Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Dae-Whan Shin"

Original Articles

Kinetics of IL-23 and IL-12 Secretion in Response to Toxoplasma gondii Antigens from THP-1 Monocytic Cells: Juan-Hua Quan, Wei Zhou, Guang-Ho Cha, In-Wook Choi, Dae-Whan Shin, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(1):85-92.
Published online February 18, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.85

Abstract
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IL-23 and IL-12 are structurally similar and critical for the generation of efficient cellular immune responses. Toxoplasma gondii induces a strong cell-mediated immune response. However, little is known about IL-23 secretion profiles in T. gondii-infected immune cells in connection with IL-12. We compared the patterns of IL-23 and IL-12 production by THP-1 human monocytic cells in response to stimulation with live or heat-killed T. gondii tachyzoites, or with equivalent quantities of either T. gondii excretory/secretory proteins (ESP) or soluble tachyzoite antigen (STAg). IL-23 and IL-12 were significantly increased from 6 hr after stimulation with T. gondii antigens, and their secretions were increased with parasite dose-dependent manner. IL-23 concentrations were significantly higher than those of IL-12 at the same multiplicity of infection. IL-23 secretion induced by live parasites was significantly higher than that by heat-killed parasites, ESP, or STAg, whereas IL-12 secretion by live parasite was similar to those of ESP or STAg. However, the lowest levels of both cytokines were at stimulation with heat-killed parasites. These data indicate that IL-23 secretion patterns by stimulation with various kinds of T. gondii antigens at THP-1 monocytic cells are similar to those of IL-12, even though the levels of IL-23 induction were significantly higher than those of IL-12. The detailed kinetics induced by each T. gondii antigen were different from each other.

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Mingzhu Deng, Feifei Gao, Tianfeng Liu, Weiqiang Zhan, Juanhua Quan, Ziquan Zhao, Xuyang Wu, Zhuolan Zhong, Hong Zheng, Jiaqi Chu
Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
IL-12 and IL-23 Production in Toxoplasma gondii- or LPS Treated Jurkat T Cells via PI3K and MAPK Signaling Pathways
Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Byung-Hun Kang, Jae-Su Kim, Jae-Hyung Lee, In-Wook Choi, Guang-Ho Cha, Jae-Min Yuk, Young-Ha Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(6): 613. CrossRef
Cytokine response of human THP-1 macrophages to Trichomonas tenax
Emily J. Govro, Melissa K. Stuart
Experimental Parasitology.2016; 169: 77. CrossRef
Far beyond Phagocytosis: Phagocyte-Derived Extracellular Traps Act Efficiently against Protozoan ParasitesIn VitroandIn Vivo
Liliana M. R. Silva, Tamara Muñoz-Caro, Rafael A. Burgos, Maria A. Hidalgo, Anja Taubert, Carlos Hermosilla
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D. Pérez, M.C. Muñoz, J.M. Molina, T. Muñoz-Caro, L.M.R. Silva, A. Taubert, C. Hermosilla, A. Ruiz
Veterinary Parasitology.2016; 227: 143. CrossRef
Secretion of Rhoptry and Dense Granule Effector Proteins by Nonreplicating Toxoplasma gondii Uracil Auxotrophs Controls the Development of Antitumor Immunity
Barbara A. Fox, Kiah L. Sanders, Leah M. Rommereim, Rebekah B. Guevara, David J. Bzik, Imtiaz A Khan
PLOS Genetics.2016; 12(7): e1006189. CrossRef
Levels of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta After Immunization of Mice With Toxoplasma gondii prepared Excretory/Secretory Proteins
Seyed Hossein Abdollahi, Fateme Ayoobi, Hossein Khorramdelazad, Behzad Nasiri Ahmadabadi, Mohammadtaghi Rezayati, Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi, Mohammad Zare-Bidaki
Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Intracellular Networks of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK Pathways for Regulating Toxoplasma gondii-Induced IL-23 and IL-12 Production in Human THP-1 Cells
Juan-Hua Quan, Jia-Qi Chu, Jaeyul Kwon, In-Wook Choi, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Wei Zhou, Guang-Ho Cha, Yu Zhou, Jae-Min Yuk, Eun-Kyeong Jo, Young-Ha Lee, Salvatore V Pizzo
PLOS ONE.2015; 10(11): e0141550. CrossRef
Besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites induce monocyte extracellular trap formation
Tamara Muñoz-Caro, Liliana M. R. Silva, Christin Ritter, Anja Taubert, Carlos Hermosilla
Parasitology Research.2014; 113(11): 4189. CrossRef

