Erythrocytes deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is more susceptible to oxidative damage from free radical derived compounds. The hemolysis triggered by oxidative agents such as primaquine (PQ) is used for the radical treatment of hypnozoites of P. vivax. Testing of G6PD screening before malaria treatment is not a common practice in Thailand, which poses patients at risk of hemolysis. This retrospective study aimed to investigate the prevalence of G6PD in malaria patients who live in Southern Thailand. Eight hundred eighty-one malaria patients were collected for 8-year from 2012 to 2019, including 785 (89.1%) of P. vivax, 61 (6.9%) of P. falciparum, 27 (3.1%) of P. knowlesi, and 8 (0.9%) of mixed infections. The DiaPlexC genotyping kit (Asian type) and PCR-RFLP were employed to determine the G6PD variants. The result showed that 5 different types of G6PD variants were identified in 26 cases (2.9%); 12/26 (46.2%) had Mahidol (487G>A) and 11/26 (42.3%) had Viangchan (871G>A) variants, while the rest had Kaiping (1388G>A), Union (1360C>T), and Mediterranean (563C>T) variants. G6PD Songklanagarind (196T>A) variant was not found in the study. Our result did not show a significant difference in the malaria parasite densities in patients between G6PD-deficient and G6PD-normal groups. According to our findings, testing G6PD deficiency and monitoring the potential PQ toxicity in patients who receive PQ are highly recommended.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Prospective observational study to assess the feasibility and safety of appropriate Plasmodium vivax radical cure with tafenoquine or primaquine after quantitative G6PD testing during pilot implementation in Thailand Prayuth Sudathip, Nardlada Khantikul, Aungkana Saejeng, Stephan Duparc, Penny Grewal Daumerie, Caroline Lynch, Elodie Jambert, Saowanee Viboonsanti, Darin Areechokchai, Jerdsuda Kanjanasuwan, Thannika Thong-ard, Panupong Kowsurat, Isabelle Borghini-Fuhrer BMJ Global Health.2025; 10(4): e016720. CrossRef
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency induced hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia: a case report in a 7 -year-old female patient Adalgisa Fastuca, Antonio Vergori, Giuseppe Robustelli, Chiara Piccolo, Maria Ragazzo, Maddalena Marinoni, Massimo Agosti Italian Journal of Pediatrics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Human genetic variations conferring resistance to malaria Xiaokun Zhang, Jie Wu, Yunxing Peng, Lan Luo, Lu Zhang, Xi Huang, Guoying Chen, Yirong Li, Haoan Yi Journal of Translational Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants in Kachin, Myanmar Zin Moon, Ja Moon Aung, Dorene VanBik, Hae Soo Yun, Sanghyun Lee, Sylvatrie-Danne Dinzouna-Boutamba, Zau Ring, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Youn-Kyoung Goo Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(4): 360. CrossRef
Hematological Indicators of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency in Malaria-Infected Individuals Donia Zaid Hazem, Esraa Adel Mahmood, Anfal Saleh Mohammed Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences.2024; 20(1): 46. CrossRef
Single-Drop Blood Detection of Common G6PD Mutations in Thailand Based on Allele-Specific Recombinase Polymerase Amplification with CRISPR-Cas12a Punchalee Mungkalasut, Pattaraporn Nimsamer, Poonlarp Cheepsunthorn, Sunchai Payungporn, Chalisa Louicharoen Cheepsunthorn ACS Omega.2023; 8(47): 44733. CrossRef
Prevalence of G6PD deficiency and G6PD variants amongst the southern Thai population Manit Nuinoon, Rungnapha Krithong, Suputcha Pramtong, Piyawit Sasuk, Chompunuch Ngeaiad, Sathanan Chaimusik, Jiraporn Kanboonma, Orawan Sarakul PeerJ.2022; 10: e14208. CrossRef
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) genetic variations in Thai vivax malaria patients: Implications for 8-aminoquinoline radical cure Kamonwan Chamchoy, Sirapapha Sudsumrit, Thanyapit Thita, Srivicha Krudsood, Rapatbhorn Patrapuvich, Usa Boonyuen, Paul O. Mireji PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2022; 16(12): e0010986. CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax: the potential obstacles it presents to malaria elimination and eradication Kassahun Habtamu, Beyene Petros, Guiyun Yan Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) resistance is widespread throughout the Greater Mekong Subregion. This raises concern over the antimalarial treatment in Thailand since it shares borders with Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar where high ACT failure rates were reported. It is crucial to have information about the spread of ACT resistance for efficient planning and treatment. This study was to identify the molecular markers for antimalarial drug resistance: Pfkelch13 and Pfmdr1 mutations from 5 provinces of southern Thailand, from 2012 to 2017, of which 2 provinces on the Thai- Myanmar border (Chumphon and Ranong), one on Thai-Malaysia border (Yala) and 2 from non-border provinces (Phang Nga and Surat Thani). The results showed that C580Y