Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"hookworm"

Original Articles

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Intestinal Helminthiasis in Remote Mountainous Villages of Northern Lao PDR: A Cross-Sectional Study: Hanna Jin, Kyungshick Ryu, Dajeong Lee, Youthanavanh Vonghachack, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong, Hyun Beom Song; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(2):131-138.
Published online April 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.2.131

Abstract
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Helminth infections are prevalent in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). This study aimed at determining the prevalence and risk factors of intestinal helminthiasis in remote mountainous villages of northern Lao PDR. During the dry season in January 2017, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in 3 remote mountainous villages in Oudomxay province, Lao PDR. Villagers older than 18 years of age who agreed to submit stool samples or undergo an interview, were recruited. Stool samples from 198 individuals were examined by the Kato-Katz method, and a questionnaire surveyed 161 individuals among them. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors associated with the intestinal helminthiasis. An overall prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis was 75.8%. Hookworm infection was the most common (63.1%), followed by Opisthorchis viverrini/minute intestinal flukes (17.7%), Taenia spp. (15.2%), Trichuris trichiura (2.0%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.5%), and Enterobius vermicularis (1.0%). Questionnaire analysis revealed sex (male) and absence of latrine to be significant risk factors for hookworm infection and consumption of raw meat for taeniasis. These results suggest that the mountainous area in northern Lao PDR has a different composition of helminth infections from other studies conducted in Lao PDR; a high prevalence of hookworm infection and taeniasis and low prevalence of T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides infections were observed. Also, liver flukes or intestinal flukes were similarly prevalent in the mountainous area.

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Prevalence and Epidemiological Patterns of Enterobius vermicularis Infection in Thailand: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Jurairat Jongthawin, Aongart Mahittikorn, Apiporn Thinkhamrop Suwannatrai, Chutima Rattanawan, Kinley Wangdi, Frederick Ramirez Masangkay, Manas Kotepui
Medical Sciences.2025; 13(4): 207. CrossRef
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Sengaloun Phonekeo, Sengchanh Kounnavong, Manithong Vonglokham, Latsamy Siengsounthone, Anousin Homsana, Sascha Gummin, Penelope Vounatsu, Prawat Nittiyanant, Suchin Worawichawong, Wichai Aekplakorn, Peter Odermatt, Somphou Sayasone
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice towards Prevention of Intestinal Helminth Infection among Residents of the Ho Municipality in the Volta Region of Ghana
Verner N. Orish, Moses A. Asumbono, Isaac B. Addei, Moses A. Ayaaba, Precious K. Kwadzokpui, Aleksandra Marinkovic, Stephanie Prakash, Chuku Okorie, Ricardo Izurieta, Rajashree Pandit, Adekunle Sanyaolu, Bernard Marchand
Journal of Parasitology Research.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef
Effectiveness of public health interventions in reducing the prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini: a protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis
Pornphutthachat Sota, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Morsid Andityas, Sirikachorn Tangkawattana, Banchob Sripa, Archie C A Clements
BMJ Open.2022; 12(9): e064573. CrossRef
Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and genetic differentiation of Strongyloides stercoralis among migrant workers from Myanmar, Lao PDR and Cambodia in northeastern Thailand
Wararat Sangwalee, Jun Norkaew, Sengchoy Inthachak, Penchom Janwan, Rutchanee Rodpai, Oranuch Sanpool, Lakkhana Sadaow, Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew, Pewpan M. Intapan, Wanchai Maleewong, Tongjit Thanchomnang, Raffi V. Aroian
PLOS ONE.2022; 17(12): e0279754. CrossRef
Current status of human liver fluke infections in the Greater Mekong Subregion
Banchob Sripa, Apiporn T. Suwannatrai, Somphou Sayasone, Dung Trung Do, Virak Khieu, Yichao Yang
Acta Tropica.2021; 224: 106133. CrossRef

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Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites and Associated Risk Factors for Infection among Rural Communities of Chachoengsao Province, Thailand: Pisit Suntaravitun, Amornrat Dokmaikaw; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(1):33-39.
Published online February 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.1.33

