Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Cystic echinococcosis"

Original Articles

Proteomic Analysis on Exosomes Derived from Patients’ Sera Infected with Echinococcus granulosus: Wen Wang, Xiaojing Zhou, Fang Cui, Chunli Shi, Yulan Wang, Yanfei Men, Wei Zhao, Jiaqing Zhao; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(5):489-497.
Published online October 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.5.489

Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus at the larval stage, predominantly develops in the liver and lungs of intermediate hosts and eventually results in organ malfunction or even death. The interaction between E. granulosus and human body is incompletely understood. Exosomes are nanosized particles ubiquitously present in human body fluids. Exosomes carry biomolecules that facilitate communication between cells. To the best of our knowledge, the role of exosomes in patients with CE is not reported. Here, we isolated exosomes from the sera of patients with CE (CE-exo) and healthy donors and subjected them to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Proteomic analysis identified 49 proteins specifically expressed in CE-exo, including 4 proteins of parasitic origin. The most valuable parasitic proteins included tubulin alpha-1C chain and histone H4. And 8 proteins were differentially regulated in CE-exo (fold change>1.5), as analyzed with bioinformatic methods such as annotation and functional enrichment analyses. These findings may improve our understanding about the interaction between E. granulosus and human body, and may contribute to the diagnosis and prevention of CE.

Citations

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Progresses and challenges in Strongyloides spp. proteomics
Natalia Tiberti, Marcello Manfredi, Chiara Piubelli, Dora Buonfrate
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A pilot study of microRNAs expression profile in plasma of patients with hydatid disease: potential immunomodulation of hydatid disease
Jing Xiao, Jian-Wen Wu, Yun-Zhuo Xin, Dong Song, Xiao-ping Gao, Mei Yin, Wei Zhao, Fu-lin Liu, Hao Wang, Jie Wang, Jia-Qing Zhao
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Characterization of protein cargo of Echinococcus granulosus extracellular vesicles in drug response and its influence on immune response
María Celeste Nicolao, Christian Rodriguez Rodrigues, Magalí B. Coccimiglio, Camila Ledo, Guillermo H. Docena, Andrea C. Cumino
Parasites & Vectors.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Proteomic Analysis of Plasma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles From Mice With Echinococcus granulosus at Different Infection Stages and Their Immunomodulatory Functions
Chunli Shi, Xiaojing Zhou, Wenjuan Yang, Jianwen Wu, Min Bai, Ying Zhang, Wei Zhao, Hui Yang, Atsushi Nagai, Mei Yin, Xiaoping Gao, Shuqin Ding, Jiaqing Zhao
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Expression profiling of exosomal miRNAs derived from different stages of infection in mice infected with Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces using high-throughput sequencing
Jing Xiao, Yazhou Zhu, Jianwen Wu, Min Bai, Yunzhuo Xin, Qiang Wang, Jiaqing Zhao
Parasitology Research.2022; 121(7): 1993. CrossRef
Characterization of the B-Cell Epitopes of Echinococcus granulosus Histones H4 and H2A Recognized by Sera From Patients With Liver Cysts
Andrea Maglioco, Facundo A. Agüero, María Pía Valacco, Alejandra Juárez Valdez, Margot Paulino, Alicia G. Fuchs
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Proteomic profiling of serum extracellular vesicles identifies diagnostic markers for echinococcosis
Xiaola Guo, Shuai Wang, Junmei Zhang, Rui Li, Yong’e Zhang, Zhengrong Wang, Qingming Kong, William C. Cho, Xianghong Ju, Yujuan Shen, Lingqiang Zhang, Haining Fan, Jianping Cao, Yadong Zheng, Alvaro Diaz
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2022; 16(10): e0010814. CrossRef
Extracellular vesicles secreted by model tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta: biogenesis, ultrastructure and protein composition
Hynek Mazanec, Peter Koník, Zdenko Gardian, Roman Kuchta
International Journal for Parasitology.2021; 51(5): 327. CrossRef
Identification of Different Extracellular Vesicles in the Hydatid Fluid of Echinococcus granulosus and Immunomodulatory Effects of 110 K EVs on Sheep PBMCs
Jing Yang, Jin'en Wu, Yong Fu, Lujun Yan, Yating Li, Xiaola Guo, Yong'e Zhang, Xiaoqiang Wang, Yujuan Shen, William C. Cho, Yadong Zheng
Frontiers in Immunology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Extensive mitochondrial proteome disturbance occurs during the early stages of acute myocardial ischemia
Jie Wang, Jun He, Yucheng Fan, Fangjing Xu, Qian Liu, Ruhua He, Ru Yan
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Characterization of exosome-like vesicles derived from Taenia pisiformis cysticercus and their immunoregulatory role on macrophages
Li-Qun Wang, Ting-Li Liu, Pan-Hong Liang, Shao-Hua Zhang, Tao-Shan Li, Yan-Ping Li, Guang-Xue Liu, Li Mao, Xue-Nong Luo
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Stricto in Northern Xinjiang, China: Baoping Guo, Zhuangzhi Zhang, Xueting Zheng, Yongzhong Guo, Gang Guo, Li Zhao, Ren Cai, Bingjie Wang, Mei Yang, Xi Shou, Wenbao Zhang, Bin Jia; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(2):153-159.
Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.153