mutation of Pfkelch13 was found mainly in the province on the Thai-Myanmar border. No mutations in the PfKelch13 gene were found in Surat Thani and Yala. The Pfmdr1 gene isolated from the Thai-Malaysia border was a different pattern from those found in other areas (100% N86Y) whereas wild type strain was present in Phang Nga. Our study indicated that the molecular markers of artemisinin resistance were spread in the provinces bordering along the Thai-Myanmar, and the pattern of Pfmdr1 mutations from the areas along the international border of Thailand differed from those of the non-border provinces. The information of the molecular markers from this study highlighted the recent spread of artemisinin resistant parasites from the endemic area, and the data will be useful for optimizing antimalarial treatment based on regional differences.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Advancing artemisinin resistance monitoring using a high sensitivity ddPCR assay for Pfkelch13 mutation detection in Asia Suttipat Srisutham, Aungkana Saejeng, Nardlada Khantikul, Rungniran Sugaram, Raweewan Sangsri, Arjen M. Dondorp, Nicholas P. J. Day, Mallika Imwong Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Tracking Drug Resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: Genetic Diversity of Key Resistance Markers in Brazilian Malaria Hotspots Rebecca de Abreu-Fernandes, Lucas Tavares de Queiroz, Natália Ketrin Almeida-de-Oliveira, Aline Rosa de Lavigne Mello, Jacqueline de Aguiar Barros, Lilian Rose Pratt-Riccio, Gisely Cardoso de Melo, Patrícia Brasil, Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro, Didier Men International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(13): 5977. CrossRef
Preliminary analysis of the conserved Plasmodium falciparum k13 gene in Arbaminch and Mirab Abaya, Ethiopia Kefiyalew Jote, Yirgalem Gebrehiwot, Abnet Abebe, Canelle Kipayko, Cheikh Cambel Dieng, Eugenia Lo, Lemu Golassa, Bayissa Chala Malaria Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Antimalarial Mechanisms and Resistance Status of Artemisinin and Its Derivatives Dan Zheng, Tingting Liu, Shasha Yu, Zhilong Liu, Jing Wang, Ying Wang Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2024; 9(9): 223. CrossRef
Molecular insights into artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: An updated review Wihda Aisarul Azmi, Andita Fitri Mutiara Rizki, Yenny Djuardi, I. Made Artika, Josephine Elizabeth Siregar Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2023; 112: 105460. CrossRef
Application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with lateral flow assay visualization of Plasmodium falciparum kelch 13 C580Y mutation for artemisinin resistance detection in clinical samples Wannida Sanmoung, Nongyao Sawangjaroen, Suwannee Jitueakul, Hansuk Buncherd, Aung Win Tun, Supinya Thanapongpichat, Mallika Imwong Acta Tropica.2023; 246: 106998. CrossRef
Prevalence of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency among Malaria Patients in Southern Thailand: 8 Years Retrospective Study Thunchanok Khammanee, Nongyao Sawangjaroen, Hansuk Buncherd, Aung Win Tun, Supinya Thanapongpichat The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(1): 15. CrossRef
An insight into the recent development of the clinical candidates for the treatment of malaria and their target proteins Hari Madhav, Nasimul Hoda European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.2021; 210: 112955. CrossRef
Diagnosing the drug resistance signature in Plasmodium falciparum: a review from contemporary methods to novel approaches Laxman Kumar Murmu, Arpita Arsmika Sahu, Tapan Kumar Barik Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2021; 45(3): 869. CrossRef
A resistant mutant of Plasmodium falciparum purine nucleoside phosphorylase uses wild-type neighbors to maintain parasite survival Yacoba V.T. Minnow, Rajesh K. Harijan, Vern L. Schramm Journal of Biological Chemistry.2021; 296: 100342. CrossRef
A LAMP-SNP Assay Detecting C580Y Mutation in Pfkelch13 Gene from Clinically Dried Blood Spot Samples Thunchanok Khammanee, Nongyao Sawangjaroen, Hansuk Buncherd, Aung Win Tun, Supinya Thanapongpichat The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 15. CrossRef
New insights into the spread of resistance to artemisinin and its analogues Noreen Noreen, Asad Ullah, Syed Muhammad Salman, Yahia Mabkhot, Abdulrhman Alsayari, Syed Lal Badshah Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance.2021; 27: 142. CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of artemether-lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria and prevalence of molecular markers associated with artemisinin and partner drug resistance in Uganda Chris Ebong, Asadu Sserwanga, Jane Frances Namuganga, James Kapisi, Arthur Mpimbaza, Samuel Gonahasa, Victor Asua, Sam Gudoi, Ruth Kigozi, James Tibenderana, John Bosco Bwanika, Agaba Bosco, Denis Rubahika, Daniel Kyabayinze, Jimmy Opigo, Damian Rutazana, Malaria Journal.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
First
Prev
