Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Entamoeba histolytica"

Brief Communication

Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoans among Schoolchildren in Suburban Areas near Yangon, Myanmar: Min-Jae Kim, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jaeeun Cho, Deok-Gyu Kim, Hyemi Song, Keon-Hoon Lee, Seon Cho, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(3):345-348.
Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.345

Abstract
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Although intestinal protozoans are common etiologies of diarrhea, few studies have been conducted in Myanmar. This study planned to investigate the prevalence of Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica, and Endolimax nana among schoolchildren and their guardians in suburban areas near Yangon, Myanmar. We performed a cross-sectional survey among schoolchildren and their guardians from 7 primary schools in South Dagon and Hlaing Thar Yar districts, Yangon, Myanmar. Stool samples were observed with a microscope after concentration technique and iodine staining. Total 821 stool samples, including 556 from schoolchildren and 265 from guardians, were examined. The median age was 6 years old for schoolchildren and 36 years old for guardians. A 53.1% of the school children and 14.6 % of the guardians were males. The overall prevalence of each intestinal protozoan species was as follows: 3.4% (28/821) for G. lamblia; 3.5% (29/821) for E. coli; 1.2% (10/821) for E. histoytica, and 3.0% for E. nana. This study showed that intestinal protozoans are common in primary schoolchildren and their guardians in suburban areas near Yangon, Myanmar. Health interventions, such as hand washing education, improvement of sanitation, and establishment of water purification systems are urgently needed in this area.

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Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Epidemiology and Molecular Characterization of Entamoeba spp. in Non-Human Primates in Zoos in China
Diya An, Shui Yu, Tingting Jiang, Jianhui Zhang, Qun Liu, Jing Liu
Veterinary Sciences.2024; 11(12): 590. CrossRef
Review of zoonotic amebiasis: Epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control
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Leon Espira, Ther Aung, Khin Han, Pamela Jagger, Joseph N. S. Eisenberg
Environmental Science & Technology.2021; 55(24): 16465. CrossRef
First identification and genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in humans in Myanmar
Yujuan Shen, Baiyan Gong, Xiaohua Liu, Yanchen Wu, Fengkun Yang, Jie Xu, Xiaofan Zhang, Jianping Cao, Aiqin Liu
BMC Microbiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
The Influence of HIV Status on the Burden and Clinical Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Pathogens in Yangon, Myanmar
Win Pa Pa Aung, Nan Phyu Sin Toe Myint, Thet Tun Zaw, David A. Cooper, Ne Myo Aung, Mar Mar Kyi, Mya Mya Lwin, Josh Hanson
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Yanchen Wu, Baiyan Gong, Xiaohua Liu, Yanyan Jiang, Jianping Cao, Lan Yao, He Li, Aiqin Liu, Yujuan Shen
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Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2018; 61(3): 198. CrossRef
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Haiju Dong, Junqiang Li, Meng Qi, Rongjun Wang, Fuchang Yu, Fuchun Jian, Changshen Ning, Longxian Zhang
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2017; 54: 216. CrossRef
Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Environmental Water Contamination in a Rural Village of Northern Lao PDR
Alexis Ribas, Chloé Jollivet, Serge Morand, Boupha Thongmalayvong, Silaphet Somphavong, Chern-Chiang Siew, Pei-Jun Ting, Saipin Suputtamongkol, Viengsaene Saensombath, Surapol Sanguankiat, Boon-Huan Tan, Phimpha Paboriboune, Kongsap Akkhavong, Kittipong C
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(5): 523. CrossRef

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Original Article

Degradation of the Transcription Factors NF-κB, STAT3, and STAT5 Is Involved in Entamoeba histolytica-Induced Cell Death in Caco-2 Colonic Epithelial Cells: Kyeong Ah Kim, Arim Min, Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):459-469.
Published online October 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.459

Abstract
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Entamoeba histolytica is a tissue-invasive protozoan parasite causing dysentery in humans. During infection of colonic tissues, amoebic trophozoites are able to kill host cells via apoptosis or necrosis, both of which trigger IL-8-mediated acute inflammatory responses. However, the signaling pathways involved in host cell death induced by E. histolytica have not yet been fully defined. In this study, we examined whether calpain plays a role in the cleavage of pro-survival transcription factors during cell death of colonic epithelial cells, induced by live E. histolytica trophozoites. Incubation with amoebic trophozoites induced activation of m-calpain in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, incubation with amoebae resulted in marked degradation of STAT proteins (STAT3 and STAT5) and NF-κB (p65) in Caco-2 cells. However, IκB, an inhibitor of NF-κB, was not cleaved in Caco-2 cells following adherence of E. histolytica. Entamoeba-induced cleavage of STAT proteins and NF-κB was partially inhibited by pretreatment of cells with a cell-permeable calpain inhibitor, calpeptin. In contrast, E. histolytica did not induce cleavage of caspase-3 in Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, pretreatment of Caco-2 cells with a calpain inhibitor, calpeptin (but not the pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk) or m-calpain siRNA partially reduced Entamoeba-induced DNA fragmentation in Caco-2 cells. These results suggest that calpain plays an important role in E. histolytica-induced degradation of NF-κB and STATs in colonic epithelial cells, which ultimately accelerates cell death.

