Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Jung-Mi Kang"

Brief Communication

Partial characterization of a cysteine protease inhibitor of Plasmodium vivax: Tuấn Cường Võ, Jung-Mi Kang, Hương Giang Lê, Byoung-Kuk Na; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(4):354-359.
Published online November 19, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25043

Abstract
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Cysteine proteases play key roles in the biology of Plasmodium parasites and are recognized as antimalarial drug targets. Because these enzymes are involved in diverse biological functions, precise regulation is required to prevent unnecessary damage to both parasites and hosts. In this study, we identified an endogenous inhibitor of cysteine protease of Plasmodium vivax (PvICP) and characterized its biochemical properties. PvICP was found to share highly similar structural characteristics with orthologous proteins from other Plasmodium species. Recombinant PvICP (rPvICP) expressed in Escherichia coli showed a broad range of inhibitory activity against falcipain family cysteine proteases, including vivapain-3, vivapain-4, falcipain-3, malapain-2, and malapain-4, with more potent inhibitory activity against vivapain-3 and vivapain-4. rPvICP’s inhibitory activity was not significantly affected by pH, suggesting its broad biological functions. These findings provide new insights into PvICP and lay the groundwork for future studies exploring its biological significance and potential as a therapeutic target in malaria research.

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Original Articles

Genetic structure of apical membrane antigen-1 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Pakistan: Komal Zaib, Asifullah Khan, Muhammad Umair Khan, Ibrar Ullah, Tuấn Cường Võ, Jung-Mi Kang, Hương Giang Lê, Byoung-Kuk Na, Sahib Gul Afridi; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(3):302-312.
Published online August 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24028

Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen-1 (PfAMA-1) is a major candidate for the blood-stage malaria vaccine. Genetic polymorphisms of global pfama-1suggest that the genetic diversity of the gene can disturb effective vaccine development targeting this antigen. This study was conducted to explore the genetic diversity and gene structure of pfama-1 among P. falciparum isolates collected in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan. A total of 19 full-length pfama-1 sequences were obtained from KP-Pakistan P. falciparum isolates, and genetic polymorphism and natural selection were investigated. KP-Pakistan pfama-1 exhibited genetic diversity, wherein 58 amino acid changes were identified, most of which were located in ectodomains, and domains I, II, and III. The amino acid changes commonly found in the ectodomain of global pfama-1 were also detected in KP-Pakistan pfama-1. Interestingly, 13 novel amino acid changes not reported in the global population were identified in KP-Pakistan pfama-1. KP-Pakistan pfama-1 shared similar levels of genetic diversity with global pfama-1. Evidence of natural selection and recombination events were also detected in KP-Pakistan pfama-1.

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Genetic diversity and natural selection of cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites (CelTOS) in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Vietnam
Tuấn Cường Võ, Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Nguyen Thi Minh Trinh, Minkyoung Cho, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Huynh Hong Quang, Byoung-Kuk Na
Gene.2025; 968: 149731. CrossRef
Genetic polymorphism of Duffy binding protein in Pakistan Plasmodium vivax isolates
Đăng Thùy Dương Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường Võ, Kim Oanh Nguyễn, Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Thu Hằng Nguyễn, Minkyoung Cho, Sahib Gul Afridi, Byoung-Kuk Na
Acta Tropica.2024; 260: 107421. CrossRef

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The anti-amoebic activity of Pinus densiflora leaf extract against the brain-eating amoeba Naegleria fowleri: Hương Giang Lê, Woong Kim, Jung-Mi Kang, Tuấn Cường Võ, Won Gi Yoo, Hyeonsook Cheong, Byoung-Kuk Na; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):169-179.
Published online May 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23103

Naegleria fowleri invades the brain and causes a fatal primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Despite its high mortality rate of approximately 97%, an effective therapeutic drug for PAM has not been developed. Approaches with miltefosine, amphotericin B, and other antimicrobials have been clinically attempted to treat PAM, but their therapeutic efficacy remains unclear. The development of an effective and safe therapeutic drug for PAM is urgently needed. In this study, we investigated the anti-amoebic activity of Pinus densiflora leaf extract (PLE) against N. fowleri. PLE induced significant morphological changes in N. fowleri trophozoites, resulting in the death of the amoeba. The IC50 of PLE on N. fowleri was 62.3±0.95 μg/ml. Alternatively, PLE did not significantly affect the viability of the rat glial cell line C6. Transcriptome analysis revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between PLE-treated and non-treated amoebae. A total of 5,846 DEGs were identified, of which 2,189 were upregulated, and 3,657 were downregulated in the PLE-treated amoebae. The DEGs were categorized into biological process (1,742 genes), cellular component (1,237 genes), and molecular function (846 genes) based on the gene ontology analysis, indicating that PLE may have dramatically altered the biological and cellular functions of the amoeba and contributed to their death. These results suggest that PLE has anti-N. fowleri activity and may be considered as a potential candidate for the development of therapeutic drugs for PAM. It may also be used as a supplement compound to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of drugs currently used to treat PAM.

