Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Chom-Kyu Chong"

Original Article

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii assayed using Rapid Diagnostic Tests among Residents in Three Counties Adjacent to The Demilitarized Zone, Korea: Jeehi Jung, Jinyoung Lee, Yoon Kyung Chang, Seong Kyu Ahn, Seo Hye Park, Sung-Jong Hong, Jihoo Lee, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Tong-Soo Kim, Dongjae Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(1):9-14.
Published online February 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.9

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence have been rapidly increasing in some parts of Korea. We analyzed prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies, using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT), in the sera of 552 residents in Ganghwa-gun, 661 ones in Cheorwon-gun, and 305 ones in Goseong-gun, Korea in 2019. IgG/IgM RDT mounted with recombinant fragment of major surface antigen (SAG1), glutathione-S-transferase-linker-SAG1A, were applied to the sera. IgG seroprevalence was 28.1% in Ganghwa-gun, 19.5% in Cheorwon-gun and 35.7% in Goseong-gun. Odds ratios comparing Cheorwon vs Ganghwa was 0.63 (P=0.001) and Goesong versus Ganghwa was 1.47 (P=0.01) adjusting age and sex. Goseong had highest seroprevalence among the 3 counties both in crude rates and logistic regression. Although Cheorwon and Goseong are adjacent to the demilitarized zone (DMZ) in Korea, seroprevalence rate was much higher in Goseong. Further investigation on other DMZ-closed areas is necessary whether they have high prevalence rates compared to the other areas. T. gondii prevalence in Korea is still persists; proper health policy should be established.

Citations

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Molecular survey of Toxoplasma gondii B1 gene in pigs from various localities in Korea
Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(3): 294. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Detection of Human Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi Antibody with Recombinant Fragmented Ribosomal P Protein: Yeong Hoon Kim, Zhaoshou Yang, Jihoo Lee, Hye-Jin Ahn, Chom-Kyu Chong, Wagner Maricondi, Ronaldo F. Dias, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(4):435-437.
Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.435

Abstract
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Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and is endemic in many Latin American countries. Diagnosis is based on serologic testing and the WHO recommends two or more serological tests for confirmation. Acidic ribosomal P protein of T. cruzi showed strong reactivity against positive sera of patients, and we cloned the protein after fragmenting it to enhance its antigenicity and solubility. Twelve positive sera of Chagas disease patients were reacted with the fragmented ribosomal P protein using western blot. Detection rate and density for each fragment were determined. Fragments F1R1, F1R2, and F2R1 showed 100% rate of detection, and average density scoring of 2.00, 1.67, and 2.42 from a maximum of 3.0, respectively. Therefore, the F2R1 fragment of the ribosomal P protein of T. cruzi could be a promising antigen to use in the diagnosis of Chagas disease in endemic regions with high specificity and sensitivity.

Citations

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In vitro diagnostic methods of Chagas disease in the clinical laboratory: a scoping review
Luis C. Ascanio, Savannah Carroll, Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi, Juan David Ramírez
Frontiers in Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A refined genome phage display methodology delineates the human antibody response in patients with Chagas disease
André Azevedo Reis Teixeira, Luis Rodriguez Carnero, Andréia Kuramoto, Fenny Hui Fen Tang, Carlos Hernique Gomes, Natalia Bueno Pereira, Léa Campos de Oliveira, Regina Garrini, Jhonatas Sirino Monteiro, João Carlos Setubal, Ester Cerdeira Sabino, Renata P
iScience.2021; 24(6): 102540. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Development and Clinical Evaluation of a Rapid Diagnostic Test for Yellow Fever Non-Structural Protein 1: Yeong Hoon Kim, Tae-Yun Kim, Ji-Seon Park, Jin Suk Park, Jihoo Lee, Joungdae Moon, Chom-Kyu Chong, Ivan Neves Junior, Fernando Raphael Ferry, Hye-Jin Ahn, Lokraj Bhatt, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(3):283-290.
Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.283

Abstract
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A rapid diagnostic test (RDT) kit was developed to detect non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of yellow fever virus (YFV) using monoclonal antibody. NS1 protein was purified from the cultured YFV and used to immunize mice. Monoclonal antibody to NS1 was selected and conjugated with colloidal gold to produce the YFV NS1 RDT kit. The YFV RDTs were evaluated for sensitivity and specificity using positive and negative samples of monkeys from Brazil and negative human blood samples from Korea. Among monoclonal antibodies, clones 3A11 and 3B7 proved most sensitive, and used for YFV RDT kit. Diagnostic accuracy of YFV RDT was fairly high; Sensitivity was 0.0% and specificity was 100% against Dengue viruses type 2 and 3, Zika, Chikungunya and Mayaro viruses. This YFV RDT kit could be employed as a test of choice for point-of-care diagnosis and large scale surveys of YFV infection under clinical or field conditions in endemic areas and on the globe.