Citations

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Proteomics on choroidal neovascularization based on itraq and the protective effect of TAB1 in CNV
Yong Du, Shaoqiu Jiang, Lujia Feng, Jing Lu, Hui Peng, Xiyuan Zhou
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
CAPN5 attenuates cigarette smoke extract-induced apoptosis and inflammation in BEAS-2B cells
Herui Li, Yiming Ma, Tiao Li, Zihang Zeng, Lijuan Luo, Xiangming Liu, Yi Li, Yan Chen
Tobacco Induced Diseases.2024; 22(April): 1. CrossRef
miR-146a-5p promotes epithelium regeneration against LPS-induced inflammatory injury via targeting TAB1/TAK1/NF-κB signaling pathway
Xingping Chen, Weite Li, Ting Chen, Xiaohui Ren, Jiahao Zhu, Fangxin Hu, Junyi Luo, Lipeng Xing, Hao Zhou, Jiajie Sun, Qingyan Jiang, Yongliang Zhang, Qianyun Xi
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2022; 221: 1031. CrossRef
The NF-κB Pathway: Modulation by Entamoeba histolytica and Other Protozoan Parasites
Attinder Chadha, Kris Chadee
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Entamoeba histolytica activation of caspase-1 degrades cullin that attenuates NF-κB dependent signaling from macrophages
Attinder Chadha, France Moreau, Shanshan Wang, Antoine Dufour, Kris Chadee, Dario S. Zamboni
PLOS Pathogens.2021; 17(9): e1009936. CrossRef
Entamoeba histolytica Up-Regulates MicroRNA-643 to Promote Apoptosis by Targeting XIAP in Human Epithelial Colon Cells
Itzel López-Rosas, César López-Camarillo, Yarely M. Salinas-Vera, Olga N. Hernández-de la Cruz, Carlos Palma-Flores, Bibiana Chávez-Munguía, Osbaldo Resendis-Antonio, Nancy Guillen, Carlos Pérez-Plasencia, María Elizbeth Álvarez-Sánchez, Esther Ramírez-Mo
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Gene Profile Expression Related to Type I Interferons in HT-29 Cells Exposed to Cryptosporidium parvum
Seyede Manizhe Heidarnejadi, Abdollah Rafiei, Manoochehr Makvandi, Majid Pirestani, Jasem Saki, Ataallah Ghadiri
Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
O-deGlcNAcylation is required for Entamoeba histolytica-induced HepG2 cell death
Young Ah Lee, Arim Min, Myeong Heon Shin
Microbial Pathogenesis.2018; 123: 285. CrossRef
Infection Strategies of Intestinal Parasite Pathogens and Host Cell Responses
Bruno M. Di Genova, Renata R. Tonelli
Frontiers in Microbiology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef

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Brief Communication

The MAK16 Gene of Entamoeba histolytica and Its Identification in Isolates from Patients: Mar?a del Pilar Cris?stomo-V?zquez, V?ctor Alberto Marevelez-Acosta, Andr?s Flores-Luna, Enedina Jim?nez-Cardoso; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):429-433.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.429

Abstract
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To identify sequences of Entamoeba histolytica associated with the development of amebic liver abscess (ALA) in hamsters, subtractive hybridization of cDNA from E. histolytica HM-1:IMSS under 2 growth conditions was performed: 1) cultured in axenic medium and 2) isolated from experimental ALA in hamsters. For this procedure, 6 sequences were obtained. Of these sequences, the mak16 gene was selected for amplification in 29 cultures of E. histolytica isolated from the feces of 10 patients with intestinal symptoms and 19 asymptomatic patients. Only 5 of the 10 isolates obtained from symptomatic patients developed ALA and amplified the mak16 gene, whereas the 19 isolates from asymptomatic patients did not amplify the mak16 gene nor did they develop ALA. Based on the results of Fisher's exact test (P<0.001), an association was inferred between the presence of the mak16 gene of E. histolytica and the ability to develop ALA in hamsters and with the patient's symptoms (P=0.02). The amplification of the mak16 gene suggests that it is an important gene in E. histolytica because it was present in the isolates from hamsters that developed liver damage.

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Jianhua Chen, Yanni He, Liangliang Chen, Tian Wu, Guangping Yang, Hui Luo, Saifei Hu, Siyue Yin, Yun Qian, Hui Miao, Na Li, Congxiu Miao, Ruizhi Feng
iScience.2024; 27(3): 109104. CrossRef
Identification of two transcription factors that work coordinately to regulate early development in Entamoeba
Daniela Lozano-Amado, Upinder Singh, Laura J. Knoll
mBio.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Proteome analysis of excretory-secretory proteins of Entamoeba histolytica HM1:IMSS via LC–ESI–MS/MS and LC–MALDI–TOF/TOF
Jorim Anak Ujang, Soon Hong Kwan, Mohd Nazri Ismail, Boon Huat Lim, Rahmah Noordin, Nurulhasanah Othman
Clinical Proteomics.2016;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Articles

Amoebic PI3K and PKC Is Required for Jurkat T Cell Death Induced by Entamoeba histolytica: Young Ah Lee, Kyeong Ah Kim, Arim Min, Myeong Heon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):355-365.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.355

Abstract
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The enteric protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of human amebiasis. During infection, adherence of E. histolytica through Gal/GalNAc lectin on the surface of the amoeba can induce caspase-3-dependent or -independent host cell death. Phosphorylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase C (PKC) in E. histolytica play an important function in the adhesion, killing, or phagocytosis of target cells. In this study, we examined the role of amoebic PI3K and PKC in amoeba-induced apoptotic cell death in Jurkat T cells. When Jurkat T cells were incubated with E. histolytica trophozoites, phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization and DNA fragmentation in Jurkat cells were markedly increased compared to those of cells incubated with medium alone. However, when amoebae were pretreated with a PI3K inhibitor, wortmannin before being incubated with E. histolytica, E. histolytica-induced PS externalization and DNA fragmentation in Jurkat cells were significantly reduced compared to results for amoebae pretreated with DMSO. In addition, pretreatment of amoebae with a PKC inhibitor, staurosporine strongly inhibited Jurkat T cell death. However, E. histolytica-induced cleavage of caspase-3, -6, and -7 were not inhibited by pretreatment of amoebae with wortmannin or staurosporin. In addition, we found that amoebic PI3K and PKC have an important role on amoeba adhesion to host compartment. These results suggest that amebic PI3K and PKC activation may play an important role in caspase-independent cell death in Entamoeba-induced apoptosis.

