Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"frog"

Brief Communication

Detection of Gnathostoma spinigerum Advanced 3rd-Stage Larvae in the Chinese Edible Frog, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, from Local Markets in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Woon-Mok Sohn, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Seungwan Ryoo, Keon Hoon Lee, Virak Khieu, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(5):519-522.
Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.519

Abstract
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The Chinese edible frogs, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (n=20), and the striped snakehead fish, Channa striata (n=34), were purchased from local markets in 3 administrative regions of Cambodia (Phnom Penh, Pursat, and Takeo Provinces) from May 2017 to April 2019, and their infection status with Gnathostoma sp. larvae was investigated. The frogs and fish were transported to the laboratory with ice and examined using the artificial digestion method. Advanced 3rd-stage larvae (AdL₃) of Gnathostoma spinigerum, 24 in total number (1-6 larvae/frog), were detected from 6 (60.0%) out of 10 frogs purchased from Phnom Penh. No gnathostome larvae were detected in 10 frogs purchased from Takeo Province and 34 snakeheads from Phnom Penh, Pursat, and Takeo Provinces. AdL₃ isolated from the frogs were 2.55- 3.90 mm long and 0.31-0.36 mm wide. They had a characteristic head bulb (0.081×0.191 mm in average size) with 4 rows of hooklets, a muscular long esophagus (0.950-1.230 mm long), and 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.530-0.890 mm long). The average number of hooklets in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th rows was 41, 45, 48, and 51, respectively. These features were consistent with G. spinigerum AdL₃. By the present study, it has been first confirmed that the Chinese edible frog, H. rugulosus, from Phnom Penh serves as a second intermediate host for G. spinigerum, although their intensity of infection was not so high compared to other previously reported localities.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

A Global Review of the Zoonotic Potential and Disease Risks of Amphibian Parasites in Bullfrog Aquaculture
Meiqi Weng, Xinhua Liu, Chenxi Zhang, Rui Shu, Andrew Wang, Haotian Zhang, Xingqiang Wang, Huirong Yang, Jinyong Zhang
Reviews in Aquaculture.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Zoonotic disease risk at traditional food markets
Frida E. Sparaciari, Cadhla Firth, Erik A. Karlsson, Paul F. Horwood, Suchetana Mukhopadhyay
Journal of Virology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Biological Hazards and Indicators Found in Products of Animal Origin in Cambodia from 2000 to 2022: A Systematic Review
Shwe Phue San, Rortana Chea, Delia Grace, Kristina Roesel, Sothyra Tum, Stephen Young, Tumnoon Charaslertrangsi, Nazanin Zand, Shetty Seetharama Thombathu, Ra Thorng, Leab Kong, Kuok Fidero, Linda Nicolaides
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2024; 21(12): 1621. CrossRef

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Original Article

Balantidium honghuensis n. sp. (Ciliophora: Trichostomatidae) from the Rectum of Rana nigromaculata and R. limnocharis from Honghu Lake, China: Ming Li, Weidong Li, Lei Zhang, Chong Wang; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):427-431.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.427

Abstract
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A new trichostome ciliate, Balantidium honghuensis n. sp., was isolated from the recta of Rana nigromaculata and R. limnocharis during parasite surveys in Honghu Lake, Hubei Province, central China in summer of 2010 and 2011. Its detailed morphometric characters based on LM and SEM studies were described herein. The organism is oval in shape and thickly ciliated. The vestibulum is "V" shaped and occupies about 1/3 to 2/5 of the body length. The vestibular and nearby regions possess strong peripheral fibers which form a marked axial fiber about the cytopharynx. More than 10 contractile vacuoles are distributed along the periphery of the latter body. Comparisions were made between this new species and B. sinensis Nie, 1935. They were discriminated from each other in terms of general body forms, body size, and vestibulum shapes. Besides, special attention was paid to its high-speed daughter swarmers which we believed to be the infective stage of B. honghuensis. Possible infection routes of anura amphibian balantidia were discussed.