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A xanthone O-glucoside isolated from Iris setosa Pall. ex Link exhibits promising anti-amoebic activity against the brain-eating amoeba Naegleria fowleri
Hương Giang Lê, Buyng Su Hwang, Ji-Su Choi, Yong Tae Jeong, Tuấn Cường Võ, Minkyoung Cho, Yeonchul Hong, Jeong Ho Kim, Young Taek Oh, Byoung-Kuk Na
Phytomedicine.2025; 147: 157199. CrossRef
From nose to neurons: The lethal journey of the brain-eating amoeba Naegleria fowleri
Arindam Mitra, Débora Brito Goulart
The Microbe.2025; 8: 100537. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Antiamoebic activities of flavonoids against pathogenic free-living amoebae, Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba species: Hương Giang Lê, Tuấn Cường Võ, Jung-Mi Kang, Thu Hằng Nguyễn, Buyng-Su Hwang, Young-Taek Oh, Byoung-Kuk Na; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(4):449-454.
Published online November 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23078

Abstract
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Free-living amoebae (FLA) rarely cause human infections but can invoke fatal infections in the central nervous system (CNS). No consensus treatment has been established for FLA infections of the CNS, emphasizing the urgent need to discover or develop safe and effective drugs. Flavonoids, natural compounds from plants and plant-derived products, are known to have antiprotozoan activities against several pathogenic protozoa parasites. The anti-FLA activity of flavonoids has also been proposed, while their antiamoebic activity for FLA needs to be emperically determined. We herein evaluated the antiamoebic activities of 18 flavonoids against Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba species which included A. castellanii and A. polyphaga. These flavonoids showed different profiles of antiamoebic activity against N. fowleri and Acanthamoeba species. Demethoxycurcumin, kaempferol, resveratrol, and silybin (A+B) showed in vitro antiamoebic activity against both N. fowleri and Acanthamoeba species. Apigenin, costunolide, (‒)-epicatechin, (‒)-epigallocatechin, rosmarinic acid, and (‒)-trans-caryophyllene showed selective antiamoebic activity for Acanthamoeba species. Luteolin was more effective for N. fowleri. However, afzelin, berberine, (±)-catechin, chelerythrine, genistein, (+)-pinostrobin, and quercetin did not exhibit antiamoebic activity against the amoeba species. They neither showed selective antiamoebic activity with significant cytotoxicity to C6 glial cells. Our results provide a basis for the anti-FLA activity of flavonoids, which can be applied to develope alternative or supplemental therapeutic agents for FLA infections of the CNS.