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Gene Expression Profiles in Genetically Different Mice Infected with Toxoplasma gondii: ALDH1A2, BEX2, EGR2, CCL3 and PLAU: Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Juan-Hua Quan, Zhou Wei, In-Wook Choi, Guang-Ho Cha, Dae-Whan Shin, Young-Ha Lee, Chang-June Song; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(1):7-13.
Published online March 6, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.7

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii can modulate host cell gene expression; however, determining gene expression levels in intermediate hosts after T. gondii infection is not known much. We selected 5 genes (ALDH1A2, BEX2, CCL3, EGR2 and PLAU) and compared the mRNA expression levels in the spleen, liver, lung and small intestine of genetically different mice infected with T. gondii. ALDH1A2 mRNA expressions of both mouse strains were markedly increased at day 1-4 postinfection (PI) and then decreased, and its expressions in the spleen and lung were significantly higher in C57BL/6 mice than those of BALB/c mice. BEX2 and CCR3 mRNA expressions of both mouse strains were significantly increased from day 7 PI and peaked at day 15-30 PI (P<0.05), especially high in the spleen liver or small intestine of C57BL/6 mice. EGR2 and PLAU mRNA expressions of both mouse strains were significantly increased after infection, especially high in the spleen and liver. However, their expression patterns were varied depending on the tissue and mouse strain. Taken together, T. gondii-susceptible C57BL/6 mice expressed higher levels of these 5 genes than did T. gondii-resistant BALB/c mice, particularly in the spleen and liver. And ALDH1A2 and PLAU expressions were increased acutely, whereas BEX2, CCL3 and EGR2 expressions were increased lately. Thus, these demonstrate that host genetic factors exert a strong impact on the expression of these 5 genes and their expression patterns were varied depending on the gene or tissue.

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Effect of Puerarin, Baicalin and Berberine Hydrochloride on the Regulation of IPEC-J2 Cells Infected with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Xiaoxi Liu, Fenghua Liu, Yunfei Ma, Huanrong Li, Xianghong Ju, Jianqin Xu
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.2019; 2019: 1. CrossRef
Gene Silencing of Porcine MUC13 and ITGB5: Candidate Genes towards Escherichia coli F4ac Adhesion
Chuanli Zhou, Zhengzhu Liu, Yang Liu, Weixuan Fu, Xiangdong Ding, Jianfeng Liu, Ying Yu, Qin Zhang, Lucia R. Languino
PLoS ONE.2013; 8(7): e70303. CrossRef

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Proteomic Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii KI-1 Tachyzoites: Si-Hwan Choi, Tae Yun Kim, Sung Goo Park, Guang-Ho Cha, Dae-Whan Shin, Jong-Yil Chai, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(3):195-201.
Published online September 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.195

Abstract
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We studied on the proteomic characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii KI-1 tachyzoites which were originally isolated from a Korean patient, and compared with those of the well-known virulent RH strain using 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), mass spectrometry, and quantitative real-time PCR. Two-dimensional separation of the total proteins isolated from KI-1 tachyzoites revealed up to 150 spots, of which 121 were consistent with those of RH tachyzoites. Of the remaining 29 spots, 14 showed greater than 5-fold difference in density between the KI-1 and RH tachyzoites at a pH of 5.0-8.0. Among the 14 spots, 5 from the KI-1 isolate and 7 from the RH strain were identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and database searches. The spots from the KI-1 tachyzoites were dense granule proteins (GRA 2, 3, 6, and 7), hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGRPTase), and uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRTase). The spots from the RH strain were surface antigen 1 (SAG 1), L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), actin, chorismate synthase, peroximal catalase, hexokinase, bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHTR-TS), and nucleoside-triphosphatases (NTPases). Quantitative real-time PCR supported our mass spectrometric results by showing the elevated expression of the genes encoding GRA 2, 3, and 6 and UPRTase in the KI-1 tachyzoites and those encoding GRA 7, SAG 1, NTPase, and chorismate synthase in the RH tachyzoites. These observations demonstrate that the protein compositions of KI-1 and RH tachyzoites are similar but differential protein expression is involved in virulence.