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Lujun Yan, Yating Li, Xing Yang, Rui Li, Chunyin Zhu, Xuedong He, Xiaoliang Jin, Guanghui Zheng, Naunain Mehmood, William C. Cho, Shijun Bao, Houhui Song, Yadong Zheng
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Biofabrication.2024; 16(4): 045018. CrossRef
AGC family kinase of Entamoeba histolytica: Decoding the members biochemically
Azhar Ahmad, Vikas Kumar, Tushar Kushwaha, Akash Kumar, Deepak Sehgal, Krishna K. Inampudi, Somlata, Katherine S. Ralston
PLOS Pathogens.2024; 20(11): e1012729. CrossRef
Pathogenicity and virulence of Entamoeba histolytica , the agent of amoebiasis
Nancy Guillén
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João Luiz Mendes Wanderley, Renato Augusto DaMatta, Marcello André Barcinski
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Entamoeba histolytica Up-Regulates MicroRNA-643 to Promote Apoptosis by Targeting XIAP in Human Epithelial Colon Cells
Itzel López-Rosas, César López-Camarillo, Yarely M. Salinas-Vera, Olga N. Hernández-de la Cruz, Carlos Palma-Flores, Bibiana Chávez-Munguía, Osbaldo Resendis-Antonio, Nancy Guillen, Carlos Pérez-Plasencia, María Elizbeth Álvarez-Sánchez, Esther Ramírez-Mo
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Phosphatidylinositol Kinases and Phosphatases in Entamoeba histolytica
Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui, Natsuki Watanabe, Tomohiko Maehama, Tomoyoshi Nozaki
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
AGC family kinase 1 participates in trogocytosis but not in phagocytosis in Entamoeba histolytica
Somlata, Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui, Tomoyoshi Nozaki
Nature Communications.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

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DNA Extraction from Protozoan Oocysts/Cysts in Feces for Diagnostic PCR: Yousry Hawash; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(3):263-271.
Published online June 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.263

Abstract
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PCR detection of intestinal protozoa is often restrained by a poor DNA recovery or by inhibitors present in feces. The need for an extraction protocol that can overcome these obstacles is therefore clear. QIAamp® DNA Stool Mini Kit (Qiagen) was evaluated for its ability to recover DNA from oocysts/cysts directly from feces. Twenty-five Giardia-positive, 15 Cryptosporidium-positive, 15 Entamoeba histolytica-positive, and 45 protozoa-free samples were processed as control by microscopy and immunoassay tests. DNA extracts were amplified using 3 sets of published primers. Following the manufacturer's protocol, the kit showed sensitivity and specificity of 100% towards Giardia and Entamoeba. However, for Cryptosporidium, the sensitivity and specificity were 60% (9/15) and 100%, respectively. A series of optimization experiments involving various steps of the kit's protocol were conducted using Cryptosporidium-positive samples. The best DNA recoveries were gained by raising the lysis temperature to the boiling point for 10 min and the incubation time of the InhibitEX tablet to 5 min. Also, using a pre-cooled ethanol for nucleic acid precipitation and small elution volume (50-100 ?l) were valuable. The sensitivity of the amended protocol to Cryptosporidium was raised to 100%. Cryptosporidium DNA was successfully amplified by either the first or the second primer set. When applied on parasite-free feces spiked with variable oocysts/cysts counts, ? 2 oocysts/cysts were theoretically enough for detection by PCR. To conclude, the Qiagen kit with the amended protocol was proved to be suitable for protozoan DNA extraction directly from feces and support PCR diagnosis.

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Evaluation of five commercial methods for the extraction and purification of DNA from human faecal samples for downstream molecular detection of the enteric protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Entamoeba spp
Silvia Paulos, Marta Mateo, Aida de Lucio, Marta Hernández-de Mingo, Begoña Bailo, José M. Saugar, Guillermo A. Cardona, Isabel Fuentes, María Mateo, David Carmena
Journal of Microbiological Methods.2016; 127: 68. CrossRef
Cryptosporidium as a testbed for single cell genome characterization of unicellular eukaryotes
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Parasitology International.2016; 65(6): 635. CrossRef
Clinical consequences of polymerase chain reaction‐based diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infections
Lucas H Rijsman, Jan F Monkelbaan, Johannes G Kusters
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Noninvasive Method of DNA Isolation From Fecal Epithelial Tissue of Dairy Animals
Bidhan Chandra De, Mahesh Chandra Patra, Sushil Kumar, Biswajit Brahma, Devika Goutam, Latika Jaiswal, Ashutosh Sharma, Sachinandan De
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Yousry Hawash, Laila Sh. Dorgham, Ayman S. Al-Hazmi, Mohammed S. Al-Ghamdi
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(5): 479. CrossRef

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Crossref

Breast-Feeding Protects Infantile Diarrhea Caused by Intestinal Protozoan Infections: Ekhlas Hamed Abdel-Hafeez, Usama Salah Belal, Manal Zaki Mohamed Abdellatif, Koji Naoi, Kazumi Norose; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):519-524.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.519

Abstract
PDF

This study investigated the effect of breast-feeding in protection against protozoan infection in infants with persistent diarrhea. Infants were classified into 2 groups; 161 breast-fed infants and the same number of non-breast-fed infants. Microscopic examinations of stool were done for detection of parasites and measuring the intensity of infection. Moreover, serum levels of IgE and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, Giardia lamblia, and Blastocystis sp. were demonstrated in infants with persistent diarrhea. The percentage of protozoan infections was significantly lower in breast-fed infants than that in the non-breast-fed infants. The levels of IgE and TNF-α were significantly lower in the breast-fed group than in the non-breast-fed group. There were significant positive associations between the serum levels of IgE and TNF-α and the intensity of parasite infection in the breast-fed group. It is suggested that breast-feeding has an attenuating effect on the rate and intensity of parasite infection.