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Effectiveness of phytoproducts against pathogenic free-living amoebae - A scoping and critical review paving the way toward plant-based pharmaceuticals
Beni Jequicene Mussengue Chaúque, Thaisla Cristiane Borella da Silva, Eduardo Brittes Rott, Felipe Brittes Rott, Ana Paula Marçal Copetti Leite, Guilherme Brittes Benitez, Neuana Fernando Neuana, José Roberto Goldim, Marilise Brittes Rott, Régis Adriel Za
Fitoterapia.2025; 182: 106404. CrossRef
Unveiling phenolic content, antibacterial, and antibiofilm potential of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) seed shell extracts against Staphylococcus aureus
Gadah A. Al-Hamoud, Musarat Amina, Reem Hamoud Alrashoudi, Ayesha Mateen, Farah Maqsood, Hanan M. Al-Yousef
PeerJ.2025; 13: e19524. CrossRef
A xanthone O-glucoside isolated from Iris setosa Pall. ex Link exhibits promising anti-amoebic activity against the brain-eating amoeba Naegleria fowleri
Hương Giang Lê, Buyng Su Hwang, Ji-Su Choi, Yong Tae Jeong, Tuấn Cường Võ, Minkyoung Cho, Yeonchul Hong, Jeong Ho Kim, Young Taek Oh, Byoung-Kuk Na
Phytomedicine.2025; 147: 157199. CrossRef
From nose to neurons: The lethal journey of the brain-eating amoeba Naegleria fowleri
Arindam Mitra, Débora Brito Goulart
The Microbe.2025; 8: 100537. CrossRef
(‒)-Epicatechin reveals amoebicidal activity against Acanthamoeba castellanii by activating the programmed cell death pathway
Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Tuấn Cường Võ, Won Gi Yoo, Yeonchul Hong, Byoung-Kuk Na
Phytomedicine.2024; 125: 155389. CrossRef
The potential of nanocomposites (patuletin-conjugated with gallic acid-coated zinc oxide) against free-living amoebae pathogens
Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Bushra Khatoon, Muhammad Kawish, Sreedevi Sajeev, Shaheen Faizi, Muhammad Raza Shah, Ahmad M. Alharbi, Naveed Ahmed Khan
International Microbiology.2024; 28(5): 929. CrossRef
A Comprehensive Review on the Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral, and Antiparasitic Potential of Silybin
José Lima Pereira-Filho, Amanda Graziela Gonçalves Mendes, Carmem Duarte Lima Campos, Israel Viegas Moreira, Cinara Regina Aragão Vieira Monteiro, Suzany Hellen da Silva Soczek, Elizabeth Soares Fernandes, Rafael Cardoso Carvalho, Valério Monteiro-Neto
Antibiotics.2024; 13(11): 1091. CrossRef

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Original Article

Mapping of the Complement C9 Binding Region on Clonorchis sinensis Paramyosin: Jung-Mi Kang, Hương Giang Lê, Tuấn Cường Võ, Won Gi Yoo, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(4):255-259.
Published online August 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.4.255

Abstract
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Heliminthic paramyosin is a multifunctional protein that not only acts as a structural protein in muscle layers but as an immune-modulatory molecule interacting with the host immune system. Previously, we found that paramyosin from Clonorchis sinensis (CsPmy) is bound to human complement C9 protein (C9). To analyze the C9 binding region on CsPmy, overlapping recombinant fragments of CsPmy were produced and their binding activity to human C9 was investigated. The fragmental expression of CsPmy and C9 binding assays revealed that the C9 binding region was located at the C-terminus of CsPmy. Further analysis of the C-terminus of CsPmy to narrow the C9 binding region on CsPmy indicated that the region flanking⁷³¹Leu–⁷⁸⁰ Leu was a potent C9 binding region. The CsPmy fragments corresponding to the region effectively inhibited human C9 polymerization. These results provide a precise molecular basis for CsPmy as a potent immunomodulator to evade host immune defenses by inhibiting complement attack.

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Transmission-Blocking Vaccines against Schistosomiasis Japonica
Chika P. Zumuk, Malcolm K. Jones, Severine Navarro, Darren J. Gray, Hong You
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(3): 1707. CrossRef
What about the Cytoskeletal and Related Proteins of Tapeworms in the Host’s Immune Response? An Integrative Overview
Diana G. Ríos-Valencia, Javier Ambrosio, Rocío Tirado-Mendoza, Julio César Carrero, Juan Pedro Laclette
Pathogens.2023; 12(6): 840. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Overall Prevalence and Distribution of Knockdown Resistance (kdr) Mutations in Aedes aegypti from Mandalay Region, Myanmar: Haung Naw, Mya Nilar Chaw Su, Tuấn Cường Võ, Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Hojong Jun, Yi Yi Mya, Moe Kyaw Myint, Jinyoung Lee, Woon-Mok Sohn, Tong-Soo Kim, Byoung-Kuk Na; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(6):709-714.
Published online December 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.6.709

