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"Toxocara"

Brief Communication

Seropositivity of Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. in Children with Cryptogenic Epilepsy, Benha, Egypt
Maysa Ahmad Eraky, Soha Abdel-Hady, Karim Fetouh Abdallah
Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(3):335-338.
Published online June 30, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.335
The present study aimed to investigate the possible association of Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. infections with cryptogenic epilepsy in children. The study was carried out between June 2014 and March 2015. T otal 90 children (40 with cryptogenic epilepsy, 30 with non-cryptogenic epilepsy, and 20 healthy control children) were evaluated to determine the anti-Toxocara and anti-T . gondii IgG seropositivity using ELISA kits. Epileptic cases were selected from those attending the pediatrics outpatient clinic of Benha University Hospital, Pediatrics Neurology Unit, and from Benha Specialized Hospital of children. The results showed that the level of anti-T . gondii IgG seropositivity was significantly higher among children with cryptogenic epilepsy (20%) than among children with non-cryptogenic children (0%). In healthy controls (10%), there was no association between toxocariasis seropositivity and cryptogenic epilepsy (only 5.7%; 4 out of 70 cases) among cases and 10% (2 out of 20) among controls. Among toxocariasis IgG positive cases, 3 (7.5%) were cryptogenic, and only 1 (3.3%) was non-cryptogenic. These statistically significant results support the association between T . gondii infection and cryptogenic epilepsy while deny this association with toxocariasis.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii in the Etiology of Cryptogenic Epilepsy: A Case-control Study
    Selahattin Aydemir, Milad Torkamanian Afshar, Özlem Sarı Torkamanian Afshar, Zeynep Taş Cengiz, Mustafa Kiraz, Caner Baydar, Hasan Yılmaz
    Archives Of Epilepsy.2024; : 39.     CrossRef
  • Effects of diet and ovariectomy on Toxoplasma gondii brain infection: functional alterations and neuronal loss in rats
    Nene Ahidjo, Paul F Seke Etet, Leonard Ngarka, Frederic Maidawa Yaya, Ethel W Ndianteng, Aude L Eyenga Nna, Luc Yvan Meka’a Zang, Christelle Kemmo, Caroline N C Nwasike, Floriane G Yonkeu Tatchou, Wepnyu Y Njamnshi, Leonard N Nfor, Patrick V Tsouh Fokou,
    Brain Communications.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Common infectious and parasitic diseases as a cause of seizures: geographic distribution and contribution to the burden of epilepsy
    Elza Márcia T. Yacubian, Angelina Kakooza‐Mwesige, Gagandeep Singh, Arturo Carpio, Nathália V. de Figueiredo, Ricardo Lutzky Saute, Tissiana Marques de Haes
    Epileptic Disorders.2022; 24(6): 994.     CrossRef
  • Seroprevalence and Genetic Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii among Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Egypt
    Sara M. Elzeky, Nairmen Nabih, Aida A. Abdel-Magied, Dina S. Abdelmagid, Aya E. Handoussa, Marwa M. Hamouda, Wei Wang
    Journal of Tropical Medicine.2022; 2022: 1.     CrossRef
  • Exposure to Toxocara Canis is not Associated with New-Onset Epilepsy
    Vivek Rishi, Rajveer Singh, Manoj Kumar Goyal, Manish Modi, Vivek Garg, J. S. Thakur, R. K. Sehgal, N. Khandelwal, Gourav Jain, Amith S. Kumar, Aditya Choudhary, Sudesh Prabhakar, Vivek Lal
    Neurology India.2022; 70(6): 2383.     CrossRef
  • Cerebral Toxocariasis as a Cause of Epilepsy: A Pediatric Case
    Grazia Bossi, Raffaele Bruno, Stefano Novati, Roberta Maserati, Georgia Mussati, Mariasole Prevedoni Gorone, Edoardo Vecchio Nepita, Corrado Regalbuto, Gioia Gola, Anna Maria Simoncelli, Antonella Bruno, Paola Musso, Edoardo Clerici, Gian Luigi Marseglia
    Neuropediatrics.2021; 52(02): 142.     CrossRef
  • Case-Control Study to Assess the Association between Epilepsy and Toxocara Infection/Exposure
    Ali Alizadeh Khatir, Mahdi Sepidarkish, Mohammad Reza Rajabalizadeh, Solmaz Alizadeh Moghaddam, Saeed Aghapour, Saeed Mehravar, Peter J. Hotez, Robin B. Gasser, Ali Rostami
    Microorganisms.2021; 9(10): 2091.     CrossRef
  • Neurological and Neurobehavioral Disorders Associated with Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Humans
    Maxwell A. Virus, Evie G. Ehrhorn, LeeAnna M. Lui, Paul H. Davis, Hassen Mamo
    Journal of Parasitology Research.2021; 2021: 1.     CrossRef
  • Toxoplasma infection and risk of epilepsy: A case-control study of incident patients
    Ali Alizadeh Khatir, Solmaz Alizadeh Moghaddam, Mustafa Almukhtar, Hossein Ghorbani, Arefeh Babazadeh, Saeed Mehravar, Ali Rostami
    Microbial Pathogenesis.2021; 161: 105302.     CrossRef
  • Frequency ofToxocara canisantibodies in Mexican paediatric patients with epilepsy
    M.d.L. Caballero-García, J. Simón-Salvador, J.C. Hernández-Aguilar, A. Reyes-Lopez, B. Nogueda-Torres, E. Jiménez-Cardoso
    Journal of Helminthology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • A review on toxoplasmosis in humans and animals from Egypt
    I. E. Abbas, I. Villena, J. P. Dubey
    Parasitology.2020; 147(2): 135.     CrossRef
  • Zoonotic and vector-borne parasites and epilepsy in low-income and middle-income countries
    Gagandeep Singh, Samuel A. Angwafor, Alfred K. Njamnshi, Henry Fraimow, Josemir W. Sander
    Nature Reviews Neurology.2020; 16(6): 333.     CrossRef
  • Effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection and schizophrenia comorbidity on serum lipid profile: A population retrospective study from Eastern China
    Fei Xu, Xinyu Ma, Yuwei Zhu, Arjen Sutterland, Ruitang Cheng, Sunhan Miao, Jialu Chen, Liying Qiu, Yonghua Zhou
    Microbial Pathogenesis.2020; 149: 104587.     CrossRef
  • An updated meta-analysis of the association between Toxoplasma gondii infection and risk of epilepsy
    Maryam Sadeghi, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Mona Mohammadi, Vafa Saber, Somayeh Aghamolaie, Solmaz Alizadeh Moghaddam, Shima Aghaei, Mostafa Javanian, H Ray Gamble, Ali Rostami
    Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2019; 113(8): 453.     CrossRef
  • Updated evidence of the association between toxocariasis and epilepsy: Systematic review and meta-analysis
    Jaime Luna, Calogero Edoardo Cicero, Guillaume Rateau, Graziella Quattrocchi, Benoit Marin, Elisa Bruno, François Dalmay, Michel Druet-Cabanac, Alessandra Nicoletti, Pierre-Marie Preux, Agnes Fleury
    PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2018; 12(7): e0006665.     CrossRef
  • Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in children with central nervous system disorders in Mansoura, Egypt: a case–control study
    Samar N El-Beshbishi, Nora L El-Tantawy, Sara M Elzeky, Khalid F Abdalaziz, Raefa A Atia
    Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Toxocariasis in humans in Africa – A systematic review
    Felix Lötsch, Rieke Vingerling, Rene Spijker, Martin Peter Grobusch
    Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease.2017; 20: 15.     CrossRef
  • 10,061 View
  • 129 Download
  • 24 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Original Articles