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Giardia lamblia risk factors and burden in children with acute gastroenteritis in a Nicaraguan birth cohort
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Intestinal Parasitic Infections Among Pediatric Patients in a Metropolitan City of Bangladesh With Emphasis on Cryptosporidiosis
Nusrat Jahan Nipa, Nasima Aktar, Hasina M Hira, Farhana Akter, Dilshad Jahan, Salequl Islam, Ayukafangha Etando, Adnan Abdullah, Kona Chowdhury, Rahnuma Ahmad, Ahsanul Haq, Mainul Haque
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N.C. Davhana, A.K. ElBakri, P.O. Bessong, A. Samie
Heliyon.2020; 6(10): e05129. CrossRef
Antibodies, prophylaxis, transmission
Pierre Lutgen
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Hugo Aguilar-Diaz, Adrian Canizalez-Roman, Tomas Nepomuceno-Mejia, Francisco Gallardo-Vera, Yolanda Hornelas-Orozco, Kamran Nazmi, Jan G.M. Bolscher, Julio Cesar Carrero, Claudia Leon-Sicairos, Nidia Leon-Sicairos
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Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges
Sylvia Afriyie Squire, Una Ryan
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Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora Diarrheal Infection in Malnourished Children: a Nutritional Approach
María A. Echevarría, María L. Eva
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Molecular Analysis of the Enteric Protozoa Associated with Acute Diarrhea in Hospitalized Children
Sonia Boughattas, Jerzy M. Behnke, Khalid Al-Ansari, Aarti Sharma, Wafa Abu-Alainin, Asma Al-Thani, Marawan A. Abu-Madi
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Jose Luis Paredes, Hayley Sparks, A. Clinton White Jr., Griselle Martinez-Traverso, Theresa Ochoa, Alejandro Castellanos-González
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Zannatun Noor, Koji Watanabe, Mayuresh M. Abhyankar, Stacey L. Burgess, Erica L. Buonomo, Carrie A. Cowardin, William A. Petri, Alan Sher, Ralph Budd, Kris Chadee
mBio.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
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B. M. Delfino, R. G. Campos, T. M. Pereira, S. A. S. Mantovani, H. Oliart-Guzmán, A. C. Martins, A. M. Braña, F. L. C. C. Branco, J. A. Filgueira-Júnior, A. P. Santos, T. S. Araújo, C. S. M. Oliveira, A. A. Ramalho, P. T. Muniz, C. T. Codeço, M. da Silva-
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Alline R. Pacheco, Daniela Barile, Mark A. Underwood, David A. Mills
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Exclusive breast feeding in early infancy reduces the risk of inpatient admission for diarrhea and suspected pneumonia in rural Vietnam: a prospective cohort study
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Noninvasive intestinal amebiasis
Gayatri V. Nair, Easwaran P. Variyam
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases.2014; 27(5): 465. CrossRef
Breastfeeding and risk of parasitic infection-a review
Prameela Kannan Kutty
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.2014; 4(11): 847. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Different Clinical Outcomes of Entamoeba histolytica in Malaysia: Does Genetic Diversity Exist?: Tengku Shahrul Anuar, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Mohamed Kamel Abdul Ghani, Siti Nor Azreen, Fatmah Md Salleh, Nuraffini Ghazali, Mekadina Bernadus, Norhayati Moktar; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(2):231-236.
Published online April 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.231

Abstract
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The present study was conducted to investigate the clinical outcomes of Entamoeba histolytica infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic Orang Asli (aborigine) communities in Malaysia. Examination was performed on 500 stool samples obtained from Orang Asli communities in 3 different states using formalin-ether concentration, trichrome staining, and single-round PCR techniques. Out of 500 stool samples, single infection of E. histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, and Entamoeba moshkovskii was identified in 3.2%, 13.4%, and 1%, respectively. In addition, 10 samples had mixed infections with E. histolytica and E. dispar. Six samples containing E. dispar were also positive for E. moshkovskii, and only 2 samples had E. histolytica in association with E. dispar and E. moshkovskii. Seventeen E. histolytica-positive samples were from symptomatic subjects, whereas the remaining 11 samples came from asymptomatic subjects. These findings suggest a predominant distribution of pathogenic potential of E. histolytica strains in this community. Therefore, further studies on genotyping of E. histolytica is required, to find out association between E. histolytica genotype and the outcome of the infection.

