Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Suk-Yul Jung"

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Understanding the pathogenicity of Naegleria fowleri in association with N. fowleri antigen-1 (Nfa1): Jong-Hyun Kim, Hae-Jin Sohn, Ho-Joon Shin, Stacy E. Walz, Suk-Yul Jung; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(4):385-398.
Published online November 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24025

Abstract
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Naegleria fowleri, a brain-eating amoeba, thrives in lakes and rivers with aquatic vegetation and causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in humans. Most recently, it has become such a serious problem that N. fowleri was detected in tap water in Houston, USA. Several pathogenic factors are considered very important to destroy target cells in the brain. In particular, the food-cup where N. fowleri antigen-1 (Nfa1) is located, is strongly expressed in pseudopodia involved in the movement of N. fowleri, and is involved in phagocytosis by attaching to target cells. In this article, we reviewed the role of the Nfa1 protein and its associated pathogenicity. The nfa1 gene was cloned by cDNA library immunoscreening using infection serum and immune serum. Nfa1 protein is mainly distributed in pseudopodia important to movement and vacuoles. Moreover, heat shock protein 70, cathepsin-like proteare and Nf-actin are also associated with pseudopodia in which Nfa1 is localized. Interestingly, the amount of the nfa1 gene changed as N. fowleri trophozoites transformed into cysts. Polyclonal antiserum against Nfa1 showed a protective effect against cytotoxicity of approximately 19.7%. Nfa1-specific IgA antibodies prevent N. fowleri trophozoites from adhering to the nasal mucosa, delaying invasion. The nfa1-vaccinated mice showed significantly higher levels of Nfa1-specific antibody. The duration of anti-Nfa1 IgG in the vaccinated mice lasted 12 weeks, strongly suggesting that nfa1 is a significant pathogenic gene and that Nfa1 is a pathogenic protein. Several factors related to pseudopodia and locomotion have been linked to Nfa1. A clearer function of N. fowleri targeting nfa1 with other genes might enable target-based inhibition of N. fowleri pathogenicity.

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Computational exploration of natural inhibitors against toxin-associated proteins in Naegleria fowleri Karachi strain
Rabia Faizan, Muhammad Naveed, Inmaculada Bellido Estevez, Nimra Hanif, Arooj Arshad, Tariq Aziz, Abdulhakeem S. Alamri, Walaa F. Alsanie, Majid Alhomrani
Pathology - Research and Practice.2025; 274: 156184. CrossRef
A review of the mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment of Naegleria fowleri infection
Ling Dai, Xin-Ru Guo, Xu-Rui Chen, Ming-Hao Ma, Zi-Han Liu, Juan Lai, Jun Lu, Ming Feng, Xi-Xia Liu, Sheng-Hui Yang
Frontiers in Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Efficient Liquid Media for Encystation of Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae: Hae-Jin Sohn, Heekyoung Kang, Ga-Eun Seo, Jong-Hyun Kim, Suk-Yul Jung, Ho-Joon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):233-238.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.233

Abstract
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Pathogenic Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba castellanii, and Acanthamoeba polyphaga, are distributed worldwide. They are causative agents of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis or acanthamoebic keratitis in humans, respectively. Trophozoites encyst in unfavorable environments, such as exhausted food supply and desiccation. Until recently, the method of N. fowleri encystation used solid non-nutrient agar medium supplemented with heat-inactivated Escherichia coli; however, for the amoebic encystment of Acanthamoeba spp., a defined, slightly modified liquid media is used. In this study, in order to generate pure N. fowleri cysts, a liquid encystment medium (buffer 1) modified from Page’s amoeba saline was applied for encystation of N. fowleri. N. fowleri cysts were well induced after 24 hr with the above defined liquid encystment medium (buffer 1). This was confirmed by observation of a high expression of differential mRNA of nfa1 and actin genes in trophozoites. Thus, this liquid medium can replace the earlier non-nutrient agar medium for obtaining pure N. fowleri cysts. In addition, for cyst formation of Acanthamoeba spp., buffer 2 (adjusted to pH 9.0) was the more efficient medium. To summarize, these liquid encystment media may be useful for further studies which require axenic and pure amoebic cysts.

