Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Serum"

Original Articles

A Novel Polyclonal Antiserum against Toxoplasma gondii Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger 1: Bin Xiao, Zhenzhan Kuang, Yanli Zhan, Daxiang Chen, Yang Gao, Ming Li, Shuhong Luo, Wenbo Hao; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):21-29.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.21

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The sodium hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1), which functions in maintaining the ratio of Na⁺ and H⁺ ions, is widely distributed in cell plasma membranes. It plays a prominent role in pH balancing, cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and migration. However, its exact subcellular location and biological functions in Toxoplasma gondii are largely unclear. In this study, we cloned the C-terminal sequence of T. gondii NHE1 (TgNHE1) incorporating the C-terminal peptide of NHE1 (C-NHE1) into the pGEX4T-1 expression plasmid. The peptide sequence was predicted to have good antigenicity based on the information obtained from an immune epitope database. After induction of heterologous gene expression with isopropyl-b-D-thiogalactoside, the recombinant C-NHE1 protein successfully expressed in a soluble form was purified by glutathione sepharose beads as an immunogen for production of a rabbit polyclonal antiserum. The specificity of this antiserum was confirmed by western blotting and immunofluorescence. The antiserum could reduce T. gondii invasion into host cells, indicated by the decreased TgNHE1 expression in T. gondii parasites that were pre-incubated with antiserum in the process of cell entry. Furthermore, the antiserum reduced the virulence of T. gondii parasites to host cells in vitro, possibly by blocking the release of Ca²⁺. In this regard, this antiserum has potential to be a valuable tool for further studies of TgNHE1.

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Identification and Characterization of a Cleavage Site in the Proteolysis of Orf Virus 086 Protein
Xiaoping Wang, Bin Xiao, Jiafeng Zhang, Daxiang Chen, Wei Li, Ming Li, Wenbo Hao, Shuhong Luo
Frontiers in Microbiology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef

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Prevalence of Serum IgG Antibodies to Cystic Echinococcus Antigen among Patients in an Uzbekistan Emergency Hospital: Se Jin Park, Sung Sik Han, Khikmat Anvarov, Abdukhakim Khajibaev, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):699-703.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.699

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Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most widespread zoonotic helminthiases, which can last an asymptomatic infection for several years. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate serum antibody prevalence of CE among asymptomatic people in Uzbekistan using ELISA. A total of 2,547 serum samples were collected, 66 from confirmed CE patients and 2,481 of patients with other diseases than CE at a hospital in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The serum samples were screened for CE specific IgG antibodies by ELISA using cystic fluid antigen obtained from sheep. The serum antibody positive rate was 89.4% (59/66) in CE and 3.6% (89/2,481) in other disease patients. The present ELISA recognized 89.4% sensitivity and 96.4% specificity. The ELISA absorbance of positive samples was distributed 0.271-0.971 for CE and 0.273-0.887 for other disease patients. The other disease patients with high absorbance over 0.3 were 50 (2.0%) who were presumed to be active CE patients. The patients in their 40s showed the highest positive rate of 5.2% (P=0.181), and women were 4.4% while men were 3.1% positive (P=0.136). The data confirmed that there are many asymptomatic patients of CE in Tashkent. It is indicated that CE is an endemic disease of public health importance in Uzbekistan.

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Comparison of Methods in the Serologic Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis
Sidre Erganis, Fakhriddin Sarzhanov, Funda Doğruman Al, Kayhan Cağlar
Acta Parasitologica.2024; 69(2): 1122. CrossRef
The echinococcoses in Asia: The present situation
Akira Ito, Christine M. Budke
Acta Tropica.2017; 176: 11. CrossRef
Kistik Ekinokokoz’un serolojik tanısında Indirekt Hemaglütinasyon, İndirekt Floresan Antikor ve Enzim İmmuno Assay testlerinin etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi
Sadık AKGÜN, Hakan Sezgin SAYİNER, Tekin KARSLIGİL
Journal of Contemporary Medicine.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

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Hematological and Serum Biochemical Analyses in Experimental Caprine Besnoitiosis: Saeed Nazifi, Ahmad Oryan, Fatemeh Namazi; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):133-138.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.133

