Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Trichomonas"

Brief Communications

Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Targeting Actin DNA of Trichomonas vaginalis: Youn-Kyoung Goo, Won-Sik Shin, Hye-Won Yang, So-Young Joo, Su-Min Song, Jae-Sook Ryu, Hyun-Hee Kong, Won-Ki Lee, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(3):329-334.
Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.329

Abstract
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Trichomoniasis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted disease. Its association with several health problems, including preterm birth, pelvic inflammatory disease, cervical cancer, and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, emphasizes the importance of improved access to early and accurate detection of T. vaginalis. In this study, a rapid and efficient loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based method for the detection of T. vaginalis was developed and validated, using vaginal swab specimens from subjects suspected to have trichomoniasis. The LAMP assay targeting the actin gene was highly sensitive with detection limits of 1 trichomonad and 1 pg of T. vaginalis DNA per reaction, and specifically amplified the target gene only from T. vaginalis. Validation of this assay showed that it had the highest sensitivity and better agreement with PCR (used as the gold standard) compared to microscopy and multiplex PCR. This study showed that the LAMP assay, targeting the actin gene, could be used to diagnose early infections of T. vaginalis. Thus, we have provided an alternative molecular diagnostic tool and a point-of-care test that may help to prevent trichomoniasis transmission and associated complications.

Citations

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Loop‐Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) for the Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infections: A Review
Yasaman Ahmadi, Yejiong Yu, Zhanfeng Cui, Wei E. Huang, Monique I. Andersson
Microbial Biotechnology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A novel detection method based on MIRA-CRISPR/Cas13a-LFD targeting the repeated DNA sequence of Trichomonas vaginalis
Zhenke Yang, Jinghui Wang, Yiming Qi, Yiping Shi, Fakun Li, Weijuan Wang, Xiaowei Tian, Xuefang Mei, Zhenchao Zhang, Shuai Wang
Parasites & Vectors.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A novel fluoro colorimetric Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis
Shoorashetty Manohar Rudresh, Pareyam Pooja, Pattacheravanda Nanaiah Shakuntala, Kanta Madhu
Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology.2024; 49: 100610. CrossRef
Establishment of a programmatic detection method for Trichomonas vaginalis based on double antibody sandwich ELISA targeting TvCP39 antigen
Yuhua Li, Fakun Li, Wenjie Tian, Yani Zhang, Weijuan Wang, Zhenke Yang, Xiaowei Tian, Shuai Wang, Xuefang Mei, Zhenchao Zhang
Acta Tropica.2024; 260: 107489. CrossRef
Label-free electrochemical DNA biosensing of MR TV 29 18s ribosomal RNA gene of Trichomonas vaginalis by signalization of non-spherical gold nanoparticles
R. Dehdari Vais, H. Heli, N. Sattarahmady
Materials Today Communications.2023; 34: 105123. CrossRef
Construction a novel detection method for Trichomonas vaginalis based on recombinant enzyme polymerase amplification targeting the Actin gene
Fakun Li, Yangyang Deng, Wanxin Sheng, Xihui Gao, Weijuan Wang, Zhili Chu, Xuefang Mei, Zhenke Yang, Xiaowei Tian, Shuai Wang, Zhenchao Zhang
Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
A novel and ultrasensitive label-free electrochemical DNA biosensor for Trichomonas vaginalis detection based on a nanostructured film of poly(ortho-aminophenol)
Rezvan Dehdari Vais, Hossein Heli, Naghmeh Sattarahmady, Afshin Barazesh
Synthetic Metals.2022; 287: 117082. CrossRef
Omics Analyses of Trichomonas vaginalis Actin and Tubulin and Their Participation in Intercellular Interactions and Cytokinesis
Sebastián Lorenzo-Benito, Luis Alberto Rivera-Rivas, Lizbeth Sánchez-Ayala, Jaime Ortega-López, Octavio Montes-Flores, Daniel Talamás-Lara, Rossana Arroyo
Genes.2022; 13(6): 1067. CrossRef
Photo-genosensor for Trichomonas vaginalis based on gold nanoparticles-genomic DNA
S. Ilbeigi, R. Dehdari Vais, N. Sattarahmady
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2021; 34: 102290. CrossRef
Loop mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal swabs among symptomatic women from North India
S. Khurana, R. Dadwal, N. Sharma, A. Mewara, S. Singh, R. Bagga, R. Yadav, S. Sethi
Letters in Applied Microbiology.2020; 70(3): 196. CrossRef
Establishment and application of isothermal amplification techniques for the detection of heat-stable I enterotoxin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Junjun Zhai, Zhang Yan, Feng Ping, Qu Lei, Xuelong Chen, Yanping Qi, Tianwen Wang
PLOS ONE.2020; 15(4): e0230881. CrossRef
Development of a convenient detection method for Trichomonas vaginalis based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification targeting adhesion protein 65
Yuhua Li, Shuai Wang, Haoran Li, Xiaoxiao Song, Hao Zhang, Yujuan Duan, Chengyang Luo, Bingli Wang, Sifan Ji, Qing Xie, Zhenchao Zhang
BMC Infectious Diseases.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Label-free ultrasensitive electrochemical genosensing of Trichomonas vaginalis using anisotropic-shaped gold nanoparticles as a platform, a repeated sequence of the parasite DNA as a probe, and toluidine blue as a redox marker
N. Delshadi-Jahromi, R. Nazari-Vanani, H. Yadegari, N. Sattarahmady, G.R. Hatam, H. Heli
Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical.2018; 273: 234. CrossRef
Real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei
Shao-Xin Cai, Fan-De Kong, Shu-Fei Xu, Cui-Luan Yao
PeerJ.2018; 6: e5993. CrossRef

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Optimization of Trichomonas vaginalis Diagnosis during Pregnancy at a University Hospital, Argentina: Pamela Testardini, Mar?a Luc?a Gallo Vaulet, Andrea Carolina Entrocassi, Claudia Menghi, Martha Cora Eliseht, Claudia Gatta, Mirta Losada, Mar?a Sol Touz?n, Ana Corominas, Carlos Vay, Silvio Tatti, Angela Famiglietti, Marcelo Rodriguez Fermepin, Beatriz Perazzi; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):191-195.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.191

