Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Yeonchul Hong"

Brief Communication

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants in Kachin, Myanmar: Zin Moon, Ja Moon Aung, Dorene VanBik, Hae Soo Yun, Sanghyun Lee, Sylvatrie-Danne Dinzouna-Boutamba, Zau Ring, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Youn-Kyoung Goo; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(4):360-363.
Published online November 19, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25053

Abstract
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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an X-linked recessive genetic disorder that can cause severe anemia in affected individuals exposed to oxidative stress. This risk is particularly relevant in patients treated with the antimalarial drug primaquine. In Myanmar, primaquine has been widely administered as a Plasmodium vivax malaria treatment; however, prevalence of G6PD deficiency among the population remains insufficiently characterized. This study investigated the prevalence of G6PD variants among various minority ethnic subgroups residing in Kachin State, Myanmar. Blood samples from 440 participants were analyzed; however, the Mahidol variant (G487A) was identified in 21 individuals (4.8%). A major limitation of this study was the absence of G6PD enzyme activity data to confirm whether the Mahidol variant induces G6PD deficiency.

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Original Articles

Establishing a Cre/loxP-based genetic manipulation system for Acanthamoeba: Targeted genome editing and stable reporter expression: Ja Moon Aung, So-Young Joo, Byoung-Kuk Na, Seunghyeok Bang, Minsang Shin, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Yeonchul Hong; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(1):25-36.
Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24078

Acanthamoeba is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and amoebic keratitis. Despite its clinical significance, effective treatments remain challenging due to a limited understanding of its pathogenic mechanism. This study developed a genetic manipulation system in Acanthamoeba to facilitate gene function and drug screening studies. We applied the Cre/loxP system to integrate the gene encoding the tdTomato fluorescent protein into the genome of Acanthamoeba castellanii via homologous recombination. The polyubiquitin gene and its untranslated regions were identified and verified, after which the tdTomato gene was cloned between the untranslated regions of the polyubiquitin gene. The construct was then introduced into the Acanthamoeba genome using a modified pLPBLP vector containing loxP sites. Cre recombinase was utilized to remove the neomycin resistance cassette flanked by loxP sites, and genetically modified cells were selected by clonal dilution. The integration of the tdTomato gene, confirmed through PCR and fluorescence microscopy, showed stable expression in both trophozoites and cysts without the need for antibiotic selection. We demonstrated the feasibility of antibiotic-free reporter gene expression in Acanthamoeba. The system provides a valuable tool for functional genomics, allowing us to explore gene functions in Acanthamoeba and develop reliable drug screening models. Furthermore, the ability to express genes without the continuous use of selection markers opens up new possibilities for studying the pathobiology of this pathogen and advancing the development of novel therapeutic strategies against Acanthamoeba infections.

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Population genetic analysis of Plasmodium vivax vir genes in Pakistan: Sylvatrie-Danne Dinzouna-Boutamba, Zin Moon, Sanghyun Lee, Sahib Gul Afridi, Hương Giang Lê, Yeonchul Hong, Byoung-Kuk Na, Youn-Kyoung Goo; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(3):313-322.
Published online August 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24036

Plasmodium vivax variant interspersed repeats (vir) refer to the key protein used for escaping the host immune system. Knowledge in the genetic variation of vir genes can be used for the development of vaccines or diagnostic methods. Therefore, we evaluated the genetic diversity of the vir genes of P. vivax populations of several Asian countries, including Pakistan, which is a malaria-endemic country experiencing a significant rise in malaria cases in recent years. We analyzed the genetic diversity and population structure of 4 vir genes (vir 4, vir 12, vir 21, and vir 27) in the Pakistan P. vivax population and compared these features to those of the corresponding vir genes in other Asian countries. In Pakistan, vir 4 (S=198, H=9, Hd=0.889, Tajima’s D value=1.12321) was the most genetically heterogenous, while the features of vir 21 (S=8, H=7, Hd=0.664, Tajima’s D value =-0.63763) and vir 27 (S =25, H =11, Hd =0.682, Tajima’s D value=-2.10836) were relatively conserved. Additionally, vir 4 was the most genetically diverse among Asian P. vivax populations, although within population diversity was low. Meanwhile, vir 21 and vir 27 among all Asian populations were closely related genetically. Our findings on the genetic diversity of vir genes and its relationships between populations in diverse geographical locations contribute toward a better understanding of the genetic characteristics of vir. The high level of genetic diversity of vir 4 suggests that this gene can be a useful genetic marker for understanding the P. vivax population structure. Longitudinal genetic diversity studies of vir genes in P. vivax isolates obtained from more diverse geographical areas are needed to better understand the function of vir genes and their use for the development of malaria control measures, such as vaccines.

Citations

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Genetic polymorphisms of merozoite surface protein-3α in Plasmodium vivax isolates from Pakistan
Kim Oanh Nguyễn, Jung-Mi Kang, Tuấn Cường Võ, Hương Giang Lê, Seemab Akhtar, Thu Hằng Nguyễn, Đăng Thùy Dương Nguyễn, Minkyoung Cho, Sahib Gul Afridi, Byoung-Kuk Na
Acta Tropica.2025; 272: 107904. CrossRef
Genetic polymorphism of Duffy binding protein in Pakistan Plasmodium vivax isolates
Đăng Thùy Dương Nguyễn, Tuấn Cường Võ, Kim Oanh Nguyễn, Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Thu Hằng Nguyễn, Minkyoung Cho, Sahib Gul Afridi, Byoung-Kuk Na
Acta Tropica.2024; 260: 107421. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Molecular detection and characterization of Acanthamoeba infection in dogs and its association with keratitis in Korea: Subin Lee, Badriah Alkathiri, Ji Seung Jung, Nanyoung Kang, Jiyi Hwang, Sang-Eun Park, Yeonchul Hong, Kyung-Mee Park, Seung-Hun Lee; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):139-144.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23112

Abstract
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Acanthamoeba infection is associated with keratitis in humans; however, its association with keratitis in dogs remains unclear. To investigate this possibility, we collected 171 conjunctival swab samples from dogs with eye-related diseases (65 with keratitis and 106 without keratitis) at Chungbuk National University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Korea, from August 2021 to September 2022. Polymerase chain reaction identified 9 samples (5.3%) as Acanthamoeba positive; of these, 3 were from dogs with keratitis (4.6%) and 6 were from dogs without keratitis (5.7%). Our results indicated no significant association between Acanthamoeba infection and keratitis, season, sex, or age. All Acanthamoeba organisms found in this study had the genotype T4, according to 18S ribosomal RNA analysis. Acanthamoeba infection in dogs might have only a limited association with keratitis.

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Epidemiology, molecular characterization, and risk factors of Acanthamoeba spp., Blastocystis spp., and Cyclospora spp. infections in snakes in China
Yilei Zhang, Zhouchun Li, Xinyuan Wang, Kaili Gao, Lijie Tian, Olalekan Opeyemi Ayanniyi, Qianming Xu, Congshan Yang
Veterinary Parasitology.2025; 335: 110420. CrossRef
Acanthamoeba spp.: Neglected Protists in Veterinary Medicine
Somayeh Bahrami, Mehdi Zarei, Fiona L. Henriquez, Chukwunonso O. Nzelu
Acta Parasitologica.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Anti-adherent effects of Rhizophora apiculata bark and leaf extracts and computational prediction of the effects of its compound on β-tubulin interaction in Acanthamoeba triangularis genotype 4
Siriphorn Chimplee, Imran Sama-ae, Suthinee Sangkanu, Watcharapong Mitsuwan, Julalak Chuprom, Rachasak Boonhok, Dhrubo Ahmed Khan, Partha Biswas, Md Nazmul Hasan, Hazel Anne Tabo, Cristina C. Salibay, Polrat Wilairatana, Maria L. Pereira, Muhammad Nawaz,
Veterinary World.2024; : 2829. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Prevalence and molecular analysis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Chin State, Myanmar: Ja Moon Aung, Zin Moon, Dorene VanBik, Sylvatrie-Danne Dinzouna-Boutamba, Sanghyun Lee, Zau Ring, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Youn-Kyoung Goo; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(2):154-162.
Published online May 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23004

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is caused by X-linked recessive disorderliness. It induces severe anemia when a patient with G6PD deficiency is exposed to oxidative stress that occurs with administration of an antimalarial drug, primaquine. The distribution of G6PD deficiency remains unknown while primaquine has been used for malaria treatment in Myanmar. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of G6PD deficiency and its variants in Chin State, Myanmar. Among 322 participants, 18 (11 males and 7 females) demonstrated a G6PD deficiency. Orissa variant was dominant in the molecular analysis. This would be related to neighboring Indian and Bangladeshi population, in which Orissa variant was also reported as the main mutation type. The screening test for G6PD deficiency before primaquine treatment appears to be important in Myanmar.