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Intestinal parasitic infections remain a major public health problem in many parts of Thailand, particularly in rural areas. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among the people living in Huai Sai sub-district, Bang Khla district, Chachoengsao Province, central Thailand. A crosssectional survey was carried out from June 2017 to August 2017 which included a total of 224 participants. Stool samples were examined using a simple direct smear and formalin ethyl acetate concentration technique. Association between risk factors and intestinal parasitic infections was assessed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 16.1%. Soil-transmitted helminth infections (14.3%) were more common than protozoan infections (1.8%). The most common intestinal parasites were hookworms (6.7%) followed by Strongyloides stercoralis, (5.0%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.3%) and Trichuris trichiura (1.3%). Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (1.0%), Giardia intestinalis (0.4%), and Blastocystis hominis (0.4%) were the protozoans identified. A high prevalence of infections was found in male participants of ≥ 40 years who raised dogs in the households and did not wear boots while working fields. Multivariate analysis showed a significant association of intestinal parasitic infections with gender with the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 2.4 and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.1-5.2 (P = 0.020). The results showed a high prevalence of soil transmitted helminth infections among adults in rural communities which were particularly apparent regarding the skin-penetrating species of nematodes. A greater focus on intervention is required by improving sanitation and personal hygiene to prevent the spread of intestinal parasitic infections.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths infection and associated risk factors among residents of Jigjiga town, Somali region, Eastern Ethiopia
Abdlmenur Alewi Sedo, Ahmed Zeynudin, Tariku Belay, Mekdes Mekonen Belay, Ahmed Mohammed Ibrahim, Mohamed Omar Osman, Ramadan Budul Yusuf, Abdifatah Abdulahi, Alqeer Aliyo Ali
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Prevalence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis infections among community participants in Thailand: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Manas Kotepui, Supaluk Popruk, Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui, Frederick Ramirez Masangkay, Kinley Wangdi, Aongart Mahittikorn, Christen Rune Stensvold
Parasite.2025; 32: 53. CrossRef
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Namrata Anand
Frontiers in Parasitology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Ampas Wisetmora, Oranard Wattanawong, Adulsak Wijit, Jutikarn Phukowluan, Ampol Nachairan, Prueksarawuth Jaksuay, Sivapong Sungpradit, Nuttapon Ekobol, Thidarut Boonmars, Alisa Boonsuya, Phornphitcha Pechdee, Chutharat Thanchonnang, Nav La, Nathkapach K.
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Evaluation of the diagnostic techniques in the detection of hookworm infestation among school children in Ethiopia: Cross-sectional study design
Abebe Fenta, Destaw Kebede, Adane Tilahun, Bewket Mesganaw, Adane Adugna, Wubetu Yihunie, Habtamu Belew, Desalegn Abebaw, Gashaw Azanaw Amare
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Gedefaye Assefa, Megbaru Alemu, Animen Ayehu, Stefano D Amelio
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Evaluation of Kato-Katz and multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction performance for clinical helminth infections in Thailand using a latent class analysis
Chawarat Rotejanaprasert, Pavadee Chuaicharoen, Joaquin M. Prada, Thanawadee Thantithaveewat, Poom Adisakwattana, Wirichada Pan-ngum
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Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Environmental Water Contamination in a Rural Village of Northern Lao PDR: Alexis Ribas, Chlo? Jollivet, Serge Morand, Boupha Thongmalayvong, Silaphet Somphavong, Chern-Chiang Siew, Pei-Jun Ting, Saipin Suputtamongkol, Viengsaene Saensombath, Surapol Sanguankiat, Boon-Huan Tan, Phimpha Paboriboune, Kongsap Akkhavong, Kittipong Chaisiri; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):523-532.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.523

Abstract
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A field survey studying intestinal parasites in humans and microbial pathogen contamination at environment was performed in a Laotian rural village to identify potential risks for disease outbreaks. A parasitological investigation was conducted in Ban Lak Sip village, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR involving fecal samples from 305 inhabitants as well as water samples taken from 3 sites of the local stream. Water analysis indicated the presence of several enteric pathogens, i.e., Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., E. coli H7, E. coli O157: H7, verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC), Shigella spp., and enteric adenovirus. The level of microbial pathogens contamination was associated with human activity, with greater levels of contamination found at the downstream site compared to the site at the village and upstream, respectively. Regarding intestinal parasites, the prevalence of helminth and protozoan infections were 68.9% and 27.2%, respectively. Eight helminth taxa were identified in fecal samples, i.e., 2 tapeworm species (Taenia sp. and Hymenolepis diminuta), 1 trematode (Opisthorchis sp.), and 5 nematodes (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis, trichostrongylids, and hookworms). Six species of intestinal protists were identified, i.e., Blastocystis hominis, Cyclospora spp., Endolimax nana, Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, Entamoeba coli, and Giardia lamblia. Questionnaires and interviews were also conducted to determine risk factors of infection. These analyses together with a prevailing infection level suggested that most of villagers were exposed to parasites in a similar degree due to limited socio-economic differences and sharing of similar practices. Limited access to effective public health facilities is also a significant contributing factor.