Abstract
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The aim of this study was to evaluate different methods for Trichomonas vaginalis diagnosis during pregnancy in order to prevent maternal and perinatal complications. A total of 386 vaginal exudates from pregnant women were analyzed. T. vaginalis was investigated by 3 types of microscopic examinations direct wet mount with physiologic saline solution, prolonged May-Grunwald Giemsa (MGG) staining, and wet mount with sodium-acetate-formalin (SAF)/methylene blue method. PCR for 18S rRNA gene as well as culture in liquid medium were performed. The sensitivity and specificity of the microscopic examinations were evaluated considering the culture media positivity or the PCR techniques as gold standard. The frequency of T. vaginalis infection was 6.2% by culture and/or PCR, 5.2% by PCR, 4.7% by culture, 3.1% by SAF/methylene blue method and 2.8% by direct wet smear and prolonged MGG staining. The sensitivities were 83.3%, 75.0%, 50.0%, and 45.8% for PCR, culture, SAF/methylene blue method, and direct wet smear-prolonged MGG staining, respectively. The specificity was 100% for all the assessed methods. Microscopic examinations showed low sensitivity, mainly in asymptomatic pregnant patients. It is necessary to improve the detection of T. vaginalis using combined methods providing higher sensitivity, such as culture and PCR, mainly in asymptomatic pregnant patients, in order to prevent maternal and perinatal complications.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Diagnostic accuracy of real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in clinical samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Emmanuel O. Babafemi, Benny P. Cherian, Khalid Rahman, Gilbert M. Mogoko, Oluwatoyin O. Abiola
African Journal of Laboratory Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence and risk factors of Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis infections in pregnant women in seven hospitals in N’Djamena, Chad: a cro
Mahamat Mustapha Anouar, Boris Emmanuel Djoumsie Gomseu, Nandita Sharma, Sana Afreen, Tenzin Tsephel, Djamal Hachim, Ngam Daita, Annour Bechir Ahmat, Mahamat Mouctar Abdelkerim, Aboubakar Hassan Adam, Adam Mahamat Dahabaye, Chatté Adawaye, Foumsou Lhagada
BMJ Open.2025; 15(10): e096775. CrossRef
Establishment of a programmatic detection method for Trichomonas vaginalis based on double antibody sandwich ELISA targeting TvCP39 antigen
Yuhua Li, Fakun Li, Wenjie Tian, Yani Zhang, Weijuan Wang, Zhenke Yang, Xiaowei Tian, Shuai Wang, Xuefang Mei, Zhenchao Zhang
Acta Tropica.2024; 260: 107489. CrossRef
Construction a novel detection method for Trichomonas vaginalis based on recombinant enzyme polymerase amplification targeting the Actin gene
Fakun Li, Yangyang Deng, Wanxin Sheng, Xihui Gao, Weijuan Wang, Zhili Chu, Xuefang Mei, Zhenke Yang, Xiaowei Tian, Shuai Wang, Zhenchao Zhang
Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease Vaginal Wet Mount Microscopy Guidelines: How to Perform, Applications, and Interpretation
Pedro Vieira-Baptista, Švitrigailė Grincevičienė, Caroline Oliveira, José Fonseca-Moutinho, Facundo Cherey, Colleen Kennedy Stockdale
Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease.2021; 25(2): 172. CrossRef
Development of a convenient detection method for Trichomonas vaginalis based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification targeting adhesion protein 65
Yuhua Li, Shuai Wang, Haoran Li, Xiaoxiao Song, Hao Zhang, Yujuan Duan, Chengyang Luo, Bingli Wang, Sifan Ji, Qing Xie, Zhenchao Zhang
BMC Infectious Diseases.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Análisis microbiológico del tracto genital materno y de la sangre del cordón umbilical en relación con el daño neonatal
Silvina E. Cocucci, Mirtha G. Santacruz Silvero, Mirta O. Losada, María S. Touzón, Hilda RudaVega, Manuel Vazquez Blanco, Sergio L. Provenzano, Carlos A. Vay, Ángela M.R. Famiglietti, Beatriz E. Perazzi
Revista Argentina de Microbiología.2019; 51(2): 157. CrossRef
Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016
Jane Rowley, Stephen Vander Hoorn, Eline Korenromp, Nicola Low, Magnus Unemo, Laith J Abu-Raddad, R Matthew Chico, Alex Smolak, Lori Newman, Sami Gottlieb, Soe Soe Thwin, Nathalie Broutet, Melanie M Taylor
Bulletin of the World Health Organization.2019; 97(8): 548. CrossRef
Very low sensitivity of wet mount microscopy compared to PCR against culture in the diagnosis of vaginal trichomoniasis in Uganda: a cross sectional study
Sheila Nabweyambo, Othman Kakaire, Stefanie Sowinski, Alfred Okeng, Henry Ojiambo, Joshua Kimeze, Irene Najjingo, Freddie Bwanga
BMC Research Notes.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

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Prevalence of Trichomoniasis by PCR in Women Attending Health Screening in Korea: Seung-Ryong Kim, Jung-Hyun Kim, Na-Yeong Gu, Yong-Suk Kim, Yeon-Chul Hong, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):187-190.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.187

Abstract
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Trichomoniasis is the most common curable sexually-transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. There are few reports on the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in Korea. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of trichomoniasis by PCR in Guri city, Korea. All adult women who visited Hanyang University Guri Hospital for health screening within the National Health Care Service were invited to participate in the study, and 424 women were enrolled between March and June 2011. PCR was used to detect Trichomonas vaginalis using primers based on a repetitive sequence cloned from T. vaginalis (TV-E650). Fourteen women (3.3%) were found to have T. vaginalis. All were over 50, and they were significantly older on average than the 410 Trichomonas-negative women (mean ages 63.4 vs 55.3 years). It seems that T. vaginalis infection is not rare in women receiving health screening, especially among those over 50.

Citations

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Molecular diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis in liquid-based Papanicolaou samples in Shiraz, southern Iran
Mohammad Saleh Bahreini, Samaneh Sedghi, Yalda Badalzadeh, Mohammad Hossein Motazedian, Manouchehr Shirani, Sareh Sami Jahromi, Aref Teimouri, Mahmoud Agholi, Qasem Asgari
BMC Women's Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Construction a novel detection method for Trichomonas vaginalis based on recombinant enzyme polymerase amplification targeting the Actin gene
Fakun Li, Yangyang Deng, Wanxin Sheng, Xihui Gao, Weijuan Wang, Zhili Chu, Xuefang Mei, Zhenke Yang, Xiaowei Tian, Shuai Wang, Zhenchao Zhang
Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular characterization of Trichomonas infections in women of Ilam City, southwestern Iran
Maryam Alikhani, Mohammad Akhoundi, Denis Sereno, Jahangir Abdi, Razi Naserifar, Mohammad Reza Mahmoudi, Asad Mirzaei
Parasitology Research.2022; 121(6): 1631. CrossRef
Status of common parasitic diseases in Korea in 2019
Sun Huh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2019; 62(8): 437. CrossRef

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Original Article

Inflammatory Responses in a Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Epithelial Cell Line (BPH-1) Infected with Trichomonas vaginalis: Sang-Su Kim, Jung-Hyun Kim, Ik-Hwan Han, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):123-132.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.123

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis causes the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Trichomonads have been detected in prostatic tissues from prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer. Chronic prostatic inflammation is known as a risk factor for prostate enlargement, benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms, and acute urinary retention. Our aim was to investigate whether T. vaginalis could induce inflammatory responses in cells of a benign prostatic hyperplasia epithelial cell line (BPH-1). When BPH-1 cells were infected with T. vaginalis, the protein and mRNA of inflammatory cytokines, such as CXCL8, CCL2, IL-1β, and IL-6, were increased. The activities of TLR4, ROS, MAPK, JAK2/STAT3, and NF-κB were also increased, whereas inhibitors of ROS, MAPK, PI3K, NF-κB, and anti-TLR4 antibody decreased the production of the 4 cytokines although the extent of inhibition differed. However, a JAK2 inhibitor inhibited only IL-6 production. Culture supernatants of the BPH-1 cells that had been incubated with live T. vaginalis (trichomonad-conditioned medium, TCM) contained the 4 cytokines and induced the migration of human monocytes (THP-1 cells) and mast cells (HMC-1 cells). TCM conditioned by BPH-1 cells pretreated with NF-κB inhibitor showed decreased levels of cytokines and induced less migration. Therefore, it is suggested that these cytokines are involved in migration of inflammatory cells. These results suggest that T. vaginalis infection of BPH patients may cause inflammation, which may induce lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).

Citations

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Immunomodulatory roles of autophagic flux and IFIT in human ectocervical cells upon Trichomonas vaginalis infection
Ching-Chun Liu, Lichieh Julie Chu, Yuan-Ming Yeh, Hsin-Chung Lin, Lih-Chyang Chen, Ching-Yun Huang, Shu-Fang Chiu, Fang-Wen Cheng, Wei-Ning Lin, Kuo-Yang Huang
International Immunopharmacology.2025; 155: 114643. CrossRef
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors causing hyperplasia of the prostate
Yuki Kyoda, Kosuke Shibamori, Tetsuya Shindo, Takeshi Maehana, Kohei Hashimoto, Ko Kobayashi, Toshiaki Tanaka, Fumimasa Fukuta, Naoya Masumori
International Journal of Urology.2024; 31(7): 705. CrossRef
P. gingivalis in oral-prostate axis exacerbates benign prostatic hyperplasia via IL-6/IL-6R pathway
Shuang-Ying Wang, Yi Cai, Xiao Hu, Fei Li, Xin-Hang Qian, Ling-Yun Xia, Bo Gao, Lan Wu, Wen-Zhong Xie, Jia-Min Gu, Tong Deng, Cong Zhu, Hai-Chang Jia, Wan-Qi Peng, Jiao Huang, Cheng Fang, Xian-Tao Zeng
Military Medical Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The correlation between Trichomonas vaginalis infection and reproductive system cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhenchao Zhang, Dongxian Li, Yuhua Li, Rui Zhang, Xianghuan Xie, Yi Yao, Linfei Zhao, Xiaowei Tian, Zhenke Yang, Shuai Wang, Xuejing Yue, Xuefang Mei
Infectious Agents and Cancer.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Inflammatory response to Trichomonas vaginalis in the pathogenesis of prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia
Ik-Hwan Han, Jung-Hyun Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(1): 2. CrossRef
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Olivia T. Van Gerwen, Skye A. Opsteen, Keonte J. Graves, Christina A. Muzny
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Brooke Webb, Andrea Crampton, Michelle J. Francis, John Hamblin, Tony M. Korman, Maryza Graham
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Development of a convenient detection method for Trichomonas vaginalis based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification targeting adhesion protein 65
Yuhua Li, Shuai Wang, Haoran Li, Xiaoxiao Song, Hao Zhang, Yujuan Duan, Chengyang Luo, Bingli Wang, Sifan Ji, Qing Xie, Zhenchao Zhang
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Inflammatory mediators of prostate epithelial cells stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis promote proliferative and invasive properties of prostate cancer cells
Ik‐Hwan Han, Jung‐Hyun Kim, Ki‐Seok Jang, Jae‐Sook Ryu
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Mabel Schulz, Fabiola Zambrano, Hans-Christian Schuppe, Florian Wagenlehner, Anja Taubert, Ulrich Gaertner, Rául Sánchez, Carlos Hermosilla
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Björn L.D.M. Brücher, Ijaz S. Jamall, Obul R. Bandapalli
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Pei-Ju Sung, Nicolas Rama, Jeromine Imbach, Stephany Fiore, Benjamin Ducarouge, David Neves, Huei-Wen Chen, David Bernard, Pan-Chyr Yang, Agnès Bernet, Stephane Depil, Patrick Mehlen
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Proliferation of prostate epithelia induced by IL‐6 from stroma reacted with Trichomonas vaginalis
J.‐H. Kim, I.‐H. Han, Y.‐S. Kim, C.‐S. Noh, J.‐S. Ryu
Parasite Immunology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Proliferation of Prostate Stromal Cell Induced by Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Epithelial Cell Stimulated WithTrichomonas vaginalisvia Crosstalk With Mast Cell
Jung-Hyun Kim, Sang-Su Kim, Ik-Hwan Han, Seobo Sim, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu
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I. H. Han, J. H. Kim, S. S. Kim, M. H. Ahn, J. S. Ryu
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Brief Communications

Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in Women Visiting 2 Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics in Daegu, South Korea: Youn-Kyoung Goo, Won-Sik Shin, Hye-Won Yang, So-Young Joo, Su-Min Song, Jae-Sook Ryu, Won-Myung Lee, Hyun-Hee Kong, Won-Ki Lee, Sang-Eun Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):75-80.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.75

Abstract
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This study explored epidemiological trends in trichomoniasis in Daegu, South Korea. Wet mount microscopy, PCR, and multiplex PCR were used to test for Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal swab samples obtained from 621 women visiting 2 clinics in Daegu. Of the 621 women tested, microscopy detected T. vaginalis in 4 (0.6%) patients, PCR detected T. vaginalis in 19 (3.0%) patients, and multiplex PCR detected T. vaginalis in 12 (1.9%) patients. Testing via PCR demonstrated high sensitivity and high negative predictive value for T. vaginalis. Among the 19 women who tested positive for T. vaginalis according to PCR, 94.7% (18/19) reported vaginal signs and symptoms. Notably, more than 50% of T. vaginalis infections occurred in females younger than 30 years old, and 58% were unmarried. Multiplex PCR, which simultaneously detects pathogens from various sexually transmitted infections, revealed that 91.7% (11/12) of patients were infected with 2 or more pathogens. Mycoplasma hominis was the most prevalent co-infection pathogen with T. vaginalis, followed by Ureaplasma urealyticum and Chlamydia trachomatis. Our results indicate that PCR and multiplex PCR are the most sensitive tools for T. vaginalis diagnosis, rather than microscopy which has been routinely used to detect T. vaginalis infections in South Korea. Therefore, clinicians should take note of the high prevalence of T. vaginalis infections among adolescent and young women in order to prevent persistent infection and transmission of this disease.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Diagnostic accuracy of real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in clinical samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Emmanuel O. Babafemi, Benny P. Cherian, Khalid Rahman, Gilbert M. Mogoko, Oluwatoyin O. Abiola
African Journal of Laboratory Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The prevalence ofTrichomonas vaginalisinfection among the female population of Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zeinab Moghadamizad, Javad Yazdizadeh Khalili, Meysam Olfatifar, Milad Badri, Sasan Khazaei
International Health.2024; 16(3): 240. CrossRef
Combination of genitourinary candidiasis and sexually transmitted infections
N.E. Portnyagina, A.K. Kvardakova, V.V. Pakhomova, E.G. Gubanova, N.V. Deeva, I.G. Sergeeva
Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Venereology.2024; 23(4): 377. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis: comparison of primers for implementation as an in-house PCR in rural Vellore, South India
Nagarajan L. Surya, Thangamani Suji, Santhosh Rani, Irene Dorathy, Shantidani Minz, Rani Diana Sahni
BMC Infectious Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis in liquid-based Papanicolaou samples in Shiraz, southern Iran
Mohammad Saleh Bahreini, Samaneh Sedghi, Yalda Badalzadeh, Mohammad Hossein Motazedian, Manouchehr Shirani, Sareh Sami Jahromi, Aref Teimouri, Mahmoud Agholi, Qasem Asgari
BMC Women's Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of Diagnostic Methods for Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in Prediagnosed Vaginitis Cases and Its Association with Various Pathogens
Vildan Turan Faraşat, İbrahim Cüneyt Balcıoğlu, Pınar Solmaz Hasdemir, Ertaç Gümüş
Turkish Journal of Parasitology.2022; 46(3): 167. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis follow-up and persistence in Colombian women
Lauren Hernández-Buelvas, Milena Camargo, Ricardo Sánchez, Manuel Elkin Patarroyo, Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Trichomoniasis in a tertiary hospital of Madrid, Spain (2013–2017): prevalence and pregnancy rate, coinfections, metronidazole resistance, and endosymbiosis
Celia Bolumburu, Vega Zamora, María Muñoz-Algarra, Francisca Portero-Azorín, José Antonio Escario, Alexandra Ibáñez-Escribano
Parasitology Research.2020; 119(6): 1915. CrossRef
Status of common parasitic diseases in Korea in 2019
Sun Huh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2019; 62(8): 437. CrossRef
PREVALENCE OF TRICHOMONIASIS IN ASYMPTOMATIC PREGNANT WOMEN POPULATION IN BANDUNG, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA
Pati Aji Achdiat, Reiva Farah Dwiyana, Vina Feriza, Rasmia Rowawi, Rendy Ariezal Effendi, Oki Suwarsa, Hendra Gunawan
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease.2019; 7(4): 57. CrossRef
Prevalence of Trichomoniasis by PCR in Women Attending Health Screening in Korea
Seung-Ryong Kim, Jung-Hyun Kim, Na-Yeong Gu, Yong-Suk Kim, Yeon-Chul Hong, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(2): 187. CrossRef
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Targeting Actin DNA of Trichomonas vaginalis
Youn-Kyoung Goo, Won-Sik Shin, Hye-Won Yang, So-Young Joo, Su-Min Song, Jae-Sook Ryu, Hyun-Hee Kong, Won-Ki Lee, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(3): 329. CrossRef
Epidemiology of Trichomoniasis in South Korea and Increasing Trend in Incidence, Health Insurance Review and Assessment 2009-2014
So-Young Joo, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Jae-Sook Ryu, Sang-Eun Lee, Won Kee Lee, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Zhefeng Meng
PLOS ONE.2016; 11(12): e0167938. CrossRef

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Influence of 120 kDa Pyruvate:Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase on Pathogenicity of Trichomonas vaginalis: Hyun-Ouk Song; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):71-74.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.71

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellate protozoan parasite and commonly infected the lower genital tract in women and men. Iron is a known nutrient for growth of various pathogens, and also reported to be involved in establishment of trichomoniasis. However, the exact mechanism was not clarified. In this study, the author investigated whether the 120 kDa protein of T. vaginalis may be involved in pathogenicity of trichomonads. Antibodies against 120 kDa protein of T. vaginalis, which was identified as pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) by peptide analysis of MALDI-TOF-MS, were prepared in rabbits. Pretreatment of T. vaginalis with anti-120 kDa Ab decreased the proliferation and adherence to vaginal epithelial cells (MS74) of T. vaginalis. Subcutaneous tissue abscess in anti-120 kDa Ab-treated T. vaginalis-injected mice was smaller in size than that of untreated T. vaginalis-infected mice. Collectively, the 120 kDa protein expressed by iron may be involved in proliferation, adhesion to host cells, and abscess formation, thereby may influence on the pathogenicity of T. vaginalis.