Abstract
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Knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) of mosquitoes confer resistance to insecticides. Although insecticide resistance has been suspected to be widespread in the natural population of Aedes aegypti in Myanmar, only limited information is currently available. The overall prevalence and distribution of kdr mutations was analyzed in Ae. aegypti from Mandalay areas, Myanmar. Sequence analysis of the VGSC in Ae. aegypti from Myanmar revealed amino acid mutations at 13 and 11 positions in domains II and III of VGSC, respectively. High frequencies of S989P (68.6%), V1016G (73.5%), and F1534C (40.1%) were found in domains II and III. T1520I was also found, but the frequency was low (8.1%). The frequency of S989P/V1016G was high (55.0%), and the frequencies of V1016G/F1534C and S989P/V1016G/F1534C were also high at 30.1% and 23.5%, respectively. Novel mutations in domain II (L963Q, M976I, V977A, M994T, L995F, V996M/A, D998N, V999A, N1013D, and F1020S) and domain III (K1514R, Y1523H, V1529A, F1534L, F1537S, V1546A, F1551S, G1581D, and K1584R) were also identified. These results collectively suggest that high frequencies of kdr mutations were identified in Myanmar Ae. aegypti, indicating a high level of insecticide resistance.

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Monitoring insecticide resistance and target-site mutations in field populations of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in China
Baojuan Zeng, Jianghao Ding, Yajuan Xiao, Shilong Wang, Jie Zhong, Yueru Ye, Huiru Zhou, Jing Song, Wenxin Zhao, Shutang Zhou, Huidong Wang, Raul Narciso Guedes
Journal of Economic Entomology.2025; 118(2): 868. CrossRef
Knockdown-resistance (kdr) mutations in Indian Aedes aegypti populations: Lack of recombination among haplotypes bearing V1016G, F1534C, and F1534L kdr alleles
Taranjeet Kaur, Rajababu S. Kushwah, Sabyasachi Pradhan, Manoj K. Das, Madhavinadha P. Kona, Anushrita, Radhika Mittal, David Weetman, Rajnikant Dixit, Om P. Singh, Jean-philippe David
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2025; 19(6): e0013126. CrossRef
Pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti: genetic mechanisms worldwide, and recommendations for effective vector control
Jonathan Rene Hernandez, Patricia Victoria Pietrantonio
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Detection of Putative Mutation I873S in the Sodium Channel of Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall) Which May Be Associated with Pyrethroid Resistance
Ruibo Gao, Rongcai Lu, Xinyao Qiu, Likui Wang, Kun Zhang, Shaoying Wu
Insects.2023; 14(4): 388. CrossRef
Knockdown Resistance Mutations in the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Myanmar
Haung Naw, Tuấn Cường Võ, Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Yi Yi Mya, Moe Kyaw Myint, Tong-Soo Kim, Ho-Joon Shin, Byoung-Kuk Na
Insects.2022; 13(4): 322. CrossRef
Detection of pyrethroid resistance mutations and intron variants in the voltage‐gated sodium channel of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus mosquitoes from Lao People's Democratic Republic
Sebastien Marcombe, Katherine Shimell, Rachel Savage, Edward Howlett, Phonesavanh Luangamath, Somphat Nilaxay, Vacky Vungkyly, Anne Baby, Mathew King, Josie Clarke, Chloe Jeffries, Josna Jojo, Emily Lacey, Farris Bhatty, Dadirayi Mabika, Andrea Dela Cruz,
Medical and Veterinary Entomology.2022; 36(4): 424. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Monitoring Insecticide Resistance and Target Site Mutations of L1014 Kdr And G119 Ace Alleles in Five Mosquito Populations in Korea: Seo Hye Park, Hojong Jun, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Sung-Lim Yu, Sung Keun Lee, Jung-Mi Kang, Hyunwoo Kim, Hee-Il Lee, Sung-Jong Hong, Byoung-Kuk Na, Young Yil Bahk, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(5):543-550.
Published online October 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.543

Mosquitoes are globally distributed and important vectors for the transmission of many human diseases. Mosquito control is a difficult task and the cost of preventing mosquito-borne diseases is much lower than that for curing the associated diseases. Thus, chemical control remains the most effective tool for mosquito. Due to the long-term intensive use of insecticides to control mosquito vectors, resistance to most chemical insecticides has been reported. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between insecticide resistance and target site mutation of L1014 kdr and G119 ace alleles in 5 species/species group of mosquitoes (Aedes vexans, Ae. albopictus, Anopheles spp., Culex pipiens complex, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus) obtained from 6 collection sites. For Anopheles spp., the proportion of mosquitoes with mutated alleles in L1014 was 88.4%, homozygous resistant genotypes were observed in 46.7%, and heterozygous resistant genotypes were observed in 41.8%. For the Cx. pipiens complex and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus species, homozygous resistant genotypes were found in 25.9% and 9.8%, respectively. However, target site mutation of L1014 in the Ae. vexans nipponii and Ae. albopictus species was not observed. Anopheles spp., Cx. pipiens complex, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes were resistant to deltamethrin and chlorpyriphos, whereas Ae. vexans nipponii and Ae. albopictus were clearly susceptible. We also found a correlation between the resistance phenotype and the presence of the L1014 kdr and G119 ace mutations only in the Anopheles spp. population. In this study, we suggest that insecticide resistance poses a growing threat and resistance management must be integrated into all mosquito control programs.

