Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Godfrey M. Kaatano"

Original Article

Schistosoma mansoni Infection and Its Related Morbidity among Adults Living in Selected Villages of Mara Region, North-Western Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Exploratory Study: Humphrey D. Mazigo, Fred Nuwaha, David W. Dunne, Godfrey M. Kaatano, Tekla Angelo, Stella Kepha, Safari M. Kinung’hi; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):533-540.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.533

Abstract
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Schistosoma mansoni is highly endemic in Tanzania and affects all age groups at different degrees. However, its control approach does not include adult individuals who are equally at risk and infected. To justify the inclusion of adult individuals in MDA programs in Tanzania, the present study focused on determining the prevalence of S. mansoni infection and its related morbidities among adult individuals. This was a cross sectional study conducted among 412 adult individuals aged 18-89 years living in selected villages of Rorya and Butiama districts located along the shoreline of the Lake Victoria. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and socio-economic information of participants. Ultrasonographic examinations were conducted for all study participants using the Niamey protocol. A single stool sample was obtained from all study participants and examined for S. mansoni using the Kato-Katz technique. The study revealed a high prevalence of S. mansoni (56.3%), and the majority of infected individuals had a light intensity of infection. Ultrasonographic findings revealed that 22.4% of adult individuals had periportal fibrosis (PPF) (grade C-F), with 18.4% having grade C and D and 4% having grade E and F. Males had the highest prevalence of PPF (31.7% vs 10.8%, P<0.001). Organomegaly was common with 28.5% and 29.6% having splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, respectively. S. mansoni infection and its related morbidities included PPF, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly were common among adult individuals. To reduce the level of transmission of S. mansoni infection, planned mass drug administration campaigns should include adult individuals living in these villages.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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Adanna Ewuzie, Lauren Wilburn, Dixa B Thakrar, Huike Cheng, Fabian Reitzug, Nia Roberts, Reem Malouf, Goylette F Chami
The Lancet Global Health.2025; 13(1): e69. CrossRef
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Vladislav V Tsukanov, Alexander V Vasyutin, Julia L Tonkikh
World Journal of Gastroenterology.2024; 30(30): 3554. CrossRef
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Nicolaus Omari Mbugi, Hudson Laizer, Musa Chacha, Ernest Mbega, Uwem Friday Ekpo
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2024; 18(9): e0012462. CrossRef
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Ali Tavakoli Pirzaman, Mahdi Sepidarkish, Faezeh Alizadeh, Sarah Al-Obidy, Pouyan Ebrahimi, Nazanin Kianifard, Morteza Sheikhi Nooshabadi, Mehradad Jafari Tadi, Maryam Zolfaghari Dehkharghani, Safa Mousavi, Nassim Rezapour, Sara Mohammadnia, Andarz Fazlol
eClinicalMedicine.2024; 77: 102855. CrossRef
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Fidèle K. Bassa, Ikenna C. Eze, Rufin K. Assaré, Clémence Essé, Siaka Koné, Félix Acka, Véronique Laubhouet-Koffi, Dinard Kouassi, Bassirou Bonfoh, Jürg Utzinger, Eliézer K. N’Goran
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Journal of Hepatology.2021; 75(1): 202. CrossRef
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Daniel W. Gunda, Semvua B. Kilonzo, Paulina M. Manyiri, Robert N. Peck, Humphrey D. Mazigo
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Can Early Diagnosis of Varices, Regular Praziquantel, and Reduction of Hepatitis Coinfection Reduce Mortality among Patients Attended for Periportal Fibrosis in Northwestern Tanzania? A Case-Control Study
Daniel W. Gunda, Elizabeth F. Mtui, Semvua B. Kilonzo, Paulina M. Manyiri, David C. Majinge, Humphrey D. Mazigo
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Tahir Eyayu, Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke, Masresha Seyoum, Ligabaw Worku
Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine.2020; Volume 11: 27. CrossRef
Schistosoma mansoni-Hepatitis B co-infection among adult patients with periportal fibrosis: a cross sectional study
Daniel W. GUNDA, Elizabeth F. MTUİ, Semvua B. KILONZO, Benson R. KIDENYA, Humphrey D. MAZIGO
Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.2020; : 136. CrossRef
Intestinal schistosomiasis of Ijinga Island, north-western Tanzania: prevalence, intensity of infection, hepatosplenic morbidities and their associated factors
Andreas Mueller, Antje Fuss, Uwe Ziegler, Godfrey M. Kaatano, Humphrey D. Mazigo
BMC Infectious Diseases.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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Articles from Symposium on Controls of NTDs around Lake Victoria, Tanzania