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Original Articles

Activation of MAPK Is Required for ROS Generation and Exocytosis in HMC-1 Cells Induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-Derived Secretory Products: Giimaa Narantsogt, Arim Min, Young Hee Nam, Young Ah Lee, Kyeong Ah Kim, Gurbadam Agvaandaram, Temuulen Dorjsuren, Jamel El-Benna, Myeong Heon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):597-603.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.597

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite that causes vaginitis and cervicitis in women and asymptomatic urethritis and prostatitis in men. Mast cells have been reported to be predominant in vaginal smears and vaginal walls of patients infected with T. vaginalis. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), activated by various stimuli, have been shown to regulate the transcriptional activity of various cytokine genes in mast cells. In this study, we investigated whether MAPK is involved in ROS generation and exocytotic degranulation in HMC-1 cells induced by T. vaginalis-derived secretory products (TvSP). We found that TvSP induces the activation of MAPK and NADPH oxidase in HMC-1 cells. Stimulation with TvSP induced phosphorylation of MAPK and p47^phox in HMC-1 cells. Stimulation with TvSP also induced up-regulation of CD63, a marker for exocytosis, along the surfaces of human mast cells. Pretreatment with MAPK inhibitors strongly inhibited TvSP-induced ROS generation and exocytotic degranulation. Finally, our results suggest that TvSP induces intracellular ROS generation and exocytotic degranulation in HMC-1 via MAPK signaling.

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Dynamin 2-mediated endocytosis of BLT1 is required for IL-8 production in HMC-1 cells induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products
Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
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Trichomonas vaginalis excretory secretory proteins reduce semen quality and male fertility
Zhenchao Zhang, Fakun Li, Yangyang Deng, Yuhua Li, Wanxin Sheng, Xiaowei Tian, Zhenke Yang, Shuai Wang, Lihua Guo, Lixia Hao, Xuefang Mei
Acta Tropica.2023; 238: 106794. CrossRef
Latent Upregulation of Nlrp3, Nlrc4 and Aim2 Differentiates between Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis Infection
Sonal Yadav, Vivek Verma, Rakesh Singh Dhanda, Sumeeta Khurana, Manisha Yadav
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Trichomonas vaginalis Induces SiHa Cell Apoptosis by NF-κB Inactivation via Reactive Oxygen Species
Juan-Hua Quan, Byung-Hun Kang, Jung-Bo Yang, Yun-Ee Rhee, Heung-Tae Noh, In-Wook Choi, Guang-Ho Cha, Jae-Min Yuk, Young-Ha Lee
BioMed Research International.2017; 2017: 1. CrossRef
SNAP23-Dependent Surface Translocation of Leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ) Receptor 1 Is Essential for NOX2-Mediated Exocytotic Degranulation in Human Mast Cells Induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-Secrete
Arim Min, Young Ah Lee, Kyeong Ah Kim, Jamel El-Benna, Myeong Heon Shin, Judith A. Appleton
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Involvement of PI3K/AKT and MAPK Pathways for TNF-α Production in SiHa Cervical Mucosal Epithelial Cells Infected with Trichomonas vaginalis: Jung-Bo Yang, Juan-Hua Quan, Ye-Eun Kim, Yun-Ee Rhee, Byung-Hyun Kang, In-Wook Choi, Guang-Ho Cha, Jae-Min Yuk, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):371-377.
Published online August 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.371

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis induces proinflammation in cervicovaginal mucosal epithelium. To investigate the signaling pathways in TNF-α production in cervical mucosal epithelium after T. vaginalis infection, the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways were evaluated in T. vaginalis-infected SiHa cells in the presence and absence of specific inhibitors. T. vaginalis increased TNF-α production in SiHa cells, in a parasite burden-dependent and incubation time-dependent manner. In T. vaginalis-infected SiHa cells, AKT, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and JNK were phosphorylated from 1 hr after infection; however, the phosphorylation patterns were different from each other. After pretreatment with inhibitors of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways, TNF-α production was significantly decreased compared to the control; however, TNF-α reduction patterns were different depending on the type of PI3K/MAPK inhibitors. TNF-α production was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by treatment with wortmannin and PD98059, whereas it was increased by SP600125. These data suggested that PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways are important in regulation of TNF-α production in cervical mucosal epithelial SiHa cells. However, activation patterns of each pathway were different from the types of PI3K/MAPK pathways.

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Interactions between bacterial vaginosis-associated microbiota and Trichomonas vaginalis modulate parasite-induced pathogenicity and host immune responses
Shu-Fang Chiu, Ching-Yun Huang, Chien-Yung Chen, Wei-Jane Hsu, Yuan-Ming Yeh, Ya-Wen Shih, Lichieh Julie Chu, Wei-Ning Lin, Kuo-Yang Huang
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Trichomonas vaginalis Metalloproteinase Induces mTOR Cleavage of SiHa Cells: Juan-Hua Quan, In-Wook Choi, Jung-Bo Yang, Wei Zhou, Guang-Ho Cha, Yu Zhou, Jae-Sook Ryu, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(6):595-603.
Published online December 23, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.595

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis secretes a number of proteases which are suspected to be the cause of pathogenesis; however, little is understood how they manipulate host cells. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein synthesis, and transcription. We detected various types of metalloproteinases including GP63 protein from T. vaginalis trophozoites, and T. vaginalis GP63 metalloproteinase was confirmed by sequencing and western blot. When SiHa cells were stimulated with live T. vaginalis, T. vaginalis excretory-secretory products (ESP) or T. vaginalis lysate, live T. vaginalis and T. vaginalis ESP induced the mTOR cleavage in both time- and parasite load-dependent manner, but T. vaginalis lysate did not. Pretreatment of T. vaginalis with a metalloproteinase inhibitor, 1,10-phenanthroline, completely disappeared the mTOR cleavage in SiHa cells. Collectively, T. vaginalis metallopeptidase induces host cell mTOR cleavage, which may be related to survival of the parasite.

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Brief Communication

Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis by PCR in Men Attending a Primary Care Urology Clinic in South Korea: Jun-Hyeok Seo, Hye-Won Yang, So-Young Joo, Su-Min Song, Yu-Ran Lee, Jae-Sook Ryu, Eun Sang Yoo, Won Kee Lee, Hyun-Hee Kong, Sang-Eun Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):551-555.
Published online October 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.551

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis, a causative agent of trichomoniasis, may trigger symptomatic or asymptomatic nongonococcal urethritis and chronic prostatitis in men. Despite the availability of highly sensitive diagnostic tests, such as nucleic acid amplification tests, including PCR, few prospective studies present data on male T. vaginalis infection in South Korea. In the present study, the prevalence of T. vaginalis and associated clinical conditions were evaluated in 201 male patients from a primary care urology clinic in South Korea. The prevalence of T. vaginalis infection in our cohort was 4% (8/201) by PCR. T. vaginalis infection was common in men older than 40 years (median age, 52 years). Among the 8 Trichomonas-positive patients, 87.5% (7/8) had prostatic diseases, such as prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia, and 25.0% (2/8) and 12.5% (1/8) were coinfected with Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium, respectively. Our results suggest that T. vaginalis infection is not rare in men attending primary care urology clinics in South Korea, especially in those older than 40 years, in whom it may explain the presence of prostatic disease. The possibility of T. vaginalis infection should be routinely considered in older male patients with prostatic diseases in South Korea.

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Original Article

Molecular Characterization of Various Trichomonad Species Isolated from Humans and Related Mammals in Indonesia: Mudyawati Kamaruddin, Masaharu Tokoro, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Shunsuke Arayama, Anggi P.N. Hidayati, Din Syafruddin, Puji B.S. Asih, Hisao Yoshikawa, Ei Kawahara; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):471-478.
Published online October 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.471

Abstract
PDF

Trichomonad species inhabit a variety of vertebrate hosts; however, their potential zoonotic transmission has not been clearly addressed, especially with regard to human infection. Twenty-one strains of trichomonads isolated from humans (5 isolates), pigs (6 isolates), rodents (6 isolates), a water buffalo (1 isolate), a cow (1 isolate), a goat (1 isolate), and a dog (1 isolate) were collected in Indonesia and molecularly characterized. The DNA sequences of the partial 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene or 5.8S rRNA gene locus with its flanking regions (internal transcribed spacer region, ITS1 and ITS2) were identified in various trichomonads; Simplicimonas sp., Hexamastix mitis, and Hypotrichomonas sp. from rodents, and Tetratrichomonas sp. and Trichomonas sp. from pigs. All of these species were not detected in humans, whereas Pentatrichomonas hominis was identified in humans, pigs, the dog, the water buffalo, the cow, and the goat. Even when using the high-resolution gene locus of the ITS regions, all P. hominis strains were genetically identical; thus zoonotic transmission between humans and these closely related mammals may be occurring in the area investigated. The detection of Simplicimonas sp. in rodents (Rattus exulans) and P. hominis in water buffalo in this study revealed newly recognized host adaptations and suggested the existence of remaining unrevealed ranges of hosts in the trichomonad species.

