Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Molecular Identification of Anisakis Larvae Extracted by Gastrointestinal Endoscopy from Health Check-up Patients in Korea: Hyemi Song, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jaeeun Cho, Taehee Chang, Sun Huh, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(2):207-211.
Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.207

Anisakiasis is a zoonotic disease induced by anisakid nematodes, and endoscopic inspection is used for a diagnosis or remedy for it. Anisakis simplex, Anisakis physeteris, and Pseudoterranova decipiens had been reported to be the major species causing human infections, particularly, in Japan. However, in Korea, recent studies strongly suggested that Anisakis pegreffii is the major species of human infections. To support this suggestion, we collected anisakid larvae (n=20) from 20 human patients who were undergone gastrointestinal endoscopy at a health check-up center in Korea, and molecular identification was performed on the larvae using PCR-RFLP analysis and gene sequencing of rDNA ITS regions and mtDNA cox2. In addition, anisakid larvae (n=53) collected from the sea eel (Astroconger myriaster) were also examined for comparison with those extracted from humans. The results showed that all human samples (100%) were identified as A. pegreffii, whereas 90.7% of the samples from the sea eel were A. pegreffii with the remaining 9.3% being Hysterothylacium aduncum. Our study confirmed that A. pegreffii is the predominant species causing human anisakiasis in Korea, and this seems to be due to the predominance of this larval type in the fish (sea eels) popularly consumed by the Korean people. The possibility of human infection with H. aduncum in Korea is also suggested.

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Risk Factors of Anisakidosis at the Global Level: A Review
Yosuke Fujisawa, Diane P. Barton, Shokoofeh Shamsi
Current Clinical Microbiology Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Alterations in immunized antigens of Anisakis pegreffii by ampicillin-induced gut microbiome changes in mice
Myungjun Kim, Jun Ho Choi, Myung-hee Yi, Singeun Oh, Tai-Soon Yong, Ju Yeong Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(3): 351. CrossRef
Genetic analyses of Anisakis pegreffii (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the East Asian finless porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri (Cetacea: Phocoenidae) in Korean waters
Sunmin Kim, Jong Yoon Jeon, Kyunglee Lee, Hyunjoo Lee, Han Chan Park, Kyung Eun Lee, Hang Lee, Sung Bin Lee, Sang Wha Kim, Se Chang Park, Seongjun Choe, Heejeong Youn
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses of Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the common minke whale in Korean waters
Sunmin Kim, Bom Sok Lee, Seongjun Choe
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 240. CrossRef
Sensitivity of candling as routine method for the detection and recovery of ascaridoids in commercial fish fillets
E. Mercken, I. Van Damme, B. Šoba, S. Vangeenberghe, A. Serradell, T. De Sterck, J. P. L. Lumain, S. Gabriël
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Intraspecific Genetic Variation of Anisakis typica in Indian Mackerel Caught from the Gulf of Thailand, Samut Songkhram Province
Tanawat Chaiphongpachara, Poom Adisakwattana, Nantana Suwandittakul, Daiji Endoh
The Scientific World Journal.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
Anisakiasis Annual Incidence and Causative Species, Japan, 2018–2019
Hiromu Sugiyama, Mitsuko Shiroyama, Ikuyo Yamamoto, Takashi Ishikawa, Yasuyuki Morishima
Emerging Infectious Diseases.2022; 28(10): 2105. CrossRef
Identification and genetic characterization of Contracaecum sp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from China
Qingxun ZHANG, Meng MENG, Chengmei HUANG, Shengyong FENG, Jie LIU, Yan TANG, Yu FAN, Guohui YUAN, Shuyi HAN, Jing LUO, Baohua ZHAO, Hongxuan HE
Integrative Zoology.2021; 16(6): 929. CrossRef
Anisakis pegreffii Extract Induces Airway Inflammation with Airway Remodeling in a Murine Model System
Jun Ho Choi, Ju Yeong Kim, Myung-hee Yi, Myungjun Kim, Tai-Soon Yong, Kalman Imre
BioMed Research International.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Morphological study and molecular epidemiology of Anisakis larvae in mackerel fish
Vipavinee Cheypanya, Pheravut Wongsawad, Chalobol Wongsawad, Nattawadee Nantarat
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine.2021; 14(5): 214. CrossRef
Presence of Anisakidae in commercial fish species imported into the Belgian food markets: A systematic review and meta-analyses
E. Mercken, I. Van Damme, A. Serradell, S. Gabriël
International Journal of Food Microbiology.2020; 318: 108456. CrossRef
Occurrence and molecular identification of Anisakis larval type 1 (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in marketed fish in Egypt
Eman Mostafa, Marwa Omar, Shimaa. S. Hassan, Mohamed Samir
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2020; 44(3): 536. CrossRef
Ascaridoids in commercial fish: Occurrence, intensity and localization in whole fish and fillets destined for the Belgian market
E. Mercken, I. Van Damme, S. Vangeenberghe, A. Serradell, T. De Sterck, J.P.L. Lumain, S. Gabriël
International Journal of Food Microbiology.2020; 327: 108657. CrossRef
Advances in Omic Studies Drive Discoveries in the Biology of Anisakid Nematodes
Stefano D’Amelio, Fabrizio Lombardo, Antonella Pizzarelli, Ilaria Bellini, Serena Cavallero
Genes.2020; 11(7): 801. CrossRef
Status of common parasitic diseases in Korea in 2019
Sun Huh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2019; 62(8): 437. CrossRef
Parasitic infections and medical expenses according to Health Insurance Review Assessment claims data in South Korea, 2011–2018
Ju Yeong Kim, Myung-hee Yi, Tai-Soon Yong, Guilherme L. Werneck
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(11): e0225508. CrossRef
Anisakid Larvae from Anchovies in the South Coast of Korea
Taehee Chang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Hyejoo Shin, Jeonggyu Lee, Laddawan Patarwut, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(6): 699. CrossRef