Abstract
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Echinococcus granulosus is an important zoonotic parasite globally causing cystic echinococcosis (CE) in humans and animals. In this study, prevalence of CE and variation of cox1 gene sequence were analyzed with isolates E. granulosus collected from different areas in northern Xinjiang, China. The survey showed that 3.5% of sheep and 4.1% of cattle were infected with CE. Fragment of cox1 was amplified from all the positive sheep and cattle samples by PCR. In addition, 26 positive samples across the 4 areas were included. The isolates were all E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) containing 15 haplotypes (Hap1-15), and clustered into 2 genotypes, G1 (90.1%, 91/101) and G3 (9.9%, 10/101). Hap1 was the most common haplotype (48.5%, 49/101). Hap9 were found in humans samples, indicating that sheep and cattle reservoir human CE. It is indicate that E. granulosus may impact on control of CE in livestock and humans in the region.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Whole-genomic comparison reveals complex population dynamics and parasitic adaptation of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto
Yao-Dong Wu, Zirui Ren, Li Li, Wen-Hui Li, Nian-Zhang Zhang, Yan-Tao Wu, Guo-Dong Dai, Wei-Gang Chen, Wen-Jie Mu, Shuai Wang, Jiandong Li, Qin Yu, Xue-Peng Cai, Xin Jin, Bao-Quan Fu, Daxi Wang, Wan-Zhong Jia, Hong-Bin Yan, Julian Parkhill, James Cotton
mBio.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
First report of Echinococcus granulosus genotype 1 in a wild boar (Sus scrofa) from China
Baoping Guo, Cairen, Li Zhao, Kalibixiati Aimulajiang, Wenqiang Tang, Chuanchuan Wu, Maiweilidan Yimingjiang, Jianyong Wu, Rongsheng Mi, Hao Wen
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Phylogeny and population structure of Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto) based on full-length cytb-nad2-atp6 mitochondrial genes – First report from Sialkot District of Pakistan
Mughees Aizaz Alvi, Rana Muhammad Athar Ali, Li Li, Muhammad Saqib, Warda Qamar, Ali Hassan, Muzafar Ghafoor, Siddiq Ur Rahman, Muhammad Umar Zafar Khan, Bao-Quan Fu, Youyu Liu, Hong Yin, Hong-Bin Yan, Wan-Zhong Jia
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2023; 253: 111542. CrossRef
Survey and Molecular Characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto from Livestock and Humans in the Altai Region of Xinjiang, China
Baoping Guo, Li Zhao, Lu Zhao, Rongsheng Mi, Xu Zhang, Bingjie Wang, Gang Guo, Yuan Ren, Wenjing Qi, Zhuangzhi Zhang
Pathogens.2023; 12(1): 134. CrossRef
Update on the genetic diversity and population structure of Echinococcus granulosus in Gansu Province, Tibet Autonomous Region, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Western China, inferred from mitochondrial cox1, nad1, and nad5 sequences
Nigus Abebe Shumuye, Li Li, John Asekhaen Ohiolei, Sayed Ajmal Qurishi, Wen-Hui Li, Nian-Zhang Zhang, Yan-Tao Wu, Yao-Dong Wu, Sheng-Zhi Gao, Fu-Heng Zhang, Xue-Qi Tian, Wen-Jun Tian, Yong Fu, Xie-Zhong Wang, Yong-Hong Pan, Fang Zhan, Lin-Sheng Zhang, Min
Parasitology Research.2023; 122(5): 1107. CrossRef
Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato Genotypes in Different Hosts Worldwide: A Systematic Review
Carlos Manterola, Armando Totomoch-Serra, Claudio Rojas, Ángela L. Riffo-Campos, Nayely García-Méndez
Acta Parasitologica.2022; 67(1): 161. CrossRef
Genetic diversity of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in China: Epidemiological studies and systematic review
Rui‐Qi Hua, Xiao‐Di Du, Xue He, Xiao‐Bin Gu, Yue Xie, Ran He, Jing Xu, Xue‐Rong Peng, Guang‐You Yang
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Genetic structure and phylogeography of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto genotypes G1 and G3 in Pakistan and other regions of the world based on nad5 gene
Naunain Mehmood, Hira Muqaddas, Muhammad Irfan Ullah, Urmas Saarma, Antonio Varcasia
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2022; 98: 105223. CrossRef
Meta-analysis on the prevalence of bovine hydatid disease in China from 2000 to 2021
Shijie Fan, Hailong Dong, Hongcai Ma, Bingyi Wang, Mujahid Iqbal, Minghao Zou, Ming Qi, Zhipeng Cao
Microbial Pathogenesis.2022; 168: 105586. CrossRef
A CT-based radiomics nomogram for the differentiation of pulmonary cystic echinococcosis from pulmonary abscess
Yan Li, Yaohui Yu, Qian Liu, Haicheng Qi, Shan Li, Juan Xin, Yan Xing
Parasitology Research.2022; 121(12): 3393. CrossRef
Genetic diversity and haplotype analysis of yak and sheep echinococcal cysts isolates from the mitochondrial cox1 gene in parts of Tibet, China
Shijie Fan, Xialing Zhao, Danqulamu, Bin Shi, Wenqiang Tang, Hailong Dong, Chenyang Xia
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of hydatid cysts isolated from livestock in Bushehr province, Iran
Zahra Babaei, Reza Taherkhani, Afshin Barazesh, Marzieh Taherzadeh, Soleiman Khorami, Moradali Fouladvand
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2021; 45(1): 197. CrossRef
Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Echinococcus in Sheep in China From 1983 to 2020
Yang Gao, Wei Wang, Chuang Lyu, Xin-Yu Wei, Yu Chen, Quan Zhao, Zhi-Guang Ran, You-Qing Xia
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Transcriptomic Features of Echinococcus granulosus Protoscolex during the Encystation Process
Junjie Fan, Hongye Wu, Kai Li, Xunuo Liu, Qingqing Tan, Wenqiao Cao, Bo Liang, Bin Ye
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(3): 287. CrossRef
Tacrolimus, a rapamycin target protein inhibitor, exerts anti-cystic echinococcosis effects both in vitro and in vivo
Muzhabaier Muhedier, Jintian Li, Hui Liu, Guizhi Ma, Kuerbannisha Amahong, Renyong Lin, Guodong Lü
Acta Tropica.2020; 212: 105708. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Multi-Epitope Fusion Protein Eg mefAg-1 as a Serodiagnostic Candidate for Cystic Echinococcosis in Sheep: Liu Tianli, Wang Xifeng, Tian Zhenzhong, Wang Lixia, Zhang Xingxing, Qiao Jun, Meng Qingling, Gong Shasha, Chen Ying, Cai Xuepeng; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(1):61-67.
Published online February 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.61

