript with a single open reading frame that encoded 418 amino acids. A. simplex Amacr showed a high degree of homology compared to Amacr orthologs from other species. Amacr mRNA was highly and constitutively expressed regardless of temperature (10-40℃) and time (24-48 hr). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Amacr was expressed mainly in the ventriculus of A. simplex larvae. The Amacr protein produced in large quantities from the ventriculus is probably responsible for many functions in the development and growth of A. simplex larvae.

Citations

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Original Articles

A 24 kDa Excretory-Secretory Protein of Anisakis simplex Larvae Could Elicit Allergic Airway Inflammation in Mice: Hye-Kyung Park, Min Kyoung Cho, Mi Kyung Park, Shin Ae Kang, Yun Seong Kim, Ki Uk Kim, Min Ki Lee, Mee Sun Ock, Hee Jae Cha, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):373-380.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.373

Abstract
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We have reported that a 24 kDa protein (22U homologous; As22U) of Anisakis simplex larvae could elicit several Th2-related chemokine gene expressions in the intestinal epithelial cell line which means that As22U may play a role as an allergen. In order to determine the contribution of As22U to allergic reactions, we treated mice with 6 times intra-nasal application of recombinant As22U (rAs22U). In the group challenged with rAs22U and ovalbumin (OVA), the number of eosinophils in the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was significantly increased, as compared to the group receiving only OVA. In addition, mice treated with rAs22U and OVA showed significantly increased airway hyperresponsiveness. Thus, severe inflammation around the airway and immune cell recruitment was observed in mice treated with rAs22U plus OVA. The levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 cytokines in the BALF increased significantly after treatment with rAs22U and OVA. Similarly, the levels of anti-OVA specific IgE and IgG1 increased in mice treated with rAs22U and OVA, compared to those treated only with OVA. The Gro-α (CXCL1) gene expression in mouse lung epithelial cells increased instantly after treatment with rAs22U, and allergy-specific chemokines eotaxin (CCL11) and thymus-and-activation-regulated-chemokine (CCL17) gene expressions significantly increased at 6 hr after treatment. In conclusion, rAs22U may induce airway allergic inflammation, as the result of enhanced Th2 and Th17 responses.

Citations

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Anisakis pegreffii Extract Induces Airway Inflammation with Airway Remodeling in a Murine Model System
Jun Ho Choi, Ju Yeong Kim, Myung-hee Yi, Myungjun Kim, Tai-Soon Yong, Kalman Imre
BioMed Research International.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Ju Yeong Kim, Myung-Hee Yi, Tai-Soon Yong
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M. Samir, M. A. Amin, A. O. Hassan, A. M. Merwad, M. A. I. Awadallah
Helminthologia.2015; 52(4): 375. CrossRef
Allergenicity of two Anisakis simplex allergens evaluated in vivo using an experimental mouse model
Min Kyoung Cho, Mi Kyung Park, Shin Ae Kang, Maria Luisa Caballero, Teresa Perez-Pinar, Rosa Rodriguez-Perez, Mee Sun Ock, Hee Jae Cha, Yeon Chul Hong, Hak Sun Yu
Experimental Parasitology.2014; 146: 71. CrossRef
Alteration of Cytokine Production during Visceral Larva Migrans by Toxascaris leonina in Mice
Shin Ae Kang, Mi-Kyung Park, Min Kyoung Cho, Hak Sun Yu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(5): 583. CrossRef

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Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Anisakis simplex Larvae among Health-Examined Residents in Three Hospitals of Southern Parts of Korea: Jung Kim, Jin Ok Jo, Seon Hee Choi, Min Kyoung Cho, Hak Sun Yu, Hee Jae Cha, Meesun Ock; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):139-144.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.139

Abstract
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The present study was performed to estimate the seroprevalence of larval Anisakis simplex infection among the residents health-examined in 3 hospitals in southern parts of Korea. A total of 498 serum samples (1 serum per person) were collected in 3 hospitals in Busan Metropolitan city, Masan city, and Geoje city in Gyeongsangnam-do (Province) and were examined by IgE-ELISA and IgE-western blotting with larval A. simplex crude extract and excretory-secretory products (ESP). The prevalence of antibody positivity was 5.0% and 6.6% with ELISA against crude extracts and ESP, respectively. It was also revealed that infection occurred throughout all age groups and higher in females than in males. A specific protein band of 130 kDa was detected from 10 patients with western blot analysis against crude extract and ESP among those who showed positive results by ELISA. Our study showed for the first time the seroprevalence of anisakiasis in Korea. The allergen of 130 kDa can be a candidate for serologic diagnosis of anisakiasis.