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Toxocara vitulorum Infections in Buffalo and Cattle Calves in Three Provinces of Central Cambodia
Pierre Dorny, Brecht Devleesschauwer, Val?rie Stoliaroff, Meas Sothy, Rortana Chea, Bunthon Chea, Hor Sourloing, Sum Samuth, Seth Kong, Koemseang Nguong, San Sorn, Davun Holl, Jozef Vercruysse
Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(2):197-200.
Published online April 22, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.197
The prevalence and associated risk factors of Toxocara vitulorum infection in buffalo and cattle calves was studied in 3 provinces in central Cambodia. Fecal samples were collected from 517 calves between the age of 1-15 weeks and processed for nematode egg counts by a modified McMaster method. A total of 64 calves were found to excrete T. vitulorum eggs in their feces (12.4%; 95% exact CI: 9.7-15.5). The mean fecal egg count was 2,798 EPG (SD=16,351; range=0-224,400). A multivariable generalized linear mixed model showed higher odds of T. vitulorum infection for buffalo versus cattle, for animals aged 4-8 weeks versus younger and older ones, and for animals with strongyle infection. There was no association with fecal consistency. Farmers should be aware of the potential impact of T. vitulorum, and treat their calves at the age of 2-3 weeks with anthelmintics such as benzimidazoles or pyrantel.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Intestinal Parasitic Infections (IPIs) and Contributing Factors in Bovine Calves in Southern Nepal
    Dharmraj Kumar Patel, Janak Raj Subedi, Pitambar Dhakal, Rajendra Prasad Parajuli
    Veterinary Medicine and Science.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Morphological Observation and Detailed Molecular Characterization of Fischoederius elongatus (Digenea: Gastrothylacidae) from the Rumen of Domestic Cattle in Cambodia
    Chinda Wann, Bengthay Tep, Witaya Suriyasathaporn, Yasuhiro Morita, Vutha Pheng, Satoshi Ohkura, Shuichi Matsuyama, Sho Nakamura, Kei Hayashi
    Journal of Parasitology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Van İlinin İlçelerindeki İshalli Buzağılarda Toxocara vitulorum’un Prevalansı
    Güler İnat Ölmez, Vural Denizhan
    Van Veterinary Journal.2025; 36(3): 224.     CrossRef
  • Helminth parasites transmission between species of ruminants in urban and peri-urban areas of Adaa district of Central Ethiopia
    Alkadir Gebeyehu, Ayana Dinka, Wakjira Guta, Fatalo Tesfaye
    Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health.2024; 16(1): 1.     CrossRef
  • Helminth Control Practices in Sheep and Cattle in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Adea District, Central Ethiopia
    Gebeyehu Alkadir, Dinka Ayana
    Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports.2024; Volume 15: 181.     CrossRef
  • Molecular characterization and genetic variability of Toxocara vitulorum from naturally infected buffalo calves for the first time in Bangladesh
    Hiranmoy Biswas, Nurnabi Ahmed, Babul Chandra Roy, Mohammad Manjurul Hasan, MD Khalilur Rahman, Md. Hasanuzzaman Talukder
    Parasitology.2024; 151(8): 795.     CrossRef
  • Incidence and Risk Factors of Toxocara vitulorum Infection in Beef Cattle of Yogyakarta, Indonesia
    Vika Ichsania Ninditya, Fitrine Ekawasti, Joko Prastowo, Irkham Widiyono, Wisnu Nurcahyo
    World's Veterinary Journal.2024; 14(4): 592.     CrossRef
  • Distribution of Toxocara vitulorum in Cattle of Ağrı Region
    Milad Torkamanian Afshar, Selahattin Aydemir, Hasan Yılmaz, Rahmi Yıldız, Fethi Barlık, Muhammed Yasul
    Turkish Journal of Parasitology.2023; 47(2): 88.     CrossRef
  • Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Toxocara vitulorum in feces and milk samples from naturally infected water buffaloes
    Osman Furkan Urhan, Ufuk Erol, Kursat Altay
    Research in Veterinary Science.2023; 162: 104952.     CrossRef
  • Gastrointestinal nematodes from buffalo in Minoufiya Governorate, Egypt with special reference to Bunostomum phlebotomum
    Mahmoud AbouLaila, Makoto Igarashi, Ahmed ElKhatam, Soad Menshawy
    Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2022; 27: 100673.     CrossRef
  • In vitro anti-Toxocara vitulorum effect of silver nanoparticles
    Manar Ahmed Bahaaeldine, Manal El Garhy, Sohair R. Fahmy, Ayman Saber Mohamed
    Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2022; 46(2): 409.     CrossRef
  • A Survey on Prevalence of Toxocara vitulorum in Calves in Siirt
    Burçak ASLAN ÇELİK, Özgür Yaşar ÇELİK, Adnan AYAN, Özge OKTAY AYAN
    Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi.2022; 15(1): 1.     CrossRef
  • Efficacy of clinically used anthelmintics against toxocariasis of buffalo calves in Bangladesh
    Hiranmoy Biswas, Babul Chandra Roy, Mohammad Manjurul Hasan, Nurnabi Ahmed, Pallab Kumar Dutta, Nurjahan Begum, Md. Hasanuzzaman Talukder
    Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2022; 46(4): 988.     CrossRef
  • The Complete Mitogenome of Toxocara vitulorum: Novel In-Sights into the Phylogenetics in Toxocaridae
    Yue Xie, Lidan Wang, Yijun Chen, Zhao Wang, Pengchen Zhu, Zun Hu, Xinfeng Han, Zhisheng Wang, Xuan Zhou, Zhicai Zuo
    Animals.2022; 12(24): 3546.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence of Toxocara Vitulorum in Calves in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
    Esma KOZAN, Fatih Mehmet BİRDANE, Mahmut Sinan EREZ, Ahmet GÖKSU
    Kocatepe Veterinary Journal.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Prevalence and risk factors of Toxocara vitulorum infection in buffalo calves in coastal, northeastern and northwestern regions of Bangladesh
    Hiranmoy Biswas, Babul Chandra Roy, Pallab Kumar Dutta, Mohammad Manjurul Hasan, Shanaz Parvin, Dipok Kumar Choudhury, Nurjahan Begum, Md. Hasanuzzaman Talukder
    Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2021; 26: 100656.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence and Therapeutic Efficacy of Anthelmintic against Neoascaris vitulorum in Buffalo Populations from Sylhet District of Bangladesh
    Shishir Kanu, Md. Shahidur Rahman Chowdhury, Md. Abdus Sabur, Md. Mahfujur Rahman, Kazi Mehetazul Islam, Md Bashir Uddn, Md. Rafqul Lslam, Md. Mukter Hossain
    Journal of Buffalo Science.2021; 10: 14.     CrossRef
  • Toxocara vitulorum infection in a yak (Bos mutus grunniens) calf from Tyrol (Austria)
    Ellen Schoener, Franz Wechner, David Ebmer, Bita Shahi-Barogh, Josef Harl, Walter Glawischnig, Hans-Peter Fuehrer
    Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2020; 19: 100370.     CrossRef
  • Molecular and microscopic detection of natural and experimental infections of Toxocara vitulorum in bovine milk
    Amira Dewair, Mohamed Bessat, Jacopo Guccione
    PLOS ONE.2020; 15(5): e0233453.     CrossRef
  • Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Toxocara species in dogs, cattle and buffalo in Egypt
    O.A. Mahdy, W. M. Mousa, S. Z. Abdel-Maogood, S. M. Nader, S. Abdel-Radi
    Helminthologia.2020; 57(2): 83.     CrossRef
  • The Indirect ELISA Trypanosoma evansi in Equids: Optimisation and Application to a Serological Survey including Racing Horses, in Thailand
    Margot Camoin, Arthur Kocher, Piangjai Chalermwong, Sarawut Yangtarra, Ketsarin Kamyingkird, Sathaporn Jittapalapong, Marc Desquesnes
    BioMed Research International.2019; 2019: 1.     CrossRef
  • Pilot Çalışma: Manda Sütünde Toxocara vitulorum Larva Varlığının Araştırılması
    Ali Tümay GÜRLER, Hande Gürler
    Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi.2018; 29(1): 1.     CrossRef
  • Effects of anthelmintic treatment and feed supplementation on parasite infections and morbidity parameters in Cambodian cattle
    Veronique Dermauw, Sothy Meas, Bunthon Chea, Thierry Onkelinx, San Sorn, Davun Holl, Johannes Charlier, Jozef Vercruysse, Pierre Dorny
    Veterinary Parasitology.2017; 235: 113.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Toxocara vitulorum Infection in Yaks on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau, China
    Kun Li, Yanfang Lan, Houqiang Luo, Hui Zhang, Dongyu Liu, Lihong Zhang, Rui Gui, Lei Wang, Muhammad Shahzad, Suolang Sizhu, Jiakui Li, Yangzom Chamba
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(5): 645.     CrossRef
  • 11,684 View
  • 150 Download
  • 16 Web of Science
  • Crossref
Immunopathological Changes in the Brain of Immunosuppressed Mice Experimentally Infected with Toxocara canis
Mohamed M. Eid, Samy I. El-Kowrany, Ahmad A. Othman, Dina I. El Gendy, Eman M. Saied
Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(1):51-58.
Published online February 27, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.51