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Diversity and Plasticity of Virulent Characteristics of Entamoeba histolytica
Yasuaki Yanagawa, Upinder Singh
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2023; 8(5): 255. CrossRef
Genetic Sequencing-Based Analysis of Virulence Determinants in Entamoeba Species
Ali Mohsin Zghair, Imen Khammari, Hamed Chouaieb, Samar Ismail, Amal Khudair Khalaf, Akila Fathallah
Journal of Medical Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research.2023; 3(1): 30. CrossRef
Molecular Identification and Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar and Entamoeba moshkovskii in Erbil City, Northern Iraq
SHLER AKRAM FAQE MAHMOOD, HAWRI MUSTAFA BAKR
Polish Journal of Microbiology.2020; 69(3): 263. CrossRef
Host-antibody inductivity of virulent Entamoeba histolytica and non-virulent Entamoeba moshkovskii in a mouse model
Narumol Khomkhum, Somphob Leetachewa, Aulia Rahmi Pawestri, Saengduen Moonsom
Parasites & Vectors.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular Epidemiology of Amoebiasis: A Cross-Sectional Study among North East Indian Population
Joyobrato Nath, Sankar Kumar Ghosh, Baby Singha, Jaishree Paul, Rashidul Haque
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2015; 9(12): e0004225. CrossRef
Detection of the amoebaEntamoeba gingivalisin periodontal pockets
Mark Bonner, Véronique Amard, Charlotte Bar-Pinatel, Frédéric Charpentier, Jean-Michel Chatard, Yvan Desmuyck, Serge Ihler, Jean-Pierre Rochet, Véronique Roux de La Tribouille, Luc Saladin, Marion Verdy, Núria Gironès, Manuel Fresno, Julien Santi-Rocca
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Molecular Testing for Clinical Diagnosis and Epidemiological Investigations of Intestinal Parasitic Infections
Jaco J. Verweij, C. Rune Stensvold
Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2014; 27(2): 371. CrossRef

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Original Article

Entamoeba histolytica Induces Cell Death of HT29 Colonic Epithelial Cells via NOX1-Derived ROS: Kyeong Ah Kim, Ju Young Kim, Young Ah Lee, Arim Min, Young Yil Bahk, Myeong Heon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(1):61-68.
Published online February 18, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.61

Abstract
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Entamoeba histolytica, which causes amoebic colitis and occasionally liver abscess in humans, is able to induce host cell death. However, signaling mechanisms of colon cell death induced by E. histolytica are not fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the signaling role of NOX in cell death of HT29 colonic epithelial cells induced by E. histolytica. Incubation of HT29 cells with amoebic trophozoites resulted in DNA fragmentation that is a hallmark of apoptotic cell death. In addition, E. histolytica generate intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a contact-dependent manner. Inhibition of intracellular ROS level with treatment with DPI, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidases (NOXs), decreased Entamoeba-induced ROS generation and cell death in HT29 cells. However, pan-caspase inhibitor did not affect E. histolytica-induced HT29 cell death. In HT29 cells, catalytic subunit NOX1 and regulatory subunit Rac1 for NOX1 activation were highly expressed. We next investigated whether NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1)-derived ROS is closely associated with HT29 cell death induced by E. histolytica. Suppression of Rac1 by siRNA significantly inhibited Entamoeba-induced cell death. Moreover, knockdown of NOX1 by siRNA, effectively inhibited E. histolytica-triggered DNA fragmentation in HT29 cells. These results suggest that NOX1-derived ROS is required for apoptotic cell death in HT29 colon epithelial cells induced by E. histolytica.

Citations

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Involvement of NOX2-derived ROS in human hepatoma HepG2 cell death induced by Entamoeba histolytica
Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(4): 388. CrossRef
Signaling Role of NADPH Oxidases in ROS-Dependent Host Cell Death Induced by Pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica
Young Ah Lee, Seobo Sim, Kyeong Ah Kim, Myeong Heon Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(3): 155. CrossRef
The interaction betweenEntamoeba histolyticaand enterobacteria shed light on an ancient antibacterial response
Nancy Guillén
Cellular Microbiology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
NOX4 activation is involved in ROS‐dependent Jurkat T‐cell death induced by Entamoeba histolytica
Young Ah Lee, Kyeong Ah Kim, Arim Min, Myeong Heon Shin
Parasite Immunology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
O-deGlcNAcylation is required for Entamoeba histolytica-induced HepG2 cell death
Young Ah Lee, Arim Min, Myeong Heon Shin
Microbial Pathogenesis.2018; 123: 285. CrossRef
GOLPH3 expression promotes the resistance of HT29 cells to 5‑fluorouracil by activating multiple signaling pathways
Ming‑Zhen Wang, Cheng‑Zhi Qiu, Wai‑Shi Yu, Yan‑Ta Guo, Chun‑Xiao Wang, Zhi‑Xiong Chen
Molecular Medicine Reports.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Infection Strategies of Intestinal Parasite Pathogens and Host Cell Responses
Bruno M. Di Genova, Renata R. Tonelli
Frontiers in Microbiology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
A whole-genome RNAi screen uncovers a novel role for human potassium channels in cell killing by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica
Chelsea Marie, Hans P. Verkerke, Dan Theodorescu, William A. Petri
Scientific Reports.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Degradation of the Transcription Factors NF-κB, STAT3, and STAT5 Is Involved in Entamoeba histolytica-Induced Cell Death in Caco-2 Colonic Epithelial Cells
Kyeong Ah Kim, Arim Min, Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(5): 459. CrossRef
Protective action of NADPH oxidase inhibitors and role of NADPH oxidase in pathogenesis of colon inflammation in mice
Rima Ramonaite
World Journal of Gastroenterology.2014; 20(35): 12533. CrossRef
Small GTPases of the Ras superfamily regulate intestinal epithelial homeostasis and barrier function via common and unique mechanisms
Alí Francisco Citalán-Madrid, Alexander García-Ponce, Hilda Vargas-Robles, Abigail Betanzos, Michael Schnoor
Tissue Barriers.2013; 1(5): e26938. CrossRef
The EhCPADH112 Complex of Entamoeba histolytica Interacts with Tight Junction Proteins Occludin and Claudin-1 to Produce Epithelial Damage
Abigail Betanzos, Rosario Javier-Reyna, Guillermina García-Rivera, Cecilia Bañuelos, Lorenza González-Mariscal, Michael Schnoor, Esther Orozco, Johanna M. Brandner
PLoS ONE.2013; 8(6): e65100. CrossRef

