Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"HIV"

Original Article

Spatiotemporal Clusters and Trends of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Korea: Hwa Sun Kim, Ho-Woo Nam, Hye-Jin Ahn, Sang Haak Lee, Yeong Hoon Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(5):327-338.
Published online October 21, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.5.327

Abstract
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This study determined the recent status and trend of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PcP) in the non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (non-HIV-PcP) and HIV (HIV-PcP) infected populations using data from the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service (HIRA) and the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA). SaTScan and Joinpoint were used for statistical analyses. Non-HIV-PcP cases showed an upward trend during the study period from 2010 to 2021, with the largest number in 2021 (551 cases). The upward trend was similar until 2020 after adjusting for the population. Seoul had the highest number of cases (1,597) in the non-HIV-PcP group, which was the same after adjusting for the population (162 cases/1,000,000). It was followed by Jeju-do (89 cases/1,000,000). The most likely cluster (MLC) for the non-HIV-PCP group was Seoul (Relative Risk (RR)=4.59, Log Likelihood Ratio (LLR)=825.531), followed by Jeju-do (RR=1.59, LLR=5.431). An upward trend was observed among the non-HIV-PcP group in the Jeju-do/Jeollanam-do/Jeollabuk-do/Gyeongsangnam-do/Busan/Daejeon/Daegu/Ulsan joint cluster (29.02%, LLR=11.638, P<0.001) located in the southern part of Korea. Both women and men in the non-HIV groups showed an overall upward trend of PcP during the study period. Men in the 60-69 age group had the highest annual percentage change (APC 41.8) during 2014-2019. In contrast, the HIV groups showed a falling trend of PcP recently. Men in the 60-69 age group had the most decrease (APC -17.6) during 2018-2021. This study provides an analytic basis for health measures and a nationwide epidemiological surveillance system for the management of PcP.

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Pneumonia incidence and determinants in South Punjab, Pakistan (2016–2020): a spatial epidemiological study at Tehsil-level
Ömer Ünsal, Oliver Gruebner, Munazza Fatima
International Journal of Health Geographics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Case Report

The First Acanthamoeba keratitis Case of Non-Contact Lens Wearer with HIV Infection in Thailand: Napaporn Tananuvat, Natnaree Techajongjintana, Pradya Somboon, Anchalee Wannasan; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(5):505-511.
Published online October 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.5.505

Abstract
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Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a rare sight-threatening corneal infection, often reporting from contact lens wearers. An asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected Thai male without history of contact lens use complained foreign body sensation at his left eye during motorbike riding. He had neither specific keratitis symptoms nor common drugs responding, which contributed to delayed diagnosis. By corneal re-scraping, Acanthamoeba-like cysts were detected by calcofluor white staining and agar culture. The etiological agent obtained from the culture was molecularly confirmed by Acanthamoeba spp.-specific PCR, followed by DNA sequencing. The results from BLAST and phylogenetic analysis based on the DNA sequences, revealed that the pathogen was Acanthamoeba T4, the major genotype most frequently reported from clinical isolates. The infection was successfully treated with polyhexamethylene biguanide resulting in corneal scar. This appears the first reported AK case from a non-contact lens wearer with HIV infection in Thailand. Although AK is sporadic in developing countries, a role of free-living Acanthamoeba as an opportunistic pathogen should not be neglected. The report would increase awareness of AK, especially in the case presenting unspecific keratitis symptoms without clinical response to empirical antimicrobial therapy.