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Case Report

Hookworm Infection Caused Acute Intestinal Bleeding Diagnosed by Capsule: A Case Report and Literature Review: Xia Tan, Meichu Cheng, Jie Zhang, Guochun Chen, Di Liu, Yexin Liu, Hong Liu; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):417-420.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.417

Abstract
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Hookworm infections are rare causes of acute gastrointestinal bleeding. We report a middle aged man with primary nephrotic syndrome and pulmonary embolism. During the treatment with steroids and anticoagulants, the patient presented acute massive hemorrhage of the gastrointestinal tract. The results of gastroscopy showed red worms in the duodenum. Colonoscopy and CT angiogram of abdomen were unremarkable. Capsule endoscopy revealed fresh blood and multiple hookworms in the jejunum and ileum. Hookworms caused the acute intestinal bleeding. The patient responded well to albendazole. Hematochezia was markedly ameliorated after eliminating the parasites. Hence, hookworm infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Capsule endoscopy may offer a better means of diagnosis for intestinal hookworm infections.

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Predictors of anemia among HIV-infected children in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis
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Helminths detection with video capsule endoscopy
A O Akopova, O M Mikcheeva, P L Shcherbakov, A I Parfenov
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Original Article

Hookworm Infection: A Neglected Cause of Overt Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Kun-Yan Wei, Qiong Yan, Bo Tang, Shi-Ming Yang, Peng-Bing Zhang, Ming-Ming Deng, Mu-Han L?; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):391-398.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.391

Abstract
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Hookworm infections are widely prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in low income regions. In the body, hookworms parasitize the proximal small intestine, leading to chronic intestinal hemorrhage and iron deficiency anemia. Occasionally, hookworms can cause overt gastrointestinal bleeding, but this is often ignored in heavily burdened individuals from endemic infectious areas. A total of 424 patients with overt obscure gastrointestinal bleeding were diagnosed by numerous blood tests or stool examinations as well as esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy, capsule endoscopy or double-balloon enteroscopy. All of the patients lived in hookworm endemic areas and were not screened for hookworm infection using sensitive tests before the final diagnosis. The patients recovered after albendazole treatment, blood transfusion, and iron replacement, and none of the patients experienced recurrent bleeding in the follow-up. All the 31 patients were diagnosed with hookworm infections without other concomitant bleeding lesions, a rate of 7.3% (31/424). Seventeen out of 227 patients were diagnosed with hookworm infections in the capsule endoscopy (CE), and 14 out of 197 patients were diagnosed with hookworm infections in the double balloon enteroscopy (DBE). Hookworm infections can cause overt gastrointestinal bleeding and should be screened in patients with overt obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) in endemic infectious areas with sensitive methods. Specifically, the examination of stool specimens is clinically warranted for most patients, and the proper examination for stool eggs relies on staff’s communication.

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A C Garcia, M Francisco, H Coelho, S Bragança, F Pereira Correia, M L Figueiredo, G Alexandrino, J C Branco, D Horta, M Alexandra
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Baisheng Li, Shihong Chen, Xiangming Cui, Ming Dai, Wenying Meng, Qiong Wu, Huiming Sheng
Acta Parasitologica.2023; 68(1): 288. CrossRef
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Theresa E. Gildner, Tara J. Cepon-Robins, Samuel S. Urlacher
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Andrea Servián, Silvia A. Repetto, María Lorena Zonta, Graciela T. Navone
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Paul Kosiyo, Walter Otieno, Jesse Gitaka, Elly O. Munde, Collins Ouma
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Yue Huang, Asmaa M.I. Abuzeid, Yunqiu Liu, Long He, Qi Zhao, Xinxin Yan, Jianxiong Hang, Rongkun Ran, Yongxiang Sun, Xiu Li, Jumei Liu, Guoqing Li
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Mini Review

