Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"larva"

Brief Communication

Organ-specific Toxocara canis larvae migration and host immune response in experimentally infected mice: Min Seok Kim, Yan Jin, Se Joon Woo; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):243-250.
Published online May 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23125

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We investigated organ specific Toxocara canis larval migration in mice infected with T. canis larvae. We observed the worm burden and systemic immune responses. Three groups of BALB/c mice (n=5 each) were orally administered 1,000 T. canis 2nd stage larvae to induce larva migrans. Mice were sacrificed at 1, 3, and 5 weeks post-infection. Liver, lung, brain, and eye tissues were collected. Tissue from 2 mice per group was digested for larval count, while the remaining 3 mice underwent histological analysis. Blood hematology and serology were evaluated and compared to that in a control uninfected group (n=5) to assess the immune response. Cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were also analyzed. We found that, 1 week post-infection, the mean parasite load in the liver (72±7.1), brain (31±4.2), lungs (20±5.7), and eyes (2±0) peaked and stayed constant until the 3 weeks. By 5-week post-infection, the worm burden in the liver and lungs significantly decreased to 10±4.2 and 9±5.7, respectively, while they remained relatively stable in the brain and eyes (18±4.2 and 1±0, respectively). Interestingly, ocular larvae resided in all retinal layers, without notable inflammation in outer retina. Mice infected with T. canis exhibited elevated levels of neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and immunoglobulin E. At 5 weeks post-infection, interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13 levels were elevated in BAL fluid. Whereas IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, and interferon-γ levels in BAL fluid were similar to that in controls. Our findings demonstrate that a small portion of T. canis larvae migrate to the eyes and brain within the first week of infection. Minimal tissue inflammation was observed, probably due to increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines. This study contributes to our understanding of the histological and immunological responses to T. canis infection in mice, which may have implications to further understand human toxocariasis.

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Toxocara canis infections in mice: from subtle to severe consequences in 100 weeks
Nicol Bernardová, Jan Novák, Chia-Kwung Fan, Libuše Kolářová, Marta Chanová
Journal of Helminthology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The association of seropositivity to Toxocara canis and Ascaris lumbricoides with blood group antigens
Kravchun Pavlo Grigorovich, Leontyeva Frida Solomonivna, Povelichenko Olena Dmytrivna, Kadykova Olga Igorivna, Valentyna Dielievska
Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Characteristics of Toxocara canis induced lung inflammation in C57BL/6 mice
Janina Lekki-Jóźwiak, Justyna Karabowicz, Magdalena Paschall, Karolina Gregorczyk-Zboroch, Małgorzata Sobczak-Filipiak, Piotr Bąska, Irma Schabussova, Ewa Długosz
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Immunomodulatory and anti-fibrotic effects of Toxocara canis infection in a murine model of thioacetamide-induced chronic hepatic fibrosis
Iman F. Abou-El-Naga, Eman Dorry Elkerdany, Rania G. Aly, Enas Mohamed Mostafa Zaytoun
Acta Tropica.2025; 272: 107913. CrossRef

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Case Report

A case of disseminated strongyloidiasis diagnosed by worms in the urinary sediment: Young-Ha Lee; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):238-242.
Published online May 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23124

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Strongyloidiasis is a chronic infection caused by the intestinal nematode parasite Strongyloides stercoralis and is characterized by a diverse spectrum of nonspecific clinical manifestations. This report describe a case of disseminated strongyloidiasis with urination difficulty, generalized weakness, and chronic alcoholism diagnosed through the presence of worms in the urinary sediment. A 53-year-old man was hospitalized for severe abdominal distension and urinary difficulties that started 7–10 days prior. The patient also presented with generalized weakness that had persisted for 3 years, passed loose stools without diarrhea, and complained of dyspnea. In the emergency room, approximately 7 L of urine was collected, in which several free-living female adult and rhabditiform larvae of S. stercoralis, identified through their morphological characteristics and size measurements, were detected via microscopic examination. Rhabditiform larvae of S. stercoralis were also found in the patient’s stool. During hospitalization, the patient received treatment for strongyloidiasis, chronic alcoholism, peripheral neurosis, neurogenic bladder, and megaloblastic anemia, and was subsequently discharged with improved generalized conditions. Overall, this report presents a rare case of disseminated strongyloidiasis in which worms were detected in the urinary sediment of a patient with urination difficulties and generalized weakness combined with chronic alcoholism, neurogenic bladder, and megaloblastic anemia.