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Synthesis of Truncated DNA Aptamer and Its Application to an Electrochemical Biosensor Consisting of an Aptamer and a MXene Heterolayer for Yellow Fever Virus
Nayeon Kwon, Siyun Lee, Moonbong Jang, Jin-Ho Lee, Chulhwan Park, Taek Lee
BioChip Journal.2024; 18(1): 93. CrossRef
Challenges in Direct Detection of Flaviviruses: A Review
Bruna de Paula Dias, Camila Cavadas Barbosa, Cyntia Silva Ferreira, Samara Mayra Soares Alves dos Santos, Orlando Alfredo Pineda Arrieta, Wellington Carvalho Malta, Maria Laura Maximiano Dias Gomes, Mariela Alves e Silva, Júlia de Matos Fonseca, Lysandro
Pathogens.2023; 12(5): 643. CrossRef
A Chikungunya Virus Multiepitope Recombinant Protein Expressed from the Binary System Insect Cell/Recombinant Baculovirus Is Useful for Laboratorial Diagnosis of Chikungunya
Leonardo Assis da Silva, Monique da Rocha Queiroz Lima, Brenda Rabello de Camargo, Dyeferson Kened da Silva Coelho Guimarães, Anabele Azevedo Lima Barbastefano, Raquel Curtinhas de Lima, Paulo Vieira Damasco, Rivaldo Venâncio da Cunha, Luiz José de Souza,
Microorganisms.2022; 10(7): 1451. CrossRef

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4 Web of Science
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Development of a Rapid Diagnostic Test Kit to Detect IgG/IgM Antibody against Zika Virus Using Monoclonal Antibodies to the Envelope and Non-structural Protein 1 of the Virus: Yeong Hoon Kim, Jihoo Lee, Young-Eun Kim, Chom-Kyu Chong, Yanaihara Pinchemel, Francis Reisdo?rfer, Joyce Brito Coelho, Ronaldo Ferreira Dias, Pan Kee Bae, Zuinara Pereira Maia Gusma?o, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(1):61-70.
Published online February 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.1.61

Abstract
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We developed a Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) kit for detecting IgG/IgM antibodies against Zika virus (ZIKV) using monoclonal antibodies to the envelope (E) and non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of ZIKV. These proteins were produced using baculovirus expression vector with Sf9 cells. Monoclonal antibodies J2G7 to NS1 and J5E1 to E protein were selected and conjugated with colloidal gold to produce the Zika IgG/IgM RDT kit (Zika RDT). Comparisons with ELISA, plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), and PCR were done to investigate the analytical sensitivity of Zika RDT, which resulted in 100% identical results. Sensitivity and specificity of Zika RDT in a field test was determined using positive and negative samples from Brazil and Korea. The diagnostic accuracy of Zika RDT was fairly high; sensitivity and specificity for IgG was 99.0 and 99.3%, respectively, while for IgM it was 96.7 and 98.7%, respectively. Cross reaction with dengue virus was evaluated using anti-Dengue Mixed Titer Performance Panel (PVD201), in which the Zika RDT showed cross-reactions with DENV in 16.7% and 5.6% in IgG and IgM, respectively. Cross reactions were not observed with West Nile, yellow fever, and hepatitis C virus infected sera. Zika RDT kit is very simple to use, rapid to assay, and very sensitive, and highly specific. Therefore, it would serve as a choice of method for point-of-care diagnosis and large scale surveys of ZIKV infection under clinical or field conditions worldwide in endemic areas.