Toxocariasis is a soil-transmitted helminthozoonosis due to infection of humans by larvae of Toxocara canis. The disease could produce cognitive and behavioral disturbances especially in children. Meanwhile, in our modern era, the incidence of immunosuppression has been progressively increasing due to increased incidence of malignancy as well as increased use of immunosuppressive agents. The present study aimed at comparing some of the pathological and immunological alterations in the brain of normal and immunosuppressed mice experimentally infected with T. canis. Therefore, 180 Swiss albino mice were divided into 4 groups including normal (control) group, immunocompetent T. canis-infected group, immunosuppressed group (control), and immunosuppressed infected group. Infected mice were subjected to larval counts in the brain, and the brains from all mice were assessed for histopathological changes, astrogliosis, and IL-5 mRNA expression levels in brain tissues. The results showed that under immunosuppression, there were significant increase in brain larval counts, significant enhancement of reactive gliosis, and significant reduction in IL-5 mRNA expression. All these changes were maximal in the chronic stage of infection. In conclusion, the immunopathological alterations in the brains of infected animals were progressive over time, and were exaggerated under the effect of immunosuppression as did the intensity of cerebral infection.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Toxocara canis infections in mice: from subtle to severe consequences in 100 weeks
    Nicol Bernardová, Jan Novák, Chia-Kwung Fan, Libuše Kolářová, Marta Chanová
    Journal of Helminthology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Using Biocontrol Fungi to Control Helminthosis in Wild Animals: An Innovative Proposal for the Health and Conservation of Species
    Júlia dos Santos Fonseca, Beatriz Bacelar Barbosa, Adolfo Paz Silva, María Sol Arias Vázquez, Cristiana Filipa Cazapal Monteiro, Huarrisson Azevedo Santos, Jackson Victor de Araújo
    Pathogens.2025; 14(8): 775.     CrossRef
  • The potential relationship between Toxocara canis infection and epilepsy in a rat model
    Amina M. Salama, Dina I. Elgendy, Rasha A. Elmahy, Asmaa F. Eltantawy, Monira A. Seleem, Ahmed M. Elgohary, Omaima K. Docmac, Marwa E. F. Al Mwafy, Ahmed A. Almeldin, Mahmoud S. Sharaf
    Parasitology Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Efficacy of artemether against toxocariasis in mice: parasitological and immunopathological changes in brain, liver, and lung
    Dina I. Elgendy, Rasha A. Elmahy, Alaa Ibrahim Mohamed Amer, Hoda A. Ibrahim, Asmaa Fawzy Eltantawy, Fotouh Rashed Mansour, Amina M. Salama
    Pathogens and Global Health.2024; 118(1): 47.     CrossRef
  • Neurobehavioral Disorders and Pathological Changes in the Brain of Mice Are Caused by Chronic Toxocara canis Larval Invasion with Low to Moderate Inoculum
    Nicol Bernardová, Jan Novák, Petr Horák, Chia-Kwung Fan, Libuše Kolářová
    Acta Parasitologica.2024; 69(4): 1736.     CrossRef
  • Effects of metformin on parasitological, pathological changes in the brain and liver and immunological aspects during visceral toxocariasis in mice
    Amina M. Salama, Rasha A. Elmahy, Hoda A. Ibrahim, Alaa Ibrahim Mohamed Amer, Asmaa Fawzy Eltantawy, Dina I. Elgendy
    Parasitology Research.2023; 122(12): 3213.     CrossRef
  • Cyclosporine A increases the intensity of Toxocara canis infection in swiss mice
    W. D. S. Terto, M. Q. de Moura, J. L. Borchardt, F. D. S. Santos, L. F. da Costa Avila, N. B. Pinheiro, F. P. Leivas Leite, M. M. Villela, M. E. A. Berne
    Brazilian Journal of Biology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Ionized Calcium-Binding Adapter Molecule 1 Immunostaining Score for the Central Nervous System of Horses With Non-suppurative Encephalitis and Encephalopathies
    Gisele Silva Boos, Klaus Failing, Edson Moleta Colodel, David Driemeier, Márcio Botelho de Castro, Daniele Mariath Bassuino, José Diomedes Barbosa, Christiane Herden
    Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Diallyl sulfide alleviates cyclophosphamide-induced nephropathic encephalopathy in rats
    Shereen M. Galal, Heba H. Mansour, Abeer A. Elkhoely
    Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods.2020; 30(3): 208.     CrossRef
  • Mesenchymal stem cells combined with albendazole as a novel therapeutic approach for experimental neurotoxocariasis
    E. V. N. Beshay, S. A. El-Refai, G. S. Sadek, A. A. Elbadry, F. H. Shalan, A. F. Afifi
    Parasitology.2020; 147(7): 799.     CrossRef
  • Histopathological characterization of Toxocara canis- and T. cati-induced neurotoxocarosis in the mouse model
    Andrea Springer, Lea Heuer, Elisabeth Janecek-Erfurth, Andreas Beineke, Christina Strube
    Parasitology Research.2019; 118(9): 2591.     CrossRef
  • Developmental stages and viability of Toxocara canis eggs outside the host
    Iman Fathy Abou-El-Naga
    Biomédica.2018; 38(2): 189.     CrossRef
  • Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Toxocara canis Infection in Serbia During 2015
    Simona Gabrielli, Suzana Tasić-Otašević, Aleksandra Ignjatović, Maurizio Fraulo, Marija Trenkić-Božinović, Stefan Momčilović, Gabriella Cancrini
    Foodborne Pathogens and Disease.2017; 14(1): 43.     CrossRef
  • 12,722 View
  • 160 Download
  • 16 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Case Reports