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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants in Kachin, Myanmar
Zin Moon, Ja Moon Aung, Dorene VanBik, Hae Soo Yun, Sanghyun Lee, Sylvatrie-Danne Dinzouna-Boutamba, Zau Ring, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Youn-Kyoung Goo
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(4): 360. CrossRef
Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 in field isolates: Correspondence
Amnuay Kleebayoon, Viroj Wiwanitkit
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 338. CrossRef

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Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 in field isolates from central Myanmar: Sylvatrie-Danne Dinzouna-Boutamba, Sanghyun Lee, Zin Moon, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Moe Kyaw Myint, Haung Naw, Byoung-Kuk Na, Youn-Kyoung Goo; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(1):24-32.
Published online February 22, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22165

Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), encoded by the polymorphic var multigene family, is a highly polymorphic antigen that plays a crucial role in the pathology of malaria. The contribution of the genetic diversity of var toward the immune escape of P. falciparum has not yet been fully elucidated. This study aimed to characterize the diversity of var repertoires by screening P. falciparum Duffy-binding-like α domain (PfDBLα) among field isolates from central Myanmar. Genetic analysis revealed that the D-H segments of var in Myanmar populations have an extensive polymorphic repertoire, with high numbers of unique sequence types in each individual. However, var genes from the global population, including Myanmar, shared close genetic lineages regardless of their geographic origins, indicating that they have not undergone rapid evolutionary changes.

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Exploring the Potential of miRNA-92a-3p as Lead for Sequence-Based Therapies for Malaria
Sowmya R. Prabhu, Sayandrila Paul, Shashikiran Umakanth, Manjunath Hande, Abdul Vahab Saadi, Himanshu Gupta, Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
Acta Parasitologica.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 in field isolates: Correspondence
Amnuay Kleebayoon, Viroj Wiwanitkit
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 338. CrossRef

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Sirtinol Supresses Trophozoites Proliferation and Encystation of Acanthamoeba via Inhibition of Sirtuin Family Protein: So-Young Joo, Ja Moon Aung, Minsang Shin, Eun-Kyung Moon, Hyun-Hee Kong, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(1):1-6.
Published online February 23, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.1.1

Abstract
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The encystation of Acanthamoeba leads to the development of metabolically inactive and dormant cysts from vegetative trophozoites under unfavorable conditions. These cysts are highly resistant to anti-Acanthamoeba drugs and biocides. Therefore, the inhibition of encystation would be more effective in treating Acanthamoeba infection. In our previous study, a sirtuin family protein—Acanthamoeba silent-information regulator 2-like protein (AcSir2)—was identified, and its expression was discovered to be critical for Acanthamoeba castellanii proliferation and encystation. In this study, to develop Acanthamoeba sirtuin inhibitors, we examine the effects of sirtinol, a sirtuin inhibitor, on trophozoite growth and encystation. Sirtinol inhibited A. castellanii trophozoites proliferation (IC50=61.24 μM). The encystation rate of cells treated with sirtinol significantly decreased to 39.8% (200 μM sirtinol) after 24 hr of incubation compared to controls. In AcSir2-overexpressing cells, the transcriptional level of cyst-specific cysteine protease (CSCP), an Acanthamoeba cysteine protease involved in the encysting process, was 11.6- and 88.6-fold higher at 48 and 72 hr after induction of encystation compared to control. However, sirtinol suppresses CSCP transcription, resulting that the undegraded organelles and large molecules remained in sirtinol-treated cells during encystation. These results indicated that sirtinol sufficiently inhibited trophozoite proliferation and encystation, and can be used to treat Acanthamoeba infections.

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Pterostilbene: A natural neuroprotective stilbene with anti-Alzheimer's disease properties
Songlan Gao, Honglei Zhang, Na Li, Lijuan Zhang, Zhe Zhu, Changlu Xu
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Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review of Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications by Targeting Sirtuins, Caspases, and GSK-3
Kalpana Pandya, Krishnashish Roul, Avanish Tripathi, Sateesh Belemkar, Anshuman Sinha, Meryem Erol, Devendra Kumar
ACS Chemical Neuroscience.2025; 16(12): 2178. CrossRef
Human Conjunctival Transcriptome in Acanthamoeba Keratitis: An Exploratory Study
Gerami D. Seitzman, Jeremy D. Keenan, Thomas M. Lietman, Kevin Ruder, Lina Zhong, Cindi Chen, YuHeng Liu, Danny Yu, Thomas Abraham, Armin Hinterwirth, Thuy Doan
Cornea.2024; 43(10): 1272. CrossRef
Comparative cytotoxicity of Acanthamoeba castellanii-derived conditioned medium on human corneal epithelial and stromal cells
Abdullah Alhazmi, Laura E. Sidney, Andy Hopkinson, Hany M. Elsheikha
Acta Tropica.2024; 257: 107288. CrossRef
Biological characteristics and pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba
Yuehua Wang, Linzhe Jiang, Yitong Zhao, Xiaohong Ju, Le Wang, Liang Jin, Ryan D. Fine, Mingguang Li
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Case Reports

A Retrieved Sparganum of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei from a Korean Man during Mechanical Thrombectomy: Yang-Ha Hwang, Wonsoo Son, Yong-Won Kim, Dong-Hun Kang, Hyun-Ha Chang, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(3):309-313.
Published online June 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.309

Abstract
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Human sparganosis is a zoonotic disease caused by infection and migration of the plerocercoid of Spirometra spp. Although sparganosis were reported from most parts of the body, the sparganum parasitizing inside cerebral artery is remarkably uncommon. We report a case of cerebral intravascular sparganosis in an elderly patient with acute ischemic stroke who was diagnosed by retrieving sparganum during mechanical thrombectomy. Finally, the parasites were identified as Spirometra erinaceieuropaei using multiplex PCR and cox1 gene sequencing.

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Neglected zoonotic helminthiases in wild canids: new insights from South America
Manuel Uribe, Jan Brabec, Jenny J. Chaparro-Gutiérrez, Carlos Hermosilla
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Ten Cases of Taenia saginata Infection Confirmed by Analysis of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 rDNA Region in the Republic of Korea: Su-Min Song, Hae Soo Yun, Dorene VanBik, Hyun-Ha Chang, Sang-Ah Lee, Shin-Woo Kim, Namhee Ryoo, Dong Yeub Eun, Nan Young Lee, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Yeonchul Hong, Meesun Ock, Hee-Jae Cha, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(4):417-422.
Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.417

Abstract
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From October 2015 to August 2018, tapeworm proglottids were obtained from 10 patients who were residents of Daegu and Gyeongbuk provinces and had a history of raw beef consumption. Most of them had no overseas travel experience. The gravid proglottids obtained from the 10 cases had 15-20 lateral uterine branches. A part of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) DNA of the 10 cases, amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and digested with AleI restriction enzyme, produced the same band pattern of Taenia saginata, which differentiated from T. asiatica and T. solium. Sequences of ITS1 and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) showed higher homology to T. saginata than to T. asiatica and T. solium. Collectively, these 10 cases were identified as T. saginata human infections. As taeniasis is one of the important parasitic diseases in humans, it is necessary to maintain hygienic conditions during livestock farming to avoid public health concerns.

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Exploring bioactive molecules released during inter- and intraspecific competition: A paradigm for novel antiparasitic drug discovery and design for human use
Pichet Ruenchit
Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases.2025; 7: 100256. CrossRef
Taeniasis impacts human gut microbiome composition and function
Wenjie Mu, Pingping Ma, Yugui Wang, Yaqi Li, Yingying Ding, Yang Zou, Lixia Pu, Qi Yan, Haoyue Kong, Xiaola Guo, Aijiang Guo, Hailong Li, Shuai Wang
The ISME Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Taenia saginata Infection Misdiagnosed as Acute Cholecystitis in a Tibetan Patient, in China
Xiu-Min Han, Xue-Yong Zhang, Ying-Na Jian, Qing-Shan Tian
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 311. CrossRef

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Original Article

Induction of Angiogenesis by Malarial Infection through Hypoxia Dependent Manner: Mi-Kyung Park, Eun-Ji Ko, Kyung-Yoon Jeon, Hyunsu Kim, Jin-Ok Jo, Kyung-Wan Baek, Yun-Jeong Kang, Yung Hyun Choi, Yeonchul Hong, Mee Sun Ock, Hee-Jae Cha; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(2):117-125.
Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.117

Abstract
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Malarial infection induces tissue hypoxia in the host through destruction of red blood cells. Tissue hypoxia in malarial infection may increase the activity of HIF1α through an intracellular oxygen-sensing pathway. Activation of HIF1α may also induce vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to trigger angiogenesis. To investigate whether malarial infection actually generates hypoxia-induced angiogenesis, we analyzed severity of hypoxia, the expression of hypoxia-related angiogenic factors, and numbers of blood vessels in various tissues infected with Plasmodium berghei. Infection in mice was performed by intraperitoneal injection of 2×106 parasitized red blood cells. After infection, we studied parasitemia and survival. We analyzed hypoxia, numbers of blood vessels, and expression of hypoxia-related angiogenic factors including VEGF and HIF1α. We used Western blot, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry to analyze various tissues from Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. In malaria-infected mice, parasitemia was increased over the duration of infection and directly associated with mortality rate. Expression of VEGF and HIF1α increased with the parasitemia in various tissues. Additionally, numbers of blood vessels significantly increased in each tissue type of the malaria-infected group compared to the uninfected control group. These results suggest that malarial infection in mice activates hypoxia-induced angiogenesis by stimulation of HIF1α and VEGF in various tissues.