Citations

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Detection of Free-Living Amoeba in a tertiary care hospital
Nairita Choudhuri, Bhaskar Narayan Chaudhuri, Partha Guchhait, Arup Kumar Dawn, Satadal Das
Microbiologia Medica.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Diagnosis of Acanthamoeba Keratitis: Past, Present and Future
Matthew Azzopardi, Yu Jeat Chong, Benjamin Ng, Alberto Recchioni, Abison Logeswaran, Darren S. J. Ting
Diagnostics.2023; 13(16): 2655. CrossRef
New Frontiers in Acanthamoeba Keratitis Diagnosis and Management
Omar Shareef, Sana Shareef, Hajirah N. Saeed
Biology.2023; 12(12): 1489. CrossRef
Isolation and identification of potentially pathogenic free-living amoeba in drinking, surface, and stagnant water sources from Alborz Province, Iran
Ehsan Javanmard, Maryam Niyyati, Ali Taghipour, Marziye Fatemi, Hamed Mirjalali, Panagiotis Karanis
Journal of Water and Health.2022; 20(4): 620. CrossRef
Isolation and identification of potentially pathogenic free-living amoeba in dental-unit water samples
Hadi Khatoonaki, Kavous Solhjoo, Hassan Rezanezhad, Belal Armand, Amir Abdoli, Ali Taghipour
Journal of Water and Health.2022; 20(7): 1126. CrossRef
Detection of Acanthamoeba from Acanthamoeba Keratitis Mouse Model Using Acanthamoeba-Specific Antibodies
Min-Jeong Kim, A-Jeong Ham, A-Young Park, Hae-Jin Sohn, Ho-Joon Shin, Fu-Shi Quan, Hyun-Hee Kong, Eun-Kyung Moon
Microorganisms.2022; 10(9): 1711. CrossRef
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Establishment of an Acanthamoeba keratitis mouse model confirmed by amoebic DNA amplification
Heekyoung Kang, Hae-Jin Sohn, A-Young Park, A-Jeong Ham, Jeong-Heon Lee, Young-Hwan Oh, Yong-Joon Chwae, Kyongmin Kim, Sun Park, Hongseok Yang, Suk-Yul Jung, Jong-Hyun Kim, Ho-Joon Shin
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Genotype distribution of Acanthamoeba in keratitis: a systematic review
Maria Luisa Nunes Diehl, Júlia Paes, Marilise Brittes Rott
Parasitology Research.2021; 120(9): 3051. CrossRef
Explicating the presentations of Acanthamoeba keratitis with special concern in the COVID-19 pandemic ambient
Chukwuma Sr Chrysanthus
International Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Biochemical Technology.2021; 4(1): 010. CrossRef
Effectiveness and Safety of Topical Chlorhexidine and Vitamin E TPGS in the Treatment of Acanthamoeba Keratitis: A Survey on 29 Cases
Ciro Caruso, Daniela Eletto, Michele Rinaldi, Luigi Pacente, Salvatore Troisi, Francesco Semeraro, Roberto dell’Omo, Ciro Costagliola
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2020; 9(11): 3775. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among HIV Patients in Jahrom, Southern Iran: Hassan Rezanezhad, Fateme Sayadi, Enayatollah Shadmand, Seyed Dawood Mousavi Nasab, Hadi Rezaei Yazdi, Kavous Solhjoo, Akbar Kazemi, Monireh Maleki, Abbas Ahmadi Vasmehjani; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(1):99-103.
Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.1.99