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Hyperendemic Dengue and Possible Zika Circulation in the Westernmost Region of the Indonesian Archipelago
Harapan Harapan, Kritu Panta, Alice Michie, Timo Ernst, Suzi McCarthy, Muhsin Muhsin, Safarianti Safarianti, Tjut Mariam Zanaria, Mudatsir Mudatsir, R. Tedjo Sasmono, Allison Imrie
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Patricia Batista Deroco, Dagwin Wachholz Junior, Lauro Tatsuo Kubota
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ZIKV-Specific NS1 Epitopes as Serological Markers of Acute Zika Virus Infection
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Journal of Infection and Public Health.2019; 12(6): 794. CrossRef
Development and Clinical Evaluation of a Rapid Diagnostic Test for Yellow Fever Non-Structural Protein 1
Yeong Hoon Kim, Tae-Yun Kim, Ji-Seon Park, Jin Suk Park, Jihoo Lee, Joungdae Moon, Chom-Kyu Chong, Ivan Neves Junior, Fernando Raphael Ferry, Hye-Jin Ahn, Lokraj Bhatt, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(3): 283. CrossRef
Zika Fever: Development of Diagnostics, Prevention and Treatment
E. I. Kazachinskaya, D. V. Shan’shin, A. V. Ivanova
Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections.2019; (2): 6. CrossRef
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Scientific Reports.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis Detected by RDT in Residents near the DMZ (demilitarized zone) of Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea: Yeong Hoon Kim, Jihoo Lee, Young-Eun Kim, Seongkyu Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):385-389.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.385

Abstract
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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among the residents of Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea, which partly includes the demilitarized zone (DMZ), were surveyed for 4 years and evaluated by RDT using recombinant fragment of major surface antigen (SAG1A). Sera from 1336, 583, 526, and 583 adult residents were collected on a yearly basis from 2010 to 2013, respectively. The total positive seroprevalence was 19.3, 21.9, 23.4, and 26.8% from 2010 to 2013, respectively. The positive seroprevalence in men (23.6, 27.5, 29.5, 34.6%) was far higher than women (14.1, 18.3, 19.4, 21.4%), from 2010 to 2013, respectively. This high seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in Cheorwon-gun may have been influenced in part by its geographical locality of the area as it includes the DMZ, where civilian access is strictly limited, thus creating a relatively isolated area that is a well-preserved habitat. Further research is necessary to study the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in this area.

Citations

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Is the incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis declining?
Gregory Colin Milne, Joanne P. Webster, Martin Walker
Trends in Parasitology.2023; 39(1): 26. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among patients of a tertiary hospital in Guangzhou, Guangdong province, PR China
Yu-bin Guan, Xiao-xiao Sun, Shao-lian Chen, Xiao-ting Zhu, Zhi-hua Zeng, Han-wei Lu, Hong-mei Feng, Yu Guo, Wen-gong Jiang, Kui Xiong, Xiao-rong Yang, Ho-Woo Nam, Zhao-shou Yang, Pan Li
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(7): e0286430. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii assayed using Rapid Diagnostic Tests among Residents in Three Counties Adjacent to The Demilitarized Zone, Korea
Jeehi Jung, Jinyoung Lee, Yoon Kyung Chang, Seong Kyu Ahn, Seo Hye Park, Sung-Jong Hong, Jihoo Lee, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Tong-Soo Kim, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 9. CrossRef
Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Ganghwa-gun, Cheorwon-gun, and Goseong-gun, Korea
Jihye Yu, Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 251. CrossRef
Distribution of toxoplasmosis among different groups of the population of the Оmsk Region
O.Yu. Starostina, Yu.I. Patsula, A.Kh. Nurpeisova
ЗДОРОВЬЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ И СРЕДА ОБИТАНИЯ - ЗНиСО / PUBLIC HEALTH AND LIFE ENVIRONMENT.2019; : 51. CrossRef

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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis with ELISA and Rapid Diagnostic Test among Residents in Gyodong-do, Inchon city, Korea: A Four-Year Follow-up: Yeong Hoon Kim, Ji hoo Lee, Seong kyu Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):247-254.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.247