Prehistoric Pathoecology as Represented by Parasites of a Mummy from the Perua?u Valley, Brazil: Karl J Reinhard, Adauto Ara?jo; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(5):585-590.
Published online October 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.5.585

Abstract
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Paleopathologists have begun exploring the pathoecology of parasitic diseases in relation to diet and environment. We are summarizing the parasitological findings from a mummy in the site of Lapa do Boquete, a Brazilian cave in the state of Minas Gerais. These findings in context of the archaeology of the site provided insights into the pathoecology of disease transmission in cave and rockshelter environments. We are presenting a description of the site followed by the evidence of hookworm, intestinal fluke, and Trypanosoma infection with resulting Chagas disease in the mummy discovered in the cave. These findings are used to reconstruct the transmission ecology of the site.

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Maria Olegovna Filimonova, Sergey Mikhailovich Slepchenko
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Luíza Dantas-Pereira, Rubem Menna-Barreto, Joseli Lannes-Vieira
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Min Seo, Sang-Yuck Shim, Hwa Young Lee, Yongjun Kim, Jong Ha Hong, Ji Eun Kim, Jong-Yil Chai, Dong Hoon Shin
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Karl Reinhard
International Journal of Paleopathology.2017; 19: 124. CrossRef
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D. H. Shin, Y.-S. Kim, D. S. Yoo, M. J. Kim, C. S. Oh, J. H. Hong, E. Lee, J. Y. Chai, M. Seo
Journal of Parasitology.2017; 103(4): 399. CrossRef

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Case Report

A Case of Ancylostoma ceylanicum Infection Occurring in an Australian Soldier Returned from Solomon Islands: Rick Speare, Richard Stewart Bradbury, John Croese; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(4):533-536.
Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.533

Abstract
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A 26-year-old male member of the Australian Defense Force presented with a history of central abdominal pain of 4 weeks duration and peripheral eosinophilia consistent with eosinophilic enteritis. Acute hookworm disease was diagnosed as the cause. Adult worms recovered from feces after therapy with albendazole were morphologically consistent with Ancylostoma ceylanicum. As the patient had been deployed with the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands for 6 months prior to this presentation, it is very likely that the A. ceylanicum was acquired in Solomon Islands. Until now, it has been assumed that any Ancylostoma spp. recovered from humans in Solomon Islands is A. duodenale. However, this case demonstrates that human hookworm infection acquired in the Solomon Islands could be caused by A. ceylanicum.