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This study was undertaken to investigate the hematological and biochemical changes in experimentally infected goats with Besnoitia caprae from the time of infection till 360 days post-infection (PI). Six male goats were inoculated subcutaneously with 13×10⁷ bradyzoites of B. caprae, and blood samples were collected from the jugular vein. The total erythrocyte and total leukocyte counts, hematocrit value, and differential leukocyte counts were determined. Serum biochemical analysis, including the total protein, albumin, total globulin, cholesterol, triglyceride, chloride, testosterone, calcium (Ca²⁺), inorganic phosphorus, sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), iron (Fe²⁺), glucose, serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), fibrinogen, ceruloplasmin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase, was undertaken. Skin biopsy from the limbs were collected at weekly intervals and histologically examined for Besnoitia cysts. Cysts were present in the skin biopsies of the leg of the infected goats from day 28 PI. There were variations in hematological analyses, but no significant difference was seen. From day 30 to 360 PI, results showed that SAA, Hp, fibrinogen, and ceruloplasmin concentrations increased, whereas testosterone concentrations decreased. Infected goats exhibited decrease of albumin and increase of serum total protein and globulin concentrations. By contrast, there were no significant differences in the remained analyses concentrations.

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Effect of Ketoprofen on acute phase protein concentrations in goats undergoing castration
Umit Karademir, Ibrahim Akin, Hasan Erdogan, Kerem Ural, Gamze Sevri Ekren Asici
BMC Veterinary Research.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Natural Besnoitia besnoiti infections in cattle: hematological alterations and changes in serum chemistry and enzyme activities
Martin C Langenmayer, Julia C Scharr, Carola Sauter-Louis, Gereon Schares, Nicole S Gollnick
BMC Veterinary Research.2015; 11(1): 32. CrossRef

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Proteomic Analysis of Haptoglobin and Amyloid A Protein Levels in Patients with Vivax Malaria: Young Yil Bahk, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jung-Yeon Kim, Kook-Jin Lim, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(3):203-211.
Published online September 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.203

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Advancements in the field of proteomics have provided great opportunities for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic tools against human diseases. In this study, we analyzed haptoglobin and amyloid A protein levels of vivax malaria patients with combinations of depletion of the abundant plasma proteins, 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), image analysis, and mass spectrometry in the plasma between normal healthy donors and vivax malaria patients. The results showed that the expression level of haptoglobin had become significantly lower or undetectable in the plasma of vivax malaria patients due to proteolytic cleavage when compared to healthy donors on 2-DE gels. Meanwhile, serum amyloid A protein was significantly increased in vivax malaria patient's plasma with high statistical values. These 2 proteins are common acute phase reactants and further large scale evaluation with a larger number of patient's will be necessary to establish the possible clinical meaning of the existential changes of these proteins in vivax malaria patients. However, our proteomic analysis suggests the feasible values of some plasma proteins, such as haptoglobin and serum amyloid A, as associating factor candidates for vivax malaria.