Citations

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Seasonal fluctuation of insecticide resistance mutation frequencies in field populations of Anopheles and Culex species in Korea
Do Eun Lee, Heung-Chul Kim, Terry A Klein, Si Hyeock Lee, Ju Hyeon Kim, Alec Gerry
Journal of Medical Entomology.2025; 62(1): 155. CrossRef
Insecticide resistance mutations of Anopheles species in the Republic of Korea
Jiseung Jeon, Heung Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein, Hojong Jun, Kwang Shik Choi, Jean-philippe David
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2025; 19(1): e0012748. CrossRef
Omics Approaches in Understanding Insecticide Resistance in Mosquito Vectors
Nikhil Bharadwaj, Rohit Sharma, Muthukumaravel Subramanian, Gnanasekar Ragini, Shriram Ananganallur Nagarajan, Manju Rahi
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(5): 1854. CrossRef
Distribution and frequency of ace-1 and kdr mutations of Culex pipiens subgroup in the Republic of Korea
Jiseung Jeon, Jihun Ryu, Kwang Shik Choi
Acta Tropica.2024; 249: 107058. CrossRef
Investigating insecticide resistance, kdr mutation, and morphology of the coastal mosquito Aedes (Ochlerotatus) zammitii (Theobald, 1903) (Diptera: Culicidae)
Fatma Bursalı
Turkish Journal of Entomology.2024; 48(2): 213. CrossRef
Inference of selection pressures that drive insecticide resistance in Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes in Korea
Do Eun Lee, Jeewoo Shin, Young Ho Kim, Kwang Shik Choi, Hyeyeong Choe, Kwang Pum Lee, Si Hyeock Lee, Ju Hyeon Kim
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology.2023; 194: 105520. CrossRef
CDC Bottle Bioassays for Detection of Insecticide Resistance in Culex pipiens, Aedes albopictus, and Aedes koreicus Collected on US Army Garrisons, Republic of Korea
Craig A. Stoops, Myong Sun Kim, Sanjeev Mahabir, Sung Tae Chong, Stephanie S. Cinkovich, Jennifer B. Carder
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association.2023; 39(3): 208. CrossRef
Reduction of mosquito communities using the mass trapping method
Su Mi Na, Dong Gun Kim
Entomological Research.2023; 53(12): 600. CrossRef

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Bile Ductal Transcriptome Identifies Key Pathways and Hub Genes in Clonorchis sinensis-Infected Sprague-Dawley Rats: Won Gi Yoo, Jung-Mi Kang, Huong Giang L?, Jhang Ho Pak, Sung-Jong Hong, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(5):513-525.
Published online October 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.513

Abstract
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Clonorchis sinensis is a food-borne trematode that infects more than 15 million people. The liver fluke causes clonorchiasis and chronical cholangitis, and promotes cholangiocarcinoma. The underlying molecular pathogenesis occurring in the bile duct by the infection is little known. In this study, transcriptome profile in the bile ducts infected with C. sinensis were analyzed using microarray methods. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were 1,563 and 1,457 at 2 and 4 weeks after infection. Majority of the DEGs were temporally dysregulated at 2 weeks, but 519 DEGs showed monotonically changing expression patterns that formed seven distinct expression profiles. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis of the DEG products revealed 5 sub-networks and 10 key hub proteins while weighted co-expression network analysis (WGCNA)-derived gene-gene interaction exhibited 16 co-expression modules and 13 key hub genes. The DEGs were significantly enriched in 16 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways, which were related to original systems, cellular process, environmental information processing, and human diseases. This study uncovered a global picture of gene expression profiles in the bile ducts infected with C. sinensis, and provided a set of potent predictive biomarkers for early diagnosis of clonorchiasis.