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Prevalence and Phylogenetic Analyses of Trichuris suis in Pigs in Hunan Province, Subtropical China: Lei Tan, Aibing Wang, Jing Yi, Yisong Liu, Jiayu Li, Wei Liu; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(5):495-500.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.495

Abstract
PDF

Trichuris suis infection in pigs is ubiquitous in intensive and extensive farms, which causes potential threat to human health. The
objective
of this research was to investigate the prevalence of T. suis in pigs in Hunan province. Total 2,267 fresh fecal samples distributed in 28 pig farms from 7 different administrative regions (Hunan province) were evaluated for the existence of T. suis eggs using saturated NaCl floating method. The average infection rate of T. suis in pigs was 8.91% in Hunan province. To determine genetic variation of the gained T. suis isolates in the present study, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions from nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of 7 T. suis isolates were cloned and analyzed. Nucleotide diversities were 1.0-3.5% and 0-3.8% for ITS-1 and ITS-2, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that all isolates collected in the present study and T. suis available in Genbank generated a monophyletic clade. The present investigation revealed high infection rates of T. suis in pigs in Hunan province, which shed light on making effective measures to prevent and control T. suis infection in pigs in Hunan province.

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Prevalence and molecular identification of gastrointestinal nematodes in Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau of China
Sitong Ai, Zhichao Zhang, Jinghan Wang, Xiaoqi Wang, Cheng Liu, Ziyuan Duan
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Prevalences and characteristics of Trichuris spp. infection in sheep in pastoral areas of the Tianshan, Xinjiang, China
Lixia Wang, Guowu Zhang, Yuhang Fu, Chengcheng Ning, Zhiyuan Li, Huisheng Wang, Jinsheng Zhang, Yunxia Shang, Yaoqiang Sun, Xiaoxing Huang, Xuepeng Cai, Xianzhu Xia, Qingling Meng, Jun Qiao
Journal of Veterinary Research.2022; 66(4): 591. CrossRef
Detection of Trichuris eggs in feces and soil from giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) and other hoofstock enclosures under human care in the USA
Lauren Shusterman, Antoinette E. Marsh, Priscilla H. Joyner, Greg Habing
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2021; 15: 208. CrossRef
Foodborne Parasites Dominate Current Parasitic Infections in Hunan Province, China
Xiaohua Liu, Mengqi Wu, Yuan Liu, Jing Li, Dongqian Yang, Liping Jiang
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Development of a Droplet Digital PCR for Detection of Trichuriasis in Sheep
Zhichao Yu, Zhiguo Zhao, Linjun Chen, Junyan Li, Xianghong Ju
Journal of Parasitology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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PCR Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Trichomonas gallinae from Domestic Pigeons in Guangzhou, China: Shen-Ben Qiu, Meng-Na Lv, Xi He, Ya-Biao Weng, Shang-Shu Zou, Xin-Qiu Wang, Rui-Qing Lin; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):333-336.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.333