Citations

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Veterinary World.2025; : 110. CrossRef
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Xiangyu Ren, Chen Liu, Yang Yue, Shuo Sun, Lang Zhao, Chengyuan Tao, Beibei Wang, Wu Xiong, Zongzhuan Shen, Rong Li, Qirong Shen
Microbiological Research.2025; 295: 128109. CrossRef
Cloning of nf-profilin and intercellular interaction with nf-actin in Naegleria fowleri cysts
Hae-Jin Sohn, A-Jeong Ham, A-Young Park, Jeong-Heon Lee, Sun Park, Ho-Joon Shin, Jong-Hyun Kim
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Ouabain, ATPase inhibitor, potentially enhances the effect of polyhexamethylene biguanide on Acanthamoeba castellanii
Kuang-Yi Shih, Yao-Tsung Chang, Yu-Jen Wang, Jian-Ming Huang
International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance.2024; 25: 100550. CrossRef
Understanding the pathogenicity of Naegleria fowleri in association with N. fowleri antigen-1 (Nfa1)
Jong-Hyun Kim, Hae-Jin Sohn, Ho-Joon Shin, Stacy E. Walz, Suk-Yul Jung
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(4): 385. CrossRef
De Novo Transcriptome Profiling of Naegleria fowleri Trophozoites and Cysts via RNA Sequencing
Hae-Jin Sohn, Jong-Hyun Kim, Kyongmin Kim, Sun Park, Ho-Joon Shin
Pathogens.2023; 12(2): 174. CrossRef
An International External Quality Assessment Scheme to Assess the Diagnostic Performance of Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Maarten J. Sarink, Rob Koelewijn, Foekje Stelma, Titia Kortbeek, Lisette van Lieshout, Pieter W. Smit, Aloysius G. M. Tielens, Jaap J. van Hellemond
Cornea.2023; 42(8): 1027. CrossRef
Development of a Machine Learning-Based Cysticidal Assay and Identification of an Amebicidal and Cysticidal Marine Microbial Metabolite against Acanthamoeba
Brian Shing, Mina Balen, William Fenical, Anjan Debnath, Wei-Hua Chen
Microbiology Spectrum.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Curcumin effect on Acanthamoeba triangularis encystation under nutrient starvation
Rachasak Boonhok, Suthinee Sangkanu, Suganya Phumjan, Ramita Jongboonjua, Nawarat Sangnopparat, Pattamaporn Kwankaew, Aman Tedasen, Chooi Ling Lim, Maria de Lourdes Pereira, Mohammed Rahmatullah, Polrat Wilairatana, Christophe Wiart, Karma G. Dolma, Alok
PeerJ.2022; 10: e13657. CrossRef
Novel Antiamoebic Tyrocidine-Derived Peptide against Brain-Eating Amoebae
Noor Akbar, Wendy E. Kaman, Maarten Sarink, Kamran Nazmi, Floris J. Bikker, Naveed Ahmed Khan, Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
ACS Omega.2022; 7(33): 28797. CrossRef
Combinatorial treatment with β-glucanase enzyme and chlorhexidine induces cysticidal effects in Acanthamoeba cyst
Nurhidayana Mohd Rased, Syed Ahmad Tajudin Tuan Johari, Hazlina Ahamad Zakeri, Nyuk Ling Ma, Siti Aisyah Razali, Fatimah Hashim
Parasitology Research.2022; 121(11): 3105. CrossRef
The Acanthamoeba SBDS, a cytoskeleton-associated gene, is highly expressed during phagocytosis and encystation
Yu-Jen Wang, Wei-Chen Lin, Ming-Shan He
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection.2021; 54(3): 482. CrossRef
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Establishment of an Acanthamoeba keratitis mouse model confirmed by amoebic DNA amplification
Heekyoung Kang, Hae-Jin Sohn, A-Young Park, A-Jeong Ham, Jeong-Heon Lee, Young-Hwan Oh, Yong-Joon Chwae, Kyongmin Kim, Sun Park, Hongseok Yang, Suk-Yul Jung, Jong-Hyun Kim, Ho-Joon Shin
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
A Novel Cysteine Protease Inhibitor of Naegleria fowleri That Is Specifically Expressed during Encystation and at Mature Cysts
Hương Giang Lê, A-Jeong Ham, Jung-Mi Kang, Tuấn Cường Võ, Haung Naw, Hae-Jin Sohn, Ho-Joon Shin, Byoung-Kuk Na
Pathogens.2021; 10(4): 388. CrossRef
Inhibitory Effect of Host Ocular Microenvironmental Factors on Chlorhexidine Digluconate Activity
Chun-Hsien Chen, Yu-Jen Wang, Jian-Ming Huang, Fu-Chin Huang, Wei-Chen Lin
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis by Naegleria fowleri: Pathogenesis and Treatments
Andrea Güémez, Elisa García
Biomolecules.2021; 11(9): 1320. CrossRef
Evaluation of Amebicidal and Cysticidal Activities of Antifungal Drug Isavuconazonium Sulfate against Acanthamoeba T4 Strains
Brian Shing, Mina Balen, Anjan Debnath
Pharmaceuticals.2021; 14(12): 1294. CrossRef
Characterisation of the β-lactam resistance enzyme in Acanthamoeba castellanii
Chun-Hsien Chen, Chao-Li Huang, Ming-Shan He, Fu-Chin Huang, Wei-Chen Lin
International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents.2020; 55(2): 105823. CrossRef
Molecular detection of free-living amoebae from Namhangang (southern Han River) in Korea
Heekyoung Kang, Hae-Jin Sohn, Ga-Eun Seo, Gi-Sang Seong, A-Jeong Ham, A-Young Park, Suk-Yul Jung, Sang-Eun Lee, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Ho-Joon Shin
Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Fowlerstefin, a cysteine protease inhibitor of Naegleria fowleri, induces inflammatory responses in BV-2 microglial cells in vitro
Thị Lam Thái, Jung-Mi Kang, Hương Giang Lê, Jinyoung Lee, Won Gi Yoo, Ho-Joon Shin, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
The Antifungal Drug Isavuconazole Is both Amebicidal and Cysticidal against Acanthamoeba castellanii
Brian Shing, Seema Singh, Larissa M. Podust, James H. McKerrow, Anjan Debnath
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of Acanthamoeba castellanii on the dissolved oxygen and the microbial community under the experimental aquatic model
Chih-Ming Tsai, Jenn-Wei Chen, Wei-Chen Lin
Experimental Parasitology.2020; 218: 107985. CrossRef
Fate of internalized Campylobacter jejuni and Mycobacterium avium from encysted and excysted Acanthamoeba polyphaga
Rasha Maal-Bared, Brent Dixon, Diana Axelsson-Olsson
Experimental Parasitology.2019; 199: 104. CrossRef
Cellular characterization of actin gene concerned with contact‐dependent mechanisms in Naegleria fowleri
Hae‐Jin Sohn, Kyoung‐Ju Song, Heekyoung Kang, A‐Jeong Ham, Jae‐Ho Lee, Yong‐Joon Chwae, Kyongmin Kim, Sun Park, Jong‐Hyun Kim, Ho‐Joon Shin
Parasite Immunology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Cytopathic Change and Inflammatory Response of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells Induced by Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites and Cysts
Hae-Jin Sohn, Ga-Eun Seo, Jae-Ho Lee, A-Jeong Ham, Young-Hwan Oh, Heekyoung Kang, Ho-Joon Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(3): 217. CrossRef
Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against cathepsin B and cathepsin B-Like proteins of Naegleria fowleri
Gi-Sang Seong, Hae-Jin Sohn, Heekyoung Kang, Ga-Eun Seo, Jong-Hyun Kim, Ho-Joon Shin
Experimental Parasitology.2017; 183: 171. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Infection Status of Endoparasites in Foreigner Workers Living in Cheonan City, Chungnam Province, Korea: Suk-Yul Jung, Mi-Jung Ahn, Joo-Yeon Oh, Hae-Seon Nam, Sung-Tae Hong, Yeon-Han Yun, Min Seo; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(2):243-246.
Published online April 22, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.243