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Liver Fluke-Derived Molecules Accelerate Skin Repair Processes in a Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Anna Kovner, Yaroslav Kapushchak, Oxana Zaparina, Dmitry Ponomarev, Maria Pakharukova
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(22): 12002. CrossRef
Comparative liver transcriptome analysis in hamsters infected with food-borne trematodes Opisthorchis felineus, Opisthorchis viverrini, or Clonorchis sinensis
Ekaterina A. Lishai, Oxana G. Zaparina, Yaroslav K. Kapushchak, Banchob Sripa, Sun-Jong Hong, Guofeng Cheng, Maria Y. Pakharukova, Feng Xue
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2024; 18(12): e0012685. CrossRef
Current status of Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis in Korea: epidemiological perspectives integrating the data from human and intermediate hosts
Won Gi Yoo, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na
Parasitology.2022; 149(10): 1296. CrossRef
Transcriptomic profiling of three-dimensional cholangiocyte spheroids long term exposed to repetitive Clonorchis sinensis excretory-secretory products
Jung-Woong Kim, Junyeong Yi, Jinhong Park, Ji Hoon Jeong, Jinho Kim, Jihee Won, Seok Chung, Tong-Soo Kim, Jhang Ho Pak
Parasites & Vectors.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Partial Characterization of Two Cathepsin D Family Aspartic Peptidases of Clonorchis sinensis: Jung-Mi Kang, Won-Gi Yoo, H??ng Giang L?, Th? Lam Th?i, Sung-Jong Hong, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(6):671-680.
Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.6.671

Cathepsin D (CatD, EC 3.4.23.5) is a member belonging to the subfamily of aspartic endopeptidases, which are classified into the MEROPS clan AA, family A1. Helminth parasites express a large set of different peptidases that play pivotal roles in parasite biology and pathophysiology. However, CatD is less well known than the other classes of peptidases in terms of biochemical properties and biological functions. In this study, we identified 2 novel CatDs (CsCatD1 and CsCatD2) of Clonorchis sinensis and partially characterized their properties. Both CsCatDs represent typical enzymes sharing amino acid residues and motifs that are tightly conserved in the CatD superfamily of proteins. Both CsCatDs showed similar patterns of expression in different developmental stages of C. sinensis, but CsCatD2 was also expressed in metacercariae. CsCatD2 was mainly expressed in the intestines and eggs of C. sinensis. Sera obtained from rats experimentally infected with C. sinensis reacted with recombinant CsCatD2 beginning 2 weeks after infection and the antibody titers were gradually increased by maturation of the parasite. Structural analysis of CsCatD2 revealed a bilobed enzyme structure consisting of 2 antiparallel β-sheet domains packed against each other forming a homodimeric structure. These results suggested a plausible biological role of CsCatD2 in the nutrition and reproduction of parasite and its potential utility as a serodiagnostic antigen in clonorchiasis.

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Clonorchis sinensis excretory/secretory proteins ameliorate inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis
Moon-Ju Kim, Hee Min Yoo, Yu Jeong Lee, Hyun Hee Jang, Seung Cheol Shim, Eun Jeong Won, Tae-Jong Kim
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles and extracellular vesicle-depleted excretory-secretory products of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati larval cultures
Timothy K. Wu, Qin Fu, Janice L. Liotta, Dwight D. Bowman
Veterinary Parasitology.2024; 332: 110331. CrossRef
An insight into the functional genomics and species classification of Eudiplozoon nipponicum (Monogenea, Diplozoidae), a haematophagous parasite of the common carp Cyprinus carpio
Jiří Vorel, Nikol Kmentová, Christoph Hahn, Petr Bureš, Martin Kašný
BMC Genomics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
In silico identification of excretory/secretory proteins and drug targets in monogenean parasites
Víctor Caña-Bozada, Martha Chapa-López, Rubén D. Díaz-Martín, Alejandra García-Gasca, José Ángel Huerta-Ocampo, Guillermo de Anda-Jáuregui, F. Neptalí Morales-Serna
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2021; 93: 104931. CrossRef
pH-Dependent Structural Dynamics of Cathepsin D-Family Aspartic Peptidase of Clonorchis sinensis
Jung-Mi Kang, Hương Giang Lê, Byoung-Kuk Na, Won Gi Yoo
Pathogens.2021; 10(9): 1128. CrossRef
Dopaminergic antagonists inhibit bile chemotaxis of adult Clonorchis sinensis and its egg production
Fuhong Dai, Jin-Ho Song, Yeon Pyo Hong, Xuelian Bai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sung-Jong Hong, jong-Yil Chai
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2020; 14(3): e0008220. CrossRef
Identification and Analysis of the Tegument Protein and Excretory-Secretory Products of the Carcinogenic Liver Fluke Clonorchis sinensis
Yunliang Shi, Kai Yu, Anli Liang, Yan Huang, Fangqi Ou, Haiyan Wei, Xiaoling Wan, Yichao Yang, Weiyu Zhang, Zhihua Jiang
Frontiers in Microbiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among School Children in Pyin Oo Lwin and Naung Cho, Upper Myanmar: Th? Lam Th?i, Hojong Jun, Seo-Hye Park, H??ng Giang L?, Jinyoung Lee, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jung-Mi Kang, Moe Kyaw Myint, Khin Lin, Woon-Mok Sohn, Ho-Woo Nam, Byoung-Kuk Na, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(3):303-308.
Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.303

