Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"eye"

Case Reports

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis of the Eyelids: A Case Series with Molecular Identification and Literature Review: Iraj Mohammadpour, Mohammad Hossein Motazedian, Farhad Handjani, Gholam Reza Hatam; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(6):787-792.
Published online December 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.6.787

Abstract
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Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a protozoan disease which is endemic in Iran. It is transmitted by the Phlebotomus sand fly. The eyelid is rarely involved possibly because the movement of the lids impedes the sand fly from biting the skin in this region. Here, we report 6 rare cases of eyelid CL. The patients were diagnosed by skin scraping, culture, and PCR from the lesions. Skin scraping examination showed Leishmania spp. amastigotes in the cytoplasm of macrophages. Culture examination was positive for Leishmania spp. PCR was positive for Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica. The lesions were disguised as basal cell carcinoma, chalazion, hordeolum, and impetigo. The patients were treated with intramuscular meglumine antimoniate (20 mg/kg/day) for at least 3 weeks. They showed a dramatic response, and the lesions almost completely disappeared. We emphasized the importance of clinical and diagnostic features of lesions, characterized the phylogenetic relationship of isolated parasites, and reviewed the literature on ocular leishmaniasis.

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Management strategies for chalazia in pediatric patients: A scoping review
Tom Kornhauser, Abdelrahman M. Elhusseiny, John D. Pemberton
European Journal of Ophthalmology.2025; 35(4): 1481. CrossRef
Self-administration of herbal treatment for periocular cutaneous leishmaniasis: A case report and systematic review
Rawan N. AlThaqib, Faisal A. Altahan, Hamad M. Alsulaiman, Diego Strianese, Azza Maktabi
Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology.2025; 39(2): 174. CrossRef
Atypical Manifestations of Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Systematic Review and Clinical Atlas of Unusual Clinical and Specific Anatomical Presentations
Bahareh Abtahi‐Naeini, Seyed Naser Emadi, Zabihollah Shahmoradi, Mahsa Pourmahdi‐Boroujeni, Ali Saffaei, Fereshte Rastegarnasab
Health Science Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Unilateral erythematous nodule over eyelid
Farzana Ansari, Akriti Agrawal, Anupama Bains, Poonam Elhence
Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology.2023; 89: 928. CrossRef
Ocular Leishmaniasis - A systematic review
Guillaume Mignot, Yagnaseni Bhattacharya, Aravind Reddy
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology.2021; 69(5): 1052. CrossRef
The Geographical Distribution of Human Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmania Species Identified by Molecular Methods in Iran: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis
Homa Hajjaran, Reza Saberi, Alireza Borjian, Mahdi Fakhar, Seyed Abdollah Hosseini, Sajjad Ghodrati, Mehdi Mohebali
Frontiers in Public Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Dermatoses infectieuses des paupières
A. Hamerstehl, M. Verstappen, P. del Giudice
Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie - FMC.2021; 1(8): 542. CrossRef
Noninvasive Biological Samples to Detect and Diagnose Infections due to Trypanosomatidae Parasites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Denis Sereno, Mohammad Akhoundi, Kourosh Sayehmri, Asad Mirzaei, Philippe Holzmuller, Veerle Lejon, Etienne Waleckx
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2020; 21(5): 1684. CrossRef
Leishmania cytochrome b gene sequence polymorphisms in southern Iran: relationships with different cutaneous clinical manifestations
Iraj Mohammadpour, Gholam Reza Hatam, Farhad Handjani, Farzaneh Bozorg-Ghalati, Daniel PourKamal, Mohammad Hossein Motazedian
BMC Infectious Diseases.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Case Report: Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis Masquerading as Idiopathic Midline Granulomatous Disease
Nilesh Tejura, Eunjung Kim, Lisa L. Dever, Debra Chew
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2019; 101(5): 1107. CrossRef
Efficacy of cryotherapy plus topical Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb cream versus cryotherapy plus placebo in the treatment of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis: A triple-blind randomized controlled clinical trial
Mohammad Mahdi Parvizi, Farhad Handjani, Mahmoodreza Moein, Gholamreza Hatam, Majid Nimrouzi, Jafar Hassanzadeh, Nasrin Hamidizadeh, Hamid Reza Khorrami, Mohammad Mehdi Zarshenas, Waleed Saleh Al-Salem
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2017; 11(10): e0005957. CrossRef