Citations

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A comprehensive rhythmicity analysis of host proteins and immune factors involved in malaria pathogenesis to decipher the importance of host circadian clock in malaria
Sourbh Rankawat, Kavita Kundal, Shreyayukta Chakraborty, Rahul Kumar, Sandipan Ray
Frontiers in Immunology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Haemoglobin drives inflammation and initiates antigen spread and nephritis in lupus
Hritika Sharma, Anjali Bose, Ruchi Sachdeva, Monika Malik, Uma Kumar, Rahul Pal
Immunology.2022; 165(1): 122. CrossRef
Haptoglobin as a biomarker
S.N. Naryzhny, O.K. Legina
Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya.2021; 67(2): 105. CrossRef
Haptoglobin as a Biomarker
S. N. Naryzny, O. K. Legina
Biochemistry (Moscow), Supplement Series B: Biomedical Chemistry.2021; 15(3): 184. CrossRef
The use of proteomics for the identification of promising vaccine and diagnostic biomarkers in Plasmodium falciparum
Reza Mansouri, Mohammad Ali-Hassanzadeh, Reza Shafiei, Amir Savardashtaki, Mohammadreza Karimazar, Enayat Anvari, Paul Nguewa, Sajad Rashidi
Parasitology.2020; 147(12): 1255. CrossRef
A Proteogenomic Analysis of Haptoglobin in Malaria
Gauri Awasthi, Suchi Tyagi, Vipin Kumar, Sandip Kumar Patel, Dharmendar Rojh, Vijeth Sakrappanavar, Sanjay Kumar Kochar, Arunansu Talukdar, Biaus Samanta, Aparup Das, Sanjeeva Srivastava, Swati Patankar
PROTEOMICS – Clinical Applications.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Malaria in India: The Need for New Targets for Diagnosis and Detection of Plasmodium vivax
Swati Patankar, Shobhona Sharma, Pradipsinh K. Rathod, Manoj T. Duraisingh
PROTEOMICS – Clinical Applications.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Protein profiling of plasma proteins in dairy cows with subclinical hypocalcaemia
Ziling Fan, Shi Shu, Chuchu Xu, Xinhuan Xiao, Gang Wang, Yunlong Bai, Cheng Xia, Ling Wu, Hongyou Zhang, Chuang Xu, Wei Yang
Irish Veterinary Journal.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Oxidized Hemoglobin Is Antigenic and Immunogenic in Lupus
Sonia Jain, Anjali Bose, Banajit Bastia, Hritika Sharma, Ruchi Sachdeva, Arun K. Jain, Rahul Pal
Frontiers in Immunology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Quantitative Proteomics Analysis of Plasmodium vivax Induced Alterations in Human Serum during the Acute and Convalescent Phases of Infection
Sandipan Ray, Sandip K. Patel, Apoorva Venkatesh, Gangadhar Chatterjee, Naziya N. Ansari, Nithya J. Gogtay, Urmila M. Thatte, Prajakta Gandhe, Santosh G. Varma, Swati Patankar, Sanjeeva Srivastava
Scientific Reports.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Proteomics ofPlasmodium vivaxmalaria: new insights, progress and potential
Apoorva Venkatesh, Sandip K. Patel, Sandipan Ray, Jayanthi Shastri, Gangadhar Chatterjee, Sanjay K. Kochar, Swati Patankar, Sanjeeva Srivastava
Expert Review of Proteomics.2016; 13(8): 771. CrossRef
Mass spectral analysis of urine proteomic profiles of dairy cows suffering from clinical ketosis
Chuang Xu, Shi Shu, Cheng Xia, Pengxian Wang, Yuhang Sun, Chuchu Xu, Changsheng Li
Veterinary Quarterly.2015; 35(3): 133. CrossRef
Differential expression of serum/plasma proteins in various infectious diseases: Specific or nonspecific signatures
Sandipan Ray, Sandip K. Patel, Vipin Kumar, Jagruti Damahe, Sanjeeva Srivastava
PROTEOMICS – Clinical Applications.2014; 8(1-2): 53. CrossRef
The changes of serum proteome and tissular pathology in mouse induced by botulinum toxin E injection
J. F. Wang, X. Y. Mao, C. Zhao
Molecular Biology Reports.2014; 41(4): 2509. CrossRef
Affinity Proteomics Reveals Elevated Muscle Proteins in Plasma of Children with Cerebral Malaria
Julie Bachmann, Florence Burté, Setia Pramana, Ianina Conte, Biobele J. Brown, Adebola E. Orimadegun, Wasiu A. Ajetunmobi, Nathaniel K. Afolabi, Francis Akinkunmi, Samuel Omokhodion, Felix O. Akinbami, Wuraola A. Shokunbi, Caroline Kampf, Yudi Pawitan, Ma
PLoS Pathogens.2014; 10(4): e1004038. CrossRef
Plasma Proteomics Analysis of Dairy Cows with Milk Fever Using SELDI-TOF-MS
Shi Shu, Cheng Xia, Hongyou Zhang, Zhaolei Sun, Jiannan Liu, Bo Wang
Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances.2013; 9(1): 1. CrossRef
Comparative Proteomic Studies on Serum of Brucellosis Dairy Cows and Health Dairy Cows
Jinzhong Tao, Yansheng Guo, Lihong Feng, Guoshun Zhao, Qianming Wu, Xuewen Yang, Shuxia Kuai, Shunde Liu, Jianfeng Wang
Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances.2012; 11(11): 1864. CrossRef
Serum proteome analysis of vivax malaria: An insight into the disease pathogenesis and host immune response
Sandipan Ray, Karthik S. Kamath, Rajneesh Srivastava, Dinesh Raghu, Kishore Gollapalli, Rekha Jain, Shipra V. Gupta, Sayantan Ray, Santosh Taur, Snigdha Dhali, Nithya Gogtay, Urmila Thatte, Rapole Srikanth, Swati Patankar, Sanjeeva Srivastava
Journal of Proteomics.2012; 75(10): 3063. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Ultrastructural Localization of Cryptosporidium parvum Antigen Using Human Patients Sera: Jong-Gyu Lee, Eun-Taek Han, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):171-174.
Published online May 27, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.171

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The antigen location of Cryptosporidium parvum, which stimulates antibody formation in humans and animals, was investigated using infected human sera. Immuno-electron microscopy revealed that antigenicity-inducing humoral immunity was located at various developmental stages of parasites, including asexual, sexual stages, and oocysts. The amount of antigen-stimulating IgG antibodies was particularly high on the oocyst wall. The sporozoite surface was shown to give stimulation on IgG and IgM antibody formation. Trophozoites implicated the lowest antigenicity to humoral immunity, both IgG and IgM, by showing the least amount of gold labeling. Immunogold labeling also provided clues that antigens were presented to the host-cell cytoplasm via feeder organelles and host-parasite junctions.