A Case of Ocular Toxocariasis Successfully Treated with Albendazole and Triamcinolon
San Seong, Daruchi Moon, Dong Kyu Lee, Hyung Eun Kim, Hyun Sup Oh, Soon Hyun Kim, Oh Woong Kwon, Yong Sung You
Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):537-540.
Published online October 22, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.537

We present a case of ocular toxocariasis treated successfully with oral albendazole in combination with steroids. A 26-year-old male visited the authors' clinic with the chief complaint of flying flies in his right eye. The fundus photograph showed a whitish epiretinal scar, and the fluorescein angiography revealed a hypofluorescein lesion of the scar and late leakage at the margin. An elevated retinal surface and posterior acoustic shadowing of the scar were observed in the optical coherence tomography, and Toxocara IgG was positive. The patient was diagnosed with toxocariasis, and the condition was treated with albendazole (400 mg twice a day) for a month and oral triamcinolone (16 mg for 2 weeks, once a day, and then 8 mg for 1 week, once a day) from day 13 of the albendazole treatment. The lesions decreased after the treatment. Based on this study, oral albendazole combined with steroids can be a simple and effective regimen for treating ocular toxocariasis.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Who Let the Dogs Out? Unmasking the Neglected: A Semi-Systematic Review on the Enduring Impact of Toxocariasis, a Prevalent Zoonotic Infection
    Katrin Henke, Sotirios Ntovas, Eleni Xourgia, Aristomenis K. Exadaktylos, Jolanta Klukowska-Rötzler, Mairi Ziaka
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(21): 6972.     CrossRef
  • Toxocariasis ocular simulando un hamartoma retiniano. Reportefide un caso
    Luis R. Michel-Espinoza, Belina Arias-Cabello, Daniel Moreno-Páramo, M. Estela Arroyo-Yllanes
    Revista Mexicana de Oftalmología.2021; 95(6S): 285.     CrossRef
  • Treatment of larva migrans syndrome with long-term administration of albendazole
    Amy Hombu, Ayako Yoshida, Taisei Kikuchi, Eiji Nagayasu, Mika Kuroki, Haruhiko Maruyama
    Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection.2019; 52(1): 100.     CrossRef
  • Ocular toxocariasis in a pediatric patient undergoing a bone marrow transplantation
    Blanca Molina, Marta González-Vicent, Isabel Valls, Miguel Ángel Díaz
    Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica.2019; 37(9): 617.     CrossRef
  • Ocular toxocariasis: a neglected parasitic disease in Egypt
    Nagwa Mostafa El-Sayed, Nagham Gamal Masoud
    Bulletin of the National Research Centre.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Ocular toxocariasis in a pediatric patient undergoing a bone marrow transplantation
    Blanca Molina, Marta González-Vicent, Isabel Valls, Miguel Ángel Díaz
    Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica (English ed.).2019; 37(9): 618.     CrossRef
  • Toxocariasis: critical analysis of serology in patients attending a public referral center for ophthalmology in Brazil
    Guita Rubinsky-Elefant, Joyce H. Yamamoto, Carlos E. Hirata, Luiz E. Prestes-Carneiro
    Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology.2018; 62(1): 77.     CrossRef
  • 13,254 View
  • 124 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • Crossref
Pulmonary Toxocariasis Mimicking Invasive Aspergillosis in a Patient with Ulcerative Colitis
Eun Jin Park, Joon Young Song, Min Ju Choi, Ji Ho Jeon, Jah-yeon Choi, Tae Un Yang, Kyung Wook Hong, Ji Yun Noh, Hee Jin Cheong, Woo Joo Kim
Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):425-428.
Published online August 29, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.425

A 45-year-old-male who had underlying ulcerative colitis and presented with fever and dry cough. Initially, the patient was considered to have invasive aspergillosis due to a positive galactomannan assay. He was treated with amphotericin B followed by voriconazole. Nevertheless, the patient deteriorated clinically and radiographically. The lung biopsy revealed eosinophilic pneumonia, and ELISA for Toxocara antigen was positive, leading to a diagnosis of pulmonary toxocariasis. After a 10-day treatment course with albendazole and adjunctive steroids, the patient recovered completely without any sequelae. Pulmonary toxocariasis may be considered in patients with subacute or chronic pneumonia unresponsive to antibiotic agents, particularly in cases with eosinophilia.