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A Pediatric Case of Thelaziasis in Korea: Chung Hyuk Yim, Jeong Hee Ko, Jung Hyun Lee, Yu Mi Choi, Won Wook Lee, Sang Ki Ahn, Myoung Hee Ahn, Kyong Eun Choi; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(3):319-321.
Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.319

Abstract
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In the present study, we intended to report a clinical pediatric case of thelaziasis in Korea. In addition, we briefly reviewed the literature on pediatric cases of thelaziasis in Korea. In the present case, 3 whitish, thread-like eye-worms were detected in a 6-year-old-boy living in an urban area and contracted an ocular infection known as thelaziasis incidentally during ecological agritainment. This is the first report of pediatric thelaziasis in Seoul after 1995.

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Thelaziasis in humans: A systematic review of reported cases
D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Jorge Luis Bonilla-Aldana, Jaime David Acosta-España, Ranjit Sah, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
New Microbes and New Infections.2025; 65: 101599. CrossRef
A Case of Thelazia Callipaeda Ocular Infection Identified in Patients with Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
Shin Hee Hong, Tae Hun Kim, Hye Jin Shi, Joong Sik Eom, Yoonseon Park
Korean Journal of Healthcare-Associated Infection Control and Prevention.2022; 27(1): 77. CrossRef
A Nest of Worms in the Eye
Huanhuan Cheng, Chunyun Wu, Juan Deng, Yingjie Liu
The American Journal of the Medical Sciences.2018; 355(5): e15. CrossRef
A Case of Twice Recurring Ocular Thelaziasis from Thelazia callipaeda
Bon Hyeok Gu, Dong Eun Oh
Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society.2018; 59(9): 867. CrossRef

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A Case of Ocular Angiostrongyliasis with Molecular Identification of the Species in Vietnam: Nguyen Van De, Le Van Duyet, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):713-717.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.713

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A 23-year-old female residing in a village of Cao Bang Province, North Vietnam, visited the Hospital of Hanoi Medical University in July 2013. She felt dim eyes and a bulge-sticking pain in her left eye for some days before visiting the hospital. In the hospital, a clinical examination, an eye endoscopy, and an operation were carried out. A nematode specimen was collected from the eye of this patient. The body of this worm was thin and long and measured 22.0×0.3 mm. It was morphologically suggested as an immature female worm of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. By a molecular method using 18S rRNA gene, this nematode was confirmed as A. cantonensis. This is the first molecular study for identification of A. cantonensis in Vietnam.