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Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
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Brief Communication

Antigenemia and Specific IgM and IgG Antibody Responses in Rabbits Infected with Toxoplasma gondii: Juan Hua Quan, Hassan Ahmed Hassan, Guang-Ho Cha, Dae-Whan Shin, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):409-412.
Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.409

Abstract
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In this experiment, the correlation between antigenemia and specific antibody responses in Toxoplasma gondii-infected rabbits was assessed. We injected 1,000 T. gondii tachyzoites (RH) subcutaneously into 5 rabbits. Parasitemia, circulating antigens, and IgM and IgG antibody titers in blood were tested by ELISA and immunoblot. For detection of parasitemia, mice were injected with blood from rabbits infected with T. gondii and mice died between days 2 and 10 post-infection (PI). Circulating antigens were detected early on day 2 PI, and the titers increased from day 4 PI and peaked on day 12 PI. Anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibody titers increased on day 6 PI and peaked on days 14-16 PI. IgG was detected from day 10 PI, and the titers increased continuously during the experiment. The antigenic protein patterns differed during the infection period, and the number of bands increased with ongoing infection by the immunoblot analysis. These result indicated that Toxoplasma circulating antigens during acute toxoplasmosis are closely related to the presence of parasites in blood. Also, the circulating antigen levels were closely correlated with IgM titers, but not with IgG titers. Therefore, co-detection of circulating antigens with IgM antibodies may improve the reliability of the diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis.

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Original Articles

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Characteristics of Seropositive Patients in General Hospitals in Daejeon, Korea: Dae-Whan Shin, Dong-Yeub Cha, Quan Juan Hua, Guang-Ho Cha, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):125-130.
Published online May 27, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.125

Abstract
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To figure out the epidemiological status and relevance with other diseases in toxoplasmosis, we checked serum IgG antibody titers of 1,265 patients and medical records of seropositive patients. Seropositive rates were 6.6% by latex agglutination test (LAT) and 6.7% by ELISA. No significant differences were detected between sexes and age groups. The peak seroprevalence was detected in the 40-49-year-old age group. According to clinical department, Toxoplasma-positive rates were high in patients in psychiatry, ophthalmology, health management, emergency medicine, and thoracic surgery. Major coincidental diseases in seropositive cases were malignant neoplasms, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, chronic hepatitis B, chronic renal diseases, schizophrenia, and acute lymphadenitis, in the order of frequency. In particular, some patients with chronic hepatitis B and malignant neoplasms had high antibody titers. These results revealed that the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in a general hospital-based study was similar to that in a community-based study, and T. gondii seropositivity may be associated with neoplasms, diabetes, and other chronic infections.

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Cytokine and antibody responses of reactivated murine toxoplasmosis upon administration of dexamethasone: Ki-Man Kang, In-Uk Choi, Dae-Whan Shin, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(3):209-219.
Published online September 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.3.209

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii has been shown to result in life-threatening encephalitis in immunocompromised patients after reactivation of dormant parasites. In order to obtain information on immune responses related to this phenomenon, BALB/c mice were infected with 25 cysts of the 76K strain of T. gondii, then, treated orally with dexamethasone (Toxo/Dexa-treated group) in order to reactivate the chronic toxoplasmosis. None of the T. gondii-infected mice died during the experimental periods, whereas the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice evidenced a significant attenuation of survival periods. Toxoplasma-specific IgG2a, IgA and IgM titers in sera were significantly depressed in the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice; however, the IgG1 sera titers were similar to those seen in the Toxoplasma-infected mice. The percentages of CD4+ and CD8α+ T cells in the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice were significantly reduced 2 weeks after dexamethasone treatment. IFN-γ and IL-10 production levels in the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice were depressed significantly, whereas IL-4 production was increased temporarily. The expression levels of the Toxoplasma-specific P30 and B1 genes were found to have been increased in the Toxo/Dexa-treated mice in comparison with the Toxoplasma-infected mice. Collectively, the findings of this study demonstrate that reactivation of murine toxoplasmosis as the result of dexamethasone treatment induced a depression in Th1 immune responses, whereas Th2 immune responses were not significantly influenced.