Abstract
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Cystic echinococcosis (CE) in sheep is a hazardous zoonotic parasitic disease that is caused by Echinococcus granulosus (Eg). At present, serological test is an important diagnostic method for Eg infection in domestic animals. Here, a fusion protein Eg mefAg-1 harboring 8 dominant B-cell epitopes of Eg such as antigen B, tetraspanin 1, tetraspanin 6, reticulon and Eg95 was produced in E. coli and evaluated for CE in sheep by indirect ELISA. Eg mefAg-1 showed in ELISA a high sensitivity (93.41%) and specificity (99.31%), with a coincidence rate of 97.02%. Overall, it is suggested that the Eg mefAg-1 could be a potential antigen candidate for CE serodiagnosis in sheep.

Citations

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Rapid and non‐invasive detection of cystic echinococcosis in sheep based on serum fluorescence spectrum combined with machine learning algorithms
Shengke Xu, Wubulitalifu Dawuti, Maierhaba Maimaitiaili, Jingrui Dou, Malike Aizezi, Kalibixiati Aimulajiang, Xiaoyi Lü, Guodong Lü
Journal of Biophotonics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Recombinant multiepitope proteins expressed in Escherichia coli cells and their potential for immunodiagnosis
Ana Alice Maia Gonçalves, Anna Julia Ribeiro, Carlos Ananias Aparecido Resende, Carolina Alves Petit Couto, Isadora Braga Gandra, Isabelle Caroline dos Santos Barcelos, Jonatas Oliveira da Silva, Juliana Martins Machado, Kamila Alves Silva, Líria Souza Si
Microbial Cell Factories.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Expression and serodiagnostic efficacy of a novel echinococcosis-specific recombinant fusion antigen rAgB8/1-Em18-Eg95
Yang Xianwei, Wang Tao, Chen Yin, Wang Wentao
Parasitology.2024; 151(13): 1458. CrossRef
Rapid and accurate screening of cystic echinococcosis in sheep based on serum Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy combined with machine learning algorithms
Wubulitalifu Dawuti, Jingrui Dou, Xiangxiang Zheng, Xiaoyi Lü, Hui Zhao, Lingfei Yang, Renyong Lin, Guodong Lü
Journal of Biophotonics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of a novel Echinococcus granulosus recombinant fusion B-EpC1 antigen for the diagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis using indirect ELISA in comparison with a commercial diagnostic ELISA kit
Enayat Darabi, Elahe Motevaseli, Mehdi Mohebali, Mohammad Bagher Rokni, Mohammad Reza Khorramizadeh, Farzaneh Zahabiun, Soudabeh Heidari, Eshrat Beigom Kia
Experimental Parasitology.2022; 240: 108339. CrossRef
Detection of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato infection by using extracts derived from a protoscoleces G1 cell line
Andrea Maglioco, Jorge Gentile, Melisa S. Barbery Venturi, Oscar Jensen, Claudia Hernández, María Laura Gertiser, Verónica Poggio, Gabriela Canziani, Alicia Graciela Fuchs
Parasite Immunology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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Genetic Diversity of Echinococcus granulosus Genotype G1 in Xinjiang, Northwest of China: Bin Yan, Xiafei Liu, Junyuan Wu, Shanshan Zhao, Wumei Yuan, Baoju Wang, Hazi Wureli, Changchun Tu, Chuangfu Chen, Yuanzhi wang; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(4):391-396.
Published online August 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.4.391

Abstract
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Cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by E. granulosus is a serious helminthic zoonosis in humans, livestock and wildlife. Xinjiang is one of high endemic province for CE in China. A total of 55 sheep and cattle livers containing echinococcal cysts were collected from slaughterhouses in Changji and Yining City, northern region of Xinjiang. PCR was employed for cloning 2 gene fragments, 12S rRNA and CO1 for analysis of phylogenetic diversity of E. granulosus. The results showed that all the samples collected were identified as G1 genotype of E. granulosus. Interestingly, YL5 and CJ75 strains were the older branches compared to those strains from France, Argentina, Australia. CO1 gene fragment showed 20 new genotype haploids and 5 new genotype haplogroups (H1-H5) by the analysis of Network 5.0 software, and the YLY17 strain was identified as the most ancestral haplotype. The major haplotypes, such as CJ75 and YL5 strains, showed identical to the isolates from Middle East. The international and domestic trade of livestock might contribute to the dispersal of different haplotypes for E. granulosus evolution.