  • 11,719 View
  • 121 Download
Molecular Diagnosis of an Ocular Toxocariasis Patient in Vietnam
Nguyen Van De, Nguyen Vu Trung, Le Van Duyet, Jong-Yil Chai
Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):563-567.
Published online October 31, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.563

An ocular Toxocara canis infection is reported for the first time in Vietnam. A 34-year-old man residing in a village of Son La Province, North Vietnam, visited the National Eye Hospital (NEH) in August 2011. He felt a bulge-sticking pain in his left eye and loss of vision occurred over 3 months before visiting the hospital. The eye examination in the hospital showed damage of the left eye, red eye, retinal fibrosis, retinal detachment, inflammation of the eye tissues, retinal granulomas, and a parasitic cyst inside. A larva of Toxocara was collected with the cyst by a medical doctor by surgery. Comparison of 264 nucleotides of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of ribosomal DNA was done between our Vietnamese Toxocara canis and other Toxocara geographical isolates, including Chinese T. canis, Japanese T. canis, Sri Lankan T. canis, and Iranian T. canis. The nucleotide homology was 97-99%, when our T. canis was compared with geographical isolates. Identification of a T. canis infection in the eye by a molecular method was performed for the first time in Vietnam.

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Original Articles

Comparison of Functional Gene Annotation of Toxascaris leonina and Toxocara canis using CLC Genomics Workbench
Ki Uk Kim, Sang Kyun Park, Shin Ae Kang, Mi Kyung Park, Min Kyoung Cho, Ho-jin Jung, Kyung-Yun Kim, Hak Sun Yu
Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):525-530.
Published online October 31, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.525

The ascarids, Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina, are probably the most common gastrointestinal helminths encountered in dogs. In order to understand biological differences of 2 ascarids, we analyzed gene expression profiles of female adults of T. canis and T. leonina using CLC Genomics Workbench, and the results were compared with those of free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. A total of 2,880 and 7,949 ESTs were collected from T. leonina and T. canis, respectively. The length of ESTs ranged from 106 to 4,637 bp with an average insert size of 820 bp. Overall, our results showed that most functional gene annotations of 2 ascarids were quite similar to each other in 3 major categories, i.e., cellular component, biological process, and molecular function. Although some different transcript expression categories were found, the distance was short and it was not enough to explain their different lifestyles. However, we found distinguished transcript differences between ascarid parasites and free-living nematodes. Understanding evolutionary genetic changes might be helpful for studies of the lifestyle and evolution of parasites.

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Serodiagnosis of Toxocariasis by ELISA Using Crude Antigen of Toxocara canis Larvae
Yan Jin, Chenghua Shen, Sun Huh, Woon-Mok Sohn, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):433-439.
Published online August 30, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.433

Toxocariasis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by larvae of ascarid nematodes of dogs or cats, Toxocara canis or T. cati. Diagnosis of human toxocariasis currently relies on serology that uses T. canis excretory-secretory antigen to detect specific IgG antibodies by ELISA. We investigated the serodiagnostic efficacy of ELISA using crude antigen of T. canis larvae (TCLA). Serum specimens of 64 clinically confirmed toxocariasis, 115 healthy controls, and 119 other tissue-invading helminthiases were screened by ELISA using TCLA. The ELISA using TCLA showed 92.2% (59/64 patient samples) sensitivity and 86.6% (103/119) specificity. Its positive diagnostic predictivity was 78.7% and negative predictivity was 97.8%. No serum of healthy controls reacted but that of anisakiasis (45.5%), gnathostomiasis (19.2%), clonorchiasis (15.8%), sparganosis (11.1%), and cysticercosis (6.3%) cross-reacted. Immunoblot analysis on TCLA recognized antigenic proteins of 28- and 30-kDa bands in their dominant protein quantity and strong blotting reactivity. The present results indicate that the ELISA using our TCLA antigen is acceptable by the sensitivity and specificity for serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis. ELISA with TCLA is recommended to make differential diagnosis for patients with any sign of organ infiltration and eosinophilia.

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Brief Communication

A Seroepidemiological Survey of Toxocariasis among Eosinophilia Patients in Chungcheongnam-do
Min Seo, Sung Chul Yoon
Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):249-251.
Published online August 13, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.249

There have been several reports on the relationship between toxocariasis and eosinophilia, but all have been limited to the areas of Seoul or Gangwon-do. In the present study, we investigated the seroprevalence of toxocariasis among eosinophilia patients in Chungcheongnam-do, the central district of Korea. Among the 101 patients tested, 51 (50.5%) were identified as positive by Toxocara ELISA, and 46 (45.5%) were confidently diagnosed with toxocariasis because of absence of any other cause of eosinophilia. Whereas 22 of 42 seropositive patients (52.3%) had a recent history of consuming raw livers, especially the cow liver, only 1 of 25 seronegative patients (4%) had done so (P<0.01). From these results, we could confirm that toxocariasis is related to eosinophilia, and infer that ingestion of raw cow liver plays a vital role in the transmission of toxocariasis in Chungcheongnam-do.

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Original Article

Transmission of Toxocara canis via Ingestion of Raw Cow Liver: A Cross-Sectional Study in Healthy Adults
Dongil Choi, Jae Hoon Lim, Dong-Chull Choi, Kyung Soo Lee, Seung Woon Paik, Sun-Hee Kim, Yoon-Ho Choi, Sun Huh
Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(1):23-27.
Published online March 6, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.23

The aim of this study is to ascertain the relationship between ingestion of raw cow liver and Toxocara canis infection. A total of 150 apparently healthy adults were divided into 2 groups; 1 group consisted of 86 adults with positive results of Toxocara ELISA, and the other group of 64 adults with negative results. One researcher collected the history of ingestion of raw cow liver within 1 year and recent history of keeping dogs. Among 86 seropositive adults for T. canis, 68 (79.1%) had a recent history of ingestion of raw cow liver. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that a recent ingestion of raw cow liver and keeping dogs were related to an increased risk of toxocariasis (odds ratios, 4.4 and 3.7; and 95% confidence intervals, 1.9-10.2 and 1.2-11.6, respectively). A recent history of ingestion of raw cow liver and keeping dogs was significantly associated with toxocariasis.

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Brief Communications

Prevalence of Toxocara canis in Dogs, North West Bank of Palestine
Rateb Aref Othman
Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):181-182.
Published online June 14, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.181

This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of Toxocara canis in local districts in North West Bank of Palestine. Fecal samples from 132 dogs were collected in Nablus, Tulkarm, and Jenin cities from September 2008 to April 2009 and examined for T. canis eggs with the floating technique. The overall infection rate of toxocariasis in dogs was 36.4%. The dogs less than 6 months old showed higher infection rates than those older than 12 months (P=0.04). Vigorous interventions are necessary, such as routine coprological examinations of dogs and prescription of anthelmintics to infected dogs.