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Cryptostatin, a chagasin-family cysteine protease inhibitor ofCryptosporidium parvum
J.-M. KANG, H.-L. JU, J.-R. YU, W.-M. SOHN, B.-K. NA
Parasitology.2012; 139(8): 1029. CrossRef

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Ultrastructural Localization of Toxocara canis Larval Antigen Reacted with a Seropositive Human Serum: Soo-Ung Lee, Jae-Ran Yu, Sun Huh; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(1):65-68.
Published online March 12, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.1.65

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Excretory-secretory products of Toxocara canis larvae have been considered as a major functional antigen in immune responses against toxocariasis. We studied ultrastructural localization of T. canis second-stage larval antigen using a seropositive human serum under immunogold electron microscopy. High-density gold particles were observed in the secretory cells, excretory duct, intestinal epithelium, and cuticle of the larval worm sections. The distribution of the positive reactions in the larval worms suggests that the nature of the antigen is excretory-secretory antigen including waste metabolites and secretory enzymes.

Citations

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Toxocara canis-originated recombinant C-type lectin improves the disability scores of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in murine in vivo models
Mahsa Shahbakhsh, Fateme Jalousian, Seyed Hossein Hosseini, Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi, Parviz Shayan, Samad Farashi Bonab, Parmida Malekzade, Mohammad Vojgani, Mahya Lalehpour
Journal of Neuroimmunology.2025; 402: 578569. CrossRef
Producción y evaluación del antígeno recombinante Tes-30 de Toxocara canis para el inmunodiagnóstico de toxocariasis
Ana M. Olave, Jairo A. Mesa, Jorge H. Botero, Edwin B. Patiño, Gisela M. García, Juan F. Alzate
Biomédica.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluación de un antígeno purificado para el diagnóstico de toxocariosis
Graciela Santillán, Vanesa Bastin, Graciela Céspedes, Adriana Monkiewicz
Revista Argentina de Microbiología.2013; 45(2): 80. CrossRef
Frequency of unexpected antibody and consideration during transfusion
Ki-Ho Ko, Byung-Hoon Yoo, Kye-Min Kim, Woo-Yong Lee, Jun-Heum Yon, Ki-Hyuk Hong, Tae-Hee Han
Korean Journal of Anesthesiology.2012; 62(5): 412. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Changing Patterns of Serum and Bile Antibodies in Re-infected Rats with Clonorchis sinensis: Hongman Zhang, Byung-Suk Chung, Shunyu Li, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(1):17-22.
Published online March 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.17

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Rats develop strong resistance to re-infection and super-infection by Clonorchis sinensis. The present study investigated the antibodies present in the sera and bile juice of rats that were primary infected and re-infected with C. sinensis. The serum level of specific IgG antibodies, which were elevated 2 wk of the primary infection, peaked at 4 wk and subsequently remained unchanged even during re-infection. The total IgE level in serum increased slowly from 388 ng / ml to 3,426 ng / ml beginning 2 wk after the primary infection, and remained high up to 8 wk but dropped to a normal level (259 ng / ml) after treatment. In resistant re-infected rats, the serum IgE level increased rapidly and peaked within 1 wk, whereas no increase was observed in immunosuppressed rats. The serum level of specific IgA antibodies was elevated beginning 1 wk after infection, and decreased 4 wk after treatment. The total bile IgA level unchanged during the primary infection but increased in treated and re-infected rats. The elevated levels of serum IgE and bile IgA indicate that these immunoglobulins may be correlated with the development of resistance to re-infection by C. sinensis in rats.