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Tropical gastrointestinal infections of contemporary public health importance
Carlos Seas, Pedro Legua
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases.2025; 38(5): 426. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Detection of Gnathostoma spinigerum Advanced 3rd-Stage Larvae in the Chinese Edible Frog, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, from Local Markets in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Woon-Mok Sohn, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Seungwan Ryoo, Keon Hoon Lee, Virak Khieu, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(5):519-522.
Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.519

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The Chinese edible frogs, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (n=20), and the striped snakehead fish, Channa striata (n=34), were purchased from local markets in 3 administrative regions of Cambodia (Phnom Penh, Pursat, and Takeo Provinces) from May 2017 to April 2019, and their infection status with Gnathostoma sp. larvae was investigated. The frogs and fish were transported to the laboratory with ice and examined using the artificial digestion method. Advanced 3rd-stage larvae (AdL₃) of Gnathostoma spinigerum, 24 in total number (1-6 larvae/frog), were detected from 6 (60.0%) out of 10 frogs purchased from Phnom Penh. No gnathostome larvae were detected in 10 frogs purchased from Takeo Province and 34 snakeheads from Phnom Penh, Pursat, and Takeo Provinces. AdL₃ isolated from the frogs were 2.55- 3.90 mm long and 0.31-0.36 mm wide. They had a characteristic head bulb (0.081×0.191 mm in average size) with 4 rows of hooklets, a muscular long esophagus (0.950-1.230 mm long), and 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.530-0.890 mm long). The average number of hooklets in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th rows was 41, 45, 48, and 51, respectively. These features were consistent with G. spinigerum AdL₃. By the present study, it has been first confirmed that the Chinese edible frog, H. rugulosus, from Phnom Penh serves as a second intermediate host for G. spinigerum, although their intensity of infection was not so high compared to other previously reported localities.

Citations

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A Global Review of the Zoonotic Potential and Disease Risks of Amphibian Parasites in Bullfrog Aquaculture
Meiqi Weng, Xinhua Liu, Chenxi Zhang, Rui Shu, Andrew Wang, Haotian Zhang, Xingqiang Wang, Huirong Yang, Jinyong Zhang
Reviews in Aquaculture.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Zoonotic disease risk at traditional food markets
Frida E. Sparaciari, Cadhla Firth, Erik A. Karlsson, Paul F. Horwood, Suchetana Mukhopadhyay
Journal of Virology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Biological Hazards and Indicators Found in Products of Animal Origin in Cambodia from 2000 to 2022: A Systematic Review
Shwe Phue San, Rortana Chea, Delia Grace, Kristina Roesel, Sothyra Tum, Stephen Young, Tumnoon Charaslertrangsi, Nazanin Zand, Shetty Seetharama Thombathu, Ra Thorng, Leab Kong, Kuok Fidero, Linda Nicolaides
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2024; 21(12): 1621. CrossRef

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Larval Gnathostomes and Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Fish from a Local Market in Yangon City, Myanmar: Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung, Keon Hoon Lee, Jin-Youp Ryu, Hyeon-Seung Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(6):701-707.
Published online December 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.6.701