Abstract
PDF

Avian trichomoniasis caused by Trichomonas gallinae is a serious protozoan disease worldwide. The domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica) is the main host for T. gallinae and plays an important role in the spread of the disease. Based on the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA of this parasite, a pair of primers (TgF2/TgR2) was designed and used to develop a PCR assay for the diagnosis of T. gallinae infection in domestic pigeons. This approach allowed the identification of T. gallinae, and no amplicons were produced when using DNA from other common avian pathogens. The minimum amount of DNA detectable by the specific PCR assay developed in this study was 15 pg. Clinical samples from Guangzhou, China, were examined using this PCR assay and a standard microscopy method, and their molecular characteristics were determined by phylogenetic analysis. All of the T. gallinae-positive samples detected by microscopic examination were also detected as positive by the PCR assay. Most of the samples identified as negative by microscopic examination were detected as T. gallinae positive by the PCR assay and were confirmed by sequencing. The positive samples of T. gallinae collected from Guangzhou, China, were identified as T. gallinae genotype B by sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, providing relevant data for studying the ecology and population genetic structures of trichomonads and for the prevention and control of the diseases they cause.

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Rapid and sensitive detection of Trichomonas gallinae using RAA-CRISPR-Cas12a
Yuhan Zhou, Yaqian Chen, Xinglong Song, Zhenyu Zhong, Qingyun Guo, Shengfan Jing, Olalekan Opeyemi Ayanniyi, Zhenxiao Lu, Qingxun Zhang, Congshan Yang
Veterinary Parasitology.2025; 334: 110412. CrossRef
Recombinase-Aided Amplification Combined with Lateral Flow Dipstick for the Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Trichomonas gallinae
Yuhan Zhou, Xinglong Song, Yaqian Chen, Zhenyu Zhong, Qingyun Guo, Shengfan Jing, Yilei Zhang, Qingxun Zhang, Congshan Yang
Journal of Parasitology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
An Evolutionarily Conserved Laterally Acquired Toolkit Enables Microbiota Targeting by Trichomonas
Adam J Hart, Lenshina A Mpeyako, Nick P Bailey, George Merces, Joseph Gray, Jacob Biboy, Manuel Banzhaf, Waldemar Vollmer, Robert P Hirt, Ana Carolina Junqueira
Molecular Biology and Evolution.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Genotypic diversity and epidemiology of Trichomonas gallinae in Columbidae: Insights from a comprehensive analysis
Yu Liu, Haiming Cai, Dingai Wang, Shenquan Liao, Nanshan Qi, Juan Li, Zhuanqiang Yan, Hanqin Shen, Siyun Fang, Minna Lv, Xuhui Lin, Yongle Song, Junjing Hu, Yibin Zhu, Xiangjie Chen, Lijun Yin, Jianfei Zhang, Yaqiong Guo, Mingfei Sun
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2024; 23: 100918. CrossRef
Prevalence and molecular characterization of Trichomonas gallinae from pigeons in Anhui, China
Yilei Zhang, Zhenxiao Lu, Zhenzhen Liu, Yuhan Zhou, Guodong Xiao, Ayanniyi Olalekan Opeyemi, Sihua Jin, Yongsheng Li, Tao Liu, Qiong Wu, Xingdong Sun, Qianming Xu, Qingxun Zhang, Congshan Yang
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.2024; 107: 102157. CrossRef
SURVEY ON THE MOST COMMON DISEASES CIRCULATING AMONG PIGEONS IN THE EASTERN PROVINCE, SAUDI ARABIA
Mahmoud H.A.Mohamad, Adel M.Abdel Aziz
The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences.2023; (5): 1220. CrossRef
Genetic characterization of Trichomonas gallinae (Rivolta, 1878) in companion birds in Japan and the genotypical relationship in the Asia region
Shyun Chou, Shinichiro Hadano, Atsushi Kojima, Mario Yorisaki, Masaru Yasuda, Kazunori Ike, Toshihiro Tokiwa
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection.2022; 55(3): 527. CrossRef
A new duplex real-time PCR for simultaneous detection and differentiation of Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Trichomonas gallinae
Brigitte Sigrist, T. W. Cherry Ng, Sarah Albini, Nina Wolfrum
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation.2022; 34(4): 631. CrossRef
Molecular prevalence of Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Trichomonas gallinae in three domestic free-range poultry breeds in Anhui Province, China
Dong-qian Chen, Xin-yu Luo, Qiao-qiao Li, Jin-chao Pan, Hen Zhang, Yue-yue Gu, Zhen-zhen Kan, Jia-min Huang, Zhui Fang, Xin-chao Liu, You-fang Gu, Wen-Chao Li
Parasitology Research.2022; 121(10): 2841. CrossRef
Prevalence and diversity of Trichomonas gallinae in meat pigeons (Columba livia) in Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
Haiming Cai, Yu Liu, Yibin Zhu, Zhihong Xu, Qingfeng Zhou, Zhuanqiang Yan, Shenquan Liao, Nanshan Qi, Juan Li, Xuhui Lin, Junjing Hu, Shuilan Yu, Jianfei Zhang, Junwei Lin, Minna Lv, Mingfei Sun
Parasitology Research.2022; 121(11): 3183. CrossRef
Common bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases in pigeons (Columba livia): A review of diagnostic and treatment strategies
Harvey M. Santos, Ching-Yi Tsai, Gail Everette M. Catulin, Kim Chloe G. Trangia, Lemmuel L. Tayo, Hung-Jen Liu, Kuo Pin Chuang
Veterinary Microbiology.2020; 247: 108779. CrossRef
Prevalence and molecular characterization of Trichomonas gallinae from domestic pigeons in Beijing, China
Sheng-Yong Feng, Han Chang, Fu-Huang Li, Cheng-Min Wang, Jing Luo, Hong-Xuan He
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2018; 65: 369. CrossRef