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Brief Communications

Superoxide Anion Production by Human Neutrophils Activated by Trichomonas vaginalis: Hyun-Ouk Song, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):479-484.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.479

Abstract
PDF

Neutrophils are the predominant inflammatory cells found in vaginal discharges of patients infected with Trichomonas vaginalis. In this study, we examined superoxide anion (O₂^.-) production by neutrophils activated by T. vaginalis. Human neutrophils produced superoxide anions when stimulated with either a lysate of T. vaginalis, its membrane component (MC), or excretory-secretory product (ESP). To assess the role of trichomonad protease in production of superoxide anions by neutrophils, T. vaginalis lysate, ESP, and MC were each pretreated with a protease inhibitor cocktail before incubation with neutrophils. Superoxide anion production was significantly decreased by this treatment. Trichomonad growth was inhibited by preincubation with supernatants of neutrophils incubated for 3 hr with T. vaginalis lysate. Furthermore, myeloperoxidase (MPO) production by neutrophils was stimulated by live trichomonads. These results indicate that the production of superoxide anions and MPO by neutrophils stimulated with T. vaginalis may be a part of defense mechanisms of neutrophils in trichomoniasis.

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IDO1 promotes Echinococcus multilocularis infection by regulating the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps
Haining Zhang, Ru Meng, Fan Zhang, Ao Chen, Hongrun Ge, Wangkai Chen, Zhi Li, Yong Fu
Veterinary Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis triggers neutrophil extracellular traps reducing parasite integrity and growth
María G. Ramírez-Ledesma, Yordan J. Romero-Contreras, Mayra C. Rodríguez, Ruth Reyes-Cortes, Patricia Cuéllar-Mata, Eva E. Avila
Parasitology Research.2022; 121(5): 1355. CrossRef
Immunological Activities of Crude Polysaccharides Extracts ofClimacodon pulcherrimus(Phanerochaetaceae) in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Rat Macrophages and Neutrophils' Responses
Tume Christopher, Oumar Mahamat, Miyanui N. Chungong, C. Atemenkeh Ngwa, P. Maishu Samka
Journal of Medicinal Food.2021; 24(2): 180. CrossRef
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme as a new immunologic target for the new SARS‐CoV‐2
Shahin Hallaj, Anahita Ghorbani, Seyed Ali Mousavi‐Aghdas, Mohammad Mirza‐Aghazadeh‐Attari, Andrey Sevbitov, Vida Hashemi, Tooba Hallaj, Farhad Jadidi‐Niaragh
Immunology & Cell Biology.2021; 99(2): 192. CrossRef
The state of art of neutrophil extracellular traps in protozoan and helminthic infections
César Díaz-Godínez, Julio C. Carrero
Bioscience Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Recombinant α-actinin subunit antigens of Trichomonas vaginalis as potential vaccine candidates in protecting against trichomoniasis
Yi-Ting Xie, Jiang-Mei Gao, Ya-Ping Wu, Petrus Tang, Geoff Hide, De-Hua Lai, Zhao-Rong Lun
Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Adenosine reduces reactive oxygen species and interleukin-8 production by Trichomonas vaginalis-stimulated neutrophils
Amanda Piccoli Frasson, Camila Braz Menezes, Gustavo Krumel Goelzer, Simone Cristina Baggio Gnoatto, Solange Cristina Garcia, Tiana Tasca
Purinergic Signalling.2017; 13(4): 569. CrossRef

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The Dimension of Trichomonas vaginalis as Measured by Scanning Electron Microscopy: Sang-Hoon Cheon, Seung Ryong Kim, Hyun-Ouk Song, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(2):243-246.
Published online April 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.243

Abstract
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It is known that physicochemical conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, and ionic strength) affect the size of trichomonads. In this study, the sizes of 4 isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis cultured for more than a year (called "old T") and 3 isolates freshly isolated from vaginitis cases (called "fresh T") were compared by scanning electron microscopy. Although the fresh T had shorter body length, body width, and flagellar length than old T, total length (about 26 ?m), including body length, flagella length, and axostyle length was almost the same in the 2 groups. A striking difference was observed between the axostyles of the 2 groups; the axostyle length of the fresh T (8.2 ?m) was more than twice as long as that of the old T (4.0 ?m). However, in several parasitology textbooks, the length of T. vaginalis is said to vary widely from 7 to 32 ?m, and its undulating membrane is said to extend about half way (53.5%) to the posterior end of the body. On the other hand, in our study, the undulating membrane was observed to extend more than 3/4 of the body length (72.1%) in old T, whereas in fresh T it could not be measured. Taken together, we suggest that T. vaginalis averages 26 (21-32) ?m in total length, with 9.5 (7.4-11.4) ?m of body length and 6.8 (5.3-7.7) ?m of width, and its undulating membrane extending 3/4 of its body length. Therefore, these findings may provide useful information for morphological characteristics of T. vaginalis.

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In vitro co-culture model of Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, and Lactobacillus crispatus: a system for assessing antimicrobial activity and microorganism interactions in vaginitis
Fernanda Gomes Cardoso, Luisa Trindade dos Santos, Saulo Almeida Menezes, Graziela Vargas Rigo, Tiana Tasca
Frontiers in Parasitology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Inflammatory response to Trichomonas vaginalis in the pathogenesis of prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia
Ik-Hwan Han, Jung-Hyun Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(1): 2. CrossRef
Neutrophil interactions with the sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis: implications for immunity and pathogenesis
Suhani B. Bhakta, Jose A. Moran, Frances Mercer
Open Biology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Neutrophils kill the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis using trogocytosis
Frances Mercer, Shek Hang Ng, Taylor M. Brown, Grace Boatman, Patricia J. Johnson, Fred Hughson
PLOS Biology.2018; 16(2): e2003885. CrossRef
Prostatic Disease Associated withTrichomonas vaginalis
Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation.2014; 9(2): 61. CrossRef

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Efficacy of Ronidazole for Treatment of Cats Experimentally Infected with a Korean Isolate of Tritrichomonas foetus: Sun Lim, Sang-Ik Park, Kyu-Sung Ahn, Dae-Sung Oh, Sung-Shik Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):161-164.
Published online May 24, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.161

Abstract
PDF

To evaluate the efficacy of ronidazole for treatment of Tritrichomonas foetus infection, 6 Tritrichomonas-free kittens were experimentally infected with a Korean isolate of T. foetus. The experimental infection was confirmed by direct microscopy, culture, and single-tube nested PCR, and all cats demonstrated trophozoites of T. foetus by day 20 post-infection in the feces. From day 30 after the experimentally induced infection, 3 cats were treated with ronidazole (50 mg/kg twice a day for 14 days) and 3 other cats received placebo. Feces from each cat were tested for the presence of T. foetus by direct smear and culture of rectal swab samples using modified Diamond's medium once a week for 4 weeks. To confirm the culture results, the presence of T. foetus rRNA gene was determined by single-tube nested PCR assay. All 3 cats in the treatment group receiving ronidazole showed negative results for T. foetus infection during 2 weeks of treatment and 4 weeks follow-up by all detection methods used in this study. In contrast, rectal swab samples from cats in the control group were positive for T. foetus continuously throughout the study. The present study indicates that ronidazole is also effective to treat cats infected experimentally with a Korean isolate of T. foetus at a dose of 50 mg/kg twice a day for 14 days.