Abstract
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At present, more than 500,000 foreigner workers, most of them from Asian countries with high parasitic infection rates, are working in Korea. Since investigation into the prevalence of parasitic infections in foreigner workers has not yet been conducted in Korea, the present study was performed to determine the parasitic infection status of foreigner workers living in Cheonan City, Chungcheongnam-do (Chungnam Province) and to plan, on that basis, effective control measures. From October to December 2013, the parasitic infection status of 231 foreigner workers employed at selected Cheonan-si small businesses was investigated by both stool examination and ELISA. A total of 60 individuals (26.0%) were found to be infected with parasites. The stool examination detected 14 positive cases (6.1%), and ELISA revealed 50 positive people (21.6%), for at least a kind of parasitic disease. The most common infection was cysticercosis (8.7%), followed by toxocariasis (7.8%) and clonorchiasis (7.4%). Since it was proved that parasitic infections were prevalent among foreigner workers living in Cheonan City, more comprehensive study is urgently needed in order to understand the nationwide status of parasitic infections in foreigner workers.

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Global prevalence of 4 neglected foodborne trematodes targeted for control by WHO: A scoping review to highlight the gaps
Rachel Tidman, Kaushi S. T. Kanankege, Mathieu Bangert, Bernadette Abela-Ridder, Paul R. Torgerson
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2023; 17(3): e0011073. CrossRef

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Effects of Mannose on Pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba castellanii: Kyung-Tae Yoo, Suk-Yul Jung; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):365-369.
Published online November 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.365