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Effects of iNOS inhibitor on IFN-γ production and apoptosis of splenocytes in genetically different strains of mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii: Ki-Man Kang, Gye-Sung Lee, Jae-Ho Lee, In-Wook Choi, Dae-Whan Shin, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(4):175-183.
Published online December 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.4.175

Abstract
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To evaluate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in IFN-γ production and apoptosis of splenocytes in genetically different strains of mice with toxoplasmosis, BALB/c (a toxoplasmosis resistant strain) and C57BL/6 (a toxoplasmosis susceptible strain) mice were infected with Toxoplasma gondii cysts orally and subsequently injected intraperitoneally with aminoguanidine, an iNOS inhibitor (AG; 35 mg/kg per mouse daily for 14 days). When BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice were infected with T. gondii without AG treatment, number of brain cysts, NO and IFN-γ production by splenocytes, and percentages of apoptotic splenocytes were increased compared to uninfected control mice without AG treatment. AG treatment increased the number of brain cysts, and reduced NO and IFN-γ production in T. gondii-infected C57BL/6 mice. In contrast, in T. gondii-infected BABL/c mice, the number of brain cysts, and NO and IFN-γ production of splenocytes was not altered by treatment with AG. However, the percentages of apoptotic splenocytes in T. gondii-infected BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice were not affected by AG treatment. These results suggest that NO modulates IFN-γ production in T. gondii-infected C57BL/6 mice, and that NO is involved in mediating a protective response in toxoplasmosis susceptible, but not resistant, mice strain during acute infection.

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Effect of spiramycin versus aminoguanidine and their combined use in experimental toxoplasmosis
Marwa Omar, Beessa E. Abaza, Esraa Mousa, Shereen M. Ibrahim, Hayam E. Rashed, Tahani I. Farag
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2021; 45(4): 1014. CrossRef
Recombinant TgHSP70 Immunization Protects against Toxoplasma gondii Brain Cyst Formation by Enhancing Inducible Nitric Oxide Expression
Paulo Czarnewski, Ester C. B. Araújo, Mário C. Oliveira, Tiago W. P. Mineo, Neide M. Silva
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Pathophysiological mechanisms of diarrhea caused by theVibrio choleraeO1 El Tor variant: anin vivostudy in mice
Saravut Satitsri, Pawin Pongkorpsakol, Potjanee Srimanote, Varanuj Chatsudthipong, Chatchai Muanprasat
Virulence.2016; 7(7): 789. CrossRef
Oxidative stress and tryptophan degradation pattern of acute Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice
Ayse Basak Engin, Funda Dogruman-Al, Ugur Ercin, Bekir Celebi, Cahit Babur, Neslihan Bukan
Parasitology Research.2012; 111(4): 1725. CrossRef
Distinct roles for nitric oxide in resistant C57BL/6 and susceptible BALB/c mice to control Burkholderia pseudomallei infection
Katrin Breitbach, Patimaporn Wongprompitak, Ivo Steinmetz
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MMHD [(S,E)-2-Methyl-1-(2-methylthiazol-4-yl) hexa-1,5-dien-ol], a Novel Synthetic Compound Derived From Epothilone, Suppresses Nuclear Factor-κB–Mediated Cytokine Expression in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated BV-2 Microglia
Na-Ra Jeon, Sushruta Koppula, Byung-Wook Kim, Su-Ho Park, Hyo-Won Lee, Dong-Kug Choi
Journal of Pharmacological Sciences.2010; 112(2): 158. CrossRef
The immunobiology of the innate response to Toxoplasma gondii
Catherine M. Miller, Nicola R. Boulter, Rowan J. Ikin, Nicholas C. Smith
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Malondialdehyde, Glutathione, and Nitric Oxide Levels in Toxoplasma gondii Seropositive Patients
Ulku Karaman, Tuncay Celik, Tugba Raika Kiran, Cemil Colak, Nilgun Ulfet Daldal
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2008; 46(4): 293. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii infection induces apoptosis in noninfected macrophages: role of nitric oxide and other soluble factors
Y. NISHIKAWA, O. KAWASE, O. VIELEMEYER, H. SUZUKI, K. A. JOINER, X. XUAN, H. NAGASAWA
Parasite Immunology.2007; 29(7): 375. CrossRef

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T cell phenotype and intracellular IFN-γ production in peritoneal exudate cells and gut intraepithelial lymphocytes during acute Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice: Young-Ha Lee, Dae-Whan Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(3):119-129.
Published online September 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.3.119