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Metabarcoding of pathogenic parasites based on copro-DNA analysis of wild animals in South Korea
Jun Ho Choi, Soo Lim Kim, Dong Kyun Yoo, Myung-hee Yi, Singeun Oh, Myungjun Kim, Sohyeon Yun, Tai-Soon Yong, Seongjun Choe, Jong Koo Lee, Ju Yeong Kim
Heliyon.2024; 10(9): e30059. CrossRef
Efficacy of guar gum-based ronidazole capsules as a treatment for Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats
Aurélien Grellet, Seyf Eddine Makhlouf, Loic Desquilbet, Fani Hovhannessian, Cassandre Boogaerts, Vanessa Dore, Myriam Anthony, Bernadette Espana, Caroline Prouillac, Plamen Kirilov, Bruno Polack, Sébastien Perrot
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The conundrum of feline trichomonosis: the more we learn the ‘trickier’ it gets
Jody L Gookin, Katherine Hanrahan, Michael G Levy
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery.2017; 19(3): 261. CrossRef

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PCR for Diagnosis of Male Trichomonas vaginalis Infection with Chronic Prostatitis and Urethritis: Jong Jin Lee, Hong Sang Moon, Tchun Yong Lee, Hwan Sik Hwang, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):157-159.
Published online May 24, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.157

Abstract
PDF

The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of PCR for diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among male patients with chronic recurrent prostatitis and urethritis. Between June 2001 and December 2003, a total of 33 patients visited the Department of Urology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital and were examined for T. vaginalis infection by PCR and culture in TYM medium. For the PCR, we used primers based on a repetitive sequence cloned from T. vaginalis (TV-E650). Voided bladder urine (VB1 and VB3) was sampled from 33 men with symptoms of lower urinary tract infection (urethral charge, residual urine sensation, and frequency). Culture failed to detect any T. vaginalis infection whereas PCR identified 7 cases of trichomoniasis (21.2%). Five of the 7 cases had been diagnosed with prostatitis and 2 with urethritis. PCR for the 5 prostatitis cases yielded a positive 330 bp band from bothVB1 and VB3, whereas positive results were only obtained from VB1 for the 2 urethritis patients. We showed that the PCR method could detect T. vaginalis when there was only 1 T. vaginalis cell per PCR mixture. Our results strongly support the usefulness of PCR on urine samples for detecting T. vaginalis in chronic prostatitis and urethritis patients.

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NF-κB and CREB Are Involved in IL-8 Production of Human Neutrophils Induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-Derived Secretory Products: Young Hee Nam, Deulle Min, Soon-Jung Park, Kyeong Ah Kim, Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):291-294.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.291

Abstract
PDF

Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated lumen-dwelling extracellular protozoan parasite that causes human trichomoniasis via sexual intercourse. Human neutrophils play a crucial role in acute tissue inflammatory responses in T. vaginalis infection. In this study, we investigated the signaling mechanism of neutrophil responses when stimulated with T. vaginalis-derived secretory products (TvSP), which were collected from 1×10⁷ live trichomonads. Incubation of human neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood with TvSP induced up-regulation of IL-8 protein secretion. In addition, stimulation with TvSP induced phosphorylation of NF-κB and CREB in neutrophils. Moreover, TvSP-induced IL-8 production was also significantly inhibited by pretreatment of neutrophils with iκB inhibitor or CREB inhibitor. These results suggest that transcription factors NF-κB and CREB are involved in IL-8 production in human neutrophils induced by stimulation with T. vaginalis infection.

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CysLT receptor-mediated NOX2 activation is required for IL-8 production in HMC-1 cells induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products
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Young Ah Lee, Young Hee Nam, Arim Min, Myeong Heon Shin
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Identification of Antigenic Proteins in Trichomonas vaginalis: Hye-Yeon Lee, Sujin Hyung, Jong Woong Lee, Juri Kim, Myeong Heon Shin, Jae-Sook Ryu, Soon-Jung Park; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):79-83.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.79

Abstract
PDF

Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease due to infection with Trichomonas vaginalis, and it can cause serious consequences for women's health. To study the virulence factors of this pathogen, T. vaginalis surface proteins were investigated using polyclonal antibodies specific to the membrane fractions of T. vaginalis. The T. vaginalis expression library was constructed by cloning the cDNA derived from mRNA of T. vaginalis into a phage λ Uni-ZAP XR vector, and then used for immunoscreening with the anti-membrane proteins of T. vaginalis antibodies. The immunoreactive proteins identified included adhesion protein AP65-1, α-actinin, kinesin-associated protein, teneurin, and 2 independent hypothetical proteins. Immunofluorescence assays showed that AP65-1, one of the identified immunogenic clones, is prevalent in the whole body of T. vaginalis. This study led us to identify T. vaginalis proteins which may stimulate immune responses by human cells.

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Case Report

First Report of Feline Intestinal Trichomoniasis Caused by Tritrichomonas foetus in Korea: Sun Lim, Sang-Ik Park, Kyu-Sung Ahn, Dae-Sung Oh, Jae-Sook Ryu, Sung-Shik Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(3):247-251.
Published online September 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.247

Abstract
PDF

Feline intestinal tritrichomoniasis by Tritrichomonas foetus was first recognized in USA in 1999 and has so far been reported from UK, Norway, Switzerland, and Australia, but not from the Far East Asian countries. In November 2008, 2 female and male littermate Siamese cats, 6-month old, raised in a household in Korea were referred from a local veterinary clinic with a history of chronic persistent diarrhea. A direct smear examination of fecal specimens revealed numerous trichomonad trophozoites which were isolated by the fecal culture in InPouch™ TF-Feline medium. A PCR testing of the isolate based on the amplification of a conserved portion of the T. foetus internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions (ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5.8S rRNA gene, and the molecular sequencing of the PCR amplicons confirmed infection with T. foetus. This is the first clinical case of feline intestinal trichomoniasis caused by T. foetus in Korea.

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Bethânia Ferreira Bastos, Flavya Mendes de Almeida, Beatriz Brener
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Journal of Veterinary Medical Science.2019; 81(6): 890. CrossRef
Development and comparative evaluation of different LAMP and PCR assays for coprological diagnosis of feline tritrichomonosis
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Original Articles

Delayed Human Neutrophil Apoptosis by Trichomonas vaginalis Lysate: Hyun-Ouk Song, Young-Su Lim, Sun-Joo Moon, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(1):1-7.
Published online March 17, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.1

Abstract
PDF

Neutrophils play an important role in the human immune system for protection against such microorganisms as a protozoan parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis; however, the precise role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of trichomoniasis is still unknown. Moreover, it is thought that trichomonal lysates and excretory-secretory products (ESP), as well as live T. vaginalis, could possibly interact with neutrophils in local tissues, including areas of inflammation induced by T. vaginalis in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of T. vaginalis lysate on the fate of neutrophils. We found that T. vaginalis lysate inhibits apoptosis of human neutrophils as revealed by Giemsa stain. Less altered mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and surface CD16 receptor expression also supported the idea that neutrophil apoptosis is delayed after T. vaginalis lysate stimulation. In contrast, ESP stimulated-neutrophils were similar in apoptotic features of untreated neutrophils. Maintained caspase-3 and myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) in neutrophils co-cultured with trichomonad lysate suggest that an intrinsic mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis was involved in T. vaginalis lysate-induced delayed neutrophil apoptosis; this phenomenon may contribute to local inflammation in trichomoniasis.

Citations

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The role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnant women: A review
Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Gideon Ikechukwu Okoroiwu, Nwanganga Ihuoma Ubosi, Getrude Uzoma Obeagu, Ebere Emilia Ayogu, Elham Elamin
Medicine.2025; 104(41): e45063. CrossRef
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Acta Tropica.2023; 238: 106794. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis triggers neutrophil extracellular traps reducing parasite integrity and growth
María G. Ramírez-Ledesma, Yordan J. Romero-Contreras, Mayra C. Rodríguez, Ruth Reyes-Cortes, Patricia Cuéllar-Mata, Eva E. Avila
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Fei Fei Gao, Juan-Hua Quan, Min A. Lee, Wei Ye, Jae-Min Yuk, Guang-Ho Cha, In-Wook Choi, Young-Ha Lee
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H R J Al-abodi, K T M Al-Shaibani, E M Shaker
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Mariana Duarte, Adriana Seixas, Maira Peres de Carvalho, Tiana Tasca, Alexandre José Macedo
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Leukotriene B4 receptors BLT1 and BLT2 are involved in interleukin-8 production in human neutrophils induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products
Young Hee Nam, Arim Min, Seong Hoon Kim, Young Ah Lee, Kyeong Ah Kim, Kyoung-Ju Song, Myeong Heon Shin
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NF-κB and CREB Are Involved in IL-8 Production of Human Neutrophils Induced byTrichomonas vaginalis-Derived Secretory Products
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Trichomoniasis
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Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Inhabitants of Karaj City, Tehran Province, Iran in 2006-2008: Vahid Nasiri, Kasra Esmailnia, Gholamreza Karim, Mehdi Nasir, Omid Akhavan; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):265-268.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.265

Abstract
PDF

Karaj is an area with large influx of refugee people in Iran. To increase knowledge about parasitic infections, we carried out this research during 2006-2008. We recorded the stool examination results and some of their personal characteristics. A total of 13,915 human stools were examined, and 649 (4.7%) were positive for intestinal parasites. Among them, 13 (0.09%) had worm and 636 (4.6%) had protozoan infections. Maximum infections belonged to Giardia intestinalis, and 534 (3.8%) samples had this infection. Other parasitic infections included Entamoeba coli (0.39%), Entamoeba histolytica (0.021%), Blastocystis hominis (0.08%), Trichomonas hominis (0.1%), Iodamoeba butschlii (0.06%), Chilomastix mesnili (0.007%), Endolimax nana (0.05%), Enterobius spp. eggs (0.028%), Taenia proglottids (0.028%), and Strongyloides stercoralis larvae (0.03%). The maximum numbers of referred people to laboratories were in July and the maximum percentage of infections was in August. There is a point that all 5 Strongyloides stercoralis infections were pertained to 2008. With attention to the rate of parasitic infections (4.7%), it seems that we should take additional educational information to wide spectrum of people living in this city.