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A survey was performed to investigate the infection status of zoonotic helminth larvae in fish from a local market of North Dagon District in Yangon City, Myanmar. A total of 486 fish in 13 species were collected 8 times from December 2015 to December 2019. All fish were transported under ice to a laboratory in Korea and examined for helminth larvae using artificial digestion method. Larval gnathostomes and metacercariae of more than 8 zoonotic trematode species, i.e., Opisthorchis viverrini, Haplorchis taichui, H. pumilio, H. yokogawai, Centrocestus spp., Stellantchasmus falcatus, Pygidiopsis cambodiensis, and Procerovum sp., were detected. Larval gnathostomes were found in 58 (16.0%) out of 362 fish of 6 species, with mean intensity of 2.8 per fish infected. Metacercariae of O. viverrini were detected in 10 (2.9%) out of 349 fish of 5 species, with mean intensity of 16.9 per fish infected. Metacercarial prevalences of 4 intestinal flukes, H. taichui, H. pumilio, H. yokogawai, and Centrocestus spp., were 16.8%, 26.0%, 12.5%, and 15.0% in the positive fish species, respectively, and mean metacercarial intensity was 63.3, 26.8, 86.2, and 8.7 per fish infected. Metacercariae of S. falcatus and P. cambodiensis were detected only from the mullet, Chelon macrolepis. Metacercariae of Procerovum sp. were found in Channa striata and Anabas testudineus. Collectively, it was confirmed that the fish were infected with gnathostome larvae and metacercariae of O. viverrini and intestinal flukes in Yangon City, Myanmar.

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Identification of an Opisthorchis viverrini-like liver fluke from Myanmar: Metacercariae recovered from snakehead fish and adults from an experimentally infected hamster
Woon-Mok Sohn, Bong-Kwang Jung, Keon-Hoon Lee, Sung-Jong Hong, Seung-Hwan Seo, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(2): 174. CrossRef
Exploring the second intermediate hosts and morphology of human- and cat-specific Opisthorchis viverrini-like populations
Vania Agustina, Prasert Saichua, Thewarach Laha, Sirikachorn Tangkawatana, Suksanti Prakobwong, Nonglak Laoprom, Wanrak Kamphasri, Chonteera Chareonchai, David Blair, Sutas Suttiprapa
International Journal for Parasitology.2024; 54(10): 497. CrossRef
Re‐evaluation of certain aspects of the EFSA Scientific Opinion of April 2010 on risk assessment of parasites in fishery products, based on new scientific data. Part 2
Ana Allende, Avelino Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Valeria Bortolaia, Sara Bover‐Cid, Alessandra De Cesare, Wietske Dohmen, Laurent Guillier, Lieve Herman, Liesbeth Jacxsens, Maarten Nauta, Lapo Mughini‐Gras, Jakob Ottoson, Luisa Peixe, Fernando Perez‐Rodriguez, Panag
EFSA Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Detection of Gnathostoma spinigerum Advanced 3rd-Stage Larvae in the Chinese Edible Frog, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, from Local Markets in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Woon-Mok Sohn, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Seungwan Ryoo, Keon Hoon Lee, Virak Khieu, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(5): 519. CrossRef

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Infection Status of Gnathostoma spinigerum Larvae in Asian Swamp Eels, Monopterus albus, Purchased from Local Markets in Cambodia: Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung, Keon Hoon Lee, Sung-Jong Hong, Virak Khieu, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(6):695-699.
Published online December 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.6.695

Abstract
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Present study was performed to know the infection status of Gnathostoma sp. larvae in swamp eels from Cambodia. We purchased total 30 Asian swamp eels, Monopterus albus, from local markets in Pursat and Takeo Provinces and Phnom Penh on May and November 2017 and May 2018. All collected eels were transferred to our laboratory with ice and each of them was examined by artificial digestion method. A total of 15 larval gnathostomes (1-5 larvae) were detected from 55.6% (5/9) swamp eels in Pursat Province. No larval gnathostomes were found in 21 swamp eels in Takeo Province and Phnom Penh. The advanced third-stage larvae (AdL₃) detected were 2.575-3.825 (3.250) mm in length and 0.375-0.425 (0.386) mm in width. They had the characteristic head bulb (av. 0.104×0.218 mm) with 4 rows of hooklets, long muscular esophagus (1.048 mm), and 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.615 mm). The number of hooklets in 4 rows on the head bulb was 41, 44, 47, and 50. In scanning electron microscopy, characteristic features were 4 rows of hooklets on the head bulb, cervical papillae, tegumental spines regularly arranged in transverse striations, and anus. The larval gnathostomes were identified as AdL₃ of Gnathostoma spinigerum based on the morphological characters. By the present study, it has been confirmed that G. spinigerum larvae are infected in Asian swamp eels, M. albus, in Pursat Province, Cambodia.