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Mary G Slaughter, Samina Bhumbra, Kagan A Mellencamp, Ruth Namazzi, Robert O Opoka, Chandy C John
The Journal of Infectious Diseases.2025; 231(5): 1258. CrossRef
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Fran Prenen, Emilie Pollenus, Hanne Meers, Sofie Knoops, Rebecca Sadler, Margot Deckers, Evanna L. Mills, Philippe E. Van den Steen
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Lijo John, Rahul Vijay
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Cytoadhesion of Plasmodium falciparum‐Infected Red Blood Cells Changes the Expression of Cytokine‐, Histone‐ and Antiviral Protein‐Encoding Genes in Brain Endothelial Cells
Johannes Allweier, Michael Bartels, Hanifeh Torabi, Maria del Pilar Martinez Tauler, Nahla Galal Metwally, Thomas Roeder, Thomas Gutsmann, Iris Bruchhaus
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Dinah S. Nahid, Kevin A. Coffey, Amy K. Bei, Regina Joice Cordy, Bjorn F.C. Kafsack
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Yin Ping Wong, Fook Choe Cheah, Kon Ken Wong, Shamsul Azhar Shah, Su Ee Phon, Beng Kwang Ng, Pei Shan Lim, Teck Yee Khong, Geok Chin Tan
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Brief Communication

Comparison of Two PCR Assays for Trichomonas vaginalis: Chang-Suk Noh, Sang-Su Kim, Sung-Yul Park, Hong-Sang Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(1):27-31.
Published online February 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.27

Abstract
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PCR is known to be the most sensitive method for diagnosing Trichomonas vaginalis infections. This study aimed to compare the sensitivity of a PCR assay for trichomoniasis (HY-PCR) developed in Hanyang University with the use of a Seeplex Ace Detection Kit®, using urine collected from four Korean men with prostatic disease. Overall, HY-PCR was more sensitive than the Seeplex Kit. The use of Chelex 100 is recommended for DNA isolation in order to increase the sensitivity of the PCR test.

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Trikomoniyaz tanısında farklı laboratuvar yöntemlerinin kullanılması ve Trikomoniyaz hastalarında miRNA profilinin belirlenmesi
Hasan Turgut, Fadime Eroğlu
Dicle Tıp Dergisi.2024; 51(1): 89. CrossRef
Development of a portable DNA extraction and cross-priming amplification (CPA) tool for rapid in-situ visual diagnosis of plant diseases
Jie Li, Juan Du, Shengzhican Li, Jiali Dong, Jiahan Ying, Yuehao Gu, Jie Lu, Xinyu Zeng, Philip Kear, Daolong Dou, Xiaodan Wang
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Zeyin Mao, Anni Deng, Xiangyu Jin, Meng Li, Wenqi Lv, Leyang Huang, Hao Zhong, Han Yang, Shihong Wang, Yixuan Shi, Lei Zhang, Qinping Liao, Guoliang Huang
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Animals.2023; 13(20): 3177. CrossRef
Photo-genosensor for Trichomonas vaginalis based on gold nanoparticles-genomic DNA
S. Ilbeigi, R. Dehdari Vais, N. Sattarahmady
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Development of a convenient detection method for Trichomonas vaginalis based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification targeting adhesion protein 65
Yuhua Li, Shuai Wang, Haoran Li, Xiaoxiao Song, Hao Zhang, Yujuan Duan, Chengyang Luo, Bingli Wang, Sifan Ji, Qing Xie, Zhenchao Zhang
BMC Infectious Diseases.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Molecular and Biochemical Properties of a Cysteine Protease of Acanthamoeba castellanii: Yeonchul Hong, Jung-Mi Kang, So-Young Joo, Su-Min Song, H??ng Giang L?, Th? Lam Th?i, Jinyoung Lee, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Dong-Il Chung, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(5):409-418.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.409

Abstract
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Acanthamoeba spp. are free-living protozoa that are opportunistic pathogens for humans. Cysteine proteases of Acanthamoeba have been partially characterized, but their biochemical and functional properties are not clearly understood yet. In this study, we isolated a gene encoding cysteine protease of A. castellanii (AcCP) and its biochemical and functional properties were analyzed. Sequence analysis of AcCP suggests that this enzyme is a typical cathepsin L family cysteine protease, which shares similar structural characteristics with other cathepsin L-like enzymes. The recombinant AcCP showed enzymatic activity in acidic conditions with an optimum at pH 4.0. The recombinant enzyme effectively hydrolyzed human proteins including hemoglobin, albumin, immunoglobuins A and G, and fibronectin at acidic pH. AcCP mainly localized in lysosomal compartment and its expression was observed in both trophozoites and cysts. AcCP was also identified in cultured medium of A. castellanii. Considering to lysosomal localization, secretion or release by trophozoites and continuous expression in trophozoites and cysts, the enzyme could be a multifunctional enzyme that plays important biological functions for nutrition, development and pathogenicity of A. castellanii. These results also imply that AcCP can be a promising target for development of chemotherapeutic drug for Acanthamoeba infections.

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Case Report

A Case of Furuncular Myiasis Due to Cordylobia anthropophaga in a Korean Traveler Returning from Uganda: Su-Min Song, Shin-Woo Kim, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Yeonchul Hong, Meesun Ock, Hee-Jae Cha, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):327-331.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.327

Abstract
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A fly larva was recovered from a boil-like lesion on the left leg of a 33-year-old male on 21 November 2016. He has worked in an endemic area of myiasis, Uganda, for 8 months and returned to Korea on 11 November 2016. The larva was identified as Cordylobia anthropophaga by morphological features, including the body shape, size, anterior end, posterior spiracles, and pattern of spines on the body. Subsequent 28S rRNA gene sequencing showed 99.9% similarity (916/917 bp) with the partial 28S rRNA gene of C. anthropophaga. This is the first imported case of furuncular myiasis caused by C. anthropophaga in a Korean overseas traveler.

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Original Articles

Diversity of vir Genes in Plasmodium vivax from Endemic Regions in the Republic of Korea: an Initial Evaluation: Ui-han Son, Sylvatrie-Danne Dinzouna-Boutamba, Sanghyun Lee, Hae Soo Yun, Jung-Yeon Kim, So-Young Joo, Sookwan Jeong, Man Hee Rhee, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Dongmi Kwak, Youn-Kyoung Goo; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):149-158.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.149

Variant surface antigens (VSAs) encoded by pir families are considered to be the key proteins used by many Plasmodium spp. to escape the host immune system by antigenic variation. This attribute of VSAs is a critical issue in the development of a novel vaccine. In this regard, a population genetic study of vir genes from Plasmodium vivax was performed in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Eighty-five venous blood samples and 4 of the vir genes, namely vir 27, vir 21, vir 12, and vir 4, were selected for study. The number of segregating sites (S), number of haplotypes (H), haplotype diversity (Hd), DNA diversity (π and Θ_w), and Tajima’s D test value were conducted. Phylogenetic trees of each gene were constructed. The vir 21 (S=143, H=22, Hd=0.827) was the most genetically diverse gene, and the vir 4 (S=6, H=4, Hd=0.556) was the opposite one. Tajima’s D values for vir 27 (1.08530, p>0.1), vir 12 (2.89007, p<0.01), and vir 21 (0.40782, p>0.1) were positive, and that of vir 4 (-1.32162, p>0.1) was negative. All phylogenetic trees showed 2 clades with no particular branching according to the geographical differences and cluster. This study is the first survey on the vir genes in ROK, providing information on the genetic level. The sample sequences from vir 4 showed a clear difference to the Sal-1 reference gene sequence, whereas they were very similar to those from Indian isolates.

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Genetic diversity and natural selection analysis of VAR2CSA and vir genes: implication for vaccine development
Joseph Hawadak, Aditi Arya, Shewta Chaudhry, Vineeta Singh
Genomics & Informatics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Population genetic analysis of Plasmodium vivax vir genes in Pakistan
Sylvatrie-Danne Dinzouna-Boutamba, Zin Moon, Sanghyun Lee, Sahib Gul Afridi, Hương Giang Lê, Yeonchul Hong, Byoung-Kuk Na, Youn-Kyoung Goo
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(3): 313. CrossRef
Immunological characterization of a VIR protein family member (VIR-14) in Plasmodium vivax-infected subjects from different epidemiological regions in Africa and South America
Raianna F. Fantin, Camila H. Coelho, Anne D. Berhe, Luisa M. D. Magalhães, Dhélio B. Pereira, Nichole D. Salinas, Niraj H. Tolia, Chanaki Amaratunga, Seila Suon, Issaka Sagara, David L. Narum, Ricardo T. Fujiwara, Claudia Abejon, Antonio Campos-Neto, Patr
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Vivax Malaria and the Potential Role of the Subtelomeric Multigene vir Superfamily
Youn-Kyoung Goo
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Genetic polymorphism of vir genes of Plasmodium vivax in Myanmar
Byoung-Kuk Na, Tong-Soo Kim, Khin Lin, Moon-Chang Baek, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Youn-Kyoung Goo
Parasitology International.2021; 80: 102233. CrossRef
Humoral and cellular immune response to Plasmodium vivax VIR recombinant and synthetic antigens in individuals naturally exposed to P. vivax in the Republic of Korea
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Malaria Journal.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Succinate dehydrogenase gene as a marker for studying Blastocystis genetic diversity
Adriana Higuera, Marina Muñoz, Myriam Consuelo López, Patricia Reyes, Plutarco Urbano, Oswaldo Villalobos, Juan David Ramírez
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Young Yil Bahk, Jeonga Kim, Seong Kyu Ahn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Jong-Yil Chai, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(6): 545. CrossRef