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an important opportunistic agent especially in immunocompromised hosts and can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Hence, detection and monitoring of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies are of a great interest in HIV-infected patients. A study on the prevalence of toxoplasmosis and associated risk factors was carried out among HIV-infected patients in Jahrom, southern Iran. The prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies was 21.1% in HIV-infected patients by ELISA. PCR was performed on all of the samples, and 1 of the blood samples was positively detected. Among the HIV patients, anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies were significantly higher in age group of 30-39 years old (P=0.05). The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in patients with CD4+<100 cells/μl was 33.3% that was significantly higher than the other groups (P=0.042) with or without IgG antibodies. The CD4+ count mean of seropositive patients was lower than that of seronegative patients. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy was significantly less than patients without therapy (P=0.02). In conclusion, this study showed low seroprevalence of latent toxoplasmosis among HIV-infected patients in the region and confirmed the need for intensifying prevention efforts among this high-risk population and also the risk of toxoplasmosis reactivation which could be important among this population.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The Global Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Parasitic Coinfection in People Living with Viruses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Yan Ge, Huaman Liu, Ningjun Ren, Abdul Qadeer, Ian Kim B. Tabios, Ian Kendrich C. Fontanilla, Lydia R. Leonardo, Banchob Sripa, Guofeng Cheng
Pathogens.2025; 14(6): 534. CrossRef
Association of polymorphism of IL‐17A, IL‐17F, and IL‐6 with Toxoplasma gondii infection susceptibility in HIV/AIDS patients in Shiraz, southern Iran
Maryam Nejabat, Mohammadreza Heydari, Mohammad Motamedifar, Zohre Foroozanfar, Saeid Amirizadeh Fard, Ava Hashempour, Nazani Nazari, Esmaeil Rezaei, Zahra Heydari
Immunity, Inflammation and Disease.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
RPA-CRISPR/Cas9-based method for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii: A proof of concept
Mengchen Wu, Haiyan Wu, Xueqiu Chen, Fei Wu, Guangxu Ma, Aifang Du, Yi Yang
Veterinary Parasitology.2024; 327: 110115. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii, HBV, and HCV co‐infection and their correlation with CD4 cells among Iranian HIV‐positive patients
Ahmadreza Bazmjoo, Mohammad Aref Bagherzadeh, Rahim Raoofi, Ali Taghipour, Samaneh Mazaherifar, Hojatallah Sotoodeh, Zahra Ostadi, Enayat Shadmand, Mirza Ali Mofazzal Jahromi, Amir Abdoli
Immunity, Inflammation and Disease.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in HIV-Infected Individuals in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Pegah Shakib, Masoud Behzadifar, Hossein Mahmoudvand, Sara Larki, Hamed Kalani, Masoomeh Zivdari, Omid Mardanshah, Kourosh Cheraghipour
Current HIV Research.2023; 21(4): 221. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in people at an increased risk of HIV infection – a pilot study
Małgorzata Smoguła, Marta Pawłowska, Roland Wesołowski, Karolina Szewczyk-Golec, Celestyna Mila-Kierzenkowska
Diagnostyka Laboratoryjna.2022; 58(1): 9. CrossRef
Serological Evaluation of Toxoplasmosis and Related Risk Factors Among HIV+/AIDS Patients in Northern Iran
Hasan Rafati-Sajedi, Bijan Majidi-Shad, Reza Jafari-Shakib, Zahra Atrkar-Roshan, Mohammad Reza Mahmoudi, Seyed Mahmood Rezvani
Acta Parasitologica.2021; 66(4): 1417. CrossRef
Investigating the risk factors for seroprevalence and the correlation between CD4+ T-cell count and humoral antibody responses to Toxoplasma gondii infection amongst HIV patients in the Bamenda Health District, Cameroon
Eugene Enah Fang, Raymond Babila Nyasa, Emmanuel Menang Ndi, Denis Zofou, Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti, Edith Pafoule Lepezeu, Vincent P. K. Titanji, Roland N. Ndip, Mohammed Abdelfatah Mosa Alhoot
PLOS ONE.2021; 16(12): e0256947. CrossRef
The first report of the evaluation of the knowledge regarding toxoplasmosis among health professionals in public health centers in Rabat, Morocco
Majda Laboudi, Sanaa Ait Hamou, Imane Mansour, Ilham Hilmi, Abderrahim Sadak
Tropical Medicine and Health.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxoplasmosis Among HIV Patients and Healthy Volunteers in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
Evelyn O Onosakponome, Austin E Abah, Michael Wogu
International Journal of Infection.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in HIV-infected patients admitted to a university hospital
Pinar ERGEN, Fatma YILMAZ-KARADAĞ, Özlem AYDIN
Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine.2020; 3(4): 372. CrossRef
Sero-molecular evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii infection among HIV-positive patients
Ehsan Ahmadpour, Reza Pishkarie-Asl, Adel Spotin, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Hasan Didarlu, Yaghob Azadi, Aleksandra Barac
Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2019; 113(12): 771. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii: The Prevalence and Risk Factors in HIV-Infected Patients in Fars Province, Southern Iran
Nasir Arefkha, Bahador Sarkari, Masood Afrashteh, Zahra Rezaei, Mona Dehghani
Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among HIV/AIDS Patients in Eastern China: Guoqiang Shen, Xiaoming Wang, Hui Sun, Yaying Gao; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):93-96.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.93