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Insights into the genetic diversity of Angiostrongylus spp. causing human angiostrongyliasis and implications for molecular identification and diagnosis
Abigail Hui En Chan, Chanisara Kaenkaew, Wallop Pakdee, Urusa Thaenkham
Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2024; 35: e00230. CrossRef
Identification and genetic characterization of Angiostrongylus cantonensis isolated from the human eye
Abdulhakam Dumidae, Kanin Luangsawang, Aunchalee Thanwisai, Apichat Vitta
Parasitology Research.2023; 122(9): 2217. CrossRef
Two Ocular Angiostrongyliasis Cases in Thailand with Molecular Identification of Causative Parasite Species
Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew, Thuss Sanguansak, Siriraksa Visaetsilpanonta, Oranuch Sanpool, Lakkhana Sadaow, Pewpan M. Intapan, Wanchai Maleewong
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2020; 102(6): 1399. CrossRef
The metagenomic next-generation sequencing in diagnosing central nervous system angiostrongyliasis: a case report
Li Feng, Aiwu Zhang, Jiali Que, Hongyan Zhou, Haiyan Wang, Yuanlin Guan, Cunzhou Shen, Xunsha Sun, Rong Lai, Fuhua Peng, Huiyu Feng, Ling Chen
BMC Infectious Diseases.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Angiostrongylus cantonensis Is an Important Cause of Eosinophilic Meningitis in Southern Vietnam
Angela McBride, Tran Thi Hong Chau, Nguyen Thi Thu Hong, Nguyen Thi Hoang Mai, Nguyen To Anh, Tran Tan Thanh, Tran Thi Hue Van, Le Thi Xuan, Tran Phu Manh Sieu, Le Hong Thai, Ly Van Chuong, Dinh Xuan Sinh, Nguyen Duy Phong, Nguyen Hoan Phu, Jeremy Day, Ho
Clinical Infectious Diseases.2017; 64(12): 1784. CrossRef
Development of Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Antigen Detection in Human Angiostrongylus cantonensis Infection
Mu-Xin Chen, Jia-Xu Chen, Shao-Hong Chen, Da-Na Huang, Lin Ai, Ren-Li Zhang
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(3): 375. CrossRef
Angiostrongylus cantonensis and A. malaysiensis Broadly Overlap in Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia and Myanmar: A Molecular Survey of Larvae in Land Snails
Rutchanee Rodpai, Pewpan M. Intapan, Tongjit Thanchomnang, Oranuch Sanpool, Lakkhana Sadaow, Sakhone Laymanivong, Win Papa Aung, Issarapong Phosuk, Porntip Laummaunwai, Wanchai Maleewong, Donald James Colgan
PLOS ONE.2016; 11(8): e0161128. CrossRef

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Molecular Diagnosis of an Ocular Toxocariasis Patient in Vietnam: Nguyen Van De, Nguyen Vu Trung, Le Van Duyet, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):563-567.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.563

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An ocular Toxocara canis infection is reported for the first time in Vietnam. A 34-year-old man residing in a village of Son La Province, North Vietnam, visited the National Eye Hospital (NEH) in August 2011. He felt a bulge-sticking pain in his left eye and loss of vision occurred over 3 months before visiting the hospital. The eye examination in the hospital showed damage of the left eye, red eye, retinal fibrosis, retinal detachment, inflammation of the eye tissues, retinal granulomas, and a parasitic cyst inside. A larva of Toxocara was collected with the cyst by a medical doctor by surgery. Comparison of 264 nucleotides of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of ribosomal DNA was done between our Vietnamese Toxocara canis and other Toxocara geographical isolates, including Chinese T. canis, Japanese T. canis, Sri Lankan T. canis, and Iranian T. canis. The nucleotide homology was 97-99%, when our T. canis was compared with geographical isolates. Identification of a T. canis infection in the eye by a molecular method was performed for the first time in Vietnam.