Abstract
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Acanthamoeba spp. are single-celled protozoan organisms that are widely distributed in the environment. In this study, to understand functional roles of a mannose-binding protein (MBP), Acanthamoeba castellanii was treated with methyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside (mannose), and adhesion and cytotoxicity of the amoeba were analyzed. In addition, to understand the association of MBP for amoeba phagocytosis, phagocytosis assay was analyzed using non-pathogenic bacterium, Escherichia coli K12. Amoebae treated with mannose for 20 cycles exhibited larger vacuoles occupying the most area of the amoebic cytoplasm in comparison with the control group amoebae and glucose-treated amoebae. Mannose-selected amoebae exhibited lower levels of binding to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Exogenous mannose inhibited >50% inhibition of amoebae (control group) binding to CHO cells. Moreover, exogenous mannose inhibited amoebae (i.e., man-treated) binding to CHO cells by <15%. Mannose-selected amoebae exhibited significantly decreased cytotoxicity to CHO cells compared with the control group amoebae, 25.1% vs 92.1%. In phagocytic assay, mannose-selected amoebae exhibited significant decreases in bacterial uptake in comparison with the control group, 0.019% vs 0.03% (P<0.05). Taken together, it is suggested that mannose-selected A. castellanii trophozoites should be severely damaged and do not well interact with a target cell via a lectin of MBP.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Epidemiology of and Genetic Factors Associated with Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Muhammad Ilyas, Fiona Stapleton, Mark D. P. Willcox, Fiona Henriquez, Hari Kumar Peguda, Binod Rayamajhee, Tasbiha Zahid, Constantinos Petsoglou, Nicole A. Carnt
Pathogens.2024; 13(2): 142. CrossRef
Biological characteristics and pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba
Yuehua Wang, Linzhe Jiang, Yitong Zhao, Xiaohong Ju, Le Wang, Liang Jin, Ryan D. Fine, Mingguang Li
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Commensals Serve as Natural Barriers to Mammalian Cells during Acanthamoeba castellanii Invasion
Yu-Jen Wang, Chun-Hsien Chen, Jenn-Wei Chen, Wei-Chen Lin, Kevin R. Theis
Microbiology Spectrum.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Lectins as Virulence Factors in Entamoeba Histolytica and Free-Living Amoebae
Paula Guzmán-Téllez, Moisés Martínez-Castillo, Nadia Flores-Huerta, Gabriela Rosales-Morgan, Judith Pacheco-Yépez, Mireya de la Garza, Jesús Serrano-Luna, Mineko Shibayama
Future Microbiology.2020; 15(10): 919. CrossRef
Acanthamoeba castellanii as an alternative interaction model for the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum
Lucas V. de Faria, Paulo H. F. do Carmo, Marliete C. da Costa, Nalu T. A. Peres, Isabela A. Rodrigues Chagas, Cinthia Furst, Gabriella F. Ferreira, Adriana O. Costa, Daniel A. Santos
Mycoses.2020; 63(12): 1331. CrossRef
Interactions Between Acanthamoeba culbertsoni and Pathogenic Bacteria and their Inhibition by Lectin-Antibodies
Suk-Yul Jung
Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology.2020; 14(3): 1687. CrossRef
Tupanvirus-infected amoebas are induced to aggregate with uninfected cells promoting viral dissemination
Graziele Oliveira, Lorena Silva, Thiago Leão, Said Mougari, Flávio Guimarães da Fonseca, Erna Geessien Kroon, Bernard La Scola, Jônatas Santos Abrahão
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Production of a monoclonal antibody against a mannose-binding protein of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni and its localization
A-Young Kang, A-Young Park, Ho-Joon Shin, Naveed Ahmed Khan, Sutherland K. Maciver, Suk-Yul Jung
Experimental Parasitology.2018; 192: 19. CrossRef
Acanthamoeba-mediated cytopathic effect correlates with MBP and AhLBP mRNA expression
Sook-Luan Ng, Anisah Nordin, Norzana Abd Ghafar, Yusof Suboh, Noraina Ab Rahim, Kien-Hui Chua
Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

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Expression of Exogenous Human Hepatic Nuclear Factor-1α by a Lentiviral Vector and Its Interactions with Plasmodium falciparum Subtilisin-Like Protease 2: Shunyao Liao, Yunqiang Liu, Bing Zheng, Pyo Yun Cho, Hyun Ok Song, Yun-Seok Lee, Suk-Yul Jung, Hyun Park; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):431-436.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.431

Abstract
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The onset, severity, and ultimate outcome of malaria infection are influenced by parasite-expressed virulence factors as well as by individual host responses to these determinants. In both humans and mice, liver injury follows parasite entry, persisting to the erythrocytic stage in the case of infection with the fatal strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Hepatic nuclear factor (HNF)-1α is a master regulator of not only the liver damage and adaptive responses but also diverse metabolic functions. In this study, we analyzed the expression of host HNF-1α in relation to malaria infection and evaluated its interaction with the 5'-untranslated region of subtilisin-like protease 2 (subtilase, Sub2). Recombinant human HNF-1α expressed by a lentiviral vector (LV HNF-1α) was introduced into mice. Interestingly, differences in the activity of the 5'-untranslated region of the Pf-Sub2 promoter were detected in 293T cells, and LV HNF-1α was observed to influence promoter activity, suggesting that host HNF-1α interacts with the Sub2 gene.