Abstract
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Toxoplasmosis, a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, occurs throughout the world. Human T. gondii infection is asymptomatic in 80% of the population; however, the infection is life-threatening and causes substantial neurologic damage in immunocompromised patients such as HIV-infected persons. The major purpose of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in subjects infected with HIV/AIDS in eastern China. Our findings showed 9.7% prevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibody in HIV/AIDS patients, which was higher than in intravenous drug users (2.2%) and healthy controls (4.7%), while no significant difference was observed in the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibody among all participants (P>0.05). Among all HIV/AIDS patients, 15 men (7.7%) and 10 women (15.9%) were positive for anti-T. gondii IgG antibody; however, no significant difference was detected in the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibody between males and females. The frequency of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibody was 8.0%, 13.2%, 5.5%, and 0% in patients with normal immune function (CD4⁺ T-lymphocyte count ≥500 cells/ml), immunocompromised patients (cell count ≥200 and <500 cells/ml), severely immunocompromised patients (cell count ≥50 and <200 cells/ml), and advanced AIDS patients, respectively (cell count <50 cells/ml), while only 3 immunocompromised patients were positive for anti-T. gondii IgM antibody. The results indicate a high seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in HIV/AIDS patients in eastern China, and a preventive therapy for toxoplasmosis may be given to HIV/AIDS patients based on CD4⁺ T lymphocyte count.