Abstract
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ELISA has been used for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, but it is being gradually replaced by a rapid diagnostic test (RDT). We compared and analyzed ELISA and RDT results using the sera collected during 4 consecutive years from residents of Gyodong-do (Island), Incheon-city, Korea. Sera from 921, 993, 940, and 838 adult residents were collected on a yearly basis (2010-2013). ELISA was performed by using a crude extract of T. gondii RH strain antigen and IgG/IgM RDT mounted with recombinant fragment of major surface antigen (SAG1), GST-linker-SAG1A, were applied to the sera. Comparison between groups was analyzed by the Student’s t-test. The positive seroprevalence surged from 14.7% (135/921, 2010), 23.1% (231/993, 2011), 23.6% (222/940, 2012), and 32.1% (269/838, 2013) by ELISA. In contrast, RDT showed a more moderate increasing trend from 21.7% (200/921, 2010), 25.5% (253/993, 2011), 28.9% (272/940, 2012) and 33.1% (277/838, 2013). Discrepancies between ELISA and RDT were noted near the cut-off value. At the OD 0.15-0.24 range, RDT could detect 16.1% (169/1051) more positives, which suggests an early or acute toxoplasmosis, but at the OD 0.25-0.34 range, ELISA could detect 35.9% (92/256) more positives of possible chronic infections. Over the OD > 0.35 ELISA and RDT agreed in the majority of the cases. This surge in seroprevalence may be caused by the organic agriculture in addition to eating behavior or increase in pets among Koreans. These facts may be applied on a full-scale national survey using RDT to supplement ELISA to define the characteristics of the infection.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Is the incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis declining?
Gregory Colin Milne, Joanne P. Webster, Martin Walker
Trends in Parasitology.2023; 39(1): 26. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii assayed using Rapid Diagnostic Tests among Residents in Three Counties Adjacent to The Demilitarized Zone, Korea
Jeehi Jung, Jinyoung Lee, Yoon Kyung Chang, Seong Kyu Ahn, Seo Hye Park, Sung-Jong Hong, Jihoo Lee, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Tong-Soo Kim, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 9. CrossRef
Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Ganghwa-gun, Cheorwon-gun, and Goseong-gun, Korea
Jihye Yu, Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 251. CrossRef
Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Gyodong-Myeon and Samsan-Myeon, Ganghwa-Gun, Korea
Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(5): 493. CrossRef
Evaluation of a Newly Designed Immunochromatographic Test using Gold Nanoparticles and Recombinant Antigen gra7 for Rapid Diagnosis of Human Toxoplasmosis
Hassan Morovati, Seyyed javad Seyyedtabaei, Mehrdad Gholamzad
Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology.2020; 14(1): 101. CrossRef
Status of common parasitic diseases in Korea in 2019
Sun Huh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2019; 62(8): 437. CrossRef
Tissue Fluid Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay for Piglets Experimentally Infected with Toxoplasma gondii and Survey on Local and Imported Pork in Korean Retail Meat Markets
Won Gi Yoo, Sun-Min Kim, Eun Jeong Won, Ji-Yun Lee, Fuhong Dai, Ho Choon Woo, Ho-Woo Nam, Tae Im Kim, Jeong-Hee Han, Dongmi Kwak, Yun Sang Cho, Seung-Won Kang, Tong-Soo Kim, Xing-Quan Zhu, Chunren Wang, Heejeong Youn, Sung-Jong Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(5): 437. CrossRef

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High Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis Detected by RDT among the Residents of Seokmo-do (Island) in Ganghwa-Gun, Incheon City, Korea: Yeong Hoon Kim, Jihoo Lee, Seongkyu Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(1):9-13.
Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.1.9

Abstract
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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among the residents of Seokmo-do (Island) in Ganghwa-gun, Incheon, Korea was surveyed for 4 years by a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) using recombinant fragment of major surface antigen (SAG1), GST-linker-SAG1A. Sera from 312, 343, 390, and 362 adult residents were collected on a yearly basis from 2010 to 2013, respectively. Total positive seroprevalence regardless of gender was 29.2, 35.3, 38.7, and 45.3% from 2010 to 2013, respectively. Positive seroprevalence in male adults was 43.9, 48.2, 45.4, and 55.3%, which was far higher than that of the corresponding female adults which was 20.7, 29.2, 33.9, and 38.9%, from 2010 to 2013, respectively. This high seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in Seokmo-do may have been caused in part by peculiar changes in the toxoplasmic environment of the island as it is a relatively isolated area preserving its natural habitat while also being connected by a bridge to the mainland. Further study is necessary to find out symptomatic patients and to confirm the risk factors.