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Original Article

Interaction of Escherichia coli K1 and K5 with Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites and Cysts: Abdul Matin, Suk-Yul Jung; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):349-356.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.349

Abstract
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The existence of symbiotic relationships between Acanthamoeba and a variety of bacteria is well-documented. However, the ability of Acanthamoeba interacting with host bacterial pathogens has gained particular attention. Here, to understand the interactions of Escherichia coli K1 and E. coli K5 strains with Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites and cysts, association assay, invasion assay, survival assay, and the measurement of bacterial numbers from cysts were performed, and nonpathogenic E. coli K12 was also applied. The association ratio of E. coli K1 with A. castellanii was 4.3 cfu per amoeba for 1 hr but E. coli K5 with A. castellanii was 1 cfu per amoeba for 1 hr. By invasion and survival assays, E. coli K5 was recovered less than E. coli K1 but still alive inside A. castellanii. E. coli K1 and K5 survived and multiplied intracellularly in A. castellanii. The survival assay was performed under a favourable condition for 22 hr and 43 hr with the encystment of A. castellanii. Under the favourable condition for the transformation of trophozoites into cysts, E. coli K5 multiplied significantly. Moreover, the pathogenic potential of E. coli K1 from A. castellanii cysts exhibited no changes as compared with E. coli K1 from A. castellanii trophozoites. E. coli K5 was multiplied in A. castellanii trophozoites and survived in A. castellanii cysts. Therefore, this study suggests that E. coli K5 can use A. castellanii as a reservoir host or a vector for the bacterial transmission.

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Interaction between Naegleria fowleri and pathogenic Escherichia coli by mannose and changes in N. fowleri protease
Dae-Hyun Son, Eun-Jung Kim, Abdul Matin, Suk-Yul Jung
Parasitology Research.2022; 121(6): 1805. CrossRef
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Abida Akbar, Abdul Hameed, Abdulaziz S. Alouffi, Mashal M. Almutairi, Tania Tanveer, Abdul Matin
Acta Protozoologica.2022; 60: 37. CrossRef
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PLOS ONE.2016; 11(11): e0167355. CrossRef
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Jean-Christophe Lagier, Sophie Edouard, Isabelle Pagnier, Oleg Mediannikov, Michel Drancourt, Didier Raoult
Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2015; 28(1): 208. CrossRef
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Ellen Lambrecht, Julie Baré, Natascha Chavatte, Wim Bert, Koen Sabbe, Kurt Houf, H. Goodrich-Blair
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2015; 81(16): 5604. CrossRef
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Experimental Parasitology.2014; 145: S20. CrossRef
Isolation and molecular characterization of potentially pathogenic Acanthamoeba genotypes from diverse water resources including household drinking water from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Tania Tanveer, Abdul Hameed, Ambreen Gul Muazzam, Suk-Yul Jung, Asma Gul, Abdul Matin
Parasitology Research.2013; 112(8): 2925. CrossRef
The Fate of Helicobacter pylori Phagocytized by Acanthamoeba polyphaga Demonstrated by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization and Quantitative Polymerization Chain Reaction Tests
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Current Microbiology.2012; 65(6): 805. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Naegleria fowleri Lysate Induces Strong Cytopathic Effects and Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Release in Rat Microglial Cells: Yang-Jin Lee, Chang-Eun Park, Jong-Hyun Kim, Hae-Jin Sohn, Jinyoung Lee, Suk-Yul Jung, Ho-Joon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):285-290.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.285

Abstract
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Naegleria fowleri, a ubiquitous free-living ameba, causes fatal primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans. N. fowleri trophozoites are known to induce cytopathic changes upon contact with microglial cells, including necrotic and apoptotic cell death and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. In this study, we treated rat microglial cells with amebic lysate to probe contact-independent mechanisms for cytotoxicity, determining through a combination of light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy whether N. fowleri lysate could effect on both necrosis and apoptosis on microglia in a time- as well as dose-dependent fashion. A ⁵¹Cr release assay demonstrated pronounced lysate induction of cytotoxicity (71.5%) toward microglial cells by 24 hr after its addition to cultures. In an assay of pro-inflammatory cytokine release, microglial cells treated with N. fowleri lysate produced TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, though generation of the former 2 cytokines was reduced with time, and that of the last increased throughout the experimental period. In summary, N. fowleri lysate exerted strong cytopathic effects on microglial cells, and elicited pro-inflammatory cytokine release as a primary immune response.