10,938 View
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Crossref

Brief Communications

PCR Diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica Cysts in Stool Samples: Joung-Ho Moon, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jae-Ran Yu, Won-Ja Lee, Hyeng-Il Cheun; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):281-284.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.281

Abstract
PDF

Amebiasis is a protozoan disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica and a potential health threat in areas where sanitation and hygiene are inappropriate. Highly sensitive PCR methods for detection of E. histolytica in clinical and environmental samples are extremely useful to control amebiasis and to promote public health. The present study compared several primer sets for small subunit (SSU) rDNA and histone genes of E. histolytica cysts. A 246 bp of the SSU rDNA gene of pure cysts contained in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and in stool samples was successfully amplified by nested PCR, using the 1,147-246 bp primer set, of the primary PCR products which were pre-amplified using the 1,147 bp primer as the template. The detection limit of the nested PCR using the 1,147-246 primer set was 10 cysts in both groups (PBS and stool samples). The PCR to detect histone gene showed negative results. We propose that the nested PCR technique to detect SSU rDNA can be used as a highly sensitive genetic method to detect E. histolytica cysts in stool samples.

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Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasites from the Gastrointestinal Tract
Lynne S. Garcia, Michael Arrowood, Evelyne Kokoskin, Graeme P. Paltridge, Dylan R. Pillai, Gary W. Procop, Norbert Ryan, Robyn Y. Shimizu, Govinda Visvesvara
Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of recombinant multi-epitope proteins for diagnosis of goat schistosomiasis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Chao Lv, Yang Hong, Zhiqiang Fu, Ke Lu, Xiaodan Cao, Tao Wang, Chuangang Zhu, Hao Li, Rui Xu, Bingguang Jia, Qian Han, Xuefeng Dou, Yuanxi Shen, Zuhang Zhang, Jinli Zai, Jintao Feng, Jiaojiao Lin
Parasites & Vectors.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Frequency of amoebiasis and other intestinal parasitoses in a settlement in Ilhéus City, State of Bahia, Brazil
Helena Lúcia Carneiro Santos, Luci Ana Fernandes Martins, Regina Helena Saramago Peralta, José Mauro Peralta, Heloisa Werneck de Macedo
Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical.2014; 47(1): 101. CrossRef

9,659 View
101 Download
Crossref

Calpains are Involved in Entamoeba histolytica-Induced Death of HT-29 Colonic Epithelial Cells: Yun Soo Jang, Kyoung-Ju Song, Ju Young Kim, Young Ah Lee, Kyeong Ah Kim, Sang Kyou Lee, Myeong Heon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):177-180.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.177

Abstract
PDF

Entamoeba histolytica is an enteric tissue-invading protozoan parasite that can cause amebic colitis and liver abscess in humans. E. histolytica has the capability to kill colon epithelial cells in vitro; however, information regarding the role of calpain in colon cell death induced by ameba is limited. In this study, we investigated whether calpains are involved in the E. histolytica-induced cell death of HT-29 colonic epithelial cells. When HT-29 cells were co-incubated with E. histolytica, the propidium iodide stained dead cells markedly increased compared to that in HT-29 cells incubated with medium alone. This pro-death effect induced by ameba was effectively blocked by pretreatment of HT-29 cells with the calpain inhibitor, calpeptin. Moreover, knockdown of m- and ?-calpain by siRNA significantly reduced E. histolytica-induced HT-29 cell death. These results suggest that m- and ?-calpain may be involved in colon epithelial cell death induced by E. histolytica.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Involvement of NOX2-derived ROS in human hepatoma HepG2 cell death induced by Entamoeba histolytica
Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(4): 388. CrossRef
Signaling Role of NADPH Oxidases in ROS-Dependent Host Cell Death Induced by Pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica
Young Ah Lee, Seobo Sim, Kyeong Ah Kim, Myeong Heon Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(3): 155. CrossRef
Infection Strategies of Intestinal Parasite Pathogens and Host Cell Responses
Bruno M. Di Genova, Renata R. Tonelli
Frontiers in Microbiology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Degradation of the Transcription Factors NF-κB, STAT3, and STAT5 Is Involved in Entamoeba histolytica-Induced Cell Death in Caco-2 Colonic Epithelial Cells
Kyeong Ah Kim, Arim Min, Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(5): 459. CrossRef
Entamoeba histolytica Induces Cell Death of HT29 Colonic Epithelial Cells via NOX1-Derived ROS
Kyeong Ah Kim, Ju Young Kim, Young Ah Lee, Arim Min, Young Yil Bahk, Myeong Heon Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(1): 61. CrossRef
Mechanisms of Adherence, Cytotoxicity and Phagocytosis Modulate the Pathogenesis of Entamoeba Histolytica
Nathaniel CV Christy, William A Petri
Future Microbiology.2011; 6(12): 1501. CrossRef

7,571 View
57 Download
Crossref

Original Article

Involvement of Src Family Tyrosine Kinase in Apoptosis of Human Neutrophils Induced by Protozoan Parasite Entamoeba histolytica: Seobo Sim, Jae-Ran Yu, Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(4):285-290.
Published online December 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.4.285

Abstract
PDF

Tyrosine kinases are one of the most important regulators for intracellular signal transduction related to inflammatory responses. However, there are no reports describing the effects of tyrosine kinases on neutrophil apoptosis induced by Entamoeba histolytica. In this study, isolated human neutrophils from peripheral blood were incubated with live trophozoites in the presence or absence of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Entamoeba-induced receptor shedding of CD16 and PS externalization in neutrophils were inhibited by pre-incubation of neutrophils with the broad-spectrum tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein or the Src family kinase inhibitor PP2. Entamoeba-induced ROS production was also inhibited by genistein or PP2. Moreover, genistein and PP2 blocked the phosphorylation of ERK and p38 MAPK in neutrophils induced by E. histolytica. These results suggest that Src tyrosine kinases may participate in the signaling event for ROS-dependent activation of MAPKs during neutrophil apoptosis induced by E. histolytica.