Abstract
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Although there are many reports on the splenic (systemic) T cell response after Toxoplasma gondii infection, little information is available regarding the local T cell responses of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) and gut intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) following peroral infection with bradyzoites. Mice were infected with 40 cysts of the 76K strain of T. gondii, and then sacrificed at days 0, 1, 4, 7 and 10 postinfection (PI). The cellular composition and T cell responses of PEC and IEL were analyzed. The total number of PEC and IEL per mouse increased after infection, but the ratio of increase was higher in IEL. Lymphocytes were the major component of both PEC and IEL. The relative percentages of PEC macrophages and neutrophils/eosinophils increased significantly at day 1 and 4 PI, whereas those of IEL did not change significantly. The percentage of PEC NK1.1 and γδ T cells peaked at day 4 PI (p < 0.0001), and CD4 and CD8α T cells increased continuously after infection. The percentages of IEL CD8α and γδ T cells decreased slightly at first, and then increased. CD4 and NK1.1 T cells of IEL did not change significantly after infection. IFN-γ-producing PEC NK1.1 T cells increased significantly from day 1 PI, but the other T cell subsets produced IFN-γ abundantly thereafter. The proportion of IEL IFN-γ-producing CD8α and γδ T cells increased significantly after infection, while IEL NK1.1 T cells had similar IFN-γ production patterns. Taken together, CD4 T cells were the major phenotype and the important IFN-γ-producing T cell subsets in PEC after oral infection with T. gondii, whereas CD8α T cells had these roles in IEL. These results suggest that PEC and IEL comprise different cell differentials and T cell responses, and according to infection route these factors may contribute to the different cellular immune responses.

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Apicomplexan infections in the gut
C. L. Wilhelm, F. Yarovinsky
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Alexandra Correia, Pedro Ferreirinha, Amanda A Costa, Joana Dias, Joana Melo, Rita Costa, Adília Ribeiro, Augusto Faustino, Luzia Teixeira, António Rocha, Manuel Vilanova
Veterinary Research.2013;[Epub] CrossRef
Intraepithelial γδ+ Lymphocytes Maintain the Integrity of Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junctions in Response to Infection
Jane E. Dalton, Sheena M. Cruickshank, Charlotte E. Egan, Rainy Mears, Darren J. Newton, Elizabeth M. Andrew, Beth Lawrence, Gareth Howell, Kathryn J. Else, Marc–Jan Gubbels, Boris Striepen, Judith E. Smith, Stanley J. White, Simon R. Carding
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A Requirement for the Vγ1+ Subset of Peripheral γδ T Cells in the Control of the Systemic Growth of Toxoplasma gondii and Infection-Induced Pathology
Charlotte E. Egan, Jane E. Dalton, Elizabeth M. Andrew, Judith E. Smith, Marc-Jan Gubbels, Boris Striepen, Simon R. Carding
The Journal of Immunology.2005; 175(12): 8191. CrossRef

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Epidemiological study of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis along the Geum-gang (River) in Okcheon-gun (County), Korea: Gye-Sung Lee, In-Sung Cho, Young-Ha Lee, Hyung-Jun Noh, Dae-Whan Shin, Sok-Goo Lee, Tae-Yong Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(1):9-16.
Published online March 31, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.1.9

Abstract
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The endemic status of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis along the Geum-gang (River) in Okcheon-gun (County) in Korea was examined. From February to December 2000, stools of total 1,081 inhabitants living in 5 villages were examined. Each stool specimen was examined by both the cellophane thick smear method and the formalin-ether sedimentation technique. Egg-positive cases were further analyzed by Stoll's egg-counting technique, and praziquantel was administered to positive cases. The egg-positive rates for Clonorchis sinensis and Metagonimus species were 9.3% and 5.5%, respectively, and the double infection rate was 3.5%. The numbers of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces of C. sinensis and Metagonimus sp. were 918±1,463 and 711±947, respectively. The egg-positive rates for C. sinensis and Metagonimus sp. in the riverside area were 14.2% and 8.4%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the inland area (3.2% and 1.7%, respectively). The egg-positive rates of C. sinensis and Metagonimus sp. in males (16.7% and 10.0%) were significantly higher than those of females (3.5% and 1.8%). However, there were no significant differences of EPG values between localities and sexes. The prevalence of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis in this survey was significantly lower than that in the previous reports. However, there is still a high prevalence of infection with C. sinensis and Metagonimus sp. in this region, especially in the riverside area.