Citations

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Biological Hazards and Indicators Found in Products of Animal Origin in Cambodia from 2000 to 2022: A Systematic Review
Shwe Phue San, Rortana Chea, Delia Grace, Kristina Roesel, Sothyra Tum, Stephen Young, Tumnoon Charaslertrangsi, Nazanin Zand, Shetty Seetharama Thombathu, Ra Thorng, Leab Kong, Kuok Fidero, Linda Nicolaides
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2024; 21(12): 1621. CrossRef
Intracameral Gnathostomiasis: A Case Report and Literature Review
Wijak Kongwattananon, Thanaporn Wiriyabanditkul, Waraluck Supwatjariyakul, Thanapong Somkijrungroj
Ocular Immunology and Inflammation.2023; 31(5): 1092. CrossRef
Detection of Gnathostoma spinigerum Advanced 3rd-Stage Larvae in the Chinese Edible Frog, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, from Local Markets in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Woon-Mok Sohn, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Seungwan Ryoo, Keon Hoon Lee, Virak Khieu, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(5): 519. CrossRef

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Larval Gnathostomes and Spargana in Chinese Edible Frogs, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, from Myanmar: Potential Risk of Human Infection: Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jin-Youp Ryu, Hyun-Seung Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(4):467-473.
Published online August 25, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.467

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Chinese edible frogs, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, were examined to estimate the potential risks of human gnathostomiasis and sparganosis in Myanmar. A total of 20 frogs were purchased in a local market of Yangon and examined with naked eyes and the artificial digestion method after skin peeling in June 2018 and June 2019. Larvae of gnathostomes and Spirometra (=spargana) were detected in 15 (75.0%) and 15 (75.0%) frogs with average intensities of 10.5 and 6.3 larvae per infected frog, respectively. Gnathostome larvae were 2.75-3.80 (av. 3.30) mm long and 0.29-0.36 (0.33) mm wide. They had a characteristic head bulb with 4 rows of hooklets, a muscular long esophagus, and 2 pairs of cervical sac. The mean number of hooklets were 41, 44, 47, and 50 on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th row, respectively. Collected spargana were actively moving, particularly with the scolex part, and have ivory-white color and variable in size. Conclusively, it has been first confirmed that Chinese edible frogs, H. rugulosus, are highly infected with larval gnathostomes and spargana in this study. Consuming these frogs is considered a potential risk of human gnathostomiasis and sparganosis in Myanmar.

Citations

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A Global Review of the Zoonotic Potential and Disease Risks of Amphibian Parasites in Bullfrog Aquaculture
Meiqi Weng, Xinhua Liu, Chenxi Zhang, Rui Shu, Andrew Wang, Haotian Zhang, Xingqiang Wang, Huirong Yang, Jinyong Zhang
Reviews in Aquaculture.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Parasitic helminths of alien invasive anurans in Butuan City, Northeastern Mindanao, Philippines
CA. V. Torralba, E. F. Gamalinda, L. A. Estaño
Helminthologia.2023; 60(4): 385. CrossRef
Echinostoma mekongi: Discovery of Its Metacercarial Stage in Snails, Filopaludina martensi cambodjensis, in Pursat Province, Cambodia
Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jaeeun Cho, Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Keon Hoon Lee, Virak Khieu, Rekol Huy
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 47. CrossRef
Detection of Gnathostoma spinigerum Advanced 3rd-Stage Larvae in the Chinese Edible Frog, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, from Local Markets in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Woon-Mok Sohn, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Seungwan Ryoo, Keon Hoon Lee, Virak Khieu, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(5): 519. CrossRef
Larval Gnathostomes and Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Fish from a Local Market in Yangon City, Myanmar
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung, Keon Hoon Lee, Jin-Youp Ryu, Hyeon-Seung Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(6): 701. CrossRef