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Tilak Chandra Nath, Proloy Chakraborty Tusher, Tarek Siddiki, Jannatul Nyema, Tiluttom Bhattacharjee, Nilotpal Dey, Mandira Mukutmoni, Kazi Mehetazul Islam, Jamal Uddin Bhuiyan
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Archie C A Clements, Kefyalew Addis Alene
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Neglected tropical diseases in Australia: a narrative review
Johanna Kurcheid, Catherine A Gordon, Naomi E Clarke, Kinley Wangdi, Matthew Kelly, Aparna Lal, Polydor N Mutombo, Dongxu Wang, Mary L Mationg, Archie CA Clements, Stephen Muhi, Richard S Bradbury, Beverley‐Ann Biggs, Wendy Page, Gail Williams, Donald P M
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Molecular identification of zoonotic hookworms in dogs from four counties of Kenya
E. Mulinge, S.M. Njenga, D. Odongo, J. Magambo, E. Zeyhle, C. Mbae, D. Kagendo, H. Kanyi, R.J. Traub, M. Wassermann, P. Kern, T. Romig
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Opportunistic Mapping of Strongyloides stercoralis and Hookworm in Dogs in Remote Australian Communities
Meruyert Beknazarova, Harriet Whiley, Rebecca Traub, Kirstin Ross
Pathogens.2020; 9(5): 398. CrossRef
High-throughput multiplex qPCRs for the surveillance of zoonotic species of canine hookworms
Luca Massetti, Vito Colella, Patsy A. Zendejas, Dinh Ng-Nguyen, Lana Harriott, Lara Marwedel, Anke Wiethoelter, Rebecca J. Traub, Cinzia Cantacessi
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2020; 14(6): e0008392. CrossRef
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Katharina Stracke, Aaron R. Jex, Rebecca J. Traub
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2020; 103(1): 64. CrossRef
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Masahide Yoshikawa, Yukiteru Ouji, Nobuyasu Hirai, Fukumi Nakamura-Uchiyama, Minoru Yamada, Naoki Arizono, Naoaki Akamatsu, Takaharu Yoh, Daisuke Kaya, Toshiya Nakatani, Eiryo Kikuchi, Yuichi Katanami, Kimitoshi Satoh, Ryosuke Maki, Yusuke Miyazato, Yuich
Tropical Medicine and Health.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative analysis of Ancylostoma ceylanicum mitochondrial genome with other Ancylostoma species
Xianli Shi, Mingwei Wang, A.Y. Abdullahi, Yeqi Fu, Fang Yang, Xingang Yu, Weida Pan, Xinxin Yan, Jianxiong Hang, Pan Zhang, Guoqing Li
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2018; 62: 40. CrossRef
Development and Evaluation of a Multiplex Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Hookworm Species in Human Stool
Sze Fui Hii, Dammika Senevirathna, Stacey Llewellyn, Tawin Inpankaew, Peter Odermatt, Virak Khieu, Sinoun Muth, James McCarthy, Rebecca J. Traub
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2018; 99(5): 1186. CrossRef
Ancylostoma ceylanicumHookworm in the Solomon Islands
Richard S. Bradbury, Sze Fui Hii, Humpress Harrington, Richard Speare, Rebecca Traub
Emerging Infectious Diseases.2017; 23(2): 252. CrossRef
Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Tropical Australia and Asia
Catherine Gordon, Johanna Kurscheid, Malcolm Jones, Darren Gray, Donald McManus
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2017; 2(4): 56. CrossRef
A Japanese Patient with Ancylostoma ceylanicum Infection on Returning from Papua New Guinea Diagnosed by Molecular Identification of the Parasite Eggs
Yuichi KATANAMI, Fukumi NAKAMURA-UCHIYAMA, Masatoshi SATO, Yukiteru OUJI, Masahide YOSHIKAWA, Keiichi MIKASA
Kansenshogaku Zasshi.2017; 91(5): 759. CrossRef

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Original Article

Prevalence of Soil-Transmitted Helminths and Molecular Clarification of Hookworm Species in Ethnic Ede Primary Schoolchildren in Dak Lak Province, Southern Vietnam: Bui Khac Hung, Nguyen Van De, Le Van Duyet, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(4):471-476.
Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.471

Abstract
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To know the infection status of helminths in primary schoolchildren of southern parts of Vietnam, we performed an epidemiological study in Krong Pac district, Dak Lak Province, Vietnam. A total of 1,206 stool specimens were collected from ethnic Ede schoolchildren in 4 primary schools in 2015 and examined by the Kato-Katz technique. In addition, stool cultures were done by the Harada-Mori method to obtain hookworm larvae and then to clarify the species of hookworms infected. The results showed that the helminth infection rate was 25.0%, including 2.0% Ascaris lumbricoides, 0.33% Trichuris trichiura, and 22.8% hookworm infections. The average intensity of infection was 102.0 eggs per gram of feces (EPG) for Ascaris, 36.0 EPG for Trichuris, and 218.0 EPG for hookworms. ITS1 gene sequences of the hookworm larvae were identical with those of Necator americanus (100% homology) reported in GenBank. It has been confirmed in this study that the hookworm, N. americanus, is a dominant helminth species infected in primary schoolchildren of a southern part of Vietnam. Public health attention is needed for control of hookworm infections among schoolchildren in surveyed areas of Vietnam.

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Ritik Agrawal, Sweta Pattnaik, Jaya Singh Kshatri, Srikanta Kanungo, Nityananda Mandal, Subrata Kumar Palo, Sanghamitra Pati
Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Epidemiology of soil-transmitted helminths using quantitative PCR and risk factors for hookworm and Necator americanus infection in school children in Dak Lak province, Vietnam
Angus Hughes, Dinh Ng-Nguyen, Naomi E. Clarke, Clare E. F. Dyer, Sze Fui Hii, Archie C. A. Clements, Roy M. Anderson, Darren J. Gray, Luc E. Coffeng, John M. Kaldor, Rebecca J. Traub, Susana Vaz Nery
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PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2022; 16(2): e0010140. CrossRef
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Virginie Doyen, Francis Corazza, Hoa Nhu Thi, Thanh Le Chi, Carine Truyens, Carole Nagant, Hiep Tran Thi Mong, Jean-Francois Fils, Phuong Thi Ngoc Huynh, Olivier Michel, Raffi V. Aroian
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Khanh-Linh Bui, Thu-Huong Nguyen, Hieu Duc Duong, Viet-Linh Nguyen, Thi-Nhien Nguyen, Lan-Anh Le, Ha-My Cong, Khanh-Trang Tran, Duc-Vinh Le, Eiji Nagayasu, Nariaki Nonaka, Ayako Yoshida
Parasitology International.2021; 84: 102405. CrossRef
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Beth Gilmour, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Archie C. A. Clements, Pablo Maravilla
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Case Report