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DNA Methylation of Gene Expression in Acanthamoeba castellanii Encystation: Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Hae-Ahm Lee, Fu-Shi Quan, Hyun-Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):115-120.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.115

Abstract
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Encystation mediating cyst specific cysteine proteinase (CSCP) of Acanthamoeba castellanii is expressed remarkably during encystation. However, the molecular mechanism involved in the regulation of CSCP gene expression remains unclear. In this study, we focused on epigenetic regulation of gene expression during encystation of Acanthamoeba. To evaluate methylation as a potential mechanism involved in the regulation of CSCP expression, we first investigated the correlation between promoter methylation status of CSCP gene and its expression. A 2,878 bp of promoter sequence of CSCP gene was amplified by PCR. Three CpG islands (island 1-3) were detected in this sequence using bioinformatics tools. Methylation of CpG island in trophozoites and cysts was measured by bisulfite sequence PCR. CSCP promoter methylation of CpG island 1 (1,633 bp) was found in 8.2% of trophozoites and 7.3% of cysts. Methylation of CpG island 2 (625 bp) was observed in 4.2% of trophozoites and 5.8% of cysts. Methylation of CpG island 3 (367 bp) in trophozoites and cysts was both 3.6%. These results suggest that DNA methylation system is present in CSCP gene expression of Acanthamoeba. In addition, the expression of encystation mediating CSCP is correlated with promoter CpG island 1 hypomethylation.

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DNA methylation modification: Dawn of research on cornea-related diseases
Quanhao Pan, Xiaoning Ge, Di Wang, Yuxi He
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Proteases of Acanthamoeba
Behroz Mahdavi Poor, Jalil Rashedi, Vahid Asgharzadeh, Amirali Mirmazhary, Nazila Gheitarani
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Acanthamoeba keratitis: new hopes for potential interventions for a curable but often refractory disease
Bader Saleem Alawfi, Naveed Ahmed Khan, David Lloyd, Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
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Biological characteristics and pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba
Yuehua Wang, Linzhe Jiang, Yitong Zhao, Xiaohong Ju, Le Wang, Liang Jin, Ryan D. Fine, Mingguang Li
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Coevolution of the CDCA7-HELLS ICF-related nucleosome remodeling complex and DNA methyltransferases
Hironori Funabiki, Isabel E Wassing, Qingyuan Jia, Ji-Dung Luo, Thomas Carroll
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Coevolution of the CDCA7-HELLS ICF-related nucleosome remodeling complex and DNA methyltransferases
Hironori Funabiki, Isabel E Wassing, Qingyuan Jia, Ji-Dung Luo, Thomas Carroll
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Antiproliferation and Antiencystation Effect of Class II Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors on Acanthamoeba castellanii
Ki-Back Chu, Hae-Ahm Lee, Marc Pflieger, Fabian Fischer, Yodita Asfaha, Leandro A. Alves Avelar, Alexander Skerhut, Matthias U. Kassack, Finn K Hansen, Andrea Schöler, Thomas Kurz, Min-Jeong Kim, Eun-Kyung Moon, Fu-Shi Quan
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(3): 217. CrossRef

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Identification and Characterization of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 1 in Acanthamoeba castellanii: Eun-Kyung Moon, Hyun-Hee Kong, Yeonchul Hong, Hae-Ahm Lee, Fu-Shi Quan; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):109-114.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.109

Abstract
PDF

Protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) is an important epigenetic regulator in eukaryotic cells. During encystation, an essential process for Acanthamoeba survival, the expression of a lot of genes involved in the encystation process has to be regulated in order to be induced or inhibited. However, the regulation mechanism of these genes is yet unknown. In this study, the full-length 1,059 bp cDNA sequence of Acanthamoeba castellanii PRMT1 (AcPRMT1) was cloned for the first time. The AcPRMT1 protein comprised of 352 amino acids with a SAM-dependent methyltransferase PRMT-type domain. The expression level of AcPRMT1 was highly increased during encystation of A. castellanii. The EGFPAcPRMT1 fusion protein was distributed over the cytoplasm, but it was mainly localized in the nucleus of Acanthamoeba. Knock down of AcPRMT1 by synthetic siRNA with a complementary sequence failed to form mature cysts. These findings suggested that AcPRMT1 plays a critical role in the regulation of encystation of A. castellanii. The target gene of AcPRMT1 regulation and the detailed mechanisms need to be investigated by further studies.

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Comparative analysis of differentially expressed genes in Acanthamoeba after ingestion of Legionella pneumophila and Escherichia coli
Eun-Kyung Moon, Min-Jeong Kim, Hae-Ahm Lee, Fu-Shi Quan, Hyun-Hee Kong
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Drug Discovery against Acanthamoeba Infections: Present Knowledge and Unmet Needs
Hany M. Elsheikha, Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Naveed Ahmed Khan
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Ascel Samba-Louaka, Vincent Delafont, Marie-Hélène Rodier, Estelle Cateau, Yann Héchard
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Brief Communication

Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Targeting Actin DNA of Trichomonas vaginalis: Youn-Kyoung Goo, Won-Sik Shin, Hye-Won Yang, So-Young Joo, Su-Min Song, Jae-Sook Ryu, Hyun-Hee Kong, Won-Ki Lee, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(3):329-334.
Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.329

Abstract
PDF

Trichomoniasis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted disease. Its association with several health problems, including preterm birth, pelvic inflammatory disease, cervical cancer, and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, emphasizes the importance of improved access to early and accurate detection of T. vaginalis. In this study, a rapid and efficient loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based method for the detection of T. vaginalis was developed and validated, using vaginal swab specimens from subjects suspected to have trichomoniasis. The LAMP assay targeting the actin gene was highly sensitive with detection limits of 1 trichomonad and 1 pg of T. vaginalis DNA per reaction, and specifically amplified the target gene only from T. vaginalis. Validation of this assay showed that it had the highest sensitivity and better agreement with PCR (used as the gold standard) compared to microscopy and multiplex PCR. This study showed that the LAMP assay, targeting the actin gene, could be used to diagnose early infections of T. vaginalis. Thus, we have provided an alternative molecular diagnostic tool and a point-of-care test that may help to prevent trichomoniasis transmission and associated complications.

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Original Article

Identification of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 as a Regulator for Encystation of Acanthamoeba: Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Hyun-Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):133-138.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.133

Abstract
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Encystation is an essential process for Acanthamoeba survival under nutrient-limiting conditions and exposure to drugs. The expression of several genes has been observed to increase or decrease during encystation. Epigenetic processes involved in regulation of gene expression have been shown to play a role in several pathogenic parasites. In the present study, we identified the protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), a known epigenetic regulator, in Acanthamoeba castellanii. PRMT5 of A. castellanii (AcPRMT5) contained domains found in S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases and in PRMT5 arginine-N-methyltransferase. Expression levels of AcPRMT5 were increased during encystation of A. castellanii. The EGFP-PRMT5 fusion protein was mainly localized in the nucleus of trophozoites. A. castellanii transfected with siRNA designed against AcPRMT5 failed to form mature cysts. The findings of this study lead to a better understanding of epigenetic mechanisms behind the regulation of encystation in cyst-forming pathogenic protozoa.

Citations

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Encystment and Excystment Processes in Acanthamoeba castellanii: An Emphasis on Cellulose Involvement
Mathew Choaji, Ascel Samba-Louaka, Zineb Fechtali-Moute, Willy Aucher, Sébastien Pomel
Pathogens.2025; 14(3): 268. CrossRef
Oxidase enzyme genes are differentially expressed during Acanthamoeba castellanii encystment
Christian Q. Scheckhuber, Rebeca Damián Ferrara, Jesús Gómez-Montalvo, Sutherland K. Maciver, Alvaro de Obeso Fernández del Valle
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Acanthamoeba keratitis: new hopes for potential interventions for a curable but often refractory disease
Bader Saleem Alawfi, Naveed Ahmed Khan, David Lloyd, Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
Expert Review of Ophthalmology.2024; 19(4): 271. CrossRef
Biological characteristics and pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba
Yuehua Wang, Linzhe Jiang, Yitong Zhao, Xiaohong Ju, Le Wang, Liang Jin, Ryan D. Fine, Mingguang Li
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative analysis of differentially expressed genes in Acanthamoeba after ingestion of Legionella pneumophila and Escherichia coli
Eun-Kyung Moon, Min-Jeong Kim, Hae-Ahm Lee, Fu-Shi Quan, Hyun-Hee Kong
Experimental Parasitology.2022; 232: 108188. CrossRef
Stimulation of Acanthamoeba castellanii excystment by enzyme treatment and consequences on trophozoite growth
Zineb Fechtali-Moute, Philippe M. Loiseau, Sébastien Pomel
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Free-living amoebae and squatters in the wild: ecological and molecular features
Ascel Samba-Louaka, Vincent Delafont, Marie-Hélène Rodier, Estelle Cateau, Yann Héchard
FEMS Microbiology Reviews.2019; 43(4): 415. CrossRef
Encystation: the most prevalent and underinvestigated differentiation pathway of eukaryotes
Pauline Schaap, Christina Schilde
Microbiology.2018; 164(5): 727. CrossRef
Identification and Characterization of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 1 in Acanthamoeba castellanii
Eun-Kyung Moon, Hyun-Hee Kong, Yeonchul Hong, Hae-Ahm Lee, Fu-Shi Quan
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(2): 109. CrossRef
DNA Methylation of Gene Expression in Acanthamoeba castellanii Encystation
Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Hae-Ahm Lee, Fu-Shi Quan, Hyun-Hee Kong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(2): 115. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in Women Visiting 2 Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics in Daegu, South Korea: Youn-Kyoung Goo, Won-Sik Shin, Hye-Won Yang, So-Young Joo, Su-Min Song, Jae-Sook Ryu, Won-Myung Lee, Hyun-Hee Kong, Won-Ki Lee, Sang-Eun Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):75-80.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.75