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Anisakid Larvae from Anchovies in the South Coast of Korea: Taehee Chang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Hyejoo Shin, Jeonggyu Lee, Laddawan Patarwut, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(6):699-704.
Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.6.699

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Anisakiasis (anisakidosis) refers to a foodborne zoonosis caused by ingesting raw or undercooked marine fish or cephalopods infected with anisakid larvae. The present study was performed to investigate the prevalence of anisakid larvae in anchovies (Engraulis japonica) purchased from 2 local markets in Gyeongsangnam-do, the Republic of Korea (=Korea), during 2018-2019. Anchovies were transported to our laboratory and examined by pepsin-HCl artificial digestion technique followed by microscopic observations and molecular analyses. The overall prevalence of anisakid larvae was 19.5% (39/200), from which a total of 51 larvae (av. 1.3 larvae/infected anchovy) were recovered. Sequencing of the larvae targeting the ITS region, including ITS1, 5.8S rRNA, and ITS2 genes confirmed the species of larvae as Anisakis pegreffii (54.9%; 28/51), Hysterothylacium sinense (23.5%; 12/51), and Hysterothylacium aduncum (21.5%; 11/51). The results suggested that anchovies could be a potential source of human anisakiasis in Korea.

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Occurrence and molecular identification of anisakid nematodes in anchovies from the Gulf of California, Mexico
Dania López-Moreno, Marta Valmaseda-Angulo, Jesús Servando Hernández-Orts, José A. Cruz-Barraza, Emigdio Marín-Enríquez, Rebeca Sánchez-Cárdenas, Marlenne Manzano-Sarabia, Felipe Amezcua, Juan R.F. Vallarta-Zarate, Francisco N. Morales-Serna
Food Control.2026; 180: 111657. CrossRef
Genetic analyses of Anisakis pegreffii (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the East Asian finless porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri (Cetacea: Phocoenidae) in Korean waters
Sunmin Kim, Jong Yoon Jeon, Kyunglee Lee, Hyunjoo Lee, Han Chan Park, Kyung Eun Lee, Hang Lee, Sung Bin Lee, Sang Wha Kim, Se Chang Park, Seongjun Choe, Heejeong Youn
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Diatoms-endoparasite association in fish from the marine pacific coast of Colombia (Buenaventura)
Vanessa Potosi-Pai, Carlos E. Agudelo Morales, Javier Antonio Benavides-Montaño, Shawky M. Aboelhadid
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(12): e0312015. CrossRef

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Molecular Identification of Anisakis Larvae Extracted by Gastrointestinal Endoscopy from Health Check-up Patients in Korea: Hyemi Song, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jaeeun Cho, Taehee Chang, Sun Huh, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(2):207-211.
Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.207

Anisakiasis is a zoonotic disease induced by anisakid nematodes, and endoscopic inspection is used for a diagnosis or remedy for it. Anisakis simplex, Anisakis physeteris, and Pseudoterranova decipiens had been reported to be the major species causing human infections, particularly, in Japan. However, in Korea, recent studies strongly suggested that Anisakis pegreffii is the major species of human infections. To support this suggestion, we collected anisakid larvae (n=20) from 20 human patients who were undergone gastrointestinal endoscopy at a health check-up center in Korea, and molecular identification was performed on the larvae using PCR-RFLP analysis and gene sequencing of rDNA ITS regions and mtDNA cox2. In addition, anisakid larvae (n=53) collected from the sea eel (Astroconger myriaster) were also examined for comparison with those extracted from humans. The results showed that all human samples (100%) were identified as A. pegreffii, whereas 90.7% of the samples from the sea eel were A. pegreffii with the remaining 9.3% being Hysterothylacium aduncum. Our study confirmed that A. pegreffii is the predominant species causing human anisakiasis in Korea, and this seems to be due to the predominance of this larval type in the fish (sea eels) popularly consumed by the Korean people. The possibility of human infection with H. aduncum in Korea is also suggested.