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Clinical characteristics of toxoplasmosis patients in Korea: A retrospective study using health insurance review and assessment service data and electronic medical records
Do-Won Ham, Bong-Kwang Jung, Ji-Hun Shin, Yong Joon Kim, Kyoung Yul Seo, Seung Mi Lee, Jae Hyoung Im, Jeong-Ran Kwon, Ho-Sung Lee, Kyung-Won Hwang, Eun-Hee Shin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(4): 424. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii assayed using Rapid Diagnostic Tests among Residents in Three Counties Adjacent to The Demilitarized Zone, Korea
Jeehi Jung, Jinyoung Lee, Yoon Kyung Chang, Seong Kyu Ahn, Seo Hye Park, Sung-Jong Hong, Jihoo Lee, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Tong-Soo Kim, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 9. CrossRef
Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Ganghwa-gun, Cheorwon-gun, and Goseong-gun, Korea
Jihye Yu, Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 251. CrossRef
Serological and molecular rapid diagnostic tests for Toxoplasma infection in humans and animals
Amjad Hayat Khan, Rahmah Noordin
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases.2020; 39(1): 19. CrossRef
Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Gyodong-Myeon and Samsan-Myeon, Ganghwa-Gun, Korea
Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(5): 493. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Western Blot Detection of Human Anti-Chikungunya Virus Antibody with Recombinant Envelope 2 Protein: Zhaoshou Yang, Jihoo Lee, Hye-Jin Ahn, Chom-Kyu Chong, Ronaldo F. Dias, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):239-241.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.239

Abstract
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Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a tropical pathogen, has re-emerged and has massive outbreaks abruptly all over the world. Containing many dominant epitopes, the envelope E2 protein of CHIKV has been explored for the vaccination or diagnosis. In the present study, the antigenicity of a recombinant expressed intrinsically disorder domain (IUD) of E2 was tested for the detection of the antibody against CHIKV through western blot method. The gene of the IUD of E2 was inserted into 2 different vectors and expressed as recombinant GST-E2 and recombinant MBP-E2 fusion protein, respectively. Two kinds of fusion proteins were tested with 30 CHIKV patient sera and 30 normal sera, respectively. Both proteins were detected by 25 patients sera (83.3%) and 1 normal serum (3.3%). This test showed a relatively high sensitivity and very high specificity of the recombinant E2 proteins to be used as diagnostic antigens against CHIKV infection.

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Original Articles

Evaluation of the Accuracy of the EasyTest™ Malaria Pf/Pan Ag, a Rapid Diagnostic Test, in Uganda: Chom-Kyu Chong, Pyo Yun Cho, Byoung-Kuk Na, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jin Su Kim, Jin-Soo Lee, Sung-Keun Lee, Eun-Taek Han, Hak-Yong Kim, Yun-Kyu Park, Seok Ho Cha, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):501-505.
Published online October 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.501

Abstract
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In recent years, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have been widely used for malaria detection, primarily because of their simple operation, fast results, and straightforward interpretation. The Asan EasyTest™ Malaria Pf/Pan Ag is one of the most commonly used malaria RDTs in several countries, including Korea and India. In this study, we tested the diagnostic performance of this RDT in Uganda to evaluate its usefulness for field diagnosis of malaria in this country. Microscopic and PCR analyses, and the Asan EasyTest™ Malaria Pf/Pan Ag rapid diagnostic test, were performed on blood samples from 185 individuals with suspected malaria in several villages in Uganda. Compared to the microscopic analysis, the sensitivity of the RDT to detect malaria infection was 95.8% and 83.3% for Plasmodium falciparum and non-P. falciparum, respectively. Although the diagnostic sensitivity of the RDT decreased when parasitemia was ≤500 parasites/?l, it showed 96.8% sensitivity (98.4% for P. falciparum and 93.8% for non-P. falciparum) in blood samples with parasitemia ≥100 parasites/?l. The specificity of the RDT was 97.3% for P. falciparum and 97.3% for non-P. falciparum. These results collectively suggest that the accuracy of the Asan EasyTest™ Malaria Pf/Pan Ag makes it an effective point-of-care diagnostic tool for malaria in Uganda.