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Toxocara cati Infection in Cats (Felis catus): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Jorge Luis Bonilla-Aldana, Alba Cristina Espinosa-Nuñez, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
Animals.2024; 14(7): 1022. CrossRef
An Integrated Coproscopic and Molecular Method Provides Insights into the Epidemiology of Zoonotic Intestinal Helminths of Dogs across Cambodia
Patsy A. Zendejas-Heredia, Vito Colella, Lucas G. Huggins, Roland Schaper, Bettina Schunack, Rebecca J. Traub, Long-Xian Zhang
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef
An overview of human helminthioses in Vietnam: Their prevention, control and lessons learnt
Hung Manh Nguyen, Dung Trung Do, Stephen E. Greiman, Ha Van Nguyen, Hien Van Hoang, Toan Quoc Phan, Phuc Pham-Duc, Henry Madsen
Acta Tropica.2023; 238: 106753. CrossRef
A delayed diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis presenting as total monocular retinal detachment in an immunocompetent 57-year-old male
George W. Jowsey, Gavin X. McLeod
IDCases.2023; 32: e01764. CrossRef
Molecular and microscopic detection of natural and experimental infections of Toxocara vitulorum in bovine milk
Amira Dewair, Mohamed Bessat, Jacopo Guccione
PLOS ONE.2020; 15(5): e0233453. CrossRef
Toxocariasis: a silent threat with a progressive public health impact
Jia Chen, Quan Liu, Guo-Hua Liu, Wen-Bin Zheng, Sung-Jong Hong, Hiromu Sugiyama, Xing-Quan Zhu, Hany M. Elsheikha
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Detection of Toxocara canis DNA in tissues of experimentally infected mice
Micaele Quintana de Moura, Marcia Raquel Pegoraro de Macedo, Wesley Douglas da Silva Terto, Luciana Farias da Costa Avila, Fabio Pereira Leivas Leite, Carlos James Scaini, Natália Berne Pinto, Gabriela de Almeida Capella, Adriane Leites Strothmann, Marcos
Acta Tropica.2018; 187: 51. CrossRef
Dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of Toxocara infection using a rat model
Vachel Gay V. Paller, Cyrelle M. Besana, Isabel Kristine M. Valdez
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2017; 41(4): 933. CrossRef
Levels of Toxocara infections in dogs and cats from urban Vietnam together with associated risk factors for transmission
N. Thi Lan Anh, D. Thi Thu Thuy, D. Huu Hoan, N. Thi Hop, D. Trung Dung
Journal of Helminthology.2016; 90(4): 508. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of fascioliasis, toxocariasis, strongyloidiasis and cysticercosis in blood samples diagnosed in Medic Medical Center Laboratory, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam in 2012
Toan Nguyen, Fei Wen Cheong, Jonathan Wee Kent Liew, Yee Ling Lau
Parasites & Vectors.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Field evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test to detect antibodies in human toxocariasis
P.K.C. Lim, H. Yamasaki, J.W. Mak, S.F. Wong, C.W. Chong, I.K.S. Yap, S. Ambu, V. Kumarasamy
Acta Tropica.2015; 148: 32. CrossRef

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The First Human Case of Thelazia callipaeda Infection in Vietnam: Nguyen Van De, Thanh Hoa Le, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):221-223.
Published online August 13, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.221

Abstract
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A 26-year-old man residing in a village of Thai Nguyen Province, North Vietnam, visited the Thai Nguyen Provincial Hospital in July 2008. He felt a bulge-sticking pain in his left eye and extracted 5 small nematode worms by himself half a day before visiting the hospital. Two more worms were extracted from his left eye by a medical doctor, and they were morphologically observed and genetically analyzed on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene. The worms were 1 male and 1 female, and genetically identical with those of Thelazia callipaeda. By the present study, the presence of human T. callipaeda infection is first reported in Vietnam.