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite that can cause toxoplasmosis in a wide range of warm-blooded animals including humans. In this study, we analyzed seroprevalence of T. gondii among 467 school children living in the rural areas of Pyin Oo Lwin and Naung Cho, Myanmar. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii among school children was 23.5%; 22.5% of children were positive for T. gondii IgG, 0.4% of children were positive for T. gondii IgM, and 0.6% of children were positive for both T. gondii IgG and IgM. Geographical factors did not significantly affect the seroprevalence frequency between Pyin Oo Lwin and Naung Cho, Myanmar. No significant difference was found between males (22.2%) and females (25.0%). The overall seroprevalence among school children differed by ages (10 years old [13.6%], 11-12 years old [19.8%], 13-14 years old [24.6%], and 15-16 years old [28.0%]), however, the result was not significant. Polymerase chain reaction analysis for T. gondii B1 gene for IgG-positive and IgM-positive blood samples were negative, indicating no direct evidence of active infection. These results collectively suggest that T. gondii infection among school children in Myanmar was relatively high. Integrated and improved strategies including reinforced education on toxoplasmosis should be implemented to prevent and control T. gondii infection among school children in Myanmar.

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Original Articles

Molecular and Biochemical Properties of a Cysteine Protease of Acanthamoeba castellanii: Yeonchul Hong, Jung-Mi Kang, So-Young Joo, Su-Min Song, H??ng Giang L?, Th? Lam Th?i, Jinyoung Lee, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Dong-Il Chung, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(5):409-418.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.409

Abstract
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Acanthamoeba spp. are free-living protozoa that are opportunistic pathogens for humans. Cysteine proteases of Acanthamoeba have been partially characterized, but their biochemical and functional properties are not clearly understood yet. In this study, we isolated a gene encoding cysteine protease of A. castellanii (AcCP) and its biochemical and functional properties were analyzed. Sequence analysis of AcCP suggests that this enzyme is a typical cathepsin L family cysteine protease, which shares similar structural characteristics with other cathepsin L-like enzymes. The recombinant AcCP showed enzymatic activity in acidic conditions with an optimum at pH 4.0. The recombinant enzyme effectively hydrolyzed human proteins including hemoglobin, albumin, immunoglobuins A and G, and fibronectin at acidic pH. AcCP mainly localized in lysosomal compartment and its expression was observed in both trophozoites and cysts. AcCP was also identified in cultured medium of A. castellanii. Considering to lysosomal localization, secretion or release by trophozoites and continuous expression in trophozoites and cysts, the enzyme could be a multifunctional enzyme that plays important biological functions for nutrition, development and pathogenicity of A. castellanii. These results also imply that AcCP can be a promising target for development of chemotherapeutic drug for Acanthamoeba infections.