Abstract
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This study explored epidemiological trends in trichomoniasis in Daegu, South Korea. Wet mount microscopy, PCR, and multiplex PCR were used to test for Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal swab samples obtained from 621 women visiting 2 clinics in Daegu. Of the 621 women tested, microscopy detected T. vaginalis in 4 (0.6%) patients, PCR detected T. vaginalis in 19 (3.0%) patients, and multiplex PCR detected T. vaginalis in 12 (1.9%) patients. Testing via PCR demonstrated high sensitivity and high negative predictive value for T. vaginalis. Among the 19 women who tested positive for T. vaginalis according to PCR, 94.7% (18/19) reported vaginal signs and symptoms. Notably, more than 50% of T. vaginalis infections occurred in females younger than 30 years old, and 58% were unmarried. Multiplex PCR, which simultaneously detects pathogens from various sexually transmitted infections, revealed that 91.7% (11/12) of patients were infected with 2 or more pathogens. Mycoplasma hominis was the most prevalent co-infection pathogen with T. vaginalis, followed by Ureaplasma urealyticum and Chlamydia trachomatis. Our results indicate that PCR and multiplex PCR are the most sensitive tools for T. vaginalis diagnosis, rather than microscopy which has been routinely used to detect T. vaginalis infections in South Korea. Therefore, clinicians should take note of the high prevalence of T. vaginalis infections among adolescent and young women in order to prevent persistent infection and transmission of this disease.

Citations

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Emmanuel O. Babafemi, Benny P. Cherian, Khalid Rahman, Gilbert M. Mogoko, Oluwatoyin O. Abiola
African Journal of Laboratory Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The prevalence ofTrichomonas vaginalisinfection among the female population of Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zeinab Moghadamizad, Javad Yazdizadeh Khalili, Meysam Olfatifar, Milad Badri, Sasan Khazaei
International Health.2024; 16(3): 240. CrossRef
Combination of genitourinary candidiasis and sexually transmitted infections
N.E. Portnyagina, A.K. Kvardakova, V.V. Pakhomova, E.G. Gubanova, N.V. Deeva, I.G. Sergeeva
Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Venereology.2024; 23(4): 377. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis: comparison of primers for implementation as an in-house PCR in rural Vellore, South India
Nagarajan L. Surya, Thangamani Suji, Santhosh Rani, Irene Dorathy, Shantidani Minz, Rani Diana Sahni
BMC Infectious Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis in liquid-based Papanicolaou samples in Shiraz, southern Iran
Mohammad Saleh Bahreini, Samaneh Sedghi, Yalda Badalzadeh, Mohammad Hossein Motazedian, Manouchehr Shirani, Sareh Sami Jahromi, Aref Teimouri, Mahmoud Agholi, Qasem Asgari
BMC Women's Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of Diagnostic Methods for Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in Prediagnosed Vaginitis Cases and Its Association with Various Pathogens
Vildan Turan Faraşat, İbrahim Cüneyt Balcıoğlu, Pınar Solmaz Hasdemir, Ertaç Gümüş
Turkish Journal of Parasitology.2022; 46(3): 167. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis follow-up and persistence in Colombian women
Lauren Hernández-Buelvas, Milena Camargo, Ricardo Sánchez, Manuel Elkin Patarroyo, Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Trichomoniasis in a tertiary hospital of Madrid, Spain (2013–2017): prevalence and pregnancy rate, coinfections, metronidazole resistance, and endosymbiosis
Celia Bolumburu, Vega Zamora, María Muñoz-Algarra, Francisca Portero-Azorín, José Antonio Escario, Alexandra Ibáñez-Escribano
Parasitology Research.2020; 119(6): 1915. CrossRef
Status of common parasitic diseases in Korea in 2019
Sun Huh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2019; 62(8): 437. CrossRef
PREVALENCE OF TRICHOMONIASIS IN ASYMPTOMATIC PREGNANT WOMEN POPULATION IN BANDUNG, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA
Pati Aji Achdiat, Reiva Farah Dwiyana, Vina Feriza, Rasmia Rowawi, Rendy Ariezal Effendi, Oki Suwarsa, Hendra Gunawan
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease.2019; 7(4): 57. CrossRef
Prevalence of Trichomoniasis by PCR in Women Attending Health Screening in Korea
Seung-Ryong Kim, Jung-Hyun Kim, Na-Yeong Gu, Yong-Suk Kim, Yeon-Chul Hong, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(2): 187. CrossRef
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Targeting Actin DNA of Trichomonas vaginalis
Youn-Kyoung Goo, Won-Sik Shin, Hye-Won Yang, So-Young Joo, Su-Min Song, Jae-Sook Ryu, Hyun-Hee Kong, Won-Ki Lee, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(3): 329. CrossRef
Epidemiology of Trichomoniasis in South Korea and Increasing Trend in Incidence, Health Insurance Review and Assessment 2009-2014
So-Young Joo, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Jae-Sook Ryu, Sang-Eun Lee, Won Kee Lee, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Zhefeng Meng
PLOS ONE.2016; 11(12): e0167938. CrossRef

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11 Web of Science
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Original Article

Effect of Farnesyltransferase Inhibitor R115777 on Mitochondria of Plasmodium falciparum: Young Ran Ha, Bae-Geun Hwang, Yeonchul Hong, Hye-Won Yang, Sang Joon Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):421-430.
Published online August 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.421

Abstract
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The parasite Plasmodium falciparum causes severe malaria and is the most dangerous to humans. However, it exhibits resistance to their drugs. Farnesyltransferase has been identified in pathogenic protozoa of the genera Plasmodium and the target of farnesyltransferase includes Ras family. Therefore, the inhibition of farnesyltransferase has been suggested as a new strategy for the treatment of malaria. However, the exact functional mechanism of this agent is still unknown. In addition, the effect of farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTIs) on mitochondrial level of malaria parasites is not fully understood. In this study, therefore, the effect of a FTI R115777 on the function of mitochondria of P. falciparum was investigated experimentally. As a result, FTI R115777 was found to suppress the infection rate of malaria parasites under in vitro condition. It also reduces the copy number of mtDNA-encoded cytochrome c oxidase III. In addition, the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and the green fluorescence intensity of MitoTracker were decreased by FTI R115777. Chloroquine and atovaquone were measured by the mtDNA copy number as mitochondrial non-specific or specific inhibitor, respectively. Chloroquine did not affect the copy number of mtDNA-encoded cytochrome c oxidase III, while atovaquone induced to change the mtDNA copy number. These results suggest that FTI R115777 has strong influence on the mitochondrial function of P. falciparum. It may have therapeutic potential for malaria by targeting the mitochondria of parasites.

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Raksha Kardam, Ashok Jangra, Dinesh Kumar, Vinod Kumar, Vikas Sharma
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Vivek K. Vyas, Sapna Bhati, Shivani Patel, Manjunath Ghate
Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics.2022; 40(20): 10481. CrossRef
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Henning Verhasselt, Patrick Stelmach, Marie Domin, Dominik Jung, Anna Hagemann, Iris Manthey, Hagen S. Bachmann
Genomics.2022; 114(2): 110314. CrossRef
A comprehensive review on classifying fast-acting and slow-acting antimalarial agents based on time of action and target organelle of Plasmodium sp
Monika Mariebernard, Abhinab Mohanty, Vinoth Rajendran
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S. Daisy Precilla, Shreyas S. Kuduvalli, Anitha Thirugnanasambandhar Sivasubramanian
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Jolyn E. Gisselberg, Lichao Zhang, Joshua E. Elias, Ellen Yeh
Molecular & Cellular Proteomics.2017; 16(4): S54. CrossRef
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Anna Hagemann, Grit Müller, Iris Manthey, Hagen S. Bachmann
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Case Report

Comorbid Gastric Adenocarcinoma and Gastric and Duodenal Strongyloides stercoralis Infection: A Case Report: An Na Seo, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Ohkyoung Kwon, Han-Ik Bae; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(1):95-99.
Published online February 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.95

Abstract
PDF

Strongyloides stercoralis can cause systemic infection, termed strongyloidiasis, and gastrointestinal ulcer disease in immunocompromised patients. However, to our knowledge, there are no reported cases of comorbid gastric adenocarcinoma and S. stercoralis infection. Here, we report a case of an 81-year-old Korean man who presented with S. stercoralis infection coexisting with early gastric adenocarcinoma (T1aN0M0). S. stercoralis eggs, rhabditiform larvae, and adult females were observed in normal gastric and duodenal crypts. They were also observed in atypical glands representative of adenocarcinoma and adenoma. Preliminary laboratory tests revealed mild neutrophilic and eosinophilic leukocytosis. A routine stool test failed to detect rhabditiform larvae in the patient’s fecal sample; however, S. stercoralis was identified by PCR amplification and 18S rRNA sequencing using genomic DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Postoperatively, the patient had a persistent fever and was treated with albendazole for 7 days, which alleviated the fever. The patient was followed-up by monitoring and laboratory testing for 4 months postoperatively, and no abnormalities were observed thus far. The fact that S. stercoralis infection may be fatal in immunocompromised patients should be kept in mind when assessing high-risk patients.