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Proinflammatory Cytokine and Nitric Oxide Production by Human Macrophages Stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis: Ik-Hwan Han, Sung Young Goo, Soon-Jung Park, Se-Jin Hwang, Yong-Seok Kim, Michael Sungwoo Yang, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):205-212.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.205

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis commonly causes vaginitis and perhaps cervicitis in women and urethritis in men and women. Macrophages are important immune cells in response to T. vaginalis infection. In this study, we investigated whether human macrophages could be involved in inflammation induced by T. vaginalis. Human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) were co-cultured with T. vaginalis. Live, opsonized-live trichomonads, and T. vaginalis lysates increased proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by HMDM. The involvement of nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway in cytokine production induced by T. vaginalis was confirmed by phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 NF-κB. In addition, stimulation with live T. vaginalis induced marked augmentation of nitric oxide (NO) production and expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) levels in HMDM. However, trichomonad-induced NF-κB activation and TNF-α production in macrophages were significantly inhibited by inhibition of iNOS levels with L-NMMA (NO synthase inhibitor). Moreover, pretreatment with NF-κB inhibitors (PDTC or Bay11-7082) caused human macrophages to produce less TNF-α. These results suggest that T. vaginalis stimulates human macrophages to produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, and NO. In particular, we showed that T. vaginalis induced TNF-α production in macrophages through NO-dependent activation of NF-κB, which might be closely involved in inflammation caused by T. vaginalis.

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Double-stranded RNA virus in Korean Isolate IH-2 of Trichomonas vaginalis: Jong Wook Kim, Pyung-Rim Chung, Myung-Ki Hwang, Eun Young Choi; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):87-94.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.87

Abstract
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In this study, we describe Korean isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis infected with double-stranded (ds) RNA virus (TVV). One T. vaginalis isolate infected with TVV IH-2 evidenced weak pathogenicity in the mouse assay coupled with the persistent presence of a dsRNA, thereby indicating a hypovirulence effect of dsRNA in T. vaginalis. Cloning and sequence analysis results revealed that the genomic dsRNA of TVV IH-2 was 4,647 bp in length and evidenced a sequence identity of 80% with the previously-described TVV 1-1 and 1-5, but only a 42% identity with TVV 2-1 and 3 isolates. It harbored 2 overlapping open reading frames of the putative capsid protein and dsRNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). As previously observed in the TVV isolates 1-1 and 1-5, a conserved ribosomal slippage heptamer (CCUUUUU) and its surrounding sequence context within the consensus 14-nt overlap implied the gene expression of a capsid protein-RdRp fusion protein, occurring as the result of a potential ribosomal frameshift event. The phylogenetic analysis of RdRp showed that the Korean TVV IH-2 isolate formed a compact group with TVV 1-1 and 1-5 isolates, which was divergent from TVV 2-1, 3 and other viral isolates classified as members of the Giardiavirus genus.

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ՏՐԻԽՈՄՈՆԱՍ ՎԱԳԻՆԱԼԻՍ ՎԻՐՈՒՍԻ (TVV) ԱԶԴԵՑՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ ԿԱՆԱՆՑ ՄԻԶԱՍԵՌԱԿԱՆ ՏՐԻԽՈՄՈՆԻԱԶԻ ՎՐԱ
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Brief Communication

Hydrogenosomal activity of Trichomonas vaginalis cultivated under different iron conditions: Yong-Seok Kim, Hyun-Ouk Song, Ik-Hwa Choi, Soon-Jung Park, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):373-378.
Published online December 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.373

Abstract
PDF

To evaluate whether iron concentration in TYM medium influence on hydrogenosomal enzyme gene expression and hydrogenosomal membrane potential of Trichomonas vaginalis, trophozoites were cultivated in iron-depleted, normal and iron-supplemented TYM media. The mRNA of hydrogenosomal enzymes, such as pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR), hydrogenase, ferredoxin and malic enzyme, was increased with iron concentrations in T. vaginalis culture media, measured by RT-PCR. Hydrogenosomal membrane potentials measured with DiOC₆ also showed similar tendency, e.g. T. vaginalis cultivated in iron-depleted and iron-supplemented media for 3 days showed a significantly reduced and enhanced hydrogenosomal membrane potential compared with that of normal TYM media, respectively. Therefore, it is suggested that iron may regulate hydrogenosomal activity through hydrogenosomal enzyme expression and hydrogenosomal membrane potential.

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Mini Review

Trichomonas vaginalis and trichomoniasis in the Republic of Korea: Jae-Sook Ryu, Duk-Young Min; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(2):101-116.
Published online June 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.2.101

Abstract
PDF

Vaginal trichomoniasis, caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common sexually transmitted disease. More than 170 million people worldwide are annually infected by this protozoan. In the Republic of Korea, 10.4% of women complaining of vaginal symptoms and signs were found to be infected with T. vaginalis. However, despite its high prevalence, the pathogenesis of T. vaginalis infection has not been clearly characterized although neutrophil infiltration is considered to be primarily responsible for the cytologic changes associated with this infection. We hypothesized that trichomonads in the vagina sometime after an acute infection secrete proteins like excretory-secretory product that have a chemotactic effect on neutrophils, and that these neutrophils are further stimulated by T. vaginalis to produce chemokines like IL-8 and GRO-α, which further promote neutrophil recruitment and chemotaxis. Thus, neutrophil accumulation is believed to maintain or aggravate inflammation. However, enhanced neutrophil apoptosis induced by live T. vaginalis could contribute to resolution of inflammation. Macrophages may constitute an important component of host defense against T. vaginalis infection. For example, mouse macrophages alone and those activated by lymphokines or nitric oxide are known to be involved in the extracellular killing of T. vaginalis. In the host, T. vaginalis uses a capping phenomenon to cleave host immunoglobulins with proteinases and thus escape from host immune responses. Recently, we developed a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique using primers based on a repetitive sequence cloned from T. vaginalis (TV-E650), and found that the method enables the detection of T. vaginalis at concentrations as low as 1 cell per PCR mixture.

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Original Articles

Degradations of human immunoglobulins and hemoglobin by a 60 kDa cysteine proteinase of Trichomonas vaginalis: Duk-Young Min, Keun-Hee Hyun, Jae-Sook Ryu, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Myung-Hwan Cho; Korean J Parasitol 1998;36(4):261-268.
Published online December 20, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.4.261

Abstract
PDF

The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of cysteine proteinase of Trichomonas vaginalis in escaping from host defense mechanism. A cysteine proteinase of T. vaginalis was purified by affinity chromatography and gel filtration. Optimum pH for the purified proteinase activity was 6.0. The proteinase was inhibited by cysteine and serine proteinase inhibitors such as E-64, NEM, IAA, leupeptin, TPCK and TLCK, and also by Hg²⁺, but not affected by serine-, metallo-, and aspartic proteinase inhibitors such as PMSF, EDTA and pepstatin A. However, it was activated by the cysteine proteinase activator, DTT. The molecular weight of a purified proteinase was 62 kDa on gel filtration and 60 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Interestingly, the purified proteinase was able to degrade serum IgA, secretory IgA, and serum IgG in time- and dose-dependent manners. In addition, the enzyme also degraded hemoglobin in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the acidic cysteine proteinase of T. vaginalis may play a dual role for parasite survival in conferring escape from host humoral defense by degradation of immunoglobulins, and in supplying nutrients to parasites by degradation of hemoglobin.