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Risk Factors of Anisakidosis at the Global Level: A Review
Yosuke Fujisawa, Diane P. Barton, Shokoofeh Shamsi
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Alterations in immunized antigens of Anisakis pegreffii by ampicillin-induced gut microbiome changes in mice
Myungjun Kim, Jun Ho Choi, Myung-hee Yi, Singeun Oh, Tai-Soon Yong, Ju Yeong Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(3): 351. CrossRef
Genetic analyses of Anisakis pegreffii (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the East Asian finless porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri (Cetacea: Phocoenidae) in Korean waters
Sunmin Kim, Jong Yoon Jeon, Kyunglee Lee, Hyunjoo Lee, Han Chan Park, Kyung Eun Lee, Hang Lee, Sung Bin Lee, Sang Wha Kim, Se Chang Park, Seongjun Choe, Heejeong Youn
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses of Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the common minke whale in Korean waters
Sunmin Kim, Bom Sok Lee, Seongjun Choe
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 240. CrossRef
Sensitivity of candling as routine method for the detection and recovery of ascaridoids in commercial fish fillets
E. Mercken, I. Van Damme, B. Šoba, S. Vangeenberghe, A. Serradell, T. De Sterck, J. P. L. Lumain, S. Gabriël
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Intraspecific Genetic Variation of Anisakis typica in Indian Mackerel Caught from the Gulf of Thailand, Samut Songkhram Province
Tanawat Chaiphongpachara, Poom Adisakwattana, Nantana Suwandittakul, Daiji Endoh
The Scientific World Journal.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
Anisakiasis Annual Incidence and Causative Species, Japan, 2018–2019
Hiromu Sugiyama, Mitsuko Shiroyama, Ikuyo Yamamoto, Takashi Ishikawa, Yasuyuki Morishima
Emerging Infectious Diseases.2022; 28(10): 2105. CrossRef
Identification and genetic characterization of Contracaecum sp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from China
Qingxun ZHANG, Meng MENG, Chengmei HUANG, Shengyong FENG, Jie LIU, Yan TANG, Yu FAN, Guohui YUAN, Shuyi HAN, Jing LUO, Baohua ZHAO, Hongxuan HE
Integrative Zoology.2021; 16(6): 929. CrossRef
Anisakis pegreffii Extract Induces Airway Inflammation with Airway Remodeling in a Murine Model System
Jun Ho Choi, Ju Yeong Kim, Myung-hee Yi, Myungjun Kim, Tai-Soon Yong, Kalman Imre
BioMed Research International.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Morphological study and molecular epidemiology of Anisakis larvae in mackerel fish
Vipavinee Cheypanya, Pheravut Wongsawad, Chalobol Wongsawad, Nattawadee Nantarat
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine.2021; 14(5): 214. CrossRef
Presence of Anisakidae in commercial fish species imported into the Belgian food markets: A systematic review and meta-analyses
E. Mercken, I. Van Damme, A. Serradell, S. Gabriël
International Journal of Food Microbiology.2020; 318: 108456. CrossRef
Occurrence and molecular identification of Anisakis larval type 1 (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in marketed fish in Egypt
Eman Mostafa, Marwa Omar, Shimaa. S. Hassan, Mohamed Samir
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2020; 44(3): 536. CrossRef
Ascaridoids in commercial fish: Occurrence, intensity and localization in whole fish and fillets destined for the Belgian market
E. Mercken, I. Van Damme, S. Vangeenberghe, A. Serradell, T. De Sterck, J.P.L. Lumain, S. Gabriël
International Journal of Food Microbiology.2020; 327: 108657. CrossRef
Advances in Omic Studies Drive Discoveries in the Biology of Anisakid Nematodes
Stefano D’Amelio, Fabrizio Lombardo, Antonella Pizzarelli, Ilaria Bellini, Serena Cavallero
Genes.2020; 11(7): 801. CrossRef
Status of common parasitic diseases in Korea in 2019
Sun Huh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2019; 62(8): 437. CrossRef
Parasitic infections and medical expenses according to Health Insurance Review Assessment claims data in South Korea, 2011–2018
Ju Yeong Kim, Myung-hee Yi, Tai-Soon Yong, Guilherme L. Werneck
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(11): e0225508. CrossRef
Anisakid Larvae from Anchovies in the South Coast of Korea
Taehee Chang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Hyejoo Shin, Jeonggyu Lee, Laddawan Patarwut, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(6): 699. CrossRef