Citations

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The Global Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Parasitic Coinfection in People Living with Viruses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Yan Ge, Huaman Liu, Ningjun Ren, Abdul Qadeer, Ian Kim B. Tabios, Ian Kendrich C. Fontanilla, Lydia R. Leonardo, Banchob Sripa, Guofeng Cheng
Pathogens.2025; 14(6): 534. CrossRef
Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii Infection in People Living with HIV: A Cross-Sectional Study from Maputo Central Hospital, Mozambique
Leonardo Manuel, Isac Comia, Regina Miambo, Irina Sousa, Nelson Cuboia, Awa Carimo, Sara Massuanganhe, Titos Buene, Lucas Banze, Belmiro Paraque, Noémia Nhancupe, Robert Schooley, Gabriela Santos-Gomes, Emília Noormahomed, Constance Benson
Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine.2025; Volume 16: 43. CrossRef
Impacto da imunossupressão pelo HIV na reativação da toxoplasmose: aspectos imunopatológicos, desafios diagnósticos e implicações clínicas
Beatriz Ammar Roque, Fernanda Simoneto, Juliana Cogo
RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Wenhui Guo, Jun Guo, Zixuan Wang, Pufang Liu, Jiashan Qin, Chao Duan, Xinyu Xue, Tieyun Chen, Xinlei Yan
LWT.2024; 213: 117026. CrossRef
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Bertha Alanoca, Tania Vargas Rivero, Gustavo Allende Larrain, Amílcar A. Flores Leon
Gaceta Médica Boliviana.2023; 46(2): 62. CrossRef
Seroprevalencia y factores de riesgo de Toxoplasma gondii en Personas que Viven con VIH/SIDA (PVVS) en el departamento de Cochabamba, Bolivia
Amilcar Alejandro Flores Leon, Bertha Alanoca, Tania Vargas Rivero, Gustavo Allende Larrain
Gaceta Médica Boliviana.2023; 46(2): 63. CrossRef
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BMC Infectious Diseases.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Seronegative Infection with Toxoplasma gondii in Asymptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Infected Patients and in Blood Donors
Agnieszka Pawełczyk, Małgorzata Bednarska, Kamila Caraballo Cortés, Marianna Glamkowska-Sady, Justyna Kowalska, Beata Uszyńska-Kałuża, Marek Radkowski, Renata Welc-Falęciak
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(3): 638. CrossRef
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Sara T. ELAZAB, Amal F. SOLIMAN, Yoshifumi NISHIKAWA
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science.2021; 83(1): 100. CrossRef
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Marcely Karen Santos do Rosário, Jacqueline Silva, Hugo Filipe Rodrigues Melo, Thamillys Rayssa Marques Monteiro, Davi Ribeiro da Costa, Alessandra Scofield, Carla Cristina Guimarães de Moraes
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Acta Parasitologica.2021; 66(4): 1417. CrossRef
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Sekandarpour Sina, Jafari Modrek Mohammad, Shafiei Reza, Mohammadiha Anita, Etemadi Soudabeh, Mirahmadi Hadi
European Journal of Medical Research.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Aude Christelle Ka’e, Samuel Martin Sosso, Joseph Fokam, Rachel Kamgaing Simo, Sara Riwom Essama, Alex Durand Nka, Bouba Yagai, Cédric Joël Ninsu Dzukou, Michel Carlos Tommo Tchouaket, Collins Chenwi, Aissatou Abba, Nadine Fainguem, Marie Krystel Nnomo Za
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Yeojin Park, Jinhyeong Noh, Hyun-Ji Seo, Keun-Ho Kim, Subin Min, Mi-Sun Yoo, Bo-Ram Yun, Jong-Ho Kim, Eun-Jin Choi, Doo-Sung Cheon, Sung-Jong Hong, Soon-Seek Yoon, Yun Sang Cho
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(3): 257. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in HIV-infected patients admitted to a university hospital
Pinar ERGEN, Fatma YILMAZ-KARADAĞ, Özlem AYDIN
Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine.2020; 3(4): 372. CrossRef
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Zhao Li, Chun-Yi Sun, Ren-Dan Yang, Chang-Jun Xu, Mei-Chen Chen, Yun-Jiang Zhang, Wei Cong, Xing-Quan Zhu, Yang Liu, Feng-Cai Zou
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2019; 19(6): 441. CrossRef
Prevalence and burden of Toxoplasma gondii infection in HIV-infected people: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ze-Dong Wang, Shu-Chao Wang, Huan-Huan Liu, Hong-Yu Ma, Zhong-Yu Li, Feng Wei, Xing-Quan Zhu, Quan Liu
The Lancet HIV.2017; 4(4): e177. CrossRef
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Ze-Dong Wang, Huan-Huan Liu, Zhan-Xi Ma, Hong-Yu Ma, Zhong-Yu Li, Zhi-Bin Yang, Xing-Quan Zhu, Bin Xu, Feng Wei, Quan Liu
Frontiers in Microbiology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
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Xun-hui Zhuo, Hong-chao Sun, Bin Huang, Hai-jie Yu, Ying Shan, Ai-fang Du
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Molecular & Cellular Proteomics.2017; 16(3): 469. CrossRef
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Acta Tropica.2017; 176: 162. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Intestinal Parasitosis in Relation to Anti-Retroviral Therapy, CD4+ T-cell Count and Diarrhea in HIV Patients: Shehla Khalil, Bijay Ranjan Mirdha, Sanjeev Sinha, Ashutosh Panda, Yogita Singh, Anju Joseph, Manorama Deb; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):705-712.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.705