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Woon-Mok Sohn
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Effects of specific monoclonal antibodies to dense granular proteins on the invasion of Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in vivo: Dong Yeob Cha, In Kwan Song, Gye Sung Lee, Ok-Sun Hwang, Hyung-Jun Noh, Seung-Dong Yeo, Dae-Whan Shin, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(3):233-240.
Published online September 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.3.233

Abstract
PDF

Although some reports have been published on the protective effect of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii surface membrane proteins, few address the inhibitory activity of antibodies to dense granular proteins (GRA proteins). Therefore, we performed a series of experiments to evaluate the inhibitory effects of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to GRA proteins (GRA2, 28 kDa; GRA6, 32 kDa) and surface membrane protein (SAG1, 30 kDa) on the invasion of T. gondii tachyzoites. Passive immunization of mice with one of three mAbs following challenge with a lethal dose of tachyzoites significantly increased survival compared with results for mice treated with control ascites. The survival times of mice challenged with tachyzoites pretreated with anti-GRA6 or anti-SAG1 mAb were significantly increased. Mice that received tachyzoites pretreated with both mAb and complement had longer survival times than those that received tachyzoites pretreated with mAb alone. Invasion of tachyzoites into fibroblasts and macrophages was significantly inhibited in the anti-GRA2, anti-GRA6 or anti-SAG1 mAb pretreated group. Pretreatment with mAb and complement inhibited invasion of tachyzoites in both fibroblasts and macrophages. These results suggest that specific antibodies to dense-granule molecules may be useful for controlling infection with T. gondii.

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Seroepidemiological study of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the rural area Okcheon-gun, Korea: Young-Ha Lee, Hyung-Jun Noh, Ok-Sun Hwang, Sang-Keol Lee, Dae-Whan Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(4):251-256.
Published online December 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.4.251

Abstract
PDF

There have been some reports about the prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibody among Koreans, and most of all data were taken from patients visiting hospitals. However, the epidemiological data of the community-based study in Korea are rare. This study was performed to evaluate the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among the inhabitants of the rural area Okcheon-gun, Korea. A total of 1,109 serum samples (499 males, 610 females) were examined for the IgG antibodies by ELISA. To set up the cut-off point for ELISA, we used a commercial latex agglutination (LA) kit. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA against LA test were 89.5%, and 98.6% respectively. Among 1,109 sera, 6.9% showed seropositivity by ELISA. The positive rates of males and females were 6.0% and 7.2%, respectively. However, there were no significant differences between sexes. Comparing the age groups, the highest seropositive rate showed in the seventies or higher, and their rates had a tendency to increase with age (0.05 < p < 0.3). These results revealed that the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in rural inhabitants is similar to previous reports in Korea; however we need further investigation to clarify the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in the general population.

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Sequential analysis of cell differentials and IFN-γ production of splenocytes from mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii: Young-Ha Lee, Dae-Whan Shin, Lloyd H. Kasper; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(2):85-90.
Published online June 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.2.85

Abstract
PDF

To assess the relationship between the changes of cellular components and the production of Th1 cytokine in the immune tissue, inbred C57BL/6 mice were orally infected with 40 cysts of 76K strain of Toxoplasma gondii. The sequential change of cell differentials and IFN-γ production of splenocytes were analyzed by Diff-Quik stain and RT-PCR. There were no significant proportional changes of cellular components of splenocytes until day 4 postinfection (PI) as compared to those of day 0, and the relative percentage of macrophages and neutrophils/eosinophils increased significantly (p<0.01) thereafter. The expression of IFN-γ mRNA of CD3^- cells was observed from day 1 PI at a low level. However, IFN-γ production of CD3⁺ cells increased significantly from day 4 PI (p<0.01) which progressively increased thereafter. These findings provide the relative percentages of granulocytes and macrophages were increased in conjunction with increase of total number of splenocytes after oral infection with T. gondii in the susceptible murine hosts, and lymphocytes were the major cellular components and the important source of IFN-γ.

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T cell phenotype and intracellular IFN-γ production in peritoneal exudate cells and gut intraepithelial lymphocytes during acute Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice
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