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  • The state of the system of antioxidant protection of the body of dogs during toxocariasis invasion
    I. V. Tokar, V. V. Stybel, B. V. Gutyj, O. L. Honcharov
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Experimental Toxocara cati Infection in Gerbils and Rats
Mohammad Zibaei, Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi, Shoji Uga
Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(4):331-333.
Published online December 16, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.4.331

Mongolian gerbils and Wistar rats were inoculated orally with 240 and 2,500 Toxocara cati embryonated eggs, respectively, to evaluate the larval recovery in different tissues and organs, such as the liver, lungs, heart, kidney, and skeletal muscles after 5, 30, 49, 70, and 92 days post-infection (PI). Larval recovery rates were 1.7-30.0% in Mongolian gerbils on days 5-92 PI and 0.2-3.8% in rats on the same days. These results indicate that Mongolian gerbils and Wistar rats are suitable experimental paratenic hosts for the study of neurological toxocariasis as well as visceral toxocariasis.

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  • The potential relationship between Toxocara canis infection and epilepsy in a rat model
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  • Understanding the research and practical needs required to control toxocariasis in Iran
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  • Changes in the expression of miR-103a and miR-21: a functional diagnosis of toxocariasis in rats
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Effects of Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara canis Antigens on WEHI-164 Fibrosarcoma Growth in a Mouse Model
Hossein Yousofi Darani, Hedayatollah Shirzad, Fataneh Mansoori, Nozhat Zabardast, Mahdi Mahmoodzadeh
Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):175-177.
Published online May 27, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.175

Cancer is the main cause of death in developed countries. However, in underdeveloped countries infections and parasitic diseases are the main causes of death. There are raising scientific evidences indicating that parasitic infections induce antitumor activity against certain types of cancers. In this study, the effects of Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara canis egg antigens in comparison with Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) (known to have anticancer distinctive) on WEHI-164 fibosarcoma transplanted to BALB/c mice was investigated. Groups of 6 male BALB/c mice injected with T. gondii antigen, BCG, or T. canis egg antigen as case groups and alum alone as control groups. All mice were then challenged with WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma cells. The mice were examined for growth of the solid tumor and the tumor sizes were measured every other day up to 4 wk. The mean tumor area in T. gondii, BCG, or alum alone injected mice in 4 different days of measurements was 25 mm2, 23 mm2, and 186 mm2 respectively. Also the mean tumor area in T. canis injected mice in 4 different days was 25.5 mm2 compared to the control group (alum treated) which was 155 mm2. T. gondii parasites and T. canis egg antigens induced inhibition of the tumor growth in the fibrosarcoma mouse model. We need further study to clarify the mechanisms of anti-cancer effects.

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Ultrastructural Localization of Toxocara canis Larval Antigen Reacted with a Seropositive Human Serum
Soo-Ung Lee, Jae-Ran Yu, Sun Huh
Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(1):65-68.
Published online March 12, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.1.65

Excretory-secretory products of Toxocara canis larvae have been considered as a major functional antigen in immune responses against toxocariasis. We studied ultrastructural localization of T. canis second-stage larval antigen using a seropositive human serum under immunogold electron microscopy. High-density gold particles were observed in the secretory cells, excretory duct, intestinal epithelium, and cuticle of the larval worm sections. The distribution of the positive reactions in the larval worms suggests that the nature of the antigen is excretory-secretory antigen including waste metabolites and secretory enzymes.

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Original Articles

Toxocariasis and Ingestion of Raw Cow Liver in Patients with Eosinophilia
Dongil Choi, Jae Hoon Lim, Dong-Chull Choi, Seung Woon Paik, Sun-Hee Kim, Sun Huh
Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(3):139-143.
Published online September 20, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.3.139

Ingestion of raw animal liver has been suggested as a possible mode of infection of human toxocariasis. We evaluated the relationship between toxocariasis and the ingestion of raw meat in patients with eosinophilia of unknown etiology. The study population consisted of 120 patients presenting with peripheral blood eosinophilia (> 500 cells/?l or > 10% of the white blood cell count). They were divided into 2 groups: 104 seropositive patients based on a Toxocara excretory-secretory IgG ELISA and 16 seronegative patients. While 25.0% of seronegative patients had a recent history of eating raw cow liver, 87.5% of seropositive patients had this history. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that a recent history of eating raw cow liver was related to an increased risk of toxocariasis. Collectively, it is proposed that raw cow liver is a significant infection source of toxocariasis in the patients with eosinophilia of unknown etiology.

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Seroprevalence of Toxocariasis among Healthy People with Eosinophilia
Yong-Hun Kim, Sun Huh, Young-Bae Chung
Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(1):29-32.
Published online March 20, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.29

The aim of this study is to determine the Toxocara seropositive rate among healthy people with eosinophilia. A total of 97 people residing in Seoul who were healthy and whose blood eosinophilia was over 10%, as shown by regular health check-ups in 2004, were subjected to this study. Their sera were tested by immunoblotting and ELISA with the antigen of larval Toxocara canis excretory-secretory (ES) protein. Sixty-five sera were band-positive (67.0%). The seropositve control sera were positive to band sizes of 66 kDa, 56 kDa, 32 kDa, and 13 kDa. In ELISA, 63 sera (65.0%) were positive to T. canis ES protein. There was no significant correlation between the IgG ELISA titer and the level of eosinophilia (r = 0.156, P = 0.156). As there were insufficient data to determine whether there were cross-reactions with other helminthic infections, or whether atopy occurred, further studies are required to verify the cause of the seropositive reactions against T. canis ES antigen. Toxocariasis seropositivity is suggested to be the major cause of eosinophilia, since the Toxocara seroprevalence among Korean rural adults was shown to be approximately 5%.