Citations

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Gene Polymorphism of Antigen B Subunit 2 and Pathogenesis of Cystic Echinococcosis in Murine Model
Hadi M. Alsakee, Hussein M. Abdulla, Reshna K. Albarzanji
ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY.2025; 13(1): 42. CrossRef
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Victoria Freire, Gittith Sánchez, Flery Fonseca, Alejandro Hidalgo, Alex Vargas, Juan Venegas
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2025; 25(5): 339. CrossRef
Comparative evaluation of mitochondrial gene markers for molecular diagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in clinical samples
Sumeeta Khurana, Reena Yadav, Anupma Dhaka, Abhishek Mewara, Lileshwar Kaman, Ajay Duseja, Naveen Kalra
Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease.2025; 113(2): 116904. CrossRef
Prevalence and spatial distribution characteristics of human echinococcosis: A county-level modeling study in southern Xinjiang, China
Yue Zhang, Jun Wu, Simayi Adili, Shuo Wang, Haiting Zhang, Guangzhong Shi, Jiangshan Zhao
Heliyon.2024; 10(7): e28812. CrossRef
Epidemiology and genetic diversity of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto in the East Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China
Wulijiang Kamali, Si-Yun Wang, Wei-Dong Luo, Shuai Liu, Li Zhao, Xing-Yu Pan, Bing-Jie Wang, Yong-Hui Mu, Tuoliehuojia Jiawuti, Kadierding Aierken, Zhuang-Zhi Zhang, Wan-Li Ban
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Survey and Molecular Characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto from Livestock and Humans in the Altai Region of Xinjiang, China
Baoping Guo, Li Zhao, Lu Zhao, Rongsheng Mi, Xu Zhang, Bingjie Wang, Gang Guo, Yuan Ren, Wenjing Qi, Zhuangzhi Zhang
Pathogens.2023; 12(1): 134. CrossRef
Update on the genetic diversity and population structure of Echinococcus granulosus in Gansu Province, Tibet Autonomous Region, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Western China, inferred from mitochondrial cox1, nad1, and nad5 sequences
Nigus Abebe Shumuye, Li Li, John Asekhaen Ohiolei, Sayed Ajmal Qurishi, Wen-Hui Li, Nian-Zhang Zhang, Yan-Tao Wu, Yao-Dong Wu, Sheng-Zhi Gao, Fu-Heng Zhang, Xue-Qi Tian, Wen-Jun Tian, Yong Fu, Xie-Zhong Wang, Yong-Hong Pan, Fang Zhan, Lin-Sheng Zhang, Min
Parasitology Research.2023; 122(5): 1107. CrossRef
Molecular characterization of cattle and sheep isolates of Echinococcus granulosus from Elazig province in Turkey and expression analysis of the non-coding RNAs, egr-miR-7, egr-miR-71 and egr-miR-96
Bunyamin Irehan, Figen Celik, Ergun Koroglu, Ahmet Tektemur, Sami Simsek
Experimental Parasitology.2023; 251: 108551. CrossRef
Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato Genotypes in Different Hosts Worldwide: A Systematic Review
Carlos Manterola, Armando Totomoch-Serra, Claudio Rojas, Ángela L. Riffo-Campos, Nayely García-Méndez
Acta Parasitologica.2022; 67(1): 161. CrossRef
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Gaelle Joanny, Maria Grazia Cappai, Francesca Nonnis, Claudia Tamponi, Giorgia Dessì, Naunain Mehmood, Julien Dahdah, Chadi Hosri, Antonio Scala, Antonio Varcasia
Acta Parasitologica.2022; 67(1): 186. CrossRef
Meta-analysis of the prevalence of bovine cystic echinococcosis in China during decade
Xin-Bo Yang, Xiang-Zhu Meng, Yan Zhao, Jin-Ping Zhao, Chao Chen, Ya Qin, Yuan Zhang, Quan Zhao
Research in Veterinary Science.2022; 152: 465. CrossRef
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Mughees Aizaz Alvi, Abdullah F. Alsayeqh
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Na Ji, Xueling Chen, Gang Liu, Shanshan Zhao, Wenbo Tan, Guangyuan Liu, Jiangguo Zhang, Yuanzhi Wang
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2021; 15: 79. CrossRef
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Mei-Hua Fu, Xu Wang, Shuai Han, Ya-Yi Guan, Robert Bergquist, Wei-Ping Wu
Acta Tropica.2021; 219: 105921. CrossRef
Multiple haplotypes of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto in single naturally infected intermediate hosts
Christian Hidalgo, Caroll Stoore, Ismael Pereira, Rodolfo Paredes, Cristian A. Alvarez Rojas
Parasitology Research.2020; 119(2): 763. CrossRef
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N.M. AL-Mutairi, H.A. Taha, A.H. Nigm
Journal of Helminthology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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A Retrospective Analysis on the Cystic Echinococcosis Cases Occured in Northeastern Punjab Province, Pakistan: Aisha Khan, Sarmad Zahoor, Haroon Ahmed, Uzma Malik, Rabia Amin Butt, Muhammad Sultanul Muzam, Seyma Gunyakti Kilinc, Noorulain Noor, Saroosh Zahoor, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Hamza Mansur, Shumaila Irum, Sami Simsek; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(4):385-390.
Published online August 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.4.385

Abstract
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A retrospective study was performed to report the case occurrence of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in three hospitals of north-eastern region in Punjab Province, Pakistan. We reviewed retrospectively the clinical records of patients in 4 hospitals which were diagnosed with CE during 2012-2017. A total of 198 cases, 82 (41.4%) male and 116 (58.6%) females were detected as CE. The most Highest incidence was revealed in.... 21-30 years-old group (24.2%) followed by 41-50 (22.7%), 31-40 (16.2%), 11-20 (13.6%), 51-60 (8.1%), below 10 (5.5%), over 71 (5.1%) and 61-70 year-old group (4.5%). CE was detected in various organs of infected individuals. However, most of CE cases were detected in the liver (47.4%) and lung (18.6%). The present study indicated that CE is more or less prevalent in surveyed areas and one of the most important public health problems in Punjab Province, Pakistan.