Hookworm Anemia in a Peritoneal Dialysis Patient in China: Fuquan Wu, Ying Xu, Min Xia, Guanghui Ying, Zhangfei Shou; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(3):315-317.
Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.315

Abstract
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Hookworm infections as well as other intestinal nematodiases are endemic in China. In this case, a 70-year-old male showed symptoms of chest tightness, shortness of breath, and both lower extremities edema. The diagnostic result was chronic renal insufficiency, chronic kidney disease (5th stage), and renal anemia at first. Then, he received treatment with traditional drugs. However, this treatment did not help to alleviate the symptoms of the patient significantly. The results of gastroendoscopy showed hookworms in the duodenum, also confirmed by pathology examination. Anemia was markedly ameliorated after eliminating the parasites. The results mentioned above suggested that ancylostomiasis was the leading causes of anemia in this patient, and the etiology of anemia in uremic patients should be systematically considered. Especially when anemia could not be cured by regular treatments, rare diseases should be investigated.

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Articles from Symposium on Control of NTDs around Lake Victoria, Tanzania

Integrated Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis Control over Five Years on Kome Island, Tanzania: Godfrey M. Kaatano, Julius E. Siza, Joseph R. Mwanga, Duk-Yong Min, Tai-Soon Yong, Jong-Yil Chai, Yunsuk Ko, Su Young Chang, Cyril M. Kullaya, Han-Jong Rim, John M. Changalucha, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):535-543.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.535

Abstract
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Integrated control strategies are important for sustainable control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis, despite their challenges for their effective implementation. With the support of Good Neighbors International in collaboration with National Institute of Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania, integrated control applying mass drug administration (MDA), health education using PHAST, and improved safe water supply has been implemented on Kome Island over 5 years for controlling schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs). Baseline surveys for schistosomiasis and STHs was conducted before implementation of any integrated control strategies, followed by 4 cross-sectional follow-up surveys on randomly selected samples of schoolchildren and adults in 10 primary schools and 8 villages, respectively, on Kome islands. Those follow-up surveys were conducted for impact evaluation after introduction of control strategies interventions in the study area. Five rounds of MDA have been implemented from 2009 along with PHAST and improved water supply with pumped wells as other control strategies for complementing MDA. A remarkable steady decline of schistosomiasis and STHs was observed from 2009 to 2012 with significant trends in their prevalence decline, and thereafter infection rate has remained at a low sustainable control. By the third follow-up survey in 2012, Schistosoma mansoni infection prevalence was reduced by 90.5% and hookworm by 93.3% among schoolchildren while in adults the corresponding reduction was 83.2% and 56.9%, respectively. Integrated control strategies have successfully reduced S. mansoni and STH infection status to a lower level. This study further suggests that monitoring and evaluation is a crucial component of any large-scale STH and schistosomiasis intervention.

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Original Articles

Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths among Inhabitants of Cambodia (2006-2011): Tai-Soon Yong, Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Keeseon S. Eom, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Cheong-Ha Yoon, Bong-Kwang Jung, Soon-Hyung Lee, Muth Sinuon, Duong Socheat; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(6):661-666.
Published online December 23, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.661