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Acanthamoeba castellanii cysteine protease 3 promotes M1 macrophage polarization through the TLR4/NF‑κB pathway
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Induction of Programmed Cell Death in Acanthamoeba culbertsoni by the Repurposed Compound Nitroxoline
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Fiona L. Henriquez, Ronnie Mooney, Timothy Bandel, Elisa Giammarini, Mohammed Zeroual, Pier Luigi Fiori, Valentina Margarita, Paola Rappelli, Daniele Dessì
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Issam Hasni, Philippe Decloquement, Sandrine Demanèche, Rayane Mouh Mameri, Olivier Abbe, Philippe Colson, Bernard La Scola
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Identification and biochemical characterisation of Acanthamoeba castellanii cysteine protease 3
Zhixin Wang, Duo Wu, Hiroshi Tachibana, Meng Feng, Xun-jia Cheng
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Abigail Betanzos, Cecilia Bañuelos, Esther Orozco
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PCR-RFLP for Rapid Subtyping of Plasmodium vivax Korean Isolates: Jung-Mi Kang, Jinyoung Lee, Tae Im Kim, Eun-Ha Koh, Tong-Soo Kim, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):159-165.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.159

Abstract
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Vivax malaria reemerged in Korea in 1993 and the outbreak has been continued with fluctuating numbers of annual indigenous cases. Understanding the nature of the genetic population of Plasmodium vivax circulating in Korea is beneficial for the knowledge of the nationwide parasite heterogeneity and in the implementation of malaria control programs in the country. Previously, we analyzed polymorphic nature of merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) and MSP-3α in Korean P. vivax population and identified the Korean P. vivax population has been diversifying rapidly, with the appearance of parasites with new genetic subtypes, despite the recent reduction of the disease incidence. In the present study, we developed simple PCR-RFLP methods for rapid subtyping of MSP-1 and MSP-3α of Korean P. vivax isolates. These PCR-RFLP methods were able to easily distinguish each subtype of Korean P. vivax MSP-1 and MSP-3α with high accuracy. The PCR-RFLP subtyping methods developed here would be easily applied to massive epidemiological studies for molecular surveillance to understand genetic population of P. vivax and to supervise the genetic variation of the parasite circulating in Korea.

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Molecular Profiles of Antimalarial Drug Resistance in Plasmodium Species from Asymptomatic Malaria Carriers in Gia Lai Province, Vietnam
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Parasitology International.2021; 83: 102374. CrossRef

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2 Web of Science
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Molecular Analysis of Anisakis Type I Larvae in Marine Fish from Three Different Sea Areas in Korea: Woon-Mok Sohn, Jung-Mi Kang, Byoung-Kuk Na; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):383-389.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.383

Abstract
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Anisakiasis, a human infection of Anisakis L3 larvae, is one of the common foodborne parasitic diseases in Korea. Studies on the identification of anisakid larvae have been performed in the country, but most of them have been focused on morphological identification of the larvae. In this study, we analyzed the molecular characteristics of 174 Anisakis type I larvae collected from 10 species of fish caught in 3 different sea areas in Korea. PCR-RFLP and sequence analyses of rDNA ITS and mtDNA cox1 revealed that the larvae showed interesting distribution patterns depending on fish species and geographical locations. Anisakis pegreffii was predominant in fish from the Yellow Sea and the South Sea. Meanwhile, both A. pegreffii and A. simplex sensu stricto (A. simplex s.str.) larvae were identified in fish from the East Sea, depending on fish species infected. These results suggested that A. pegreffii was primarily distributed in a diverse species of fish in 3 sea areas around Korea, but A. simplex s.str. was dominantly identified in Oncorhynchus spp. in the East Sea.

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Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Paramyosin from Clonorchis sinensis: Tae-Joon Park, Jung-Mi Kang, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):359-367.
Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.359

Abstract
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Paramyosin is a myofibrillar protein present in helminth parasites and plays multifunctional roles in host-parasite interactions. In this study, we identified the gene encoding paramyosin of Clonorchis sinensis (CsPmy) and characterized biochemical and immunological properties of its recombinant protein. CsPmy showed a high level of sequence identity with paramyosin from other helminth parasites. Recombinant CsPmy (rCsPmy) expressed in bacteria had an approximate molecular weight of 100 kDa and bound both human collagen and complement 9. The protein was constitutively expressed in various developmental stages of the parasite. Imunofluorescence analysis revealed that CsPmy was mainly localized in the tegument, subtegumental muscles, and the muscle layer surrounding the intestine of the parasite. The rCsPmy showed high levels of positive reactions (74.6%, 56/75) against sera from patients with clonorchiasis. Immunization of experimental rats with rCsPmy evoked high levels of IgG production. These results collectively suggest that CsPmy is a multifunctional protein that not only contributes to the muscle layer structure but also to non-muscular functions in host-parasite interactions. Successful induction of host IgG production also suggests that CsPmy can be applied as a diagnostic antigen and/or vaccine candidate for clonorchiasis.

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