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Huma Khan, Haroon Ahmed, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Usman Ayub Awan, Muhammad Khurram, Sami Simsek, Jianping Cao
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Aisha Khan, Haroon Ahmed, Huma Khan, Sami Simsek, Seyma Gunyakti Kilinc, Harun Kaya Kesik, Guan Yayi, Figen Celik, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Christine M. Budke
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Original Articles

Factors Associated with Echinococcosis-Induced Perioperative Anaphylactic Shock: Jianrong Ye, Qin Zhang, Yan Xuan, Siyu Chen, Long Ma, Yongqiang Zhang, Hong Zheng; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(6):769-775.
Published online December 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.6.769

This retrospective case-control study explored the factors associated with anaphylactic shock during surgery for cystic echinococcosis (CE) at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University between October 2008 and September 2013. Patients who suffered from anaphylactic shock (n=16) were age-matched 3:1 to patients who did not (n=43). Multivariate analysis suggested that IL-4 levels (odds ratio=1.096; 95% confidence interval=1.015-1.185; P=0.02) and cyst size (odds ratio=3.028, 95% confidence interval=1.259-7.283, P=0.013) were independently associated with CE-induced perioperative anaphylactic shock. Using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and a cut-off value of 415.7 ng/ml, IL-4 showed an area under the ROC (AUC) of 0.926, sensitivity of 75.0%, and specificity of 97.7%. Using a cut-off value of 7.8 cm, cyst size showed an AUC of 0.828, sensitivity of 81.3%, and specificity of 76.7%. In conclusion, results suggest that levels of IL-4 and cyst size were independently associated with echinococcosis-induced perioperative anaphylactic shock. These results could help identifying patients with echinococcosis at risk of anaphylactic shock in whom appropriate prophylaxis could be undertaken.

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Impact of Echinococcus granulosus Cyst Fluid on the Phenotypic Dynamics and Degranulation of RBL-2H3 Mast Cells
Zhen Yue, Jing-Ru Zhou, Chun-Sheng Wang, Xue-Li Pu, Guligeiya Parehati, Li-Wei Cao, Batesurong Bayina, Jian-Rong Ye
Journal of Inflammation Research.2025; Volume 18: 9837. CrossRef
Predictive Factors of Pulmonary Hydatid Complications in Children
Nahla Kechiche, Arije Zouaoui, Asma Ben Cheikh, Rachida Lamiri, Amine Ksia, Mongi Mekki, Lassaad Sahnoun
Journal of Pediatric Surgery.2024; 59(12): 161688. CrossRef
Response to Stockdale and Savic, regarding ‘Peri‐operative refractory anaphylactic shock during hepatic hydatid cyst surgery’
P. Gundappa, D. Prakash, N. Palankar, S. Karanth
Anaesthesia Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Popliteal Echinococcosis: A Long Journey from the Liver
Ergin Erginöz, Sefa Ergün, Emre Tunç, Salih Pekmezci
Acta Parasitologica.2023; 68(2): 463. CrossRef
The regulatory role of differential microRNA expressions on cellular inflammatory factors IL‐6 and IL‐10 in Echinococcus granulosus‐induced anaphylaxis
Chun‐sheng Wang, Tao Yu, Xilizhati Kulaixi, Jing‐ru Zhou, Xianyidan Abulajiang, Jia‐ling Wang, Si‐jia Wang, Jian‐rong Ye
Immunity, Inflammation and Disease.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The role of memory T cells in Echinococcus granulosus‐induced sensitization
Jing‐Ru Zhou, Xiao‐Xuan Du, Xianyidan Abulajiang, Wuer Geli, Xue‐Li Pu, Subi Tailaiti, Jia‐Ying Lin, Yu‐Qian Li, Jian‐Rong Ye
Immunity, Inflammation and Disease.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Peri‐operative refractory anaphylactic shock during hepatic hydatid cyst surgery
P. Gundappa, D. Prakash, N. Palankar, S. Karanth
Anaesthesia Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Perioperative Anaphylaxie – alte Zöpfe und Neues zu den Auslösern
Christiane Bayerl
Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie.2022; 101(11): 882. CrossRef
Perioperative Anaphylaxie – alte Zöpfe und Neues zu den Auslösern
C. Bayerl
Aktuelle Dermatologie.2021; 47(04): 155. CrossRef
Construction of ceRNA regulatory network in mice with Echinococcosis-induced allergic reactions
Xiaodong Yu, Yali Yasen, Chunsheng Wang, Meng Li, Zhiyuan Fang, Jialing Wang, Jianrong Ye
Acta Tropica.2021; 224: 106120. CrossRef
Isolated renal hydatid disease: varied presentations, treatments, dilemmas, and the way ahead: case report series
Ankit Misra, Swarnendu Mandal, Manoj Das, Pritinanda Mishra, Suvradeep Mitra, Prasant Nayak
African Journal of Urology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Endoscopic excision of hydatid cyst: A case of delayed anaphylaxis in postoperative period - “The risk is not over until it is over”
Aakriti Gupta, Neerja Bhardwaj, Soumya Sarkar, Ravi P. Kanojia
Journal of Clinical Anesthesia.2019; 52: 63. CrossRef
Should Pediatricians Be Aware of Cystic Echinococcosis? A Literature Review
Chiara Tersigni, Elisabetta Venturini, Carlotta Montagnani, Leila Bianchi, Elena Chiappini, Maurizio de Martino, Luisa Galli
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition.2019; 68(2): 161. CrossRef
Recurrent multiple-organ involvement of disseminated alveolar echinococcosis in 3 patients
Leilei Xu, Sikandaer Siyiti, Xinghua Song, Hao Wen, Liwen Ding, Akbar Yunus, Zheng Tian, Chong Wang, Jiangtao Chen
Medicine.2017; 96(42): e7632. CrossRef

