Clonorchis sinensis is a food-borne trematode that infects more than 15 million people. The liver fluke causes clonorchiasis and chronical cholangitis, and promotes cholangiocarcinoma. The underlying molecular pathogenesis occurring in the bile duct by the infection is little known. In this study, transcriptome profile in the bile ducts infected with C. sinensis were analyzed using microarray methods. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were 1,563 and 1,457 at 2 and 4 weeks after infection. Majority of the DEGs were temporally dysregulated at 2 weeks, but 519 DEGs showed monotonically changing expression patterns that formed seven distinct expression profiles. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis of the DEG products revealed 5 sub-networks and 10 key hub proteins while weighted co-expression network analysis (WGCNA)-derived gene-gene interaction exhibited 16 co-expression modules and 13 key hub genes. The DEGs were significantly enriched in 16 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways, which were related to original systems, cellular process, environmental information processing, and human diseases. This study uncovered a global picture of gene expression profiles in the bile ducts infected with C. sinensis, and provided a set of potent predictive biomarkers for early diagnosis of clonorchiasis.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Liver Fluke-Derived Molecules Accelerate Skin Repair Processes in a Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Anna Kovner, Yaroslav Kapushchak, Oxana Zaparina, Dmitry Ponomarev, Maria Pakharukova International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(22): 12002. CrossRef
Comparative liver transcriptome analysis in hamsters infected with food-borne trematodes Opisthorchis felineus, Opisthorchis viverrini, or Clonorchis sinensis Ekaterina A. Lishai, Oxana G. Zaparina, Yaroslav K. Kapushchak, Banchob Sripa, Sun-Jong Hong, Guofeng Cheng, Maria Y. Pakharukova, Feng Xue PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2024; 18(12): e0012685. CrossRef
Current status of Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis in Korea: epidemiological perspectives integrating the data from human and intermediate hosts Won Gi Yoo, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na Parasitology.2022; 149(10): 1296. CrossRef
Transcriptomic profiling of three-dimensional cholangiocyte spheroids long term exposed to repetitive Clonorchis sinensis excretory-secretory products Jung-Woong Kim, Junyeong Yi, Jinhong Park, Ji Hoon Jeong, Jinho Kim, Jihee Won, Seok Chung, Tong-Soo Kim, Jhang Ho Pak Parasites & Vectors.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic infection caused by Echinococcus granulosus larvae. It seriously affects the development of animal husbandry and endangers human health. Due to a poor understanding of the cystic fluid formation pathway, there is currently a lack of innovative methods for the prevention and treatment of CE. In this study, the protoscoleces (PSCs) in the encystation process were analyzed by high-throughput RNA sequencing. A total of 32,401 transcripts and 14,903 cDNAs revealed numbers of new genes and transcripts, stage-specific genes, and differently expressed genes. Genes encoding proteins involved in signaling pathways, such as putative G-protein coupled receptor, tyrosine kinases, and serine/threonine protein kinase, were predominantly up-regulated during the encystation process. Antioxidant enzymes included cytochrome c oxidase, thioredoxin glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase were a high expression level. Intriguingly, KEGG enrichment suggested that differentially up-regulated genes involved in the vasopressin-regulated water reabsorption metabolic pathway may play important roles in the transport of proteins, carbohydrates, and other substances. These results provide valuable information on the mechanism of cystic fluid production during the encystation process, and provide a basis for further studies on the molecular mechanisms of growth and development of PSCs.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
First comparative proteomic and in vitro behavioral study of Echinococcus granulosus metacestodes in Felis catus Andrea Maglioco, Vanesa V. Miana, María Pía Valacco, Facundo A. Agüero, María Laura Gertiser, Héctor G. Avila, Melisa S. Barbery Venturi, Oscar Jensen, Alejandra Y. Juárez Valdez, Elio A. Prieto González, Alicia G. Fuchs Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of Echinococcus multilocularis larvae and germinative cell cultures reveals genes involved in parasite stem cell function Michaela Herz, Magdalena Zarowiecki, Leonie Wessels, Katharina Pätzel, Ruth Herrmann, Christiane Braun, Nancy Holroyd, Thomas Huckvale, Monika Bergmann, Markus Spiliotis, Uriel Koziol, Matthew Berriman, Klaus Brehm Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