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Asymptomatic malaria infection, associated factors and accuracy of diagnostic tests in a historically high transmission setting in Northern Uganda
Bosco B. Agaba, Simon P. Rugera, Ruth Mpirirwe, Martha Atekat, Samuel Okubal, Khalid Masereka, Miseal Erionu, Bosco Adranya, Gertrude Nabirwa, Patrick B. Odong, Yasin Mukiibi, Isaac Ssewanyana, Susan Nabadda, Enoch Muwanguzi
Malaria Journal.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenases in Myanmar isolates
Jinyoung Lee, Tae Im Kim, Hương Giang Lê, Won Gi Yoo, Jung-Mi Kang, Seong-Kyu Ahn, Moe Kyaw Myint, Khin Lin, Tong-Soo Kim, Byoung-Kuk Na
Malaria Journal.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Limitations of rapid diagnostic tests in malaria surveys in areas with varied transmission intensity in Uganda 2017-2019: Implications for selection and use of HRP2 RDTs
Agaba B. Bosco, Joaniter I. Nankabirwa, Adoke Yeka, Sam Nsobya, Karryn Gresty, Karen Anderson, Paul Mbaka, Christiane Prosser, David Smith, Jimmy Opigo, Rhoda Namubiru, Emmanuel Arinaitwe, John Kissa, Samuel Gonahasa, Sungho Won, Bora Lee, Chae Seung Lim,
PLOS ONE.2020; 15(12): e0244457. CrossRef
An Update on Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests
Avinash N. Mukkala, Jason Kwan, Rachel Lau, David Harris, Dylan Kain, Andrea K. Boggild
Current Infectious Disease Reports.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative Assessment of Diagnostic Performances of Two Commercial Rapid Diagnostic Test Kits for Detection of Plasmodium spp. in Ugandan Patients with Malaria
Young Yil Bahk, Seo Hye Park, Woojoo Lee, Kyoung Jin, Seong Kyu Ahn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(5): 447. CrossRef
An Evaluation of Active Case Detection in Malaria Control Program in Kiyuni Parish of Kyankwanzi District, Uganda
Young Yil Bahk, Pyo Yun Cho, Seong Kyu Ahn, Woo-Joo Lee, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(6): 625. CrossRef
Comparison of the diagnostic performance of microscopic examination with nested polymerase chain reaction for optimum malaria diagnosis in Upper Myanmar
Jung-Mi Kang, Pyo-Yun Cho, Mya Moe, Jinyoung Lee, Hojong Jun, Hyeong-Woo Lee, Seong Kyu Ahn, Tae Im Kim, Jhang Ho Pak, Moe Kyaw Myint, Khin Lin, Tong-Soo Kim, Byoung-Kuk Na
Malaria Journal.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
A Cluster Randomised Trial Introducing Rapid Diagnostic Tests into Registered Drug Shops in Uganda: Impact on Appropriate Treatment of Malaria
Anthony K. Mbonye, Pascal Magnussen, Sham Lal, Kristian S. Hansen, Bonnie Cundill, Clare Chandler, Siân E. Clarke, Roly D Gosling
PLOS ONE.2015; 10(7): e0129545. CrossRef

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Probability of Antibody Formation against Circumsporozoite Protein of Plasmodium vivax among Korean Malaria Patients: Ho-Woo Nam, Kyoung Ju Song, Hye Jin Ahn, Zhaoshou Yang, Chom-Kyu Chong, Pyo Yun Cho, Seong Kyu Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):143-149.
Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.143

Abstract
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To evaluate the seroprevalence against circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of Plasmodium vivax in sera of Korean patients, the central repeating domain (CRD) of CSP was cloned and analyzed. From the genomic DNA of patient's blood, 2 kinds of CSPs were identified to belong to a VK210 type, which is the dominant repeating of GDRA(D/A)GQPA, and named as PvCSPA and PvCSPB. Recombinantly expressed his-tagged PvCSPA or PvCSPB in Escherichia coli reacted well against sera of patients in western blot, with the detecting rate of 47.9% (58/121), which included 15 cases positive for PvCSPA, 6 cases positive for PvCSPB, and 37 cases for both. The mixture of PvCSPA and PvCSPB was loaded to a rapid diagnostic test kit (RDT) and applied with the same set of patient sera, which resulted in detection rates of 57.0% (69/121). When the protein sequences of PvCSPA were compared with those of P. vivax in endemic regions of India and Uganda, they were compatibly homologous to PvCSPA with minor mutations. These results suggested that the recombinant PvCSPA and PvCSPB loaded RDT may be a milestone in latent diagnosis which has been a hot issue of domestic malaria and important for radical therapy in overlapped infections with P. falciparum in tropical and subtropical areas. During the biological process of malarial infection, exposure of CSP to antigen-antibody reaction up to 57.0% is the first report in Korea.