Abstract
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Intestinal parasitic infections are one of the major causes of diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive individuals. Antiretroviral therapy has markedly reduced the incidence of many opportunistic infections, but parasite-related diarrhea still remains frequent and often underestimated especially in developing countries. The present hospital-based study was conducted to determine the spectrum of intestinal parasitosis in adult HIV/AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) patients with or without diarrhea with the levels of CD4+ T-cell counts. A total of 400 individuals were enrolled and were screened for intestinal parasitosis. Of these study population, 200 were HIV seropositives, and the remaining 200 were HIV uninfected individuals with or without diarrhea. Intestinal parasites were identified by using microscopy as well as PCR assay. A total of 130 (32.5%) out of 400 patients were positive for any kinds of intestinal parasites. The cumulative number of parasite positive patients was 152 due to multiple infections. A significant association of Cryptosporidium (P<0.001) was detected among individuals with CD4+ T-cell counts less than 200 cells/μl.

Citations

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The Global Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Parasitic Coinfection in People Living with Viruses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Yan Ge, Huaman Liu, Ningjun Ren, Abdul Qadeer, Ian Kim B. Tabios, Ian Kendrich C. Fontanilla, Lydia R. Leonardo, Banchob Sripa, Guofeng Cheng
Pathogens.2025; 14(6): 534. CrossRef
Unveiling the hidden threat: prevalence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and other intestinal parasitic infections among organ transplant recipients in Southern Iran
Mohammad Hossein Motazedian, Leila Morabi, Shahrokh Ezzatzadegan Jahromi, Mojtaba Shafiekhani, Saeed Shahabi, Hamed Nikoupour Dailami, Siavash Gholami, Bahador Sarkari
Gut Pathogens.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Worldwide Epidemiology of Cyclospora cayetanensis in HIV/AIDS Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Farzad Mahdavi, Ali Pouryousef, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Kambiz Karimi, Asma Mousivand, Farajolah Maleki, Ali Asghari, Mina Mamizadeh
Acta Parasitologica.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence, Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern, and Associated Factors of Enteric Bacterial Pathogens Among HIV Infected Patients with Diarrhea Attending the ART Clinic of Dilla University Referral Hospital, Southern Ethiopia
Asaye Mitiku, Zerihin Solomon, Berhanu Gidisa, Kasie Gebeyhu, Haymanot Tewabe, Demissew Shenkute, Melkayehu Kassa, Addisu Gize
Infection and Drug Resistance.2023; Volume 16: 4227. CrossRef
Worldwide prevalence of emerging parasite Blastocystis in immunocompromised patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Zohreh Khorshidvand, Salman Khazaei, MohamadReza Amiri, Heshmatollah Taherkhani, Asad Mirzaei
Microbial Pathogenesis.2021; 152: 104615. CrossRef
Prevalence of Intestinal Coccidiosis Among Patients Living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire)
N&#;Docho Assi Fiacr, Tuo Karim, N&#;Guessan Tiacoh Lan, Kassi Kondo Fulg, Koffi Attoungbr&eacu Clé, Fofana Mamery, Kouamé Amani Casi, Messou Kouassi Eu, Assoua Messou Ani, Bialé Marina Datcho-Gou, Kragbé Daugbley G, N&#;Guetta Essan Jean, Oyebi Mukayila,
Research Journal of Parasitology.2021; 16(1): 9. CrossRef
Association between Blastocystis sp. infection and immunocompromised patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ali Asghari, Zeinab Sadeghipour, Soheil Hassanipour, Zahra Abbasali, Hasan Ebrahimzadeh-Parikhani, Masoud Hashemzaei, Vahid Alimardani, Gholamreza Hatam
Environmental Science and Pollution Research.2021; 28(43): 60308. CrossRef
Global prevalence and associated risk factors of diarrheagenic Giardia duodenalis in HIV/AIDS patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Farzad Mahdavi, Morteza Shams, Alireza Sadrebazzaz, Laya Shamsi, Mostafa Omidian, Ali Asghari, Soheil Hassanipour, Amir Masoud Salemi
Microbial Pathogenesis.2021; 160: 105202. CrossRef
The Coexistence of Blastocystis spp. in Humans, Animals and Environmental Sources from 2010–2021 in Asia
Adedolapo Aminat Rauff-Adedotun, Farah Haziqah Meor Termizi, Nurshafarina Shaari, Ii Li Lee
Biology.2021; 10(10): 990. CrossRef
High carriage rate of intestinal parasites among asymptomatic HIV-seropositive individuals on antiretroviral therapy attending the tertiary care hospital in Varanasi, India
Manish Kumar Purbey, Aradhana Singh, Simmi Kumari, Tuhina Banerjee
Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS.2021; 42(2): 101. CrossRef
Intestinal Parasitosis and its Association with CD4+ T Cell Count and Viral Load among People Living with HIV in Parasite Endemic Settings of Northwest Ethiopia
Eseye Dereb, Markos Negash, Takele Teklu, Debasu Damtie, Aberham Abere, Firehiwot Kebede, Yalemwork Ewnetu, Eyuel Kasa
HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care.2021; Volume 13: 1055. CrossRef
Opportunistic parasitic infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A review
D. A. Laksemi, L. T. Suwanti, M. Mufasirin, K. Suastika, M. Sudarmaja
Veterinary World.2020; 13(4): 716. CrossRef
Prevalence of enteric bacteria and enteroparasites in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals with diarrhoea attending antiretroviral treatment clinic, Arba Minch General Hospital, southern Ethiopia
A.A. Ayele, D. Tadesse, A. Manilal, T. Yohanes, M. Seid, M. Shewangizaw Mekuria
New Microbes and New Infections.2020; 38: 100789. CrossRef
Intestinal parasitic infections and associated factors among people living with HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Adam Wondmieneh, Getnet Gedefaw, Birhan Alemnew, Addisu Getie, Melaku Bimerew, Asmamaw Demis, Francesco Di Gennaro
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Antibody Responses to Cryptosporidium Antigen in HIV-positive Patients in the Republic of Korea: Sang-Mee Guk, Jong-Yil Chai, Yung-Oh Shin, Min Seo; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(2):71-75.
Published online June 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.2.71