Citations

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Emmanuel Hernández-Valdivia, Efraín Islas-Ojeda, Rafael Casillas-Peñuelas, Arturo Valdivia-Flores, Alberto García-Munguía
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Xia-lian Bu, Wei-shan Zhao, Zhong-yang Li, Hong-wei Ma, Yu-shun Chen, Wen-xiang Li, Hong Zou, Ming Li, Gui-tang Wang
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Balantidium grimi n. sp. (Ciliophora, Litostomatea), a new species inhabiting the rectum of the frog Quasipaa spinosa from Lishui, China
Weishan Zhao, Can Li, Dong Zhang, Runqiu Wang, Yingzhen Zheng, Hong Zou, Wenxiang Li, Shangong Wu, Guitang Wang, Ming Li
Parasite.2018; 25: 29. CrossRef
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Zongyi Sun, Chuanqi Jiang, Jinmei Feng, Wentao Yang, Ming Li, Wei Miao
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Lyudmila V. Chistyakova, Alexei Yu. Kostygov, Olga A. Kornilova, Vyacheslav Yurchenko
Parasitology Research.2014; 113(11): 4207. CrossRef
New insights into the molecular phylogeny of Balantidium (Ciliophora, Vetibuliferida) based on the analysis of new sequences of species from fish hosts
Ming Li, Francisco Ponce-Gordo, J. Norman Grim, Chong Wang, Frank Nilsen
Parasitology Research.2014; 113(12): 4327. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Discovery of Larval Gnathostoma nipponicum in Frogs and Snakes from Jeju-do (Province), Republic of Korea: Ho-Choon Woo, Hong-Shik Oh, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):445-448.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.445

Abstract
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A survey was performed to find out the intermediate hosts of Gnathostoma nipponicum in Jeju-do (Province), the Republic of Korea. In August 2009 and 2010, a total of 82 tadpoles, 23 black-spotted pond frogs (Rana nigromaculata), 7 tiger keelback snakes (Rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus), 6 red-tongue viper snakes (Agkistrodon ussuriensis), and 2 cat snakes (Elaphe dione) were collected in Jeju-do and examined by the pepsin-HCl digestion method. Total 5 gnathostome larvae were detected in 3 (50%) of 6 A. ussuriensis, 70 larvae in 3 of 7 (42.9%) R. tigrinus tigrinus, and 2 larvae in 2 of 82 (8.7%) frogs. No gnathostome larvae were detected in tadpoles and cat snakes. The larvae detected were a single species, and 2.17×0.22 mm in average size. They had characteristic head bulbs, muscular esophagus, and 4 cervical sacs. Three rows of hooklets were arranged in the head bulbs, and the number of hooklets in each row was 29, 33, and 36 posteriorly. All these characters were consistent with the advanced third-stage larvae of G. nipponicum. It has been first confirmed in Jeju-do that R. nigromaculata, A. ussuriensis, and R. tigrinus tigrinus play a role for intermediate and/or paratenic hosts for G. nipponicum.

Citations

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A Global Review of the Zoonotic Potential and Disease Risks of Amphibian Parasites in Bullfrog Aquaculture
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Reviews in Aquaculture.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Tommy L. F. Leung
Current Clinical Microbiology Reports.2024; 11(2): 88. CrossRef
A case of vocal cord gnathostomiasis diagnosed with sectional morphologies in a histopathological specimen from a Chinese woman living in Korea
Doo Sik Park, Eun Hyun Cho, Kyung Hoon Park, Soo Min Jo, Bumjung Park, Sun Huh
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 298. CrossRef
Three Nematode Species Recovered from Terrestrial Snakes in Republic of Korea
Seongjun Choe, Junsik Lim, Hyun Kim, Youngjun Kim, Heejong Kim, Dongmin Lee, Hansol Park, Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Keeseon S. Eom
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(2): 205. CrossRef
Gnathostoma spinigerum Infection in the Upper Lip of a Korean Woman: An Autochthonous Case in Korea
Jae Hee Kim, Hyemi Lim, Young-Sang Hwang, Tae Yeon Kim, Eun Mee Han, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(3): 343. CrossRef

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Case Report

A human infection of Echinostoma hortense in duodenal bulb diagnosed by endoscopy: Young-Doo Chang, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jae-Hwa Ryu, Shin-Yong Kang, Sung-Jong Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(2):57-60.
Published online June 20, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.2.57

Abstract
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As gastroduodenoscopy performed more frequently, case reports of human echinostomiasis are increasing in Korea. A Korean woman presented at a local clinic with complaints of abdominal pain and discomfort that had persisted for 2 weeks. Under gastroduodenoscopy, two motile flukes were found attached on the duodenal bulb, and retrieved with endoscopic forceps. She had history of eating raw frog meat. The two flukes were identified as Echinostoma hortense by egg morphology, 27 collar spines with 4 end-group spines, and surface ultrastructural characters. This report may prove frogs to be a source of human echinostome infections.

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