Citations

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Bacillus subtilis spore with surface display of paramyosin from Clonorchis sinensis potentializes a promising oral vaccine candidate
Hengchang Sun, Zhipeng Lin, Lu Zhao, Tingjin Chen, Mei Shang, Hongye Jiang, Zeli Tang, Xinyi Zhou, Mengchen Shi, Lina Zhou, Pengli Ren, Honglin Qu, Jinsi Lin, Xuerong Li, Jin Xu, Yan Huang, Xinbing Yu
Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Local immune response to primary infection and re-infection by Clonorchis sinensis in FVB mice
Eun-Min Kim, Hak Sun Yu, Yan Jin, Min-Ho Choi, Young Mee Bae, Sung-Tae Hong
Parasitology International.2017; 66(4): 436. CrossRef
Virus-like particles vaccine containing Clonorchis sinensis tegumental protein induces partial protection against Clonorchis sinensis infection
Dong-Hun Lee, Ah-Ra Kim, Su-Hwa Lee, Fu-Shi Quan
Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Clonorchiasis
Men-Bao Qian, Jürg Utzinger, Jennifer Keiser, Xiao-Nong Zhou
The Lancet.2016; 387(10020): 800. CrossRef
Enhanced protection against Clonorchis sinensis induced by co‐infection with Trichinella spiralis in rats
K.‐B. Chu, S.‐S. Kim, S.‐H. Lee, H.‐S. Lee, K.‐H. Joo, J.‐H. Lee, Y.‐S. Lee, S. Zheng, F.‐S. Quan
Parasite Immunology.2014; 36(10): 522. CrossRef
Systemic and local mucosal immune responses induced by orally delivered Bacillus subtilis spore expressing leucine aminopeptidase 2 of Clonorchis sinensis
Hongling Qu, Yanquan Xu, Hengchang Sun, Jinsi Lin, Jinyun Yu, Zeli Tang, Jiqing Shen, Chi Liang, Shan Li, Wenjun Chen, Xuerong Li, Zhongdao Wu, Yan Huang, Xinbing Yu
Parasitology Research.2014; 113(8): 3095. CrossRef
Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis, an update
Sung-Tae Hong, Yueyi Fang
Parasitology International.2012; 61(1): 17. CrossRef
Strain variation in the susceptibility and immune response to Clonorchis sinensis infection in mice
Md. Hafiz Uddin, Shunyu Li, Young Mee Bae, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
Parasitology International.2012; 61(1): 118. CrossRef

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Complement-mediated tail degradation of Neodiplostomum seoulense cercariae: Yun-Kyu Park, Myung-Ki Hwang, Yun-Jung Jung; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(2):127-131.
Published online June 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.2.127

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The furcocercus cercariae of Neodiplostomum seoulense (Digenea: Neodiplostomidae) penetrate the skins of tadpoles and shed their tails. The speculated mechanism of this tail loss was physical efforts required to produce a vigorous zigzag motion during skin penetration; no other mechanism has been proposed. We examined the relationship between the host serum and cercarial tail loss. Cercariae of N. seoulense were collected from experimentally infected Segmentina hemisphaerula, and lots of 300 cercariae were cultured in medium 199 contained several types of sera. Cercarial tail degradation was induced in all media, but all the cercariae cultured except those cultured in media containing fetal bovine serum (FBS) died within 48 hr. After 72 hr cultivation in media containing FBS, cercarial tail degradation was induced in 67.0%; in continuous cultivation 13.3% of larvae survived for 7 days. Tail degradation did not occur in the absence of serum and when serum was heat inactivated at 56℃ for 30 min. The addition of 20 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) blocked cercarial tail degradation completely. Moreover, the addition of 20 mM MgCl₂ restored tail degradation blocked by EDTA. These results suggest that the alternative complement pathway is related with the N. seoulense cercarial tail degradation induced by serum.

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Brief Communication

Postmetacercarial changes in Echinostoma caproni maintained in a defined medium plus calf serum: Bernard Fried, Aditya Reddy; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(3):173-175.
Published online September 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.3.173

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The present study examined postmetacercarial changes in the excysted metacercariae of Echinostoma caproni maintained in the defined medium Mixture 199 plus 20% calf serum for 7 days at 41℃. The gas phase was atmospheric air. Each culture was inoculated with 25 excysted metacerariae. Cultures were maintained upright in closed 15 ml plastic centrifuge tubes each containing 10 ml of medium plus 200 units of penicillin/ml and 200 ?g of streptomycin/ml. By 4 days in culture, most metacercariae had voided their excretory concretions. Organisms were clumped or solitary at the bottom of the cultures. Many organisms showed flaring of the oral collar and extension of both the collar and tegumentary spines. By 4 days in culture, posterior protuberances or bumps were noted on many of the organisms and some organisms showed abnormal vesicular growths or blebs at their posterior ends. Some mortality was noted in culture by day 5, but most organisms were still alive when the cultures were terminated on day 7.

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In vitro excystation of Echinostoma paraensei (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) metacercariae assessed by light microscopy, morphometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy
Joyce Souza, Juberlan Garcia, Renata H. Neves, José Roberto Machado-Silva, Arnaldo Maldonado
Experimental Parasitology.2013; 135(4): 701. CrossRef