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The Src family kinases contribute to MII arrest maintenance in aging porcine oocytes
Kateřina Kheilová, Jaroslav Petr, Dalibor Řehák, Eva Chmelíková, Markéta Sedmíková
Theriogenology.2025; 248: 117614. CrossRef
The flip side of reactive oxygen species in the tropical disease‐Amoebiasis
Sakshi Desure, Arya Mallika, Mrinalini Roy, Anupam Jyoti, Sanket Kaushik, Vijay Kumar Srivastava
Chemical Biology & Drug Design.2021; 98(5): 930. CrossRef
Differential expression of ADAM15 and ADAM17 metalloproteases in the rat brain after severe hypobaric hypoxia and hypoxic preconditioning
Elena Rybnikova, Tatjana Gluschenko, Anasthasia Galeeva, Ekaterina Tulkova, Natalia N. Nalivaeva, Natalia Z. Makova, Anthony J. Turner, Mikhail Samoilov
Neuroscience Research.2012; 72(4): 364. CrossRef

8,410 View
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Crossref

Case Report

A Case of Probable Mixed-Infection with Clonorchis sinensis and Fasciola sp.: CT and Parasitological Findings: Tae Yun Kim, Yun-Sik Lee, Ji Hye Yun, Jeong Ju Kim, Won Hyung Choi, In Hwan Oh, Hyun Ouk Song, Jong Phil Chu; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(2):157-160.
Published online June 17, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.2.157

Abstract
PDF

We report here a human case probably mixed-infected with Clonorchis sinensis and Fasciola sp. who was diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) scan, serological findings, and/or fecal examination. The patient was a 43-year-old Korean female and was admitted to Kyung Hee University Hospital with the complaints of fever and abdominal pain. On admission, marked eosinophilia was noted in her peripheral blood. CT scan showed specific lesions for clonorchiasis and fascioliasis in the liver, along with lesions suggestive of amebic abscess. Micro-ELISA revealed positive results for the 2 helminthic infections. Eggs of C. sinensis and trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica were observed in the stool. Treatment with praziquantel followed by metronidazole and tinidazole reduced abnormalities in the liver and eosinophilia. This is the first case report of a possible co-infection with 2 kinds of liver flukes in the Republic of Korea.

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Helminth/Protozoan Coinfections in Chronic Fascioliasis Cases in Human Hyperendemic Areas: High Risk of Multiparasitism Linked to Transmission Aspects and Immunological, Environmental and Social Factors
M. Adela Valero, M. Manuela Morales-Suarez-Varela, Davis J. Marquez-Guzman, Rene Angles, Jose R. Espinoza, Pedro Ortiz, Filippo Curtale, M. Dolores Bargues, Santiago Mas-Coma
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2025; 10(8): 224. CrossRef
Fascioliasis: Image Findings, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Jae Seung Lee
Clinical Ultrasound.2024; 9(1): 18. CrossRef
Toxocara canis and Fasciola hepatica Co-Infection Leading to Hepatic Abscess: A Case Report
Seung Wan Kim, Byoung Kuk Jang
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in infective liver lesions
Nitin Chaubal, Thomas Thomsen, Adnan Kabaalioglu, David Srivastava, Stephanie Simone Rösch, Christoph F. Dietrich
Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie.2021; 59(12): 1309. CrossRef
Diagnosis of human fascioliasis by stool and blood techniques: update for the present global scenario
S. MAS-COMA, M. D. BARGUES, M. A. VALERO
Parasitology.2014; 141(14): 1918. CrossRef

12,472 View
92 Download
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Original Article

Infection Status of Hospitalized Diarrheal Patients with Gastrointestinal Protozoa, Bacteria, and Viruses in the Republic of Korea: Hyeng-Il Cheun, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jin-Hee Lee, Yi-Young Lim, Ji-Hye Jeon, Jae-Ran Yu, Tong-Soo Kim, Won-Ja Lee, Seung-Hak Cho, Deog-Yong Lee, Mi-Seon Park, Hye-Sook Jeong, Doo-Sung Chen, Yeong-Mi Ji, Mi-Hwa Kwon; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(2):113-120.
Published online June 17, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.2.113

Abstract
PDF

To understand protozoan, viral, and bacterial infections in diarrheal patients, we analyzed positivity and mixed-infection status with 3 protozoans, 4 viruses, and 10 bacteria in hospitalized diarrheal patients during 2004-2006 in the Republic of Korea. A total of 76,652 stool samples were collected from 96 hospitals across the nation. The positivity for protozoa, viruses, and bacteria was 129, 1,759, and 1,797 per 10,000 persons, respectively. Especially, Cryptosporidium parvum was highly mixed-infected with rotavirus among pediatric diarrheal patients (29.5 per 100 C. parvum positive cases), and Entamoeba histolytica was mixed-infected with Clostridium perfringens (10.3 per 100 E. histolytica positive cases) in protozoan-diarrheal patients. Those infected with rotavirus and C. perfringens constituted relatively high proportions among mixed infection cases from January to April. The positivity for rotavirus among viral infection for those aged ≤ 5 years was significantly higher, while C. perfringens among bacterial infection was higher for ≥ 50 years. The information for association of viral and bacterial infections with enteropathogenic protozoa in diarrheal patients may contribute to improvement of care for diarrhea as well as development of control strategies for diarrheal diseases in Korea.