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Lejla Kartal, Ivo Mueller, Rhea J. Longley
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A Dual, Systematic Approach to Malaria Diagnostic Biomarker Discovery
Seda Yerlikaya, Ewurama D A Owusu, Augustina Frimpong, Robert Kirk DeLisle, Xavier C Ding
Clinical Infectious Diseases.2022; 74(1): 40. CrossRef
Structure-genetic diversity and recombinant protein of circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of vivax malaria antigen: A potential malaria vaccine candidate
Vahid Raissi, Soudabeh Etemadi, Muhammad Ibrahim Getso, Ahmad Mehravaran, Omid Raiesi
Gene Reports.2021; 23: 101132. CrossRef
Serological responses to a soluble recombinant circumsporozoite protein-VK210 of Plasmodium vivax (rPvCSP-VK210) among Iranian malaria patients
Mehdi Nateghpour, Soudabeh Etemadi, Afsaneh Motevalli Haghi, Hamid Eslami, Mehdi Mohebali, Leila Farivar
European Journal of Medical Research.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Recent Advances in the Development of Biosensors for Malaria Diagnosis
Francis D. Krampa, Yaw Aniweh, Prosper Kanyong, Gordon A. Awandare
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Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Causing Epidemic Malaria in the Republic of Korea
Young Yil Bahk, Jeonga Kim, Seong Kyu Ahn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Jong-Yil Chai, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(6): 545. CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax msp-3α polymorphisms: analysis in the Indian subcontinent
Anju Verma, Hema Joshi, Vineeta Singh, Anup Anvikar, Neena Valecha
Malaria Journal.2016;[Epub] CrossRef

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A Rapid Diagnostic Test for Toxoplasmosis using Recombinant Antigenic N-terminal Half of SAG1 Linked with Intrinsically Unstructured Domain of GRA2 Protein: Kyoung Ju Song, Zhaoshou Yang, Chom-Kyu Chong, Jin-Soo Kim, Kyung Chan Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):503-510.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.503

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite with a broad host range of most warm-blooded mammals including humans, of which one-thirds of the human population has been infected worldwide which can cause congenital defects, abortion, and neonatal complications. Here, we developed a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for T. gondii infection. Antigenic N-terminal half of the major surface antigen (SAG1) was linked with intrinsically unstructured domain (IUD) of dense granule protein 2 (GRA2). The recombinant GST-GRA2-SAG1A protein was successfully expressed and purified as 51 kDa of molecular weight. Furthermore, antigenicity and solubility of the rGST-GRA2-SAG1A protein were significantly increased. The overall specificity and sensitivity of GST-GRA2-SAG1A loaded RDT (TgRDT) were estimated as 100% and 97.1% by comparing with ELISA result which uses T. gondii whole cell lysates as the antigen. The TgRDT tested with Uganda people sera for field trial and showed 31.9% of seroprevalence against T. gondii antibody. The TgRDT is proved to be a kit for rapid and easy to use with high accuracy, which would be a suitable serodiagnostic tool for toxoplasmosis.

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Brief Communication

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in the Residents of Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea: Hye-Jin Ahn, Pyo Yun Cho, Seong Kyu Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim, Chom-Kyu Chong, Sung-Jong Hong, Seok Ho Cha, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):225-227.
Published online August 13, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.225

Abstract
PDF

The seroepidemiological status of toxoplasmosis was surveyed among the residents of Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do by means of ELISA using a crude extract antigen of Toxoplasma gondii. The sera of 1,661 adult residents (866 males and 795 females) were collected and checked for IgG antibody titers, which showed 17.0% positive rate (282 sera). The positive rate was significantly different between the sex; 20.6% for males and 13.1% for females (P<0.05). The positive rates were higher in fifties of males (28.7%) and forties of females (20.0%). This positive rate of toxoplasmosis in Cheorwon-gun residents is regarded as the highest among the surveys of different geographical regions of Korea. This high positive rate may due in part to peculiar geographical locality of the surveyed area near the naturally well preserved demilitarized zone (DMZ) or presumably consumption of the pork imported from high endemic nations. Therefore, it is necessary to study further the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Cheorwon-gun.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 9. CrossRef
Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Ganghwa-gun, Cheorwon-gun, and Goseong-gun, Korea
Jihye Yu, Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim
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Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim
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Original Article