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  • Keys to Unlock the Enigma of Ocular Toxocariasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
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    Marta Viñas, Idoia Postigo, Ester Suñén, Jorge Martínez, Maria Victoria Periago
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  • A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Toxocariasis in Iran: Is it Time to Take it Seriously?
    Mohammad Javad Abbaszadeh Afshar, Farzaneh Zahabiun, Peyman Heydarian, Hossein Mozafar Saadati, Sina Mohtasebi, Farzad Khodamoradi, Vahid Raissi
    Acta Parasitologica.2020; 65(3): 569.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence of Toxocariasis and Its Risk Factors in Patients with Eosinophilia in Korea
    Hyun Beom Song, Deokho Lee, Yan Jin, Jinwoo Kang, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Min Sun Park, Jin-Ho Park, Woo-Jung Song, Hye-Ryun Kang, Sang Hyub Lee, Sung-Tae Hong, Min-Ho Choi
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(4): 413.     CrossRef
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    Sun Huh
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  • First Report of Toxocara canis Seroprevalence in Military Personnel and Their Families with Eosinophilia Referred to a Military Hospital in Tehran, Iran, 2015 - 2016
    Hamid Reza Bitaraf, Faezeh Hamidi, Vajiheh Zarrinpour, Mohsen Rahimi, Seyed Reza Shahrokhi, Aliyar Mirzapour
    Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Acute Eosinophilic Monoarthritis in a Patient with Toxocariasis
    Jaehyung Hur, You Jung Ha, Sang Wan Chung, Eun Ha Kang, Yeong Wook Song, Yun Jong Lee
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    Tae Hyung Kim, Doo Hyun Ko, Jong Wook Kim, Ja Joong Gu, Ji Hong Oh, Baek Hyun Yoon, Jae Beom Lee
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    Hong-Beum Kim, Jun-Won Seo, Jun-Hyung Lee, Byung-Seok Choi, Sang-Gon Park
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  • The Clinical Characteristics of Ocular Toxocariasis in Jeju Island Using Ultra-wide-field Fundus Photography
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  • In vitro production of Toxocara canis excretory-secretory (TES) antigen
    Divyamol Thomas, N. Jeyathilakan, S. Abdul Basith, T. M. A. Senthilkumar
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    Jinhwa Kong, Jungim Won, Jeehee Yoon, UnJoo Lee, Jong-Il Kim, Sun Huh
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  • A Systematic Review of Toxocariasis: A Neglected But High-Prevalence Disease in Brazil
    Carlos Roberto Silveira Corrêa, Paula Mayara Matos Fialho
    The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2016; 94(6): 1193.     CrossRef
  • Clinical characteristics and progression of liver abscess caused by toxocara
    Kyung Ho Ha, Jung Eun Song, Byung Seok Kim, Chang Hyeong Lee
    World Journal of Hepatology.2016; 8(18): 757.     CrossRef
  • SEROPOSITIVITY FOR ASCARIOSIS AND TOXOCARIOSIS AND CYTOKINE EXPRESSION AMONG THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN THE VENEZUELAN DELTA REGION
    Zaida Araujo, Sietze Brandes, Elena Pinelli, María A. Bochichio, Andrea Palacios, Albina Wide, Bruno Rivas-Santiago, Juan Carlos Jiménez
    Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo.2015; 57(1): 47.     CrossRef
  • Significance of Serum Antibody Test for Toxocariasis in Healthy Healthcare Examinees with Eosinophilia in Seoul and Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
    Hong Seok Kim, Yan Jin, Min-Ho Choi, Jae-Hwan Kim, Young Ha Lee, Cheong Ha Yoon, Eui-Hyuk Hwang, Hun Kang, Sang-Yong Ahn, Gi Jin Kim, Sung-Tae Hong
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2014; 29(12): 1618.     CrossRef
  • Toxocara Optic Neuropathy after Ingestion of Raw Meat Products
    Hee Kyung Yang, Se Joon Woo, Jeong-Min Hwang
    Optometry and Vision Science.2014; 91(11): e267.     CrossRef
  • Ocular toxocariasis: clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
    Seong Joon Ahn, Na-Kyung Ryoo, Se Joon Woo
    Asia Pacific Allergy.2014; 4(3): 134.     CrossRef
  • A Case of Ocular Toxocariasis Successfully Treated with Albendazole and Triamcinolon
    San Seong, Daruchi Moon, Dong Kyu Lee, Hyung Eun Kim, Hyun Sup Oh, Soon Hyun Kim, Oh Woong Kwon, Yong Sung You
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(5): 537.     CrossRef
  • A Comparative Seroprevalence Study of Toxocariasis in Hypereosinophilic and Apparently Healthy Individuals
    Bahador Sarkari, Malihe Lari, Reza Shafiei, Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi
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  • Research on Toxocara Canis antibodies obtained from patients with eosinophilia
    E Artinyan, H Kırkoyun Uysal, O Akgul, S Altıparmak, YA Oner
    Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology.2014; 32(4): 383.     CrossRef
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    Sun Huh
    Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2013; 56(6): 513.     CrossRef
  • A Seroepidemiological Survey of Toxocariasis among Eosinophilia Patients in Chungcheongnam-do
    Min Seo, Sung Chul Yoon
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2012; 50(3): 249.     CrossRef
  • Seroprevalence of toxocariasis in hypereosinophilic individuals in Ahwaz, south-western Iran
    S. Maraghi, A. Rafiei, R. Hajihossein, S. M. Sadjjadi
    Journal of Helminthology.2012; 86(2): 241.     CrossRef
  • Ultrastructural Localization of Toxocara canis Larval Antigen Reacted with a Seropositive Human Serum
    Soo-Ung Lee, Jae-Ran Yu, Sun Huh
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(1): 65.     CrossRef
  • Frequency of eosinophilia and risk factors and their association with Toxocara infection in schoolchildren during a health survey in the north of Lima, Peru
    William H. Roldán, Yrma A. Espinoza, Arturo Atúncar, Emperatriz Ortega, América Martinez, Melissa Saravia
    Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo.2008; 50(5): 273.     CrossRef
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Characterization of a Toxocara canis species-specific excretory-secretory antigen (TcES-57) and development of a double sandwich ELISA for diagnosis of visceral larva migrans
R.D. Iddawela, R.P.V.J. Rajapakse, N.A.N.D. Perera, Takeshi Agatsuma
Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(1):19-26.
Published online March 20, 2007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.1.19

This study describes the isolation of a Toxocara canis species-specific excretory-secretory (ES) antigen and the development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on this antigen. Analysis of the ES antigens of T. canis, Toxocara vitulorum, Ascaris lumbricoides and Necator americanus larval antigen was performed by SDS-PAGE followed by western blotting. A 57 kDa T. canis-specific antibody fraction (TcES-57) was identified by western blotting and labelling with anti-Toxocara antibodies (from experimental rabbits and human patients) and tracing with anti-human or anti-rabbit peroxidase conjugate. No protein fraction of 57 kDa was detected in ES or larval antigens collected from T. canis, T. vitulorum, A. lumbricoides and N. americanus. Using TcES-57, a specific anti-serum was produced in rabbits and a double sandwich ELISA was developed. This test was validated using known seropositive sera from toxocariasis patients, sera from A. lumbricoides or N. americanus patients, and 50 serum samples from cats. These tests revealed that TcES-57 antigen is specific to T. canis infection and does not cross react with sera of other related infections. Thus, ELISA based on TcES-57 antigen was proven to be an effective tool in the diagnosis of toxocariasis and studies on the role of T. canis in the epidemiology of human toxocariasis.

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Brief Communications

The intestines and hearts of dogs were examined for Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, and Dirofilaria immitis, after necropsy between June 26 and September 29, 2004 in Chuncheon, Korea. Of the 662 dogs examined, 6 were infected with T. canis (0.9%), 86 with T. leonina (13.0%). Fifty dogs were infected with D. immitis among 500 dogs examined (10.0%). Five were co-infected with T. canis and T. leonina, and three were co-infected with T. leonina and D. immitis. The cumulative positive infection rate for three species was 134/662(20.2%). Considering previously reported seropositive rates of T. canis excretory-secretory antigen, i.e., 5% in the adult population in Korea, the possibility of toxocariasis caused by T. leonina should be reevaluated.

