Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Theileria annulata"

Original Articles

Validation of Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR in Bovine PBMCs Transformed and Non-transformed by Theileria annulata: Hongxi Zhao, Junlong Liu, Youquan Li, Congshan Yang, Shuaiyang Zhao, Juan Liu, Aihong Liu, Guangyuan Liu, Hong Yin, Guiquan Guan, Jianxun Luo; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):39-46.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.39

Abstract
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Theileria annulata is a tick-borne intracellular protozoan parasite that causes tropical theileriosis, a fatal bovine lymphoproliferative disease. The parasite predominantly invades bovine B lymphocytes and macrophages and induces host cell transformation by a mechanism that is not fully comprehended. Analysis of signaling pathways by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) could be a highly efficient means to understand this transformation mechanism. However, accurate analysis of qPCR data relies on selection of appropriate reference genes for normalization, yet few papers on T. annulata contain evidence of reference gene validation. We therefore used the geNorm and NormFinder programs to evaluate the stability of 5 candidate reference genes; 18S rRNA, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ACTB (β-actin), PRKG1 (protein kinase cGMP-dependent, type I) and TATA box binding protein (TBP). The results showed that 18S rRNA was the reference gene most stably expressed in bovine PBMCs transformed and non-transformed with T. annulata, followed by GAPDH and TBP. While 18S rRNA and GAPDH were the best combination, these 2 genes were chosen as references to study signaling pathways involved in the transformation mechanism of T. annulata.

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Biochemical, Hematological, and Electrocardiographic Changes in Buffaloes Naturally Infected with Theileria annulata: A. Hasanpour, G. A. Moghaddam, Ahmad Nematollahi; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):223-227.
Published online December 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.223

Abstract
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Changes in selected blood and serum components and electrocardiography (ECG) were investigated in 20 adults (13 females and 7 males) of water buffaloes suffering from severe theileriosis. The age of all animals used in this study ranged 1.5-5 yr. Theileriosis was diagnosed by observation of parasites in the peripheral blood and the presence of schizonts in lymphocytes that were provided from swollen lymph nodes. Statistically significant decreases were observed in the means of RBC, WBC, and packed cell volume (PCV) in blood of infected animals. The means levels of sodium, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium of infected animals were lower than healthy animals, but only the decrease of potassium was significant. The mean serum activities of aspartate transferase and alanine aminotransfrase were significantly higher than in uninfected animals. Three cases had atrial premature beat, 2 cases had sinus tachycardia, 2 had sinus arrhythmia, and 1 had first degree of atrioventricular block in ECG. The present study showed that T. annulata infection in cattle is associated with hematological and biochemical, and ECG changes.

Citations

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Molecular epidemiology of bovine theileriosis and genetic diversity of Theileria annulata in three governorates of Egypt
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Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2024; 48(3): 525. CrossRef
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Kambala Swetha, Bhavanam Sudhakara Reddy, Bollam Shobhamani, Sirigireddy Sivajothi
Acta Parasitologica.2024; 69(4): 1896. CrossRef
ROLE OF CALCIUM, VITAMIN D AND VITAMIN D RECEPTORS IN PATHOGENESIS OF THEILERIOSIS IN CATTLE
R Akhtar, K Khan, M Naseer, B Zahid, U.F. Durrani, M.U. Jamil
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Treatment of natural tropical theileriosis with the extract of the plant Peganum harmala: Mohammad Mirzaei; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(4):267-271.
Published online December 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.4.267

Abstract
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Theileria annulata, a protozoan parasite of cattle and domestic buffaloes, is transmitted by ticks of the genus Hyalomma, and causes a disease named Mediterranean or tropical theileriosis. In this research 50 cattle naturally infected with Theileria annulata were treated with the extract of the plant Peganum harmala. The treatment was continued for 5 days, the dose of the extract being 5 mg/kg per day. After the treatment, 39 cattle responded to the treatment and recovered, but 11 did not respond to the treatment and died. The recovery rate of animals treated with the extract of the plant Peganum harmala was 78%.

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