In vitro and in silico scolicidal effect of sanguinarine on the hydatid cyst protoscoleces Elham Hassanzadeh, Shahram Khademvatan, Behzad Jafari, Abbas Jafari, Elham Yousefi, Sheikh Arslan Sehgal PLOS ONE.2023; 18(10): e0290947. CrossRef
Transcriptome analysis of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto protoscoleces reveals differences in immune modulation gene expression between cysts found in cattle and sheep Ismael Pereira, Christian Hidalgo, Caroll Stoore, María Soledad Baquedano, Carolina Cabezas, Macarena Bastías, Aníbal Riveros, Claudio Meneses, Martín Cancela, Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira, Leonardo Sáenz, Rodolfo Paredes Veterinary Research.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Chromosome-scale Echinococcus granulosus (genotype G1) genome reveals the Eg95 gene family and conservation of the EG95-vaccine molecule Pasi K. Korhonen, Liina Kinkar, Neil D. Young, Huimin Cai, Marshall W. Lightowlers, Charles Gauci, Abdul Jabbar, Bill C. H. Chang, Tao Wang, Andreas Hofmann, Anson V. Koehler, Junhua Li, Jiandong Li, Daxi Wang, Jiefang Yin, Huanming Yang, David J. Jenkins Communications Biology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The Genomes of Two Strains of Taenia crassiceps the Animal Model for the Study of Human Cysticercosis Raúl J. Bobes, Karel Estrada, Diana G. Rios-Valencia, Arturo Calderón-Gallegos, Patricia de la Torre, Julio C. Carrero, Alejandro Sanchez-Flores, Juan P. Laclette Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Evolutionary Adaptations of Parasitic Flatworms to Different Oxygen Tensions José de Jesús Martínez-González, Alberto Guevara-Flores, Irene Patricia del Arenal Mena Antioxidants.2022; 11(6): 1102. CrossRef
Bioinformatics analysis and experimental verification of Notch signalling pathway-related miRNA–mRNA subnetwork in extracellular vesicles during Echinococcus granulosus encystation Jian Gao, Xuan Zhou, Ling Liu, Guodong Lv, Qiulian Hou, Xiaofan Zhang, Yujuan Shen Parasites & Vectors.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
iTRAQ-based comparative proteomic analysis in different developmental stages ofEchinococcus granulosus Xin Li, Song Jiang, Xuhai Wang, Wenqiao Hui, Bin Jia Parasite.2021; 28: 15. CrossRef
Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of the early developmental stages of Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces reveals extensive alternative splicing events in the spliceosome pathway Mohammad Ali Mohammadi, Majid Fasihi Harandi, Donald P. McManus, Mehdi Mansouri Parasites & Vectors.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Synergism therapeutic and immunoregulatory effects of Albendazole + rAd-mIL-28B against Echinococcosis in experiment-infected mice with protoscoleces Yan Zhang, Jianghua Wang, Qingxia Yang, Zhi Li, Xiaoying Xu, Chong Chen, Zongjie Hou, Qi He, Li Sheng, Xingming Ma, Yanping Luo, Alessandra Morassutti PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2021; 15(11): e0009927. CrossRef
To examine the expressed gene profile during encystation of Acanthamoeba castellanii Castellani, we used differentially expressed gene (DGE) screening by RT-PCR with 20 sets of random primers. From this analysis, we found that approximately 16 genes showed upregulation during encystation. We chose 6 genes, which had relatively higher expression levels, for further investigation. Based on homology search in database, DEG2 showed 55% of similarity with xylose isomerase, DEG9 showed 37% of similarity with Na P-type ATPase, and DEG14 showed 77% of similarity with subtilisin-like serine proteinase. DEG3 and DEG26 were identified as hypothetical proteins and DEG25 exhibited no significant similarity to any known protein. Encystation of Acanthamoeba has been suggested to be a process to resist adverse environmental or nutritional conditions. Further characterization studies of these genes may provide us with more information on the encystation mechanism of Acanthamoeba.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Encystment and Excystment Processes in Acanthamoeba castellanii: An Emphasis on Cellulose Involvement Mathew Choaji, Ascel Samba-Louaka, Zineb Fechtali-Moute, Willy Aucher, Sébastien Pomel Pathogens.2025; 14(3): 268. CrossRef
Oxidase enzyme genes are differentially expressed during Acanthamoeba castellanii encystment Christian Q. Scheckhuber, Rebeca Damián Ferrara, Jesús Gómez-Montalvo, Sutherland K. Maciver, Alvaro de Obeso Fernández del Valle Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Ouabain, ATPase inhibitor, potentially enhances the effect of polyhexamethylene biguanide on Acanthamoeba castellanii Kuang-Yi Shih, Yao-Tsung Chang, Yu-Jen Wang, Jian-Ming Huang International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance.2024; 25: 100550. CrossRef