Citations

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Providing an in vitro depiction of microglial cells challenged with immunostimulatory extracellular vesicles of Naegleria fowleri
Lissette Retana Moreira, Alberto Cornet-Gomez, M. Rosario Sepulveda, Silvia Molina-Castro, Johan Alvarado-Ocampo, Frida Chaves Monge, Mariana Jara Rojas, Antonio Osuna, Elizabeth Abrahams Sandí
Frontiers in Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Transcriptomic profiling of “brain-eating amoeba” Naegleria fowleri infection in mice: the host and the protozoa perspectives
Vincent Guerlais, Nina Allouch, E. Ashley Moseman, Alicja W. Wojciechowska, Jakub W. Wojciechowski, Isabel Marcelino
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Pro-inflammatory cytokine responses to Naegleria fowleri infection
Ching-wen Chen, E. Ashley Moseman
Frontiers in Tropical Diseases.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Naegleria fowleri Extracellular Vesicles Induce Proinflammatory Immune Responses in BV-2 Microglial Cells
Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Tuấn Cường Võ, Won Gi Yoo, Byoung-Kuk Na
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(17): 13623. CrossRef
Three encephalitis-causing amoebae and their distinct interactions with the host
Maarten J. Sarink, Nadia L. van der Meijs, Kristin Denzer, Leo Koenderman, Aloysius G.M. Tielens, Jaap J. van Hellemond
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Extracellular Vesicles from Naegleria fowleri Induce IL-8 Response in THP-1 Macrophage
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Naegleria fowleri Cathepsin B Induces a Pro-Inflammatory Immune Response in BV-2 Microglial Cells via NF-κB and AP-1 Dependent-MAPK Signaling Pathway
Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Tuấn Cường Võ, Byoung-Kuk Na
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(15): 8388. CrossRef
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Fowlerstefin, a cysteine protease inhibitor of Naegleria fowleri, induces inflammatory responses in BV-2 microglial cells in vitro
Thị Lam Thái, Jung-Mi Kang, Hương Giang Lê, Jinyoung Lee, Won Gi Yoo, Ho-Joon Shin, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Toll-like receptors participate in Naegleria fowleri recognition
Moisés Martínez-Castillo, Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, José Manuel Galván-Moroyoqui, Jesús Serrano-Luna, Mineko Shibayama
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Xing Wu, Tengbo Yu, Hongyan Xu, Xiuming Sun, Dewei Kou, Liping Li
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Acta Tropica.2016; 164: 375. CrossRef
NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in THP-1 Target Cells Triggered by Pathogenic Naegleria fowleri
Jong-Hyun Kim, Hae-Jin Sohn, Jong-Kyun Yoo, Heekyoung Kang, Gi-Sang Seong, Yong-Joon Chwae, Kyongmin Kim, Sun Park, Ho-Joon Shin, J. A. Appleton
Infection and Immunity.2016; 84(9): 2422. CrossRef
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Jinyoung Lee, Jong-Hyun Kim, Hae-Jin Sohn, Hee-Jong Yang, Byoung-Kuk Na, Yong-Joon Chwae, Sun Park, Kyongmin Kim, Ho-Joon Shin
Parasitology Research.2014; 113(8): 2765. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Phospholipase Activities in Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Acanthamoeba: Abdul Matin, Suk-Yul Jung; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):1-8.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.1

Abstract
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The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of Acanthamoeba infections remain incompletely understood. Phos-pholipases are known to cleave phospholipids, suggesting their possible involvement in the host cell plasma membrane disruption leading to host cell penetration and lysis. The aims of the present study were to determine phospholipase activities in Acanthamoeba and to determine their roles in the pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba. Using an encephalitis isolate (T1 genotype), a keratitis isolate (T4 genotype), and an environmental isolate (T7 genotype), we demonstrated that Acanthamoeba exhibited phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) and phospholipase D (PLD) activities in a spectrophotometry-based assay. Interestingly, the encephalitis isolates of Acanthamoeba exhibited higher phospholipase activities as compared with the keratitis isolates, but the environmental isolates exhibited the highest phospholipase activities. Moreover, Acanthamoeba isolates exhibited higher PLD activities compared with the PLA₂. Acanthamoeba exhibited optimal phospholipase activities at 37℃ and at neutral pH indicating their physiological relevance. The functional role of phospholipases was determined by in vitro assays using human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), which constitute the blood-brain barrier. We observed that a PLD-specific inhibitor, i.e., compound 48/80, partially inhibited Acanthamoeba encephalitis isolate cytotoxicity of the host cells, while PLA₂-specific inhibitor, i.e., cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine, had no effect on parasite-mediated HBMEC cytotoxicity. Overall, the T7 exhibited higher phospholipase activities as compared to the T4. In contract, the T7 exhibited minimal binding to, or cytotoxicity of, HBMEC.