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Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a P38-Like Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase from Echinococcus granulosus: Guodong L?, Jing Li, Chuanshan Zhang, Liang Li, Xiaojuan Bi, Chaowang Li, Jinliang Fan, Xiaomei Lu, Dominique A. Vuitton, Hao Wen, Renyong Lin; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(6):759-769.
Published online December 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.6.759

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) treatment urgently requires a novel drug. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a family of Ser/Thr protein kinases, but still have to be characterized in Echinococcus granulosus. We identified a 1,107 bp cDNA encoding a 368 amino acid MAPK protein (Egp38) in E. granulosus. Egp38 exhibits 2 distinguishing features of p38-like kinases: a highly conserved T-X-Y motif and an activation loop segment. Structural homology modeling indicated a conserved structure among Egp38, EmMPK2, and H. sapiens p38α, implying a common binding mechanism for the ligand domain and downstream signal transduction processing similar to that described for p38α. Egp38 and its phosphorylated form are expressed in the E. granulosus larval stages vesicle and protoscolices during intermediate host infection of an intermediate host. Treatment of in vitro cultivated protoscolices with the p38-MAPK inhibitor ML3403 effectively suppressed Egp38 activity and led to significant protoscolices death within 5 days. Treatment of in vitro-cultivated protoscolices with TGF-β1 effectively induced Egp38 phosphorylation. In summary, the MAPK, Egp38, was identified in E. granulosus, as an anti-CE drug target and participates in the interplay between the host and E. granulosus via human TGF-β1.

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Echinococcus granulosus promotes MAPK pathway-mediated osteoclast differentiation by inhibiting Nrf2 in osseous echinococcosis
Yaqing Liu, Jing Li, Zhendong Zhang, Qi Li, Yanhu Tian, Sibo Wang, Chenhui Shi, Haohao Sun
Veterinary Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
In vitro Scolicidal Efficacy of 5-Fluorouracil and Radiation Against Protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Lato
Pengfei Lu, Jun Li, Rui Mao, Hongzhi Qi, Liping Yang, Qin Zhou, Mengxiao Tian, Wenbao Zhang, Yongxing Bao
Acta Parasitologica.2022; 67(2): 820. CrossRef
Transcriptome analysis uncovers the key pathways and candidate genes related to the treatment of Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces with the repurposed drug pyronaridine
Yingfang Yu, Jun Li, Weisi Wang, Tian Wang, Wenjing Qi, Xueting Zheng, Lei Duan, Jiaxu Chen, Shizhu Li, Xiumin Han, Wenbao Zhang, Liping Duan
BMC Genomics.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Knock Down the Egp38 and Combine with Radiation to Increase Its Inhibitory Effect on Echinococcus granulosus
Pengfei Lu, Mengxiao Tian, Na Yi, Rui Mao, Hongzhi Qi, Liping Yang, Qin Zhou, Jun Li, Wenbao Zhang, Yongxing Bao
SSRN Electronic Journal .2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification of Functional MKK3/6 and MEK1/2 Homologs from Echinococcus granulosus and Investigation of Protoscolecidal Activity of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway Inhibitors In Vitro and
Chuanshan Zhang, Jing Li, Tuerganaili Aji, Liang Li, Xiaojuan Bi, Ning Yang, Zhide Li, Hui Wang, Rui Mao, Guodong Lü, Yingmei Shao, Dominique A. Vuitton, Hao Wen, Renyong Lin
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Echinococcosis: Advances in the 21st Century
Hao Wen, Lucine Vuitton, Tuerhongjiang Tuxun, Jun Li, Dominique A. Vuitton, Wenbao Zhang, Donald P. McManus
Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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Differential Expression of Hox and Notch Genes in Larval and Adult Stages of Echinococcus granulosus: Ebrahim Saedi Dezaki, Mohammad Mehdi Yaghoobi, Elham Taheri, Pooya Ghaseminejad Almani, Farideh Tohidi, Bruno Gottstein, Majid Fasihi Harandi; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(5):653-658.
Published online October 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.5.653

Abstract
PDF

This investigation aimed to evaluate the differential expression of HoxB7 and notch genes in different developmental stages of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto. The expression of HoxB7 gene was observed at all developmental stages. Nevertheless, significant fold differences in the expression level was documented in the juvenile worm with 3 or more proglottids, the germinal layer from infected sheep, and the adult worm from an experimentally infected dog. The notch gene was expressed at all developmental stages of E. granulosus; however, the fold difference was significantly increased at the microcysts in monophasic culture medium and the germinal layer of infected sheep in comparison with other stages. The findings demonstrated that the 2 aforementioned genes evaluated in the present study were differentially expressed at different developmental stages of the parasite and may contribute to some important biological processes of E. granulosus.