High Malaria Prevalence among Schoolchildren on Kome Island, Tanzania: Min-Jae Kim, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jong-Yil Chai, Keeseon S. Eom, Tai-Soon Yong, Duk-Young Min, Julius E. Siza, Godfrey M. Kaatano, Josephat Kuboza, Peter Mnyeshi, John M. Changalucha, Yunsuk Ko, Su Young Chang, Han-Jong Rim; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):571-574.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.571

Abstract
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In order to determine the status of malaria among schoolchildren on Kome Island (Lake Victoria), near Mwanza, Tanzania, a total of 244 schoolchildren in 10 primary schools were subjected to a blood survey using the fingerprick method. The subjected schoolchildren were 123 boys and 121 girls who were 6-8 years of age. Only 1 blood smear was prepared for each child. The overall prevalence of malaria was 38.1% (93 positives), and sex difference was not remarkable. However, the positive rate was the highest in Izindabo Primary School (51.4%) followed by Isenyi Primary School (48.3%) and Bugoro Primary School (46.7%). The lowest prevalence was found in Muungano Primary School (16.7%) and Nyamiswi Primary School (16.7%). These differences were highly correlated with the location of the school on the Island; those located in the peripheral area revealed higher prevalences while those located in the central area showed lower prevalences. Plasmodium falciparum was the predominant species (38.1%; 93/244), with a small proportion of them mixed-infected with Plasmodium vivax (1.6%; 4/244). The results revealed that malaria is highly prevalent among primary schoolchildren on Kome Island, Tanzania, and there is an urgent need to control malaria in this area.

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Improved Perceptions and Practices Related to Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Worm Infections Following PHAST Intervention on Kome Island, North-Western Tanzania: Joseph R. Mwanga, Godfrey M. Kaatano, Julius E. Siza, Su Young Chang, Yunsuk Ko, Cyril M. Kullaya, Jackson Nsabo, Keeseon S. Eom, Tai-Soon Yong, Jong-Yil Chai, Duk-Young Min, Han-Jong Rim, John M. Changalucha; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):561-569.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.561

Abstract
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Schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections are widespread diseases of public health importance in Tanzania. A study on perceptions and practices related to schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections was undertaken among a community population of Kome Island in Sengerema District, north-western Tanzania, where intestinal schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections are endemic. Schistosomiasis and intestinal worm-related perceptions and practices were assessed before and 3 years after implementation of a participatory hygiene and sanitation transformation (PHAST) intervention as a control measure. Data were obtained from baseline and post-intervention knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) questionnaire surveys conducted twice in 2009 and 2012 among 82 individuals aged ≥15 years. We found significant increases in respondents’ knowledge of the cause, transmission, symptoms, health consequences, and prevention of schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections after PHAST intervention. The increase in respondents’ knowledge on almost all aspects of the said infections was translated into actions to control schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections. This has not been achieved by chance, but due to well-designed and locally-adapted PHAST intervention. We conclude that despite criticisms, PHAST approach is still useful in empowering communities to control water, sanitation, and hygiene related infectious diseases such as schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections.

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Integrated Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis Control over Five Years on Kome Island, Tanzania
Godfrey M. Kaatano, Julius E. Siza, Joseph R. Mwanga, Duk-Yong Min, Tai-Soon Yong, Jong-Yil Chai, Yunsuk Ko, Su Young Chang, Cyril M. Kullaya, Han-Jong Rim, John M. Changalucha, Keeseon S. Eom
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17 Web of Science
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Improved Socio-Economic Status of a Community Population Following Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Worm Control Interventions on Kome Island, North-Western Tanzania: Joseph R. Mwanga, Godfrey M. Kaatano, Julius E. Siza, Su Young Chang, Yunsuk Ko, Cyril M. Kullaya, Jackson Nsabo, Keeseon S. Eom, Tai-Soon Yong, Jong-Yil Chai, Duk-Young Min, Han-Jong Rim, John M. Changalucha; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):553-559.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.553

