Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"cryptosporidiosis"

Brief Communication

Molecular Identification of Cryptosporidium viatorum Infection in a Patient Suffering from Unusual Cryptosporidiosis in West Bengal, India: Sanjib Kumar Sardar, Ajanta Ghosal, Yumiko Saito-Nakano, Shanta Dutta, Tomoyoshi Nozaki, Sandipan Ganguly; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(4):409-413.
Published online August 18, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.4.409

Abstract
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In this study, we have collected and screened a total of 268 stool samples from diarrheal patients admitted to an Infectious disease hospital in Kolkata for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. The initial diagnosis was carried out by microscopy followed by genus specific polymerase chain reaction assays based on 70 kDa heat shock proteins (HSP70). DNA sequencing of the amplified locus has been employed for determination of genetic diversity of the local isolates. Out of 268 collected samples, 12 (4.48%) were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. Sequences analysis of 70 kDa heat shock proteins locus in 12 Cryptosporidium local isolates revealed that 2.24% and 1.86% of samples were showing 99% to 100% identity with C. parvum and C. hominis. Along with the other 2 major species one recently described globally distributed pathogenic species Cryptosporidium viatorum has been identified. The HSP70 locus sequence of the isolate showed 100% similarity with a previously described isolate of C. viatorum (Accession No. JX978274.1, JX978273.1, and JN846706.1) present in GenBank.

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Zhen-Qiu Gao, Hai-Tao Wang, Jing-Hao Li, Yi-Xuan Song, Qing-Yu Hou, Si-Yuan Qin, He Ma, Quan Zhao, Ya Qin
Parasite.2025; 32: 19. CrossRef
Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis: An update of Asian perspectives in humans, water and food, 2015–2025
Shahira Abdelaziz Ali Ahmed, Sonia Boughattas, Mohammad Reza Mahmoudi, Huma Khan, Simuzar Mamedova, Ardra Namboodiri, Frederick R. Masangkay, Panagiotis Karanis
Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases.2025; 8: 100311. CrossRef
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Siobhon Egan, Amanda D. Barbosa, Yaoyu Feng, Lihua Xiao, Una Ryan
Water Research.2024; 251: 121165. CrossRef
An Update on Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypes in Humans
Una Ryan, Alireza Zahedi, Yaoyu Feng, Lihua Xiao
Animals.2021; 11(11): 3307. CrossRef

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Case Report

A Waterborne Outbreak and Detection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Drinking Water of an Older High-Rise Apartment Complex in Seoul: Eun-Joo Cho, Jin-Young Yang, Eun-Sook Lee, Se-Chul Kim, So-Yang Cha, Sung-Tek Kim, Man-Ho Lee, Sun-Hee Han, Young-Sang Park; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):461-466.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.461

Abstract
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From May to June 2012, a waterborne outbreak of 124 cases of cryptosporidiosis occurred in the plumbing systems of an older high-rise apartment complex in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The residents of this apartment complex had symptoms of watery diarrhea and vomiting. Tap water samples in the apartment complex and its adjacent buildings were collected and tested for 57 parameters under the Korean Drinking Water Standards and for additional 11 microbiological parameters. The microbiological parameters included total colony counts, Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus, fecal streptococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, total culturable viruses, and Norovirus. While the tap water samples of the adjacent buildings complied with the Korean Drinking Water Standards for all parameters, fecal bacteria and Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in the tap water samples of the outbreak apartment complex. It turned out that the agent of the disease was Cryptosporidium parvum. The drinking water was polluted with sewage from a septic tank in the apartment complex. To remove C. parvum oocysts, we conducted physical processes of cleaning the water storage tanks, flushing the indoor pipes, and replacing old pipes with new ones. Finally we restored the clean drinking water to the apartment complex after identification of no oocysts.

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You-Jeong Lee, Beoul Kim, Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(4): 438. CrossRef
Molecular identification and antiprotozoal activity of silver nanoparticles on viability of Cryptosporidium parvum isolated from pigeons, pigeon fanciers and water
Rasha M. M. Abou Elez, Amira S. A. Attia, Hala M. N. Tolba, Reham G. A. Anter, Ibrahim Elsohaby
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Ah-Young Kim, Badriah Alkathiri, Subin Lee, Kyung-Duk Min, Soochong Kim, Sang-Myeong Lee, Wan-Kyu Lee, Dongmi Kwak, Seung-Hun Lee
Parasitology Research.2023; 122(9): 2045. CrossRef
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Kamila Jessie Sammarro Silva, Lyda Patricia Sabogal-Paz
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Fernando César Andreoli, Lyda Patricia Sabogal-Paz
Parasitology Research.2021; 120(2): 629. CrossRef
Molecular Prevalence and Genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis in Patients with Acute Diarrhea in Korea, 2013-2016
Da-Won Ma, Myoung-Ro Lee, Sung-Hee Hong, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Sang-Eun Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(5): 531. CrossRef
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Young Yil Bahk, Pyo Yun Cho, Sung Kyu Ahn, Sangjung Park, Won Hwa Jheong, Yun-Kyu Park, Ho-Joon Shin, Sang-Seob Lee, Okjae Rhee, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(2): 205. CrossRef

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Original Article

A Hospital-Based Serological Survey of Cryptosporidiosis in the Republic of Korea: Jong-Kyu Lee, Eun-Taek Han, Sun Huh, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):219-225.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.219