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Induction of human host cell apoptosis by Trichomonas vaginalis cysteine proteases is modulated by parasite exposure to iron
Shelley Kummer, Gary R. Hayes, Robert O. Gilbert, David H. Beach, John J. Lucas, Bibhuti N. Singh
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Biological and biochemical modulation of Trichomonas vaginalis KT9 isolate after shifting of culture medium from TPS-1 into TYM: Jae-Sook Ryu, Ryung Choi, So-Young Park, Hyun Park, Duk-Young Min; Korean J Parasitol 1998;36(4):255-260.
Published online December 20, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.4.255

Abstract
PDF

To evaluate the biological and biochemical characteristics of Trichomonas vaginalis KT9 isolate, the growth and size of trichomonads, pathogenicity in mouse, protein profiles and proteinase activity were examined after shifting the medium from TPS-1 into TYM. Generation time of trichomonads in TYM medium was 4.5 hr in comparison to TPS-1 with 7.1 hr. Size of trichomonads cultured in TPS-1 medium (8.5 ± 0.9 × 6.0 ± 0.9 ?m) was significantly smaller than those in TYM medium (10.9 ± 1.4 × 8.2 ± 0.9 ?m). Trichomonads cultured in TYM medium produced subcutaneous abscess in 9 out of 10 mice, whereas those in TPS-1 medium produced abscesses in 2 out of 10 mice. In SDS-PAGE, trichomonad lysates from both media showed ten common bands. However, trichomonads in TYM medium showed additional bands of 136 kDa, 116 kDa and 40 kDa in comparison to those in TPS-1 with 100 kDa. By immunoblot with T. vaginalis-immunized rabbit sera, T. vaginalis cultivated in both TYM and TPS-1 media showed 5 common bands, and unique bands of 116 kDa, 105 kDa, and 86 kDa were observed in trichomonads in TYM while a 140 kDa band in those in TPS-1. In gelatin SDS-PAGE, trichomonads in TYM degraded gelatin stronger than those in TPS-1. Also protease activity of trichomonads in TYM was significantly higher than that of trichomonads in TPS-1 using Bz-Pro-Phe-Arg-Nan as a substrate. According to the results, it is assumed that the shift from TPS-1 into TYM medium for cultivation of T. vaginalis might modulate the biological and biochemical properties of T. vaginalis in vitro.

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Ji-Hae Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu, Mi-Young Lee
Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences.2014; 6(1): 48. CrossRef
The Dimension of Trichomonas vaginalis as Measured by Scanning Electron Microscopy
Sang-Hoon Cheon, Seung Ryong Kim, Hyun-Ouk Song, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu
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Growth kinetics, antigen profiling, and proteinase activity of Egyptian Trichomonas tenax isolates derived from patients having oral infections
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Brief Communication

Genetic variance of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates by Southern hybridization: Jae-Sook Ryu, Duk-Young Min, Myeong-Heon Shin, Youl-Hee Cho; Korean J Parasitol 1998;36(3):207-211.
Published online September 20, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.3.207

Abstract
PDF

In the present study, genomic DNAs were purified from Korean isolates (KT8, KT6, KT-Kim and KT-Lee) and foreign strains (CDC85, IR78 and NYH 286) of Trichomonas vaginalis, and hybridized with a probe based on the repetitive sequence cloned from T. vaginalis to observe the genetic differences. By Southern hybridization, all isolates of T. vaginalis except the NYH286 strain had 11 bands. Therefore all isolates examined were distinguishable into 3 groups according to their banding patterns; i) KT8, KT6 and KT-Kim isolates had 11 identical bands such as 1 kb, 1.2 kb, 1.6 kb, 1.9 kb, 2.3 kb, 2.7 kb, 3.2 kb, 3.4 kb, 3.8 kb, 4.9 kb and 6.0 kb. ii) The metronidazole-resistant IR78 strain had the same bands as KT-Lee isolate at bands of 1 kb, 1.2 kb, 1.6 kb, 1.8 kb, 2.1 kb, 2.5 kb, 2.7 kb, 2.9 kb, 3.4 kb, 5.0 kb and 6.0 kb. Bands of CDC85, metronidazole-resistant strain, were similar to those of IR78 and KT-Lee, except that 3.2 kb replaced 2.9 kb. iii) NYH286 particularly had 12 bands and band patterns were similar to IR78 with a few exceptions as follows: i) 6.2 kb in place of 6.0 kb, ii) 2.0 kb and 2.2 kb instead of 2.1 kb. Through the results obtained, genetic variance of T. vaginalis isolates was demonstrated by Southern hybridization.

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Daniel S. Squire, Alan J. Lymbery, Jennifer Walters, Frances Brigg, Andrea Paparini, R.C. Andrew Thompson
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Genotypic Variation in Trichomonas vaginalis Detected in South African Pregnant Women
Rennisha Chetty, Nonkululeko Mabaso, Nathlee Abbai
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Genetic Diversity of Trichomonas Vaginalis Clinical Isolates According to Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of the 60-kDa Proteinase Gene
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John C Meade, Jane M Carlton
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Denise C. Cornelius, D. Ashley Robinson, Christina A. Muzny, Leandro A. Mena, David M. Aanensen, William B. Lushbaugh, John C. Meade
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Jorge Fraga, Lazara Rojas, Idalia Sariego, Ayme Fernández-Calienes
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Genetic variability between Trichomonas vaginalis isolates and correlation with clinical presentation
Lazara Rojas, Jorge Fraga, Idalia Sariego
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Original Article

PCR Detection and Molecular Characterization of Pentatrichomonas hominis from Feces of Dogs with Diarrhea in the Republic of Korea: Kim, Yun Ah , Kim, Hye Youn , Cho, Shin Hyeong , Cheun, Hyeong Il , Yu, Jae Ran , Lee, Sang Eun; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(1):9-13.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.9

Abstract
PDF

Pentatrichomonas hominis is considered a commensal protozoan in the large intestine of a number of mammalian hosts, such as cats, dogs, and non-human primates. The resulting infections, which can induce diarrhea, have been attributed to opportunistic overgrowth of P. hominis. This study was performed to confirm the P. hominis infection and its molecular characterization from the feces of puppies with diarrhea. Fecal samples were obtained from 14 German shepherd puppies with diarrhea over 1 week (7 females and 7 males, 2-9 months of age) residing on a dog farm in August 2007. Species-specific PCR assay identified P. hominis 18S rRNA genes in 3 of the 14 puppies (1 female and 2 males; 1 aged 2 months and 2 aged 9 months). This phylogenetic analysis established that P. hominis belonged to the 1st clade, which is comprised of Bos taurus and Felines.

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Brief Communication

Prevalence and Comparison of Diagnostic Methods for Trichomonas vaginalis Infection in Pregnant Women in Argentina: Perazzi, Beatriz E , Menghi, Claudia I , Coppolillo, Enrique F , Gatta, Claudia , Eliseth, Martha Cora , de Torres, Ramon A , Vay, Carlos A , Famiglietti, Angela M; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(1):61-65.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.61

Abstract
PDF

The
objective
s of this study were to conduct a prevalence survey of trichomoniasis in pregnant women and to evaluate the utility of different methods for its diagnosis. A total of 597 vaginal exudates from pregnant women who were examined at the Hospital de Clinicas in Buenos Aires, Argentina from 1 August 2005 to 31 January 2007, were prospectively and consecutively evaluated. The investigation of Trichomonas vaginalis was made by different microscopic examinations, and culture on liquid medium. The sensitivity and specificity of the microscopic examinations were assessed considering culture on liquid medium as the "gold standard". The prevalence of T. vaginalis obtained by culture on liquid medium was 4.0% (24/597). The prevalence of T. vaginalis obtained by direct wet smear, prolonged May-Grunwald Giemsa staining, and sodium acetate-formalin (SAF)/methylene blue staining-fixing technique was 1.8%, 2.3% and 2.5%, respectively. The sensitivity of the direct wet smear was 45.8%, that of the prolonged May-Grunwald Giemsa staining was 58.3%, and that of the SAF/methylene blue method was 62.5%. Considering the 3 microscopic examinations altogether, the sensitivity rose to 66.7% and the specificity was 100% for all of them. This is the first time that the prevalence data of T. vaginalis by culture in pregnant women are published in Argentina. Due to the low sensitivity obtained by microscopy in asymptomatic pregnant women, the use of the liquid medium is recommended during pregnancy, in order to provide an early diagnosis and treatment.

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