Abstract
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The diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis has been carried out using coprologic techniques in the Republic of Korea. However, antibody responses to Cryptosporidium have rarely been studied. Serum antibodies from HIV-positive/oocyst-positive Korean patients recognized significantly 31 and 27 kDa antigens, and HIV-negative/oocyst-positive individuals clearly reacted to 15/17 kDa antigens. Compared with oocyst-positive cases, 18.7% and 75.8% of sera from HIV-positive patients reacted to 31 and 27 kDa antigens. Only 11.1% of HIV-negative individuals reacted to 15/17 kDa. Based on these findings, serum antibody responses were different between HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals infected with Cryptosporidium, and it is suggested that HIV-positive patients are more frequently exposed to C. parvum compared to HIV-negative individuals.

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Parasitic infections in HIV-infected patients who visited Seoul National University Hospital during the period 1995-2003: Sang-Mee Guk, Min Seo, Yun-Kyu Park, Myoung-Don Oh, Kang-Won Choe, Jae-Lip Kim, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(1):1-5.
Published online March 20, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.1.1

Abstract
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The prevalence of parasitic infections was investigated in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients (n = 105) who visited Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea, during the period from 1995 to 2003. Fecal samples were collected from 67 patients for intestinal parasite examinations, and sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage samples from 60 patients for examination of Pneumocystis carinii. Both samples were obtained from 22 patients. Thirty-three (31.4%) of the 105 were found to have parasitic infections; Cryptosporidium parvum (10.5%; 7/67), Isospora belli (7.5%; 5/67), Clonorchis sinensis (3.0%; 2/67), Giardia lamblia (1.5%; 1/67), Gymnophalloides seoi (1.5%; 1/67), and Pneumocystis carinii (28.3%; 17/60). The hospital records of the 11 intestinal parasite-infected patients showed that all suffered from diarrhea. This study shows that parasitic infections are important clinical complications in HIV-infected patients in the Republic of Korea.

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