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Yan Lv, Xuan Pang, Zhonghong Cao, Changping Song, Baohua Liu, Weiwei Wu, Qiuxiang Pang
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(6): 3322. CrossRef
Echinococcus multilocularis delta/notch signalling components are expressed in post-mitotic cells
Chris Speicher, Monika Bergmann, Klaus Brehm
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Notch signaling pathway involved in Echinococcus granulosus infection regulates dendritic cell development and differentiation
Mingxia Wang, Zailing Shang, Fei Qiao, Junhu Hei, Xueling Ma, Yana Wang
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Proteomic profiling of hydatid fluid from pulmonary cystic echinococcosis
Guilherme Brzoskowski dos Santos, Edileuza Danieli da Silva, Eduardo Shigueo Kitano, Maria Eduarda Battistella, Karina Mariante Monteiro, Jeferson Camargo de Lima, Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira, Solange Maria de Toledo Serrano, Arnaldo Zaha
Parasites & Vectors.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The Genomes of Two Strains of Taenia crassiceps the Animal Model for the Study of Human Cysticercosis
Raúl J. Bobes, Karel Estrada, Diana G. Rios-Valencia, Arturo Calderón-Gallegos, Patricia de la Torre, Julio C. Carrero, Alejandro Sanchez-Flores, Juan P. Laclette
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Bioinformatics analysis and experimental verification of Notch signalling pathway-related miRNA–mRNA subnetwork in extracellular vesicles during Echinococcus granulosus encystation
Jian Gao, Xuan Zhou, Ling Liu, Guodong Lv, Qiulian Hou, Xiaofan Zhang, Yujuan Shen
Parasites & Vectors.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Screening, construction, and serological identification of the diagnostic antigen molecule EG-06283 for the diagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus
Yazhou Zhu, Tingrui Zhang, Yinqi Zhao, Yin Wang, Yongxue Lv, Shasha Li, Songhao Yang, Mingxing Zhu, Wei Zhao, Qiang Wang
Parasitology Research.2021; 120(7): 2557. CrossRef
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V. V. Isaeva, S. V. Rozhnov
Paleontological Journal.2021; 55(7): 811. CrossRef
In vitro effects of glutathione on Transforming Growth Factor beta and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor genes expression in the protoscoleces and strobilated worms of Echinococcus granulosus
Seyyed Jafar Nosratabadi, Nasim Hayati Roodbari, Ali Afgar, Mohammad Hossein Modarressi, Alireza Farsinejad, Majid Fasihi Harandi
Gene Reports.2020; 20: 100786. CrossRef
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T. Basika, G.P. Paludo, F.M. Araujo, A.C. Salim, F. Pais, L. Maldonado, N. Macchiaroli, J. Camargo de Lima, M. Rosenzvit, G.C. Oliveira, L. Kamenetzky, H.B. Ferreira
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2019; 229: 35. CrossRef
Calmodulin-specific small interfering RNA induces consistent expression suppression and morphological changes in Echinococcus granulosus
Seyed Mohammad Mousavi, Ali Afgar, Mohammad Ali Mohammadi, Seifollah Mortezaei, Balal Sadeghi, Majid Fasihi Harandi
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
The effect of albendazole sulfoxide on the expression of miR-61 and let-7 in different in vitro developmental stages of Echinococcus granulosus
Seifollah Mortezaei, Ali Afgar, Mohammad Ali Mohammadi, Seyed Mohammad Mousavi, Balal Sadeghi, Majid Fasihi Harandi
Acta Tropica.2019; 195: 97. CrossRef
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Shaohua Zhang
Genes.2019; 10(7): 507. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Environmental Contamination by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato Eggs in Relation to Slaughterhouses in Urban and Rural Areas in Tunisia: Raja Cha?bane-Banaoues, Myriam Oudni-M’rad, Selim M’rad, Habib Mezhoud, Hamouda Babba; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):113-118.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.113

Abstract
PDF

Hydatidosis has become a real concern for health care institutions and animal rearers in Tunisia. The Tunisian endemicity is aggravated by the growing number of dogs and the difficulty of getting rid of contaminated viscera because of the lack of equipment in most slaughterhouses. Therefore, microscopic and molecular tools were applied to evaluate the role of slaughterhouses in canine infection and Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s. l.) egg dissemination. Exposure risk to E. granulosus s. l. eggs in urban and rural areas was explored in order to implant preventive and adapted control strategies. Microscopic examinations detected taeniid eggs in 152 amongst 553 fecal samples. The copro-PCR demonstrated that 138 of 152 taeniid samples analyzed were positive for E. granulosus s. l. DNA. PCR-RFLP demonstrated that all isolated samples belonged to E. granulosus sensu stricto (s. s.). An important environmental contamination index (25.0%) by E. granulosus s. l. eggs was demonstrated. The average contamination index from the regions around slaughterhouses (23.3%; 95% CI: 17.7-28.9%) was in the same range as detected in areas located far from slaughterhouses (26.0%, 95% CI: 21.3-30.8%). Echinococcosis endemic areas were extended in both rural (29.9%, 95% CI: 24.8-34.9%) and urban locations (18.1%, 95% CI: 13.0-22.9%). The pathogen dissemination is related neither to the presence/absence of slaughterhouses nor to the location in urban or rural areas, but is probably influenced by human activities (home slaughtering) and behavior towards the infected viscera.

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Zoonotic threat of cystic echinococcosis in Tunisia: insights into livestock prevalence and identification of the G1 genotype
Mohamed Hedi Abdelghani, Selim M’rad, Raja Chaâbane-Banaoues, Sayadi Taoufik, Mohamed Ali Charfedine, Lamia Zemzemi, Ines Kamoun, Hamouda Babba, Myriam Oudni-M’rad
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Synthetic rEg.P29 Peptides Induce Protective Immune Responses Against Echinococcus granulosus in Mice
Yongxue Lv, Jing Tang, Tao Li, Yinqi Zhao, Changyou Wu, Wei Zhao
Vaccines.2025; 13(3): 266. CrossRef
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Saeedeh Shamsaddini, Carina Schneider, Sonja Dumendiak, Hossein Aghassi, Hossein Kamyabi, Elham Akhlaghi, Marion Wassermann, Majid Fasihi Harandi, Peter Deplazes, Thomas Romig
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Global distribution of Echinococcus granulosus genotypes in domestic and wild canids: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Morteza Shams, Sasan Khazaei, Razi Naserifar, Seyyed Ali Shariatzadeh, Davood Anvari, Fattaneh Montazeri, Majid Pirestani, Hamidreza Majidiani
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Selim M’rad, Raja Chaâbane-Banaoues, Massaouda Ghrab, Hamouda Babba, Myriam Oudni-M’rad
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P. Sánchez Thevenet, H.M. Alvarez, C. Torrecillas, O. Jensen, J.A. Basualdo
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Original Article