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Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Mariam T. El Khadrawe, Nahla El Skhawy, Maha M. Eissa
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Malek Kreidieh, Neville Mobarakai, Sherif Andrawes, Robert Colef, Lara Kreidieh, Hassan Al Moussawi, Jean M. Chalhoub
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Arzu Hazal AYDIN, Buse BAYAZIT GÖZÜKÜÇÜK, Nesrin TURHAN
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Irene Pecorella, Tom Richard Okello, Gaia Ciardi, David Martin Ogwang
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Taehwa Kim, Seungjin Lim
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Juan Carlos De la Cruz Mayhua, Bisharah Rizvi
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Brief Communications

Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis by PCR in Men Attending a Primary Care Urology Clinic in South Korea: Jun-Hyeok Seo, Hye-Won Yang, So-Young Joo, Su-Min Song, Yu-Ran Lee, Jae-Sook Ryu, Eun Sang Yoo, Won Kee Lee, Hyun-Hee Kong, Sang-Eun Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):551-555.
Published online October 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.551

Abstract
PDF

Trichomonas vaginalis, a causative agent of trichomoniasis, may trigger symptomatic or asymptomatic nongonococcal urethritis and chronic prostatitis in men. Despite the availability of highly sensitive diagnostic tests, such as nucleic acid amplification tests, including PCR, few prospective studies present data on male T. vaginalis infection in South Korea. In the present study, the prevalence of T. vaginalis and associated clinical conditions were evaluated in 201 male patients from a primary care urology clinic in South Korea. The prevalence of T. vaginalis infection in our cohort was 4% (8/201) by PCR. T. vaginalis infection was common in men older than 40 years (median age, 52 years). Among the 8 Trichomonas-positive patients, 87.5% (7/8) had prostatic diseases, such as prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia, and 25.0% (2/8) and 12.5% (1/8) were coinfected with Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium, respectively. Our results suggest that T. vaginalis infection is not rare in men attending primary care urology clinics in South Korea, especially in those older than 40 years, in whom it may explain the presence of prostatic disease. The possibility of T. vaginalis infection should be routinely considered in older male patients with prostatic diseases in South Korea.

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Zhenchao Zhang, Yuhui Sang, Pucheng Wu, Yujia Shang, Lesong Li, Yujuan Duan, Linfei Zhao, Minghui Gao, Lihua Guo, Xiaowei Tian, Zhenke Yang, Shuai Wang, Lixia Hao, Xuefang Mei, Jianbing Mu
Journal of Tropical Medicine.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef
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Ik-Hwan Han, Jung-Hyun Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu
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Urogenital Trichomonas vaginalis infection in males: a case report and retrospective analysis of a 10‐year period in a tertiary hospital
Miguel Alpalhão, Luís Marques‐Lito, Paulo Filipe, João Borges‐Costa
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Comparison of Seropositivity to Trichomonas vaginalis between Men with Prostatic Tumor and Normal Men
Jung-Hyun Kim, Hong-Sang Moon, Kyu-Shik Kim, Hwan-Sik Hwang, Jae-Sook Ryu, Sung-Yul Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(1): 21. CrossRef
Comparison of Two PCR Assays for Trichomonas vaginalis
Chang-Suk Noh, Sang-Su Kim, Sung-Yul Park, Hong-Sang Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(1): 27. CrossRef
Status of common parasitic diseases in Korea in 2019
Sun Huh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2019; 62(8): 437. CrossRef
Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in Women Visiting 2 Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics in Daegu, South Korea
Youn-Kyoung Goo, Won-Sik Shin, Hye-Won Yang, So-Young Joo, Su-Min Song, Jae-Sook Ryu, Won-Myung Lee, Hyun-Hee Kong, Won-Ki Lee, Sang-Eun Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(1): 75. CrossRef
Prostatic Disease Associated withTrichomonas vaginalis
Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation.2014; 9(2): 61. CrossRef

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Development of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Targeting 18S Ribosomal DNA for Rapid Detection of Azumiobodo hoyamushi (Kinetoplastea): Su-Min Song, Dinzouna-Boutamba Sylvatrie-Danne, So-Young Joo, Yun Kyung Shin, Hak Sun Yu, Yong-Seok Lee, Ji-Eon Jung, Noboru Inoue, Won Kee Lee, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(3):305-310.
Published online June 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.305

Abstract
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Ascidian soft tunic syndrome (AsSTS) caused by Azumiobodo hoyamushi (A. hoyamushi) is a serious aquaculture problem that results in mass mortality of ascidians. Accordingly, the early and accurate detection of A. hoyamushi would contribute substantially to disease management and prevention of transmission. Recently, the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method was adopted for clinical diagnosis of a range of infectious diseases. Here, the authors describe a rapid and efficient LAMP-based method targeting the 18S rDNA gene for detection of A. hoyamushi using ascidian DNA for the diagnosis of AsSTS. A. hoyamushi LAMP assay amplified the DNA of 0.01 parasites per reaction and detected A. hoyamushi in 10 ng of ascidian DNA. To validate A. hoyamushi 18S rDNA LAMP assays, AsSTS-suspected and non-diseased ascidians were examined by microscopy, PCR, and by using the LAMP assay. When PCR was used as a gold standard, the LAMP assay showed good agreement in terms of sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). In the present study, a LAMP assay based on directly heat-treated samples was found to be as efficient as DNA extraction using a commercial kit for detecting A. hoyamushi. Taken together, this study shows the devised A. hoyamushi LAMP assay could be used to diagnose AsSTS in a straightforward, sensitive, and specific manner, that it could be used for forecasting, surveillance, and quarantine of AsSTS.

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Measurement of Tunic Hardness in an Edible Ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi, with Remarks on Soft Tunic Syndrome
Euichi Hirose, Kei Nakayama, Tetsuya Yanagida, Akatsuki Nawata, Shin-Ichi Kitamura
Zoological Science.2018; 35(6): 548. CrossRef

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Case Report

Two Human Cases of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense Infection in Korea: Su-Min Song, Hye-Won Yang, Min Kyu Jung, Jun Heo, Chang Min Cho, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):197-199.
Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.197

Abstract
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Diphyllobothrium latum and Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense are the 2 reported main causes of human diphyllobothriasis in the Republic of Korea. However, the differentiation of these 2 species based on morphologic features alone is difficult. The authors used nucleotide sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene to diagnose Diphyllobothrium spp. Two patients visited the emergency room at Kyungpook National University Hospital on 3 April and 12 April 2013, respectively, with fragments of parasites found while defecating. The parasites were identified as Diphyllobothrium spp. based on morphologic characteristics, and subsequent cox1 gene sequencing showed 99.9% similarity (1,478/1,480 bp) with D. nihonkaiense. Our findings support the hypothesis that D. nihonkaiense is a dominant species in Korea.

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Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense: wide egg size variation in 32 molecularly confirmed adult specimens from Korea
Seoyun Choi, Jaeeun Cho, Bong-Kwang Jung, Deok-Gyu Kim, Sarah Jiyoun Jeon, Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Keeseon S. Eom, Jong-Yil Chai
Parasitology Research.2015; 114(6): 2129. CrossRef
Three Cases of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense Infection in Korea
Hong-Ja Kim, Keeseon S. Eom, Min Seo
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(6): 673. CrossRef
Extracorporeal Worm Extraction of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense with Amidotrizoic Acid in a Child
Hye Kyung Shin, Joo-Hyung Roh, Jae-Won Oh, Jae-Sook Ryu, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Dong-Il Chung, Yong Joo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(6): 677. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Down-Regulation of Cellulose Synthase Inhibits the Formation of Endocysts in Acanthamoeba: Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Hyun-Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):131-135.
Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.131

Abstract
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Acanthamoeba cysts are resistant to unfavorable physiological conditions and various disinfectants. Acanthamoeba cysts have 2 walls containing various sugar moieties, and in particular, one third of the inner wall is composed of cellulose. In this study, it has been shown that down-regulation of cellulose synthase by small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly inhibits the formation of mature Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts. Calcofluor white staining and transmission electron microscopy revealed that siRNA transfected amoeba failed to form an inner wall during encystation and thus are likely to be more vulnerable. In addition, the expression of xylose isomerase, which is involved in cyst wall formation, was not altered in cellulose synthase down-regulated amoeba, indicating that cellulose synthase is a crucial factor for inner wall formation by Acanthamoeba during encystation.