A Surge in the Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis among the Residents of Islands in Gangwha-gun, Incheon, Korea: Zhaoshou Yang, Pyo Yun Cho, Seong Kyu Ahn, Hye-Jin Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim, Chom-Kyu Chong, Sung-Jong Hong, Seok Ho Cha, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):191-197.
Published online August 13, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.191

Abstract
PDF

Seroepidemiological changes of Toxoplasma gondii infection among the residents of the islands of Gangwha-gun, Incheon for 2 years were surveyed and evaluated by ELISA using a crude extract antigen. In 2010, sera of 919 adult residents in Gyodong-myeon and 313 adults in Samsan-myeon were collected and checked for IgG antibody titers, which showed 14.5% (133 sera) and 19.8% (62 sera) positive rates, respectively. In 2011, sera of 955 adults in Gyodong-myeon and 341 adults in Samsan-myeon were examined, which showed an increase of positive rates to 23.8% (227 sera) and 31.7% (108 sera), respectively. Totally, the seroprevalence of the first year was 15.8% and it increased rapidly to 25.8% in the second year. The positive rates of both sexes increased simultaneously with the significant ratio of males to females by 1.7-2.2 fold (P<0.05). In both myeons, 661 sera were collected every year and showed changes in optical density (OD) in 177 sera; newly found as positives in 73 persons (11.0%), negative conversion in 10 persons (1.5%), and maintained or increased in 94 persons (14.2%). This rapid increase in the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in Gangwha islands may be due to in part peculiar changes in the toxoplasmic environment of the islands and presumably the consumption of the pork bred domestically within the islands or imported from high endemic nations. It is necessary to find out symptomatic toxoplasmic patients and confirm the risk factors for further infection in the islands of Gangwha-gun.

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Brief Communication

Maintained Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis among the Residents of Jeju Island, Korea: Sung-Jong Hong, Chom-Kyu Chong, Kyutaeg Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Yeon-Pyo Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hak-Yong Kim, A-Ra Ko, Yong-Joo Kim, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):309-311.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.309

Abstract
PDF

Seroepidemiological status of toxoplasmosis among the residents of Jeju island was surveyed and evaluated by ELISA with crude extract of Toxoplasma gondii. The sera of 2,348 residents (male 1,157 and female 1,191) were collected and checked for the IgG antibody titers, which showed 13.2% positive rate (309 sera). The positive rates were increasing gradually according to the age from 4.3% in teenage to 20.6% in seventies. The positive rates were significantly different between the sex by 16.2% for male and 10.2% for female (P<0.05). This positive rate of toxoplasmosis in Jeju island residents is regarded relatively higher than any other regions of Korea. And the high positive rate may be maintained continuously among Jeju island residents without any clear reasons until now but due to some parts peculiar socio-cultural tradition of Jeju island. Therefore, it is necessary to study further the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis of Jeju island.

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Original Article

Development and Clinical Evaluation of a Rapid Serodiagnostic Test for Toxoplasmosis of Cats Using Recombinant SAG1 Antigen: Chom-Kyu Chong, Wooseog Jeong, Hak-Yong Kim, Dong-Jun An, Hye-Young Jeoung, Jeong-Eun Ryu, A-Ra Ko, Yong-Joo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Zhaoshou Yang, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):207-212.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.207

Abstract
PDF

Rapid serodiagnostic methods for Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats are urgently needed for effective control of transmission routes toward human infections. In this work, 4 recombinant T. gondii antigens (SAG1, SAG2, GRA3, and GRA6) were produced and tested for the development of rapid diagnostic test (RDT). The proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli, affinity-purified, and applied onto the nitrocellulose membrane of the test strip. The recombinant SAG1 (rSAG1) showed the strongest antigenic activity and highest specificity among them. We also performed clinical evaluation of the rSAG1-loaded RDT in 182 cat sera (55 household and 127 stray cats). The kit showed 0.88 of kappa value comparing with a commercialized ELISA kit, which indicated a significant correlation between rSAG1-loaded RDT and the ELISA kit. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the RDT were 100% (23/23) and 99.4% (158/159), respectively. The rSAG1-loaded RDT is rapid, easy to use, and highly accurate. Thus, it would be a suitable diagnostic tool for rapid detection of antibodies in T. gondii-infected cats under field conditions.

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