Prevalence of Serum IgG Antibodies to Cystic Echinococcus Antigen among Patients in an Uzbekistan Emergency Hospital: Se Jin Park, Sung Sik Han, Khikmat Anvarov, Abdukhakim Khajibaev, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):699-703.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.699

Abstract
PDF

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most widespread zoonotic helminthiases, which can last an asymptomatic infection for several years. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate serum antibody prevalence of CE among asymptomatic people in Uzbekistan using ELISA. A total of 2,547 serum samples were collected, 66 from confirmed CE patients and 2,481 of patients with other diseases than CE at a hospital in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The serum samples were screened for CE specific IgG antibodies by ELISA using cystic fluid antigen obtained from sheep. The serum antibody positive rate was 89.4% (59/66) in CE and 3.6% (89/2,481) in other disease patients. The present ELISA recognized 89.4% sensitivity and 96.4% specificity. The ELISA absorbance of positive samples was distributed 0.271-0.971 for CE and 0.273-0.887 for other disease patients. The other disease patients with high absorbance over 0.3 were 50 (2.0%) who were presumed to be active CE patients. The patients in their 40s showed the highest positive rate of 5.2% (P=0.181), and women were 4.4% while men were 3.1% positive (P=0.136). The data confirmed that there are many asymptomatic patients of CE in Tashkent. It is indicated that CE is an endemic disease of public health importance in Uzbekistan.

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Comparison of Methods in the Serologic Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis
Sidre Erganis, Fakhriddin Sarzhanov, Funda Doğruman Al, Kayhan Cağlar
Acta Parasitologica.2024; 69(2): 1122. CrossRef
The echinococcoses in Asia: The present situation
Akira Ito, Christine M. Budke
Acta Tropica.2017; 176: 11. CrossRef
Kistik Ekinokokoz’un serolojik tanısında Indirekt Hemaglütinasyon, İndirekt Floresan Antikor ve Enzim İmmuno Assay testlerinin etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi
Sadık AKGÜN, Hakan Sezgin SAYİNER, Tekin KARSLIGİL
Journal of Contemporary Medicine.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Prevalence of Cystic Echinococcosis in Slaughtered Sheep as an Indicator to Assess Control Progress in Emin County, Xinjiang, China: Shijie Yang, Weiping Wu, Tian Tian, Jiangshan Zhao, Kang Chen, Qinyan Wang, Zheng Feng; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(3):355-359.
Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.3.355

Abstract
PDF

Hydatid disease imposing serious threat on human health and great loss in live?stock pastoralism remains a major public health problem in western China. To assess and monitor the effect of control program on transmission dynamics, we used the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered sheep at slaughterhouse as an indicator during the period of 2007 to 2013 in Emin County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. The results showed a significant decline trend of prevalence in all age groups during the 7 years when the control program was implemented; particularly, the rate was reduced by 72% after first 3 years. Among the sheep slaughtered, the age distribution evidenced that the prevalence increased significantly as the sheep grew older. The baseline data indicated that the rate was 4.5% at the age <1, 6.7% at age 2~, and reached to the highest 17.9% at age ≥4 years. Earlier response to the intervention pressure was seen in the sheep at the younger age. Significant decline started from 2008 at the age <1, from 2009 at age of 1~, 2010 at 2~ to 3~, and the latest, in 2012 at age ≥4. This study demonstrated that the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered sheep may be used as an indicator to assess and monitor the transmission status during and after control program providing information for betterment of performance to sustain control strength.

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Sakandar Khan, Jo Cable, Numair Masud, Frank Hailer, Muhammad Younus, Naveed Hussain, Muhammad Asif Idrees, Muhammad Imran Rashid, Haroon Akbar
Parasitology Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Zoonotic threat of cystic echinococcosis in Tunisia: insights into livestock prevalence and identification of the G1 genotype
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Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Faten A. M. Abo-Aziza
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Original Article

Scolicidal Effects of Black Cumin Seed (Nigella sativa) Essential Oil on Hydatid Cysts: Hossein Mahmoudvand, Ebrahim Saedi Dezaki, Farnaz Kheirandish, Behrouz Ezatpour, Sareh Jahanbakhsh, Majid Fasihi Harandi; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(6):653-659.
Published online December 23, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.653

Abstract
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Surgery remains the preferred treatment for hydatid cyst (cystic echinococcosis, CE). Various scolicidal agents have been used for inactivation of protoscolices during surgery, but most of them are associated with adverse side effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro scolicidal effect of Nigella sativa (Ranunculaceae) essential oil and also its active principle, thymoquinone, against protoscolices of hydatid cysts. Protoscolices were aseptically aspirated from sheep livers having hydatid cysts. Various concentrations of the essential oil (0.01-10 mg/ml) and thymoquinone (0.125-1.0 mg/ml) were used for 5 to 60 min. Viability of protoscolices was confirmed by 0.1% eosin staining. Furthermore, the components of the N. sativa essential oil were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). Our study revealed that the essential oil of N. sativa at the concentration of 10 mg/ml and its main component, thymoquinone, at the concentration of 1 mg/ml had potent scolicidal activities against protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus after 10 min exposure. Moreover, thymoquinone (42.4%), p-cymene (14.1%), carvacrol (10.3%), and longifolene (6.1%) were found to be the major components of N. sativa essential oil by GC/MS analysis. The results of this study indicated the potential of N. sativa as a natural source for production of a new scolicidal agent for use in hydatid cyst surgery. However, further studies will be needed to confirm these results by checking the essential oil and its active component in in vivo models.

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