Abstract
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In order to investigate the status of intestinal helminthic infections in Cambodia, epidemiological surveys were carried out on a national scale, including 19 provinces. A total of 32,201 fecal samples were collected from schoolchildren and adults between 2006 and 2011 and examined once by the Kato-Katz thick smear technique. The overall egg positive rate of intestinal helminths was 26.2%. The prevalence of hookworms was the highest (9.6%), followed by that of Opisthorchis viverrini/minute intestinal flukes (Ov/MIF) (5.7%), Ascaris lumbricoides (4.6%), and Trichuris trichiura (4.1%). Other types of parasites detected were Enterobius vermicularis (1.1%), Taenia spp. (0.4%), and Hymenolepis spp. (0.2%). The northwestern regions such as the Siem Reap, Oddar Meanchey, and Banteay Meanchey Provinces showed higher prevalences (17.4-22.3%) of hookworms than the other localities. The southwestern areas, including Koh Kong and Preah Sihanouk Provinces showed higher prevalences of A. lumbricoides (17.5-19.2%) and T. trichiura (6.1-21.0%). Meanwhile, the central and southern areas, in particular, Takeo and Kampong Cham Provinces, showed high prevalences of Ov/MIF (23.8-24.0%). The results indicate that a considerably high prevalence of intestinal helminths has been revealed in Cambodia, and thus sustained national parasite control projects are necessary to reduce morbidity due to parasitic infections in Cambodia.

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A Cross-Sectional Study on Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Rural Communities, Northeast Thailand: Sirintip Boonjaraspinyo, Thidarut Boonmars, Butsara Kaewsamut, Nuttapon Ekobol, Porntip Laummaunwai, Ratchadawan Aukkanimart, Nadchanan Wonkchalee, Amornrat Juasook, Pranee Sriraj; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):727-734.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.727

Abstract
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Despite the existence of effective anthelmintics, parasitic infections remain a major public health problem in Southeast Asia, including Thailand. In rural communities, continuing infection is often reinforced by dietary habits that have a strong cultural basis and by poor personal hygiene and sanitation. This study presents a survey of the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among the people in rural Thailand. The community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in villages in Khon Kaen Province, northeastern Thailand, from March to August 2013. A total of 253 stool samples from 102 males and 140 females, aged 2-80 years, were prepared using formalin-ethyl acetate concentration methods and examined using light microscopy. Ninety-four individuals (37.2%) were infected with 1 or more parasite species. Presence of parasitic infection was significantly correlated with gender (P=0.001); nearly half of males in this survey (49.0%) were infected. Older people had a higher prevalence than younger members of the population. The most common parasite found was Opisthorchis viverrini (26.9%), followed by Strongyloides stercoralis (9.5%), Taenia spp. (1.6%), echinostomes (0.4%), and hookworms (0.4%). The prevalence of intestinal protozoa was Blastocystis hominis 1.6%, Entamoeba histolytica 0.8%, Entamoeba coli 0.8%, Balantidium coli 0.4%, Iodamoeba b?tschlii 0.4%, and Sarcocystis hominis 0.4%. Co-infections of various helminths and protozoa were present in 15.9% of the people. The present results show that the prevalence of parasitic infections in this region is still high. Proactive education about dietary habits, personal hygiene, and sanitation should be provided to the people in this community to reduce the prevalence of intestinal parasite infections. Moreover, development of policies and programs to control parasites is needed.

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High Prevalence of Haplorchis taichui, Phaneropsolus molenkampi, and Other Helminth Infections among People in Khammouane Province, Lao PDR: Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Taek Han, Eun-Hee Shin, Woon-Mok Sohn, Tai-Soon Yong, Keeseon S. Eom, Duk-Young Min, Jin-Young Um, Min-Sung Park, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Bounlay Phommasack, Bounnaloth Insisiengmay, Soon-Hyung Lee, Han-Jong Rim; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):243-247.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.243

Abstract
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The prevalence of liver and intestinal helminth infections, including Opisthorchis, Haplorchis, Phaneropsolus, hookworms, Enterobius, and Taenia, was surveyed in Khammouane province, Lao PDR. Fecal specimens were collected from 1,242 people (590 men and 652 women) in 3 Mekong riverside villages and were examined by the Kato-Katz thick smear technique. The overall helminth egg positive rate was 81.1%. The positive rate for small trematode eggs, including Opisthorchis viverrini, heterophyids, and lecithodendriids, was 81.1% and the positive rate for hookworms was 6.7%. To obtain adult worms, 35 people who were positive for small trematode eggs were treated with 20-30 mg/kg praziquantel and 10-15 mg/kg pyrantel pamoate, and then purged. Diarrheic stools were collected from 33 of these people and searched for helminth parasites using a stereomicroscope. Mixed infections with various helminths (Haplorchis taichui, Haplorchis yokogawai, Prosthodendrium molenkampi, Phaneropsolus bonnei, echinostomes, hookworms, Trichostrongylus spp., Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis, and/or Taenia saginata) were found. The total number of helminth specimens collected was 20,907 (approximately 634 per person). The most common species was H. taichui, followed by P. molenkampi, O. viverrini, P. bonnei, E. vermicularis, hookworms, and Trichostrongylus spp. These results show that diverse species of intestinal nematodes, trematodes, and cestodes are infecting humans in Khammouane province, Lao PDR.