Citations

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Clinical and parasitological significance of thelaziosis in dogs and cats
Milan Hadzi-Milic, Andjelka Lesevic, Petar Krivokuca, Nemanja Jovanovic, Tamara Ilic
Veterinarski glasnik.2025; 79(1): 20. CrossRef
The Vector-Borne Zoonotic Nematode Thelazia callipaeda in the Eastern Part of Europe, with a Clinical Case Report in a Dog in Poland
Leszek Rolbiecki, Joanna N. Izdebska, Marta Franke, Lech Iliszko, Sławomira Fryderyk
Pathogens.2021; 10(1): 55. CrossRef
A Case of Human Thelaziasis and Review of Chinese Cases
Shi Nan Liu, Fang Fang Xu, Wen Qing Chen, Peng Jiang, Jing Cui, Zhong Quan Wang, Xi Zhang
Acta Parasitologica.2020; 65(3): 783. CrossRef
A human corneal ulcer caused by Thelazia callipaeda in Southwest China: case report
Xiaoxing Wei, Bo Liu, Yijian Li, Ke Wang, Lixia Gao, Yuli Yang
Parasitology Research.2020; 119(10): 3531. CrossRef
Thelaziosis due to Thelazia callipaeda in Europe in the 21st century—A review
Beatriz do Vale, Ana Patrícia Lopes, Maria da Conceição Fontes, Mário Silvestre, Luís Cardoso, Ana Cláudia Coelho
Veterinary Parasitology.2019; 275: 108957. CrossRef
Human Thelaziasis: Emerging Ocular Pathogen in Nepal
Ranjit Sah, Shusila Khadka, Mahesh Adhikari, Reema Niraula, Apoorva Shah, Anadi Khatri, Suzanne Donovan
Open Forum Infectious Diseases.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Morphological and Mitochondrial Genomic Characterization of Eyeworms (Thelazia callipaeda) from Clinical Cases in Central China
Xi Zhang, Ya L. Shi, Zhong Q. Wang, Jiang Y. Duan, Peng Jiang, Ruo D. Liu, Jing Cui
Frontiers in Microbiology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Coinfection with Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus and Oriental Eye Worm in a Rural Woman: The First Report of an Unusual Case
Kyung Sik Seo, Hye Min Lee, Ho Joon Shin, Joong Sun Lee
Annals of Dermatology.2014; 26(1): 125. CrossRef

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Dirofilaria repens in Vietnam: Detection of 10 Eye and Subcutaneous Tissue Infection Cases Identified by Morphology and Molecular Methods: Nguyen Van De, Thanh Hoa Le, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):137-141.
Published online May 24, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.137

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From 2006 to 2010, hospitals in Hanoi treated 10 human patients for dirofilariasis. The worms were collected from parasitic places, and identification of the species was completed by morphology and molecular methods. Ten parasites were recovered either from the conjunctiva (n=9) or subcutaneous tissue (n=1). The parasites were 4.0-12.5 cm in length and 0.5-0.6 mm in width. Morphological observations suggested all parasites as Dirofilaria repens. Three of the 10 parasites (1 from subcutaneous tissue and 2 from eyes) were used for molecular confirmation of the species identification. A portion of the mitochondrial cox1 (461 bp) was amplified and sequenced. Nucleotide and amino acid homologies were 95% and 99-100%, respectively, when compared with D. repens (Italian origin, GenBank AJ271614; DQ358814). This is the first report of eye dirofilariasis and the second report of subcutaneous tissue dirofilariasis due to D. repens in Vietnam.