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Brief Communication

A Survey of Intestinal Protozoan Infections among Gastroenteritis Patients during a 3-Year Period (2004-2006) in Gyeonggi-do (Province), South Korea: Jeong-Weon Huh, Su-Gyeong Moon, Young-Hee Lim; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):303-305.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.303

Abstract
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The incidence and etiology of parasite-associated gastroenteritis during 2004-2006 in Gyeonggi-do (province), South Korea was determined by means of antigen detection ELISA on 6,071 stool specimens collected from 6 general hospitals. At least 1 parasitic agent was detected in 3.4% (208/6,071) of the stool samples. Among these, Giardia lamblia was the most numerous (152 cases; 2.5%), followed by Entamoeba histolytica (25 cases; 0.4%), Cryptosporidium parvum (23 cases; 0.4%), and mixed infections (8 cases; 0.1%). Patients aged 1-5 years had the largest proportion (69.2%; 144/208) of parasite-positive stool specimens. Parasite-mediated gastroenteritis was most common from June to September. The detection rate gradually increased from 2004 to 2006. This study shows that parasite-mediated gastroenteritis may be significant among children in Korea and that parasite infection surveillance should be constantly performed.

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Original Article

Inhibitory Effects of Iranian Thymus vulgaris Extracts on in Vitro Growth of Entamoeba histolytica: Maryam Behnia, Ali Haghighi, Hossein Komeylizadeh, Seyyed-Javad Seyyed Tabaei, Alireza Abadi; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(3):153-156.
Published online September 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.3.153

Abstract
PDF

One of the most common drugs used against a wide variety of anaerobic protozoan parasites is metronidazole. However, this drug is mutagenic for bacteria and is a potent carcinogen for rodents. Thymus vulgaris is used for cough suppression and relief of dyspepsia. Also it has antibacterial and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to investigate antiamebic effect of Thymus vulgaris against Entamoeba histolytica in comparison with metronidazole. One hundred gram air-dried T. vulgaris plant was obtained and macerated at 25℃ for 14 days using n-hexane and a mixture of ethanol and water. For essential oil isolation T. vulgaris was subjected to hydrodistillation using a clevenger-type apparatus for 3 hr. E. histolytica, HM-1: IMSS strain was used in all experiments. It was found that the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for T. vulgaris hydroalcoholic, hexanic extracts, and the essential oil after 24 hr was 4 mg/mL, 4 mg/mL, and 0.7 mg/mL, respectively. After 48 hr the MIC for T. vulgaris hydroalcoholic and hexanic extracts was 3 and 3 mg/mL, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Iranian T. vulgaris is effective against the trophozoites of E. histolytica.

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Brief Communications

Effect of Iron on Adherence and Cytotoxicity of Entamoeba histolytica to CHO Cell Monolayers: Jongweon Lee, Soon-Jung Park, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(1):37-40.
Published online March 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.37

Abstract
PDF

Iron is an essential element for almost all living organisms. The possible role of iron for growth, adherence and cytotoxicity of Entamoeba histolytica was evaluated in this study. The absence of iron from TYI-S-33 medium stopped amebic growth in vitro. However, iron concentrations in the culture media of 21.4-285.6 ?M did not affect the growth of the amebae. Although growth was not retarded at these concentrations, the adhesive abilities of E. histolytica and their cytotoxicities to CHO cell monolayer were correlated with iron concentration. Amebic adhesion to CHO cell monolayers was significantly reduced by low-iron (24.6 ± 2.1%) compared with 62.7 ± 2.8 and 63.1 ± 1.4% of amebae grown in a normal-iron and high-iron media, respectively. E. histolytica cultured in the normal- and high-iron media destroyed 69.1 ± 4.3% and 72.6 ± 5.7% of cultured CHO cell monolayers, but amebae grown in the low-iron medium showed a significantly reduced level of cytotoxicity to CHO cells (2.8 ± 0.2%). Addition of divalent cations other than iron to amebic trophozoites grown in the low-iron medium failed to restore levels of the cytotoxicity. However, when E. histolytica grown in low-iron medium were transferred to normal-iron medium, the amebae showed completely restored cytotoxicity within 7 days. The result suggests that iron is an important factor in the adherence and cytotoxicity of E. histolytica to CHO cell monolayer.

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Ultrastructural observation of human neutrophils during apoptotic cell death triggered by Entamoeba histolytica: Seobo Sim, Kyeong Ah Kim, Tai-Soon Yong, Soon-Jung Park, Kyung-il Im, Myeong Heon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(4):205-208.
Published online December 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.4.205

Abstract
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Neutrophils are important effector cells against protozoan extracellular parasite Entamoeba histolytica, which causes amoebic colitis and liver abscess in human beings. Apoptotic cell death of neutrophils is an important event in the resolution of inflammation and parasite's survival in vivo. This study was undertaken to investigate the ultrastructural aspects of apoptotic cells during neutrophil death triggered by Entamoeba histolytica. Isolated human neutrophils from the peripheral blood were incubated with or without live trophozoites of E. histolytica and examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Neutrophils incubated with E. histolytica were observed to show apoptotic characteristics, such as compaction of the nuclear chromatin and swelling of the nuclear envelop. In contrast, neutrophils incubated in the absence of the amoeba had many protrusions of irregular cell surfaces and heterogenous nuclear chromatin. Therefore, it is suggested that Entamoeba-induced neutrophil apoptosis contribute to prevent unwanted tissue inflammation and damage in the amoeba-invaded lesions in vivo.

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