Abstract
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The seroprevalence of cryptosporidiosis was examined using patients' sera collected from hospitals located in 4 different areas of the Republic of Korea. ELISA was used to measure antibody titers against Cryptosporidium parvum antigens from a total of 2,394 serum samples, which were collected randomly from patients in local hospitals; 1) Chungbuk National University Hospital, 2) Konkuk University Hospital, 3) local hospitals in Chuncheon, Gangwon-do (province), 4) Jeonnam National University Hospital, from 2002 through 2003. Of the 2,394 samples assayed, 34%, 26%, and 56% were positive for C. parvum-specific IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies, respectively. Positive IgG titers were most common in sera from Jeonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Jeollanam-do, and positive IgM titers were most common in sera from Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Chuncheongbuk-do. The seropositivity was positively correlated with age for both the IgG and IgA antibodies but was negatively correlated with age for the IgM antibodies. Western blotting revealed that 92%, 83%, and 77% of sera positive for IgG, IgM, and IgA ELISA reacted with 27-kDa antigens, respectively. These results suggested that infection with Cryptosporidium in hospital patients occurs more commonly than previously reported in the Republic of Korea.

Citations

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A Waterborne Outbreak and Detection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Drinking Water of an Older High-Rise Apartment Complex in Seoul
Eun-Joo Cho, Jin-Young Yang, Eun-Sook Lee, Se-Chul Kim, So-Yang Cha, Sung-Tek Kim, Man-Ho Lee, Sun-Hee Han, Young-Sang Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(4): 461. CrossRef
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Infection & Chemotherapy.2012; 44(3): 93. CrossRef
Serum IgG Responses and Seroconversion Patterns to Cryptosporidium gp15 among Children in a Birth Cohort in South India
Rajiv Sarkar, Sitara Swarna Rao Ajjampur, Jayaprakash Muliyil, Honorine Ward, Elena N. Naumova, Gagandeep Kang
Clinical and Vaccine Immunology.2012; 19(6): 849. CrossRef
Characterization of the thioredoxin peroxidase from Cryptosporidium parvum
Migyo Joung, Sejoung Yoon, Kyungmi Choi, Joung-Yeon Kim, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu
Experimental Parasitology.2011; 129(4): 331. CrossRef
Cryptosporidiosis
Jae-Ran Yu
Hanyang Medical Reviews.2010; 30(3): 187. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Ultrastructural Localization of Cryptosporidium parvum Antigen Using Human Patients Sera: Jong-Gyu Lee, Eun-Taek Han, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):171-174.
Published online May 27, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.171

Abstract
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The antigen location of Cryptosporidium parvum, which stimulates antibody formation in humans and animals, was investigated using infected human sera. Immuno-electron microscopy revealed that antigenicity-inducing humoral immunity was located at various developmental stages of parasites, including asexual, sexual stages, and oocysts. The amount of antigen-stimulating IgG antibodies was particularly high on the oocyst wall. The sporozoite surface was shown to give stimulation on IgG and IgM antibody formation. Trophozoites implicated the lowest antigenicity to humoral immunity, both IgG and IgM, by showing the least amount of gold labeling. Immunogold labeling also provided clues that antigens were presented to the host-cell cytoplasm via feeder organelles and host-parasite junctions.

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Cryptostatin, a chagasin-family cysteine protease inhibitor ofCryptosporidium parvum
J.-M. KANG, H.-L. JU, J.-R. YU, W.-M. SOHN, B.-K. NA
Parasitology.2012; 139(8): 1029. CrossRef

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Original Article

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in diarrheic and non-diarrheic humans in Iran: Mohammad Mirzaei; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):133-137.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.133

Abstract
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For evaluation of the prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in diarrheic and non-diarrheic humans in Iran, fecal specimens from diarrheic (n = 129) and non-diarrheic humans (n = 271) were collected and examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts. The presence of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts was determined by Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining. Humans were grouped according to their age as follows: younger than 15, 16-25, 26-35, 36-50, and over 51 years. The results showed that the overall prevalence of infection in all 400 samples was 10.8%, but the prevalence (25.6%) in diarrheic humans was higher than that (3.7%) in non-diarrheic humans. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. were detected in the feces of 21.4%, 9.3%, 8.8%, 6.7% and 5.7% of different age groups, respectively. The intensity of oocysts was significantly higher in diarrheic humans than in non-diarrheic ones. There was a significant association between Cryptosporidium sp. infection and occurrence of diarrhea (P < 0.05). The results indicate that Cryptosporidium sp. infection is prevalent in diarrheic humans in Iran.

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Brief Communication

A survey of cryptosporidiosis among 2,541 residents of 25 coastal islands in Jeollanam-do (Province), Republic of Korea: Jae-Hwan Park, Hyo-Jin Kim, Sang-Mee Guk, Eun-Hee Shin, Jae-Lip Kim, Han-Jong Rim, Soon-Hyung Lee, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):367-372.
Published online December 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.367

Abstract
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In order to determine the distribution and prevalence of human cryptosporidiosis on western and southern coastal islands of Jeollanam-do (Province), fecal samples were collected from 2,541 people residing on 25 islands, 13 in the western coasts and 12 in the southern coasts, during July and August 2000. Fecal smears were prepared following formalin-ether sedimentation of the samples and stained by a modified acid-fast procedure. The presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts was determined by light microscopy. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 38 specimens (1.5%). The oocyst positive rate varied (0-6.0%) according to island; the highest was detected on Oenarodo (6.0%), followed by Naenarodo (5.6%) and Nakwoldo (5.4%). The majority (35 persons, 94.6%) of Cryptosporidium-infected individuals were older than 50 years of age. Men (22/1,159; 1.9%) were infected at a higher rate than women (16/1,382; 1.2%). The results of the present survey indicate that human Cryptosporidium infections (due to Cryptosporidium hominis and/or C. parvum) are maintained at a relatively low prevalence on coastal islands of Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.

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