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Seroprevalence of IgG and IgE Antibodies Against Anisakis in the Presumably Healthy Population of the Canary Islands
Eligia González-Rodríguez, Marta Rodero, J. Alberto Montoya-Alonso, Kevin M. Santana-Hernández, Myriam R. Ventura, Carmen Cuéllar, Eligia Rodríguez-Ponce
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Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of <italic>Anisakis simplex</italic> Larval Protein in a Mouse Model of Crohn’S Disease
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Anisakis simplex Larvae: Infection Status in Marine Fish and Cephalopods Purchased from the Cooperative Fish Market in Busan, Korea: Seon Hee Choi, Jung Kim, Jin Ok Jo, Min Kyung Cho, Hak Sun Yu, Hee Jae Cha, Mee Sun Ock; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):39-44.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.39

Abstract
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The infection status of marine fish and cephalopods with Anisakis simplex third stage larva (L3) was studied over a period of 1 year. A total of 2,537 specimens, which consisted of 40 species of fish and 3 species of cephalopods, were purchased from the Cooperative Fish Market in Busan, Korea, from August 2006 to July 2007. They were examined for A. simplex L3 from the whole body cavity, viscera, and muscles. A. simplex L3 were confirmed by light microscopy. The overall infection rate reached 34.3%, and average 17.1 larvae were parasitized per infected fish. Fish that recorded the highest infection rate was Lophiomus setigerus (100%), followed by Liparis tessellates (90%), Pleurogrammus azonus (90%), and Scomber japonicus (88.7%). The intensity of infection was the highest in Gadus macrocephalus (117.7 larvae per fish), followed by S. japonicus (103.9 larvae) and L. setigerus (54.2 larvae). Although abundance of A. simplex L3 was not seasonal in most of the fish species, 10 of the 16 selected species showed the highest abundance in February and April. A positive correlation between the intensity of L3 infection and the fish length was obvious in S. japonicus and G. macrocephalus. It was likely that A. simplex L3 are more frequently infected during the spring season in some species of fish. Our study revealed that eating raw or undercooked fish or cephalopods could still be a source of human infection with A. simplex L3 in Korea.

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Mini Review

Immune reactions and allergy in experimental anisakiasis: Sung-Weon Cho, Haneul Nari Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):271-283.
Published online December 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.271

Abstract
PDF

The third-stage larvae (L3) of the parasitic nematode, Anisakis simplex, have been implicated in the induction of hyperimmune allergic reactions in orally infected humans. In this work, we have conducted a review of an investigation into immune reactions occurring in animals experimentally infected with A. simplex L3. The patterns of serum antibody productions in the experimental animals against excretory-secretory products (ESP) of A. simplex L3 contributed to our current knowledge regarding specific humoral immune reactions in humans. In our review, we were able to determine that L3 infection of experimental animals may constitute a good model system for further exploration of immune mechanisms and allergy in anisakiasis of humans.

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Case Report

A case of acute gastric anisakiasis provoking severe clinical problems by multiple infection: Ji Hun Noh, Bong-Jin Kim, Sun Mee Kim, Mee-Sun Ock, Moo In Park, Ja Young Goo; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(2):97-100.
Published online June 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.2.97

Abstract
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Acute gastric anisakiasis with multiple anisakid larvae infection is reported. A 68-year-old woman residing in Busan, Korea, had epigastric pain with severe vomiting about 5 hours after eating raw anchovies. Four nematode larvae penetrating the gastric mucosae in the great curvature of the middle body and fundus were found and removed during gasteroendoscopic examination. Another one thread-like moving larva was found in the great curvature of upper body on the following day. On the basis of their morphology, the worms were identified as the 3rd stage larvae of Anisakis simplex. This case is acute gastric anisakiasis provoking severe clinical problems by the multiple infection and the greatest number of anisakid larvae found in a patient in Korea.

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