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Detection of immunogenic protein components in excretion/secretion products of Acanthamoeba T5 using polyclonal antibodies
Lissette Retana-Moreira, Elizabeth Abrahams-Sandí, Marco Ruiz-Campos, Johan Alvarado-Ocampo, Julián Castro, Jacob Lorenzo-Morales, Giovanni Sáenz-Arce, Antonio Osuna
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Comprehensive characterization of extracellular vesicles produced by environmental (Neff) and clinical (T4) strains of Acanthamoeba castellanii
Elisa Gonçalves Medeiros, Michele Ramos Valente, Leandro Honorato, Marina da Silva Ferreira, Susana Ruiz Mendoza, Diego de Souza Gonçalves, Lucas Martins Alcântara, Kamilla Xavier Gomes, Marcia Ribeiro Pinto, Ernesto S. Nakayasu, Geremy Clair, Isadora Fil
mSystems.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Epidemiology of and Genetic Factors Associated with Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Muhammad Ilyas, Fiona Stapleton, Mark D. P. Willcox, Fiona Henriquez, Hari Kumar Peguda, Binod Rayamajhee, Tasbiha Zahid, Constantinos Petsoglou, Nicole A. Carnt
Pathogens.2024; 13(2): 142. CrossRef
Biological characteristics and pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba
Yuehua Wang, Linzhe Jiang, Yitong Zhao, Xiaohong Ju, Le Wang, Liang Jin, Ryan D. Fine, Mingguang Li
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Acanthamoeba culbertsoni Have COX and Proteolytic Activity and Induce Hemolysis
Francisco Sierra-López, Ismael Castelan-Ramírez, Dolores Hernández-Martínez, Lizbeth Salazar-Villatoro, David Segura-Cobos, Catalina Flores-Maldonado, Verónica Ivonne Hernández-Ramírez, Tomás Ernesto Villamar-Duque, Adolfo René Méndez-Cruz, Patricia Talam
Microorganisms.2023; 11(11): 2762. CrossRef
The gene expression and proteomic profiling of Acanthamoeba isolates
Chayan Sharma, Sumeeta Khurana, Alka Bhatia, Amit Arora, Amit Gupta
Experimental Parasitology.2023; 255: 108630. CrossRef
Therapeutic agents and biocides for ocular infections by free-living amoebae of Acanthamoeba genus
Linda Christian Carrijo-Carvalho, Viviane Peracini Sant'ana, Annette Silva Foronda, Denise de Freitas, Fabio Ramos de Souza Carvalho
Survey of Ophthalmology.2017; 62(2): 203. CrossRef
Single-Step Assembly of Multifunctional Poly(tannic acid)–Graphene Oxide Coating To Reduce Biofouling of Forward Osmosis Membranes
Hanaa M. Hegab, Ahmed ElMekawy, Thomas G. Barclay, Andrew Michelmore, Linda Zou, Christopher P. Saint, Milena Ginic-Markovic
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.2016; 8(27): 17519. CrossRef
In vitro inhibition of protease-activated receptors 1, 2 and 4 demonstrates that these receptors are not involved in an Acanthamoeba castellanii keratitis isolate-mediated disruption of the human brain microvascular endothelial cells
Junaid Iqbal, Komal Naeem, Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Naveed Ahmed Khan
Experimental Parasitology.2014; 145: S78. CrossRef

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Transcriptional Activity of Plasmodium Subtilisin-like Protease 2 (Pf-Sub2) 5'Untranslated Regions and Its Interaction with Hepatocyte Growth Factor: Shunyao Liao, Yunqiang Liu, Suk-Yul Jung, Pyo Yun Cho, Bing Zheng, Hyun Park; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(4):291-295.
Published online December 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.4.291

Abstract
PDF

The onset, severity, and ultimate outcome of malaria infection are influenced by parasite-expressed virulence factors and individual host responses to these determinants. In both humans and mice, liver injury is involved after parasite entry, which persists until the erythrocyte stage after infection with the fatal strain Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has strong anti-apoptotic effects in various kinds of cells, and also has diverse metabolic functions. In this work, Pf-subtilisin-like protease 2 (Pf-Sub2) 5'untranslated region (UTR) was analyzed and its transcriptional activity was estimated by luciferase expression. Fourteen TATA boxes were observed but only one Oct-1 and c-Myb were done. In addition, host HGF interaction with Pf-Sub2 was evaluated by co-transfection of HGF- and Pf-Sub2-cloned vector. Interestingly, -1,422/+12 UTR exhibited the strongest luciferase activity but -329 to +12 UTR did not exhibit luciferase activity. Moreover, as compared with the control of unexpressed HGF, the HGF protein suppressed luciferase expression driven by the 5'untranslated region of the Pf-Sub2 promoter. Taken together, it is suggested that HGF controls and interacts with the promoter region of the Pf-Sub2 gene.