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Encystment and Excystment Processes in Acanthamoeba castellanii: An Emphasis on Cellulose Involvement
Mathew Choaji, Ascel Samba-Louaka, Zineb Fechtali-Moute, Willy Aucher, Sébastien Pomel
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Nadege Philippe, Avi Shukla, Chantal Abergel, Hugo Bisio
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Oxidase enzyme genes are differentially expressed during Acanthamoeba castellanii encystment
Christian Q. Scheckhuber, Rebeca Damián Ferrara, Jesús Gómez-Montalvo, Sutherland K. Maciver, Alvaro de Obeso Fernández del Valle
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy of propolis extract and eye drop solutions to suppress encystation and excystation of Acanthamoeba triangularis WU19001-T4 genotype
Suthinee Sangkanu, Abolghasem Siyadatpanah, Roghayeh Norouzi, Julalak Chuprom, Watcharapong Mitsuwan, Sirirat Surinkaew, Rachasak Boonhok, Alok K. Paul, Tooba Mahboob, Imran Sama-ae, Sonia M. R. Oliveira, Tajudeen O. Jimoh, Maria de Lourdes Pereira, Polra
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Human Conjunctival Transcriptome in Acanthamoeba Keratitis: An Exploratory Study
Gerami D. Seitzman, Jeremy D. Keenan, Thomas M. Lietman, Kevin Ruder, Lina Zhong, Cindi Chen, YuHeng Liu, Danny Yu, Thomas Abraham, Armin Hinterwirth, Thuy Doan
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PeerJ.2022; 10: e14468. CrossRef
Peganum harmala Extract Has Antiamoebic Activity to Acanthamoeba triangularis Trophozoites and Changes Expression of Autophagy-Related Genes
Rachasak Boonhok, Suthinee Sangkanu, Julalak Chuprom, Mayuna Srisuphanunt, Roghayeh Norouzi, Abolghasem Siyadatpanah, Farzaneh Mirzaei, Watcharapong Mitsuwan, Sueptrakool Wisessombat, Maria de Lourdes Pereira, Mohammed Rahmatullah, Polrat Wilairatana, Chr
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Ruixuan Zhang, Hisashi Endo, Masaharu Takemura, Hiroyuki Ogata, Samuel K. Campos
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Christopher Price, Snake Jones, Mirna Mihelcic, Marina Santic, Yousef Abu Kwaik
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Encystment Induces Down-Regulation of an Acetyltransferase-Like Gene in Acanthamoeba castellanii
Steven Rolland, Luce Mengue, Cyril Noël, Stéphanie Crapart, Anne Mercier, Willy Aucher, Yann Héchard, Ascel Samba-Louaka
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The role of the Acanthamoeba castellanii Sir2-like protein in the growth and encystation of Acanthamoeba
So-Young Joo, Ja Moon Aung, Minsang Shin, Eun-Kyung Moon, Hyun-Hee Kong, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Cellulose fibrils formation and organisation of cytoskeleton during encystment are essential for Acanthamoeba cyst wall architecture
Mária Garajová, Martin Mrva, Naděžda Vaškovicová, Michal Martinka, Janka Melicherová, Andrea Valigurová
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
The most abundant cyst wall proteins of Acanthamoeba castellanii are lectins that bind cellulose and localize to distinct structures in developing and mature cyst walls
Pamela Magistrado-Coxen, Yousuf Aqeel, Angelo Lopez, John R. Haserick, Breeanna R. Urbanowicz, Catherine E. Costello, John Samuelson, Photini Sinnis
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MohammadHossein Feiz Haddad, Azar Shokri, Habib Habibpour, SeyedeManizhe Heidar Neiadi
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Encystation: the most prevalent and underinvestigated differentiation pathway of eukaryotes
Pauline Schaap, Christina Schilde
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Molecular and biochemical characterization of key enzymes in the cysteine and serine metabolic pathways of Acanthamoeba castellanii
Duo Wu, Meng Feng, Zhi-xin Wang, Ke Qiao, Hiroshi Tachibana, Xun-jia Cheng
Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
DNA Methylation of Gene Expression in Acanthamoeba castellanii Encystation
Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Hae-Ahm Lee, Fu-Shi Quan, Hyun-Hee Kong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(2): 115. CrossRef
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Á. Ortillés, J. Belloc, E. Rubio, M.T. Fernández, M. Benito, J.Á. Cristóbal, B. Calvo, P. Goñi
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Jacob Lorenzo-Morales, Naveed A. Khan, Julia Walochnik
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Potential Value of Cellulose Synthesis Inhibitors Combined With PHMB in the Treatment of Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Hyun-Hee Kong
Cornea.2015; 34(12): 1593. CrossRef

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Identification of Atg8 Isoform in Encysting Acanthamoeba: Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):497-502.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.497

Abstract
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Autophagy-related protein 8 (Atg8) is an essential component of autophagy formation and encystment of cyst-forming parasites, and some protozoa, such as, Acanthamoeba, Entamoeba, and Dictyostelium, have been reported to possess a type of Atg8. In this study, an isoform of Atg8 was identified and characterized in Acanthamoeba castellanii (AcAtg8b). AcAtg8b protein was found to encode 132 amino acids and to be longer than AcAtg8 protein, which encoded 117 amino acids. Real-time PCR analysis showed high expression levels of AcAtg8b and AcAtg8 during encystation. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that AcAtg8b is involved in the formation of the autophagosomal membrane. Chemically synthesized siRNA against AcAtg8b reduced the encystation efficiency of Acanthamoeba, confirming that AcAtg8b, like AcAtg8, is an essential component of cyst formation in Acanthamoeba. Our findings suggest that Acanthamoeba has doubled the number of Atg8 gene copies to ensure the successful encystation for survival when 1 copy is lost. These 2 types of Atg8 identified in Acanthamoeba provide important information regarding autophagy formation, encystation mechanism, and survival of primitive, cyst-forming protozoan parasites.

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Encystment and Excystment Processes in Acanthamoeba castellanii: An Emphasis on Cellulose Involvement
Mathew Choaji, Ascel Samba-Louaka, Zineb Fechtali-Moute, Willy Aucher, Sébastien Pomel
Pathogens.2025; 14(3): 268. CrossRef
Efficacy of propolis extract and eye drop solutions to suppress encystation and excystation of Acanthamoeba triangularis WU19001-T4 genotype
Suthinee Sangkanu, Abolghasem Siyadatpanah, Roghayeh Norouzi, Julalak Chuprom, Watcharapong Mitsuwan, Sirirat Surinkaew, Rachasak Boonhok, Alok K. Paul, Tooba Mahboob, Imran Sama-ae, Sonia M. R. Oliveira, Tajudeen O. Jimoh, Maria de Lourdes Pereira, Polra
PeerJ.2024; 12: e16937. CrossRef
Ac-HSP20 regulates autophagy and promotes the encystation of Acanthamoeba castellanii by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
Siyao Guo, Di Liu, Xi Wan, Dingrui Guo, Meiyu Zheng, Wenyu Zheng, Xianmin Feng
Parasites & Vectors.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxicity Evaluation of Potassium Sorbate In Vivo with Drosophila Melanogaster
Xubo Zhang, Qian Zhang, Xiaoxuan Song, Wanchen Yang, Andi Cheng, Jianzhen Zhang, Wei Dong
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Yuehua Wang, Linzhe Jiang, Yitong Zhao, Xiaohong Ju, Le Wang, Liang Jin, Ryan D. Fine, Mingguang Li
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Rajalakshmy Ayilam Ramachandran, Jose Marcos Sanches, Danielle M. Robertson
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Stimulation of Acanthamoeba castellanii excystment by enzyme treatment and consequences on trophozoite growth
Zineb Fechtali-Moute, Philippe M. Loiseau, Sébastien Pomel
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Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Extract Induces Apoptosis-like Programmed Cell Death in Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites
Hương-Giang Lê, Ji-Su Choi, Buyng-Su Hwang, Yong-Tae Jeong, Jung-Mi Kang, Tuấn-Cường Võ, Pyo-Yun Cho, Young-Kyung Lee, Won-Gi Yoo, Yeonchul Hong, Young-Taek Oh, Byoung-Kuk Na
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Rachasak Boonhok, Suthinee Sangkanu, Roghayeh Norouzi, Abolghasem Siyadatpanah, Farzaneh Mirzaei, Watcharapong Mitsuwan, Nurdina Charong, Sueptrakool Wisessombat, Maria de Lourdes Pereira, Mohammed Rahmatullah, Polrat Wilairatana, Christophe Wiart, Hazel
Parasitology.2021; 148(9): 1074. CrossRef
Peganum harmala Extract Has Antiamoebic Activity to Acanthamoeba triangularis Trophozoites and Changes Expression of Autophagy-Related Genes
Rachasak Boonhok, Suthinee Sangkanu, Julalak Chuprom, Mayuna Srisuphanunt, Roghayeh Norouzi, Abolghasem Siyadatpanah, Farzaneh Mirzaei, Watcharapong Mitsuwan, Sueptrakool Wisessombat, Maria de Lourdes Pereira, Mohammed Rahmatullah, Polrat Wilairatana, Chr
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Maryia Karpiyevich, Katerina Artavanis-Tsakonas
Biomolecules.2020; 10(10): 1403. CrossRef
Encystation: the most prevalent and underinvestigated differentiation pathway of eukaryotes
Pauline Schaap, Christina Schilde
Microbiology.2018; 164(5): 727. CrossRef
Autophagy protein 12 plays an essential role in Acanthamoeba encystation
So-Hee Kim, Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong
Experimental Parasitology.2015; 159: 46. CrossRef
Autophagy Inhibitors as a Potential Antiamoebic Treatment for Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Eun-Kyung Moon, So-Hee Kim, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Hyun-Hee Kong
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2015; 59(7): 4020. CrossRef