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Seroprevalence of Toxocara antibodies among patients suspected of ocular toxocariasis in Slovenia
Jernej Logar, Barbara ?oba, Aleksandra Kraut, Branka Stirn-Kranjc
Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(3):137-140.
Published online September 20, 2004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.3.137

Ocular toxocariasis named also ocular larva migrans is caused by larvae of the roundworm Toxocara spp. The purpose of this study was to find out the seroprevalence of Toxocara antibodies in patients suspected of ocular toxocariasis. Between January 2001 and December 2003, sera from 239 ocular patients, aged 3 to 80 years, were examined by ELISA and confirmed by Western blot test. Out of the 239 patients, 172 (72%) were seronegative and 67 (28%) were Toxocara seropositive; 95% CI (22-34%). The median age of Toxocara seropositive patients was 37.6 years. There was no significant difference in the number of Toxocara positive sera between the younger age group (≤14 years) and the older age group (>14 years), p>0.05. A high rate of Toxocara seropositivity in ocular patients should alert the ophthalmologists in Slovenia to include toxocariasis in the differential diagnosis of eye diseases more frequently.

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Cross-reactivity between sera from dogs experimentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis and crude extract of Toxocara canis
Kun-Ho Song, Mineo Hayasaki, Kyu-Woan Cho, Sang-Eun Lee, Duck-Hwan Kim
Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(4):195-198.
Published online December 30, 2002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.4.195

This study was performed to investigate whethere there is cross-reactivity between Dirofilaria immitis and three intestinal nematodes of dogs. In ELISA, D. immitis-infected dog sera obtained at the 4th molting stage (9-11 weeks) and microfilaremic stage (25-30 weeks) were shown to be highly reactive with crude extract of T. canis. In immunoblotting, some antigenic fractions, 44, 57, 88, 100 kDa of crude extract of T. canis, were found to be positive reaction with sera of dogs infected with D. immitis. However, little or no cross-reaction were observed between sera of D. immitis-infected dogs and crude extract antigen of T. vulpis or A. caninum. These result suggest that there are partial cross reaction between sera of D. immitis-infected dogs and the antigen of T. canis.

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Original Article

A seroepidemiological survey for toxocariasis in apparently healthy residents in Gangwon-do, Korea
Hyun-Young Park, Soo-Ung Lee, Sun Huh, Yoon Kong, Jean-Fran?ois Magnaval
Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(3):113-117.
Published online September 30, 2002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.3.113

We investigated the sero-prevalence of toxocariasis among healthy Korean adults in 1999. A total of 314 sera from normal inhabitants in Whachon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea was examined for specific antibody levels against excretory-secretory products of second stage larvae of Toxocara (TES). The presence of cross-reactions with other helminthiases such as cysticercosis, paragonimiasis, sparganosis or clonorchiasis was also checked by specific IgG ELISA. Sera showing positive reaction against TES were also tested by IgG immunoblot and by IgE ELISA. Out of 314 subjects, 16 was found to be positive by TES IgG ELISA and immunoblot, among whom 12 were also positive by TES IgE ELISA. Among the 16 seropositive samples, two sera showed positive reaction against Paragonimus and sparganum antigen, respectively. These results inferred that cross-reactions were negligible between toxocariasis and other helminthiases. Toxocariasis seroprevalence among Korean rural adults was detected to be approximately 5%.

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Mini Review

Highlights of human toxocariasis
Jean-Fran?ois Magnaval, Lawrence T. Glickman, Philippe Dorchies, Bruno Morassin
Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(1):1-11.
Published online March 31, 2001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.1.1

Human toxocariasis is a helminthozoonosis due to the migration of Toxocara species larvae through human organism. Humans become infected by ingesting either embryonated eggs from soil (geophagia, pica), dirty hands or raw vegetables, or larvae from undercooked giblets. The diagnosis relies upon sensitive immunological methods (ELISA or western-blot) which use Toxocara excretory-secretory antigens. Seroprevalence is high in developed countries, especially in rural areas, and also in some tropical islands. The clinical spectrum of the disease comprises four syndromes, namely visceral larva migrans, ocular larva migrans, and the more recently recognized "common" (in adults) and "covert" (in children) pictures. Therapy of ocular toxocariasis is primarily based upon corticosteroids use, when visceral larva migrans and few cases of common or covert toxocariasis can be treated by anthelmintics whose the most efficient appeared to be diethylcarbamazine. When diagnosed, all of these syndromes require thorough prevention of recontamination (especially by deworming pets) and sanitary education.

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Case Report

Five cases of ocular toxocariasis confirmed by serology
Sung-Pyo Park, Inwon Park, Hyun-Young Park, Soo-Ung Lee, Sun Huh, Jean-Fran?ois Magnaval
Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(4):267-273.
Published online December 31, 2000
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.4.267

We report 5 cases of ocular toxocariasis in Korean adults complaining of visual impairment along with floating or bubbling sensation. Fundoscopic examination revealed a retinal detachment along with exudate in 4 cases. They all showed typical reaction by ELISA and immunoblot against Toxocra excretory-secretory antigen. One case showed high level of anti-Toxocara IgE antibodies (34,000 Toxocara units/L) as well as increased level of serum total IgE antibodies and the specific IgE antibodies for 3 inhalant antigens, suggesting that high level of anti-Toxocara IgE antibodies was associated with an atopic status. Clinical manifestations were improved after the sequential use of steroids then mebendazole. We also suggest that ocular toxocariasis should be thoroughly investigated even when an evocative uniocular inflammatory lesion is encountered in peripheral retina without a systematic disease.

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Brief Communication
Longevity of Toxocara cati Larvae and Pathology in Tissues of Experimentally Infected Chickens
Oryan, Ahmad , Sadjjadi, Seyyed Mahmoud , Azizi, Shahrzad
Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(1):79-80.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.79
This study was conducted to determine the distribution patterns and duration of stay of Toxocara cati larvae in organs of chickens and to investigate chronic phase and potential zoonotic risk of toxocariasis in chickens. Chickens were orally infected with 1,000 embryonated T. cati eggs and necropsied 240 days post-infection. Organs of the chickens were examined at gross and microscopic levels; tissues were digested to recover larvae. Peribronchiolitis with infiltration of lymphocytes, and hyperplasia of bronchiolar associated lymphatic tissues (BALT) and goblet cells, were evident in the lungs of infected chickens. There were mild hemorrhages and infiltration of lymphocytes and a few eosinophils in the meninges. Larvae were recovered from 30% of the exposed chickens. Larvae recovery indicated that T. cati larvae stay alive for at least 240 days in the chicken brain. Therefore, chickens may potentially act as a paratenic host in nature and transfer T. cati larvae to other hosts.

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