Abstract
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Research on micro-level assessment of the changes of socio-economic status following health interventions is very scarce. The use of household asset data to determine wealth indices is a common procedure for estimating socio-economic position in resource poor settings. In such settings information about income is usually lacking, and the collection of individual consumption or expenditure data would require in-depth interviews, posing a considerable risk of bias. In this study, we determined the socio-economic status of 213 households in a community population in an island in the north-western Tanzania before and 3 year after implementation of a participatory hygiene and sanitation transformation (PHAST) intervention to control schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections. We constructed a household 'wealth index' based housing construction features (e.g., type of roof, walls, and floor) and durable assets ownership (e.g., bicycle, radio, etc.). We employed principal components analysis and classified households into wealth quintiles. The study revealed that asset variables with positive factor scores were associated with higher socio-economic status, whereas asset variables with negative factor scores were associated with lower socio-economic status. Overall, households which were rated as the poorest and very poor were on the decrease, whereas those rated as poor, less poor, and the least poor were on the increase after PHAST intervention. This decrease/increase was significant. The median shifted from -0.4376677 to 0.5001073, and the mean from -0.2605787 (SD; 2.005688) to 0.2605787 (SD; 1.831199). The difference in socio-economic status of the people between the 2 phases was highly statistically significant (P<0.001). We argue that finding of this study should be treated with caution as there were other interventions to control schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections which were running concurrently on Kome Island apart from PHAST intervention.

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Estimation of household level variation in per capita calorie intake by measures of economic well‐being of the household in India
Junaid Khan, Sanjay K. Mohanty
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Buba Manjang, Elizabeth A. Ochola, Susan J. Elliott
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Socioeconomic determinants of Schistosoma mansoni infection using multiple correspondence analysis among rural western Kenyan communities: Evidence from a household-based study
Isaiah Omondi, Maurice R. Odiere, Fredrick Rawago, Pauline N. Mwinzi, Carl Campbell, Rosemary Musuva, Mary Hamer Hodges
PLOS ONE.2021; 16(6): e0253041. CrossRef

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Schistosoma mansoni-Related Hepatosplenic Morbidity in Adult Population on Kome Island, Sengerema District, Tanzania: Godfrey M. Kaatano, Duk-Young Min, Julius E. Siza, Tai-Soon Yong, Jong-Yil Chai, Yunsuk Ko, Su-Young Chang, John M. Changalucha, Keeseon S. Eom, Han-Jong Rim; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):545-551.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.545

Abstract
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Schistosomiasis is one of the important neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in Tanzania, particularly in Lake Victoria zone. This baseline survey was a part of the main study of integrated control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) aimed at describing morbidity patterns due to intestinal schistosomiasis among adults living on Kome Island, Sengerema District, Tanzania. Total 388 adults from Kome Islands (about 50 people from each village) aged between 12 and 85 years, were examined by abdominal ultrasound according to the Niamey protocol. Liver image patterns (LIPs) A and B were considered normal, and C-F as distinct periportal fibrosis (PPF). The overall prevalence of PPF was 42.2%; much higher in males than in females (47.0% in male vs 34.4% in females, P=0.007). Abnormal increase of segmental branch wall thickness (SBWT) and dilated portal vein diameter (PVD) were also more common in males than in females. Hepatosplenomegaly was frequently encountered; 68.1% had left liver lobe hepatomegaly and 55.2% had splenomegaly. Schistosoma mansoni-related morbidity is quite high among adults in this community justifying the implementation of integrated control strategies through mass drug administration, improved water supply (pumped wells), and health education that had already started in the study area.

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Integrated Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis Control over Five Years on Kome Island, Tanzania: Godfrey M. Kaatano, Julius E. Siza, Joseph R. Mwanga, Duk-Yong Min, Tai-Soon Yong, Jong-Yil Chai, Yunsuk Ko, Su Young Chang, Cyril M. Kullaya, Han-Jong Rim, John M. Changalucha, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):535-543.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.535