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Molecular Characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Domestic Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Northeastern China: Xiao-Xuan Zhang, Jing Jiang, Ya-Nan Cai, Chun-Feng Wang, Peng Xu, Gui-Lian Yang, Quan Zhao; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):81-85.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.81

Abstract
PDF

A study of 426 rabbits from 3 cities in Jilin province (Changchun City and Jilin City) and Liaoning province (Shenyang City) was conducted between May and June 2015. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi in rabbits was 0.94% (4/426), with 0% (0/116), 1.72% (3/174), and 0.74% (1/136) in Jilin, Changchun, and Shenyang City, respectively. Only 3 farms (farm 1 and farm 3 in Changchun City, farm 8 in Shenyang City) were PCR-positive for E. bieneusi. Moreover, rabbits of more than 6 months (1.72%) had the highest E. bieneusi prevalence, followed by rabbits of 4-6 months (1.26%), 2-3 months (0.58%), and less than 1 month (0%). Analysis of ITS gene of E. bieneusi suggested that all 4 E. bieneusi isolates were genotype D, and were classified as group 1a. The present results first demonstrated the existence of zoonotic E. bieneusi in domestic rabbits in China. Effective control measures should be implemented to prevent E. bieneusi infection in domestic rabbits, other animals, and humans.

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Original Articles

Molecular Characterization of Various Trichomonad Species Isolated from Humans and Related Mammals in Indonesia: Mudyawati Kamaruddin, Masaharu Tokoro, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Shunsuke Arayama, Anggi P.N. Hidayati, Din Syafruddin, Puji B.S. Asih, Hisao Yoshikawa, Ei Kawahara; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):471-478.
Published online October 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.471