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Subconjunctival Granuloma Caused by Dirofilaria repens in an Indoor Dog From Thailand: A Case Report and Mitochondrial Genome Analysis
Natthanet Sritrakoon, Pongpun Sawatwong, Kannika Siripattarapravat, Duangkamon Siludjai, Famui Mueanpai, Peera Hemarajata, Sutawee Suksin, Wissanuwat Chimnoi, Nutsuda Klinkaew, Burin Nimsuphan
Veterinary Ophthalmology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Zoonotic Dirofilaria sp. “hongkongensis” in subcutaneous nodules from dogs and cats, Hong Kong SAR
Thamali Manathunga, May Tse, Livia Perles, Frederic Beugnet, Vanessa Barrs, Domenico Otranto
Parasites & Vectors.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Distribution of dirofilariasis in Omsk region
T. S. Ryazanova, A. V. Sverdlova, O. Yu. Starostina, A. A. Nikitin, N. Yu. Grigorova, Yu. V. Kochetkov
Acta Biomedica Scientifica.2022; 7(3): 277. CrossRef
Canine and feline vector-borne diseases of zoonotic concern in Southeast Asia
Viet-Linh Nguyen, Filipe Dantas-Torres, Domenico Otranto
Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases.2021; 1: 100001. CrossRef
High genetic diversity in theDirofilaria repensspecies complex revealed by mitochondrial genomes of feline microfilaria samples from Narathiwat, Thailand
Esra Yilmaz, Sirichit Wongkamchai, Sabrina Ramünke, Georgios D. Koutsovoulos, Mark L. Blaxter, Sven Poppert, Roland Schaper, Georg von Samson‐Himmelstjerna, Jürgen Krücken
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases.2019; 66(1): 389. CrossRef
Subcutaneous dirofilariasis of the groin in a male due to Dirofilaria repens
P. Xaplanteri, P. Patrikakos, F. Kolonitsiou, N. Zacharis, C. Potsios, M. Marangos, G. Zacharis
Hellenic Journal of Surgery.2017; 89(3-4): 178. CrossRef
Molecular characterization of human Dirofilaria isolates from Kerala
Najuma Nazar, Bindu Lakshmanan, K.K. Jayavardhanan
Indian Journal of Medical Research.2017; 146(4): 528. CrossRef
First Molecular Identification of Dirofilaria repens in a Dog Blood Sample from Guanajuato, Mexico
Sandra Ramos-Lopez, Ma. Fabiola León-Galván, Mariana Salas-Alatorre, Alma A. Lechuga-Arana, Mauricio Valencia-Posadas, Abner J. Gutiérrez-Chávez
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2016; 16(11): 734. CrossRef
Nódulo subcutáneo paraciliar de origen infrecuente
Frederic Gómez-Bertomeu, Antoni Raventós-Estellé, Domingo Bofill-Montoro, Eva González-Carballo
Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica.2015; 33(4): 268. CrossRef
A Rare Human Case of <i>Dirofilaria repens</i> Infection in the Subcutaneous Posterior Thorax with Molecular Identification
Tran Anh Le, Thuat Thang Vi, Khac Luc Nguyen, Thanh Hoa Le
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(3): 329. CrossRef
The First Human Case of Thelazia callipaeda Infection in Vietnam
Nguyen Van De, Thanh Hoa Le, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2012; 50(3): 221. CrossRef

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Original Article

Role of murine Peyer's patch lymphocytes against primary and challenge infections with Cryptosporidium parvum: Sang-Mee Guk, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(3):175-180.
Published online September 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.3.175

Abstract
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In order to determine the role of Peyer's patch lymphocytes (PPL) in self-clearing of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in murine models, changes in PPL subsets, their cytokine expression, and in vitro IgG1 and IgA secretions by PPL were observed in primary- and challenge-infected C57BL/6 mice. In primary-infected mice, the percentages of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, sIgA+ B cells, IL-2+ T cells, and IFN-γ+ T cells among the PPL, increased significantly (P < 0.05) on day 10 post-infection (PI). Secretion of IgG1 and IgA in vitro by PPL also increased on day 10 PI. However, all these responses, with the exception of IgG1 and IgA secretions, decreased in challenge-infected mice on day 7 post-challenge (= day 13 PI); their IgG1 and IgA levels were higher (P > 0.05) than those in primary-infected mice. The results suggest that murine PPL play an important role in self-clearing of primary C. parvum infections through proliferation of CD4+, CD8+, IL-2+, and IFN-γ+ T cells, and IgG1 and IgA-secreting B cells. In challenge infections, the role of T cells is reduced whereas that of B cells secreting IgA appeared to be continuously important.

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CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SPECIES AND GIARDIA SPECIES PREVALENCE IN MARINE MAMMAL SPECIES PRESENT IN THE GERMAN NORTH AND BALTIC SEAS
Miguel L. Grilo, L?dia Gomes, Peter Wohlsein, Lu?s Madeira de Carvalho, Ursula Siebert, Kristina Lehnert
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine.2018; 49(4): 1002. CrossRef
Ischemic stroke damages the intestinal mucosa and induces alteration of the intestinal lymphocytes and CCL19 mRNA in rats
Yaning Liu, Shijian Luo, Li Kou, Chaogang Tang, Ruxun Huang, Zhong Pei, Zhendong Li
Neuroscience Letters.2017; 658: 165. CrossRef
Dynamics of gut mucosal and systemic Th1/Th2 cytokine responses in interferon-gamma and interleukin-12p40 knock out mice during primary and challenge Cryptosporidium parvum infection
Tesfaye Sisay Tessema, Bettina Schwamb, Matthias Lochner, Irmgard Förster, Vera Jakobi, Franz Petry
Immunobiology.2009; 214(6): 454. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Seroprevalence of Toxocara antibodies among patients suspected of ocular toxocariasis in Slovenia: Jernej Logar, Barbara ?oba, Aleksandra Kraut, Branka Stirn-Kranjc; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(3):137-140.
Published online September 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.3.137