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Characterization of the transcriptome and temperature-induced differential gene expression in QPX, the thraustochytrid parasite of hard clams
Ewelina Rubin, Arnaud Tanguy, Mickael Perrigault, Emmanuelle Pales Espinosa, Bassem Allam
BMC Genomics.2014;[Epub] CrossRef

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Case Report

Diphyllobothrium latum infection after eating domestic salmon flesh: Kyung Won Lee, Hyo-Chung Suhk, Ki-Soo Pai, Ho-Jun Shin, Suk-Yul Jung, Eun-Taek Han, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(4):319-321.
Published online December 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.4.319

Abstract
PDF

Diphyllobothrium latum infection in human is not common in Korea and only thirty seven cases have been reported since 1921. We report two cases of fish tapeworm infection after Ingestion of raw cherry salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) caught in the domestic river. Among four family members who ate together raw salmon flesh six months ago, just two, mother and daughter, were infected. It is our expectation that the salmon associated tapeworm infections would be enlisted as one of the major parasitic problems with the growing consumption of salmon in Korea.

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Diphyllobothrium latuminfection in a child with recurrent abdominal pain
Seung Hyun Lee, Hyun Park, Seung Taek Yu
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Naoki Arizono, Marina Shedko, Minoru Yamada, Ryuichi Uchikawa, Tatsuya Tegoshi, Kazutoshi Takeda, Katsumi Hashimoto
Parasitology International.2009; 58(1): 22. CrossRef
A case of Diphyllobothrium latum infection with a brief review of diphyllobothriasis in the Republic of Korea
Eun Bin Lee, Jung Hoon Song, Nam Seon Park, Byung Kook Kang, Hyung Suk Lee, Yoon Ju Han, Hyo-Jin Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2007; 45(3): 219. CrossRef
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Hiroshi Yamasaki, Kazuhiro Nakaya, Minoru Nakao, Yasuhito Sako, Akira Ito
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C Sheela Devi, Shashikala, S Srinivasan, UC Murmu, P Barman, R Kanungo
Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology.2007; 25(2): 152. CrossRef
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Hsiao‐Feng Chou, Chuan‐Min Yen, Wen‐Chen Liang, Yuh‐Jyh Jong
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Jong-Yil Chai, K. Darwin Murrell, Alan J. Lymbery
International Journal for Parasitology.2005; 35(11-12): 1233. CrossRef
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Diphyllobothriasis, Brazil
Jorge Luiz Mello Sampaio, Victor Piana de Andrade, Maria da Conceição Lucas, Liang Fung, Sandra Maria B. Gagliardi, Sandra Rosalem P. Santos, Caio Marcio Figueiredo Mendes, Maria Bernadete de Paula Eduardo, Terry Dick
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Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.2005; 100(6): 585. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

In vitro cytotoxicity of Acanthamoeba spp. isolated from contact lens containers in Korea by crystal violet staining and LDH release assay: Ho-Joon Shin, Myung-Soo Cho, Suk-Yul Jung, Hyung-Il Kim, Kyung-il Im; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(2):99-102.
Published online June 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.2.99

Abstract
PDF

In order to observe the cytotoxicity of Acanthamoeba spp., which were isolated from contact lens containers as ethiological agents for the probable amoebic keratitis in Korea, the crystal violet staining method and LDH release assay were carried out. In the crystal violet staining method, among eight contact lens container isolates, isolate 3 (Acanthamoeba KA/LS5) showed 83.6% and 81.8% of cytotoxicity, and isolate 7 (Acanthamoeba KA/LS37) showed 28.2% and 25.1% of cytotoxicity, in 1 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml lysate treatments, respectively. Acanthamoeba culbertsoni and A. healyi showed 84.0% and 82.8% of cytotoxicity. Similar results were observed in A. castellanii and A. hatchetti which showed 83.6% and 75.5% of cytotoxicity. Acanthamoeba royreba and A. polyphaga showed 9.0% and 1.7% of cytotoxicity. In the LDH release assay, isolate 3 (20.4%) showed higher cytotoxicity than other isolates in 1 mg/ml lysate treatment. The results provide that at least isolate 3 has the cytotoxic effect against CHO cells and seems to be the pathogenic strain.

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The acantamoeba lesions of the cornea (diagnosis) (Review of literature)
A. A. Kasparov, N. R. Marchenko, E. A. Kasparova
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Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids.2017; 475: 59. CrossRef
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Arturo González-Robles, Lizbeth Salazar-Villatoro, Maritza Omaña-Molina, Jacob Lorenzo-Morales, Adolfo Martínez-Palomo
Experimental Parasitology.2013; 133(4): 369. CrossRef
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Terhi Yli‐Pirilä, Kati Huttunen, Aino Nevalainen, Markku Seuri, Maija‐Riitta Hirvonen
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Ho-Joon Shin, Kyung-il Im
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Francine Marciano-Cabral, Guy Cabral
Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2003; 16(2): 273. CrossRef