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Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Targeting 18S Ribosomal DNA for Rapid Detection of Acanthamoeba: Hye-Won Yang, Yu-Ran Lee, Noboru Inoue, Bijay Kumar Jha, Dinzouna-Boutamba Sylvatrie Danne, Hong-Kyun Kim, Junhun Lee, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):269-277.
Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.269

Abstract
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Amoebic keratitis (AK) caused by Acanthamoeba is one of the most serious corneal infections. AK is frequently misdiagnosed initially as viral, bacterial, or fungal keratitis, thus ensuring treatment delays. Accordingly, the early detection of Acanthamoeba would contribute significantly to disease management and selection of an appropriate anti-amoebic therapy. Recently, the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method has been applied to the clinical diagnosis of a range of infectious diseases. Here, we describe a rapid and efficient LAMP-based method targeting Acanthamoeba 18S rDNA gene for the detection of Acanthamoeba using clinical ocular specimens in the diagnosis of AK. Acanthamoeba LAMP assays detected 11 different strains including all AK-associated species. The copy number detection limit for a positive signal was 10 DNA copies of 18S rDNA per reaction. No cross-reactivity with the DNA of fungi or other protozoa was observed. The sensitivity of LAMP assay was higher than those of Nelson primer PCR and JDP primer PCR. In the present study, LAMP assay based on directly heat-treated samples was found to be as efficient at detecting Acanthamoeba as DNA extracted using a commercial kit, whereas PCR was only effective when commercial kit-extracted DNA was used. This study showed that the devised Acanthamoeba LAMP assay could be used to diagnose AK in a simple, sensitive, and specific manner.

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Abhishek Mewara, Sumeeta Khurana, Shakila Yoonus, Kirti Megha, Parveen Tanwar, Amit Gupta, Rakesh Sehgal
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Microarray Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes between Cysts and Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii: Eun-Kyung Moon, Ying-Hua Xuan, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):341-347.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.341

Abstract
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Acanthamoeba infection is difficult to treat because of the resistance property of Acanthamoeba cyst against the host immune system, diverse antibiotics, and therapeutic agents. To identify encystation mediating factors of Acanthamoeba, we compared the transcription profile between cysts and trophozoites using microarray analysis. The DNA chip was composed of 12,544 genes based on expressed sequence tag (EST) from an Acanthamoeba ESTs database (DB) constructed in our laboratory, genetic information of Acanthamoeba from TBest DB, and all of Acanthamoeba related genes registered in the NCBI. Microarray analysis indicated that 701 genes showed higher expression than 2 folds in cysts than in trophozoites, and 859 genes were less expressed in cysts than in trophozoites. The results of real-time PCR analysis of randomly selected 9 genes of which expression was increased during cyst formation were coincided well with the microarray results. Eukaryotic orthologous groups (KOG) analysis showed an increment in T article (signal transduction mechanisms) and O article (posttranslational modification, protein turnover, and chaperones) whereas significant decrement of C article (energy production and conversion) during cyst formation. Especially, cystein proteinases showed high expression changes (282 folds) with significant increases in real-time PCR, suggesting a pivotal role of this proteinase in the cyst formation of Acanthamoeba. The present study provides important clues for the identification and characterization of encystation mediating factors of Acanthamoeba.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(3): 217. CrossRef
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Stefan Geisen, Edward A D Mitchell, Sina Adl, Michael Bonkowski, Micah Dunthorn, Flemming Ekelund, Leonardo D Fernández, Alexandre Jousset, Valentyna Krashevska, David Singer, Frederick W Spiegel, Julia Walochnik, Enrique Lara
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Eun-Kyung Moon, Hyun-Hee Kong, Yeonchul Hong, Hae-Ahm Lee, Fu-Shi Quan
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Essential Role for an M17 Leucine Aminopeptidase in Encystation of Acanthamoeba castellanii
Yu-Ran Lee, Byoung-Kuk Na, Eun-Kyung Moon, Su-Min Song, So-Young Joo, Hyun-Hee Kong, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Patricia Talamas-Rohana
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Down-Regulation of Cellulose Synthase Inhibits the Formation of Endocysts in Acanthamoeba
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(2): 131. CrossRef
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Karin Silva Caumo, Karina Mariante Monteiro, Thiely Rodrigues Ott, Vinicius José Maschio, Glauber Wagner, Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira, Marilise Brittes Rott
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Cysteine Protease Inhibitor (AcStefin) Is Required for Complete Cyst Formation of Acanthamoeba
Jung-Yub Lee, Su-Min Song, Eun-Kyung Moon, Yu-Ran Lee, Bijay Kumar Jha, Dinzouna-Boutamba Sylvatrie Danne, Hee-Jae Cha, Hak Sun Yu, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong
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Cysteine protease involving in autophagosomal degradation of mitochondria during encystation of Acanthamoeba
Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong
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Short-Cut Pathway to Synthesize Cellulose of Encysting Acanthamoeba
Eun-Kyung Moon, Hyun-Hee Kong
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Protein kinase C signaling molecules regulate encystation of Acanthamoeba
Eun-Kyung Moon, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong
Experimental Parasitology.2012; 132(4): 524. CrossRef

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Expressed Sequence Tag Analysis of the Erythrocytic Stage of Plasmodium berghei: Ji-Woong Seok, Yong-Seok Lee, Eun-Kyung Moon, Jung-Yub Lee, Bijay Kumar Jha, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):221-228.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.221

Abstract
PDF

Rodent malaria parasites, such as Plasmodium berghei, are practical and useful model organisms for human malaria research because of their analogies to the human malaria in terms of structure, physiology, and life cycle. Exploiting the available genetic sequence information, we constructed a cDNA library from the erythrocytic stages of P. berghei and analyzed the expressed sequence tag (EST). A total of 10,040 ESTs were generated and assembled into 2,462 clusters. These EST clusters were compared against public protein databases and 48 putative new transcripts, most of which were hypothetical proteins with unknown function, were identified. Genes encoding ribosomal or membrane proteins and purine nucleotide phosphorylases were highly abundant clusters in P. berghei. Protein domain analyses and the Gene Ontology functional categorization revealed translation/protein folding, metabolism, protein degradation, and multiple family of variant antigens to be mainly prevalent. The presently-collected ESTs and its bioinformatic analysis will be useful resources to identify for drug target and vaccine candidates and validate gene predictions of P. berghei.

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Atg3-Mediated Lipidation of Atg8 Is Involved in Encystation of Acanthamoeba: Eun-Kyung Moon, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):103-108.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.103

Abstract
PDF

Autophagy is a catabolic process involved in the degradation of a cell's own components for cell growth, development, homeostasis, and the recycling of cellular products. Autophagosome is an essential component in the protozoan parasite during differentiation and encystation. The present study identified and characterized autophagy-related protein (Atg) 3, a member of Atg8 conjugation system, in Acanthamoeba castellanii (AcAtg3). AcAtg3 encoding a 304 amino acid protein showed high similarity with the catalytic cysteine site of other E2 like enzymes of ubiquitin system. Predicted 3D structure of AcAtg3 revealed a hammer-like shape, which is the characteristic structure of E2-like enzymes. The expression level of AcAtg3 did not increase during encystation. However, the formation of mature cysts was significantly reduced in Atg3-siRNA transfected cells in which the production of Atg8-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate was inhibited. Fluorescent microscopic analysis revealed that dispersed AcAtg3-EGFP fusion protein gathered around autophagosomal membranes during encystation. These results provide important information for understanding autophagic machinery through the lipidation reaction mediated by Atg3 in Acanthamoeba.

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Cysteine protease involving in autophagosomal degradation of mitochondria during encystation of Acanthamoeba
Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2012; 185(2): 121. CrossRef
Protein kinase C signaling molecules regulate encystation of Acanthamoeba
Eun-Kyung Moon, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong
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Mini Review

Trypanosome Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Biosynthesis: Yeonchul Hong, Taroh Kinoshita; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):197-204.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.197

Abstract
PDF

Trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite, causes sleeping sickness in humans and Nagana disease in domestic animals in central Africa. The trypanosome surface is extensively covered by glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins known as variant surface glycoproteins and procyclins. GPI anchoring is suggested to be important for trypanosome survival and establishment of infection. Trypanosomes are not only pathogenically important, but also constitute a useful model for elucidating the GPI biosynthesis pathway. This review focuses on the trypanosome GPI biosynthesis pathway. Studies on GPI that will be described indicate the potential for the design of drugs that specifically inhibit trypanosome GPI biosynthesis.

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