Abstract
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Ocular toxocariasis named also ocular larva migrans is caused by larvae of the roundworm Toxocara spp. The purpose of this study was to find out the seroprevalence of Toxocara antibodies in patients suspected of ocular toxocariasis. Between January 2001 and December 2003, sera from 239 ocular patients, aged 3 to 80 years, were examined by ELISA and confirmed by Western blot test. Out of the 239 patients, 172 (72%) were seronegative and 67 (28%) were Toxocara seropositive; 95% CI (22-34%). The median age of Toxocara seropositive patients was 37.6 years. There was no significant difference in the number of Toxocara positive sera between the younger age group (≤14 years) and the older age group (>14 years), p>0.05. A high rate of Toxocara seropositivity in ocular patients should alert the ophthalmologists in Slovenia to include toxocariasis in the differential diagnosis of eye diseases more frequently.

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A new ELISA and western blot technique based on recombinant TES antigen and/or larval antigen for the detection of toxocariasis in humans
Marie-Kristin Raulf, Daniela Jordan, Herbert Auer, Jens M. Warnecke, Bernd Lepenies, Christina Strube
Parasitology.2021; 148(3): 333. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Larval Toxocarosis in the Czech Republic
Katerina Skulinova, Jan Novak, Martin Kasny, Libuse Kolarova
Acta Parasitologica.2020; 65(1): 68. CrossRef
Toxocariasis: critical analysis of serology in patients attending a public referral center for ophthalmology in Brazil
Guita Rubinsky-Elefant, Joyce H. Yamamoto, Carlos E. Hirata, Luiz E. Prestes-Carneiro
Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology.2018; 62(1): 77. CrossRef
Epidemiology and management of foodborne nematodiasis in the European Union, systematic review 2000–2016
Marta Serrano-Moliner, María Morales-Suarez-Varela, M. Adela Valero
Pathogens and Global Health.2018; 112(5): 249. CrossRef
Clinical usefulness of Western blotting and ELISA avidity for the diagnosis of human toxocariasis
M. Rudzińska, B. Kowalewska, K. Sikorska
Parasite Immunology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of the prevalence and clinical impact of toxocariasis in patients with eosinophilia of unknown origin
Hong-Beum Kim, Jun-Won Seo, Jun-Hyung Lee, Byung-Seok Choi, Sang-Gon Park
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2017; 32(3): 523. CrossRef
Prevalence of Toxocara antibodies among patients clinically suspected to have ocular toxocariasis: A retrospective descriptive study in Sri Lanka
Devika Iddawela, Kiruthiha Ehambaram, Pemindra Bandara
BMC Ophthalmology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Immunodiagnostic approaches for the detection of human toxocarosis
Vojtech Boldiš, František Ondriska, Eva Špitalská, Katarína Reiterová
Experimental Parasitology.2015; 159: 252. CrossRef
Comparison of Toxocariasis Frequency in Hyper- eosinophilic and Non- Eosinophilic Individuals Referred to Abadan Health Centers
Sharif Maraghi, Mohammad Jafar Yadyad, Fatemeh Shamakhteh, Seyed Mahmoud Latifi
International Journal of Enteric Pathogens.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Investigation of Anti-Toxocara Antibodies in Epileptic Patients and Comparison of Two Methods: ELISA and Western Blotting
Mohammad Zibaei, Farzaneh Firoozeh, Parviz Bahrami, Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi
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