Abstract
PDF

Trichomonad species inhabit a variety of vertebrate hosts; however, their potential zoonotic transmission has not been clearly addressed, especially with regard to human infection. Twenty-one strains of trichomonads isolated from humans (5 isolates), pigs (6 isolates), rodents (6 isolates), a water buffalo (1 isolate), a cow (1 isolate), a goat (1 isolate), and a dog (1 isolate) were collected in Indonesia and molecularly characterized. The DNA sequences of the partial 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene or 5.8S rRNA gene locus with its flanking regions (internal transcribed spacer region, ITS1 and ITS2) were identified in various trichomonads; Simplicimonas sp., Hexamastix mitis, and Hypotrichomonas sp. from rodents, and Tetratrichomonas sp. and Trichomonas sp. from pigs. All of these species were not detected in humans, whereas Pentatrichomonas hominis was identified in humans, pigs, the dog, the water buffalo, the cow, and the goat. Even when using the high-resolution gene locus of the ITS regions, all P. hominis strains were genetically identical; thus zoonotic transmission between humans and these closely related mammals may be occurring in the area investigated. The detection of Simplicimonas sp. in rodents (Rattus exulans) and P. hominis in water buffalo in this study revealed newly recognized host adaptations and suggested the existence of remaining unrevealed ranges of hosts in the trichomonad species.

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Occurrence and Molecular Identification of Anisakis Dujardin, 1845 from Marine Fish in Southern Makassar Strait, Indonesia: Hilal Anshary, Sriwulan, Mark A. Freeman, Kazuo Ogawa; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(1):9-19.
Published online February 19, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.9

Abstract
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Anisakis spp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) parasitize a wide range of marine animals, mammals serving as the definitive host and different fish species as intermediate or paratenic hosts. In this study, 18 fish species were investigated for Anisakis infection. Katsuwonus pelamis, Euthynnus affinis, Caranx sp., and Auxis thazard were infected with high prevalence of Anisakis type I, while Cephalopholis cyanostigma and Rastrelliger kanagurta revealed low prevalence. The mean intensity of Anisakis larvae in K. pelamis and A. thazard was 49.7 and 5.6, respectively. A total of 73 Anisakis type I larvae collected from K. pelamis and A. thazard were all identified as Anisakis typica by PCR-RFLP analysis. Five specimens of Anisakis from K. pelamis and 15 specimens from A. thazard were sequenced using ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and 6 specimens from A. thazard and 4 specimens from K. pelamis were sequenced in mtDNA cox2 region. Alignments of the samples in the ITS region showed 2 patterns of nucleotides. The first pattern (genotype) of Anisakis from A. thazard had 100% similarity with adult A. typica from dolphins from USA, whereas the second genotype from A. thazard and K. pelamis had 4 base pairs different in ITS1 region with adult A. typica from USA. In the mtDNA cox2 regions, Anisakis type I specimens from A. thazard and K. pelamis showed similarity range from 94% to 99% with A. typica AB517571/DQ116427. The difference of 4 bp nucleotides in ITS1 regions and divergence into 2 subgroups in mtDNA cox2 indicating the existence of A. typica sibling species in the Makassar Strait.

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Molecular Variation in the Paragonimus heterotremus Complex in Thailand and Myanmar: Oranuch Sanpool, Pewpan M. Intapan, Tongjit Thanchomnang, Penchom Janwan, Yukifumi Nawa, David Blair, Wanchai Maleewong; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):677-681.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.677

Abstract
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Paragonimiasis is an important food-borne parasitic zoonosis caused by infection with lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus. Of the 7 members of the genus known in Thailand until recently, only P. heterotremus has been confirmed as causing human disease. An 8th species, P. pseudoheterotremus, has recently been proposed from Thailand, and has been found in humans. Molecular data place this species as a sister species to P. heterotremus, and it is likely that P. pseudoheterotremus is not specifically distinct from P. heterotremus. In this study, we collected metacercariae of both nominal species (identification based on metacercarial morphology) from freshwater crabs from Phetchabun Province in northern Thailand, Saraburi Province in central Thailand, and Surat Thani Province in southern Thailand. In addition, we purchased freshwater crabs imported from Myanmar at Myawaddy Province, western Thailand, close to the Myanmar-Thailand border. The DNAs extracted from excysted metacercariae were PCR-amplified and sequenced for ITS2 and cox1 genes. The ITS2 sequences were nearly identical among all samples (99-100%). Phylogenies inferred from all available partial cox1 sequences contained several clusters. Sequences from Indian P. heterotremus formed a sister group to sequences from P. pseudoheterotremus-type metacercariae. Sequences of P. heterotremus from Thailand, Vietnam, and China formed a separate distinct clade. One metacercaria from Phitsanulok Province was distinct from all others. There is clearly considerable genetic variation in the P. heterotremus complex in Thailand and the form referred to as P. pseudoheterotremus is widely distributed in Thailand and the Thai-Myanmar border region.

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