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Arthrostoma miyazakiense (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) infection in raccoon dogs of Korea and experimental transmission to dogs: Sung-Shik Shin, Dae-Jung Cha, Kyoung-Oh Cho, Ho-Sung Cho, Jeong-Ok Choi, Shin-Hyeong Cho; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):121-128.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.121

Abstract
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Arthrostoma miyazakiense (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) is a hookworm species reported from the small intestines of raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Japan. Five Korean raccoon dogs (N. procyonoides koreensis) caught from 2002 to 2005 in Jeollanam-do (Province), a southeastern area of South Korea, contained helminth eggs belonging to 4 genera (roundworm, hookworm, whipworm, and Capillaria spp.) and cysts of Giardia sp. in their feces. Necropsy findings of 1 raccoon dog revealed a large number of adult hookworms in the duodenum. These hookworms were identified as Arthrostoma miyazakiense based on the 10 articulated plates observed in the buccal capsule and the presence of right-sided prevulval papillae. Eggs of A. miyazakiense were 60-65 × 35-40 ?m (av. 62.5 × 35 ?m), and were morphologically indistinguishable from those of Ancylostoma caninum. The eggs were cultured to infective 2nd stage larvae via charcoal culture, and 100 infective larvae were used to experimentally infect each of 3 mixed-bred puppies. All puppies harbored hookworm eggs in their feces on the 12th day after infection. This is the first report thus far concerning A. miyazakiense infections in raccoon dogs in Korea, and the first such report outside of Japan.

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A successful experience of soil-transmitted helminth control in the Republic of Korea: Sung-Tae Hong, Jong-Yil Chai, Min-Ho Choi, Sun Huh, Han-Jong Rim, Soon-Hyung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(3):177-185.
Published online September 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.3.177

Abstract
PDF

Soil-transmitted helminths (STH), namely Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworms (Ancylostoma and Necator), present a global health problem to about a half of the earth's population. In the Republic of Korea, STH were highly prevalent and were considered a high priority target for national control. To promote the control, a non-governmental organization named Korea Association for Parasite Eradication (currently Korea Association of Health Promotion) was founded in 1964, and mass fecal examination followed by selective mass chemotherapy with anthelmintics was performed twice a year from 1969 to 1995 targeting whole nationwide schoolchildren. Meanwhile, decreasing patterns of national STH infections have been monitored by 7 times' quinquennial national surveys targeting general population. In 1971, the overall intestinal helminth egg positive rate was 84.3% (Ascaris 58.2%, Trichuris 65.4%, and hookworms 10.7%), which became 63.2% in 1976, 41.1% in 1981, 12.9% in 1986, 3.8% in 1992, 2.4% in 1997, and 4.3% (Ascaris 0.03%, Trichuris 0.02%, and hookworms 0%) in 2004. During the control period, national economy rapidly developed, and living standards including environment, sanitation, and agricultural technology greatly improved, which undoubtedly boosted the STH control effects. Our experience indicates that social driving force to establish an eligible national control system to conduct repeated mass chemotherapy, together with improvement of environment and sanitation, is important for initiating and achieving STH control in a developing community.

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Case Report

Three clinical cases of cutaneous larva migrans: Tae-Heung Kim, Byeung-Song Lee, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(2):145-149.
Published online June 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.2.145

Abstract
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Three cases of cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) were diagnosed in a returnee from a trip to Thailand and in 2 domestic farmers during July and September, 2003. The linear and serpiginous skin lesions on the lower extremities were presented in all 3 cases. Routine laboratory findings were normal. In the imported case, a 650 × 30 ?m sized filariform nematode larva, presumably a species of hookworm, was detected in the lesion. All cases were treated with 400 mg albendazole once daily for 3-5 days, and their skin lesions gradually improved. In the present study, a causative agent of CLM was isolated for the first time in the Republic of Korea. Moreover, we speculate that CLM is prevalent in farmers who are in frequent contact with soil in the Republic of Korea.

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