Abstract
PDF

Integrated control strategies are important for sustainable control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis, despite their challenges for their effective implementation. With the support of Good Neighbors International in collaboration with National Institute of Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania, integrated control applying mass drug administration (MDA), health education using PHAST, and improved safe water supply has been implemented on Kome Island over 5 years for controlling schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs). Baseline surveys for schistosomiasis and STHs was conducted before implementation of any integrated control strategies, followed by 4 cross-sectional follow-up surveys on randomly selected samples of schoolchildren and adults in 10 primary schools and 8 villages, respectively, on Kome islands. Those follow-up surveys were conducted for impact evaluation after introduction of control strategies interventions in the study area. Five rounds of MDA have been implemented from 2009 along with PHAST and improved water supply with pumped wells as other control strategies for complementing MDA. A remarkable steady decline of schistosomiasis and STHs was observed from 2009 to 2012 with significant trends in their prevalence decline, and thereafter infection rate has remained at a low sustainable control. By the third follow-up survey in 2012, Schistosoma mansoni infection prevalence was reduced by 90.5% and hookworm by 93.3% among schoolchildren while in adults the corresponding reduction was 83.2% and 56.9%, respectively. Integrated control strategies have successfully reduced S. mansoni and STH infection status to a lower level. This study further suggests that monitoring and evaluation is a crucial component of any large-scale STH and schistosomiasis intervention.

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Prevalence of Schistosomes and Soil-Transmitted Helminths and Morbidity Associated with Schistosomiasis among Adult Population in Lake Victoria Basin, Tanzania: Julius E. Siza, Godfrey M. Kaatano, Jong-Yil Chai, Keeseon S. Eom, Han-Jong Rim, Tai-Soon Yong, Duk-Young Min, Su Young Chang, Yunsuk Ko, John M. Changalucha; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):525-533.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.525

Abstract
PDF

The
objective
of this study was to carry out a community survey on schistosomiais and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in order to suggest feasible and effective intervention strategies in Lake Victoria basin, Tanzania. A total of 37 communities selected from 23 districts of the 4 regions in the Lake Victoria basin of Tanzania were involved in the study. From each of the selected locality, 50 adult community members, 25 males and 25 females, were recruited for the study. Each study participant was requested to submit stool and urine specimens. From each stool specimen, duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears were prepared and microscopically examined for Schistosoma mansoni and STH eggs. Urine specimens were processed by the filtration technique and microscopically examined for Schistosoma haematobium eggs. Ultrasound examination for morbidity due to schistosomiasis was performed. Mass treatment was done using praziquantel and albendazole for schistosome and STHs infections, respectively. Out of 1,606 adults who provided stool specimens, 199 (12.4%) were positive for S. mansoni, 349 (21.7%) for hookworms, 133 (8.3%) for Ascaris lumbricoides, and 33 (2.0%) for Trichuris trichiura. Out of 1,400 participants who provided urine specimens, 25 (1.8%) were positive for S. haematobium eggs. Because of the co-endemicity of these afflictions and their impact on vulnerable population groups, the helminthiasis could be simultaneously treated with 2 drugs, praziquantel for schistosomiasis and albendazole for STHs.

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Prevalence of Schistosomes and Soil-Transmitted Helminths among Schoolchildren in Lake Victoria Basin, Tanzania: Julius E. Siza, Godfrey M. Kaatano, Jong-Yil Chai, Keeseon S. Eom, Han-Jong Rim, Tai-Soon Yong, Duk-Young Min, Su Young Chang, Yunsuk Ko, John M. Changalucha; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):515-524.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.515

Abstract
PDF

The
objective
s of this study was to conduct a survey on schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in order to come up with feasible control strategies in Lake Victoria basin, Tanzania. Depending on the size of the school, 150-200 schoolchildren were recruited for the study. Duplicate Kato-Katz stool smears were prepared from each child and microscopically examined for Schistosoma mansoni and STHs. Urine specimens were examined for Schistosoma haematobium eggs using the filtration technique. After the survey, mass drug administration was done using praziquantel and albendazole for schistosomiasis and STHs infections, respectively. A total of 5,952 schoolchildren from 36 schools were recruited for the study and had their stool and urine specimens examined. Out of 5,952 schoolchildren, 898 (15.1%) were positive for S. mansoni, 754 (12.6%) for hookworms, 188 (3.2%) for Ascaris lumblicoides, and 5 (0.008%) for Trichuris trichiura. Out of 5,826 schoolchildren who provided urine samples, 519 (8.9%) were positive for S. haematobium eggs. The results revealed that intestinal schistosomiasis, urogenital schistosomiasis, and STH infections are highly prevalent throughought the lake basin. The high prevalence of intestinal and urogenital schistosomisiasis in the study area was a function of the distance from Lake Victoria, the former being more prevalent at localities close to the lake, whilst the latter is more so away from it. Control of schistosomiasis and STHs in the study area requires an integrated strategy that involves provision of health education to communities, regular treatments, and provision of adequate safe water supply and sanitation facilities.

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