Acanthamoeba
keratitis: new hopes for potential interventions for a curable but often refractory disease
Bader Saleem Alawfi, Naveed Ahmed Khan, David Lloyd, Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui Expert Review of Ophthalmology.2024; 19(4): 271. CrossRef
Biological characteristics and pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba Yuehua Wang, Linzhe Jiang, Yitong Zhao, Xiaohong Ju, Le Wang, Liang Jin, Ryan D. Fine, Mingguang Li Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
mRNA Sequencing Reveals Upregulation of Glutathione S-Transferase Genes during Acanthamoeba Encystation Alvaro de Obeso Fernández del Valle, Christian Quintus Scheckhuber, David Armando Chavaro-Pérez, Erandi Ortega-Barragán, Sutherland K. Maciver Microorganisms.2023; 11(4): 992. CrossRef
Stimulation of Acanthamoeba castellanii excystment by enzyme treatment and consequences on trophozoite growth Zineb Fechtali-Moute, Philippe M. Loiseau, Sébastien Pomel Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Peganum harmala Extract Has Antiamoebic Activity to Acanthamoeba triangularis Trophozoites and Changes Expression of Autophagy-Related Genes Rachasak Boonhok, Suthinee Sangkanu, Julalak Chuprom, Mayuna Srisuphanunt, Roghayeh Norouzi, Abolghasem Siyadatpanah, Farzaneh Mirzaei, Watcharapong Mitsuwan, Sueptrakool Wisessombat, Maria de Lourdes Pereira, Mohammed Rahmatullah, Polrat Wilairatana, Chr Pathogens.2021; 10(7): 842. CrossRef
Whole Organism Model to Study Molecular Mechanisms of Differentiation and Dedifferentiation Areeba Anwar, Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Naveed Ahmed Khan Biology.2020; 9(4): 79. CrossRef
New insights into the mechanical properties of Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts as revealed by phonon microscopy Fernando Pérez-Cota, Richard J. Smith, Hany M. Elsheikha, Matt Clark Biomedical Optics Express.2019; 10(5): 2399. CrossRef
Encystation: the most prevalent and underinvestigated differentiation pathway of eukaryotes Pauline Schaap, Christina Schilde Microbiology.2018; 164(5): 727. CrossRef
Acanthamoeba and mimivirus interactions: the role of amoebal encystment and the expansion of the ‘Cheshire Cat’ theory Ludmila Karen dos Santos Silva, Paulo Victor Miranda Boratto, Bernard La Scola, Cláudio Antônio Bonjardim, Jônatas Santos Abrahão Current Opinion in Microbiology.2016; 31: 9. CrossRef
Autophagy protein 12 plays an essential role in Acanthamoeba encystation So-Hee Kim, Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong Experimental Parasitology.2015; 159: 46. CrossRef
Down-Regulation of Cellulose Synthase Inhibits the Formation of Endocysts in Acanthamoeba Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Hyun-Hee Kong The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(2): 131. CrossRef
Chloroquine Has a Cytotoxic Effect on Acanthamoeba Encystation through Modulation of Autophagy Bijay Kumar Jha, Hui-Jung Jung, Incheol Seo, Hyun Ah Kim, Seong-Il Suh, Min-Ho Suh, Won-Ki Baek Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2014; 58(10): 6235. CrossRef
Silencing of xylose isomerase and cellulose synthase by siRNA inhibits encystation in Acanthamoeba castellanii Yousuf Aqeel, Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Naveed Ahmed Khan Parasitology Research.2013; 112(3): 1221. CrossRef
Acanthamoebadifferentiation: a two-faced drama ofDr Jekyll and Mr Hyde RUQAIYYAH SIDDIQUI, RICKY DUDLEY, NAVEED AHMED KHAN Parasitology.2012; 139(7): 826. CrossRef
Protein kinase C signaling molecules regulate encystation of Acanthamoeba Eun-Kyung Moon, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong Experimental Parasitology.2012; 132(4): 524. CrossRef
Cellular, Biochemical, and Molecular Changes during Encystment of Free-Living Amoebae Emilie Fouque, Marie-Cécile Trouilhé, Vincent Thomas, Philippe Hartemann, Marie-Hélène Rodier, Yann Héchard Eukaryotic Cell.2012; 11(4): 382. CrossRef
Microarray Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes between Cysts and Trophozoites ofAcanthamoeba castellanii Eun-Kyung Moon, Ying-Hua Xuan, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(4): 341. CrossRef
Major Role for Cysteine Proteases during the Early Phase of Acanthamoeba castellanii Encystment David Leitsch, Martina Köhsler, Martina Marchetti-Deschmann, Andrea Deutsch, Günter Allmaier, Michael Duchêne, Julia Walochnik Eukaryotic Cell.2010; 9(4): 611. CrossRef
Acanthamoeba castellanii: Proteins involved in actin dynamics, glycolysis, and proteolysis are regulated during encystation Sabrina Bouyer, Marie-Hélène Rodier, Alain Guillot, Yann Héchard Experimental Parasitology.2009; 123(1): 90. CrossRef
Characterization of a Serine Proteinase Mediating Encystation of
Acanthamoeba
Eun-Kyung Moon, Dong-Il Chung, Yeon-Chul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong Eukaryotic Cell.2008; 7(9): 1513. CrossRef
First
Prev