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Original Article

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Toxocara tanuki (Nematoda: Ascaridae) from Korean Raccoon Dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis: Umanets Alexander, Chae-Wong Lim, Bumseok Kim, Eui-Ju Hong, Hyeon-Cheol Kim, Bae-Keun Park; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(6):567-575.
Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.6.567

Abstract
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Present study was performed to describe the morphological and molecular characterization of Toxocara tanuki (Nematoda: Ascaridae) from Korean raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis, naturally infected in the Republic of Korea (Korea). Juvenile and adult worms of T. tanuki were recovered in 5 out of 10 raccoon dogs examined and the larval worms were detected in 15 out of 20 muscle samples (75%). Small lateral alae were observed on the cranial end of the body in male and female adults and 2 long spicules (3.0-3.5 mm) were characteristically observed in the posterior end of males. In SEM observation, 18 pairs of proximal precloacal, a precloacal median, a postcloacal median and 5 pairs of postcloacal papillae were uniquely revealed in the posterior portion of males, but the proximal papillae were not shown in the lateral ends of females. Molecular analysis on the 18S rRNA partial DNA sequences was revealed the same finding in both samples, adult worms and muscle larvae, which are closely related to T. tanuki. In conclusion, it was confirmed for the first time that T. tanuki is indigenously distributed, the Korean raccoon dog is acted as the natural definitive host of this nematode in Korea and the morphological characteristics of T. tanuki were shown in specific structure for single postcloacal median papilla in male.

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Brief Communication

Effects of Disinfectants on Larval Development of Ascaris suum Eggs: Ki-Seok Oh, Geon-Tae Kim, Kyu-Sung Ahn, Sung-Shik Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):103-107.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.103

Abstract
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The
objective
of this study was to evaluate the effects of several different commercial disinfectants on the embryogenic development of Ascaris suum eggs. A 1-ml aliquot of each disinfectant was mixed with approximately 40,000 decorticated or intact A. suum eggs in sterile tubes. After each treatment time (at 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 30, and 60 min), disinfectants were washed away, and egg suspensions were incubated at 25˚C in distilled water for development of larvae inside. At 3 weeks of incubation after exposure, ethanol, methanol, and chlorohexidin treatments did not affect the larval development of A. suum eggs, regardless of their concentration and treatment time. Among disinfectants tested in this study, 3% cresol, 0.2% sodium hypochlorite and 0.02% sodium hypochlorite delayed but not inactivated the embryonation of decorticated eggs at 3 weeks of incubation, because at 6 weeks of incubation, undeveloped eggs completed embryonation regardless of exposure time, except for 10% povidone iodine. When the albumin layer of A. suum eggs remained intact, however, even the 10% povidone iodine solution took at least 5 min to reasonably inactivate most eggs, but never completely kill them with even 60 min of exposure. This study demonstrated that the treatment of A. suum eggs with many commercially available disinfectants does not affect the embryonation. Although some disinfectants may delay or stop the embryonation of A. suum eggs, they can hardly kill them completely.

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Original Article

Larval Gnathostoma spinigerum Detected in Asian Swamp Eels, Monopterus albus, Purchased from a Local Market in Yangon, Myanmar: Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Jong-Bok Park, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):619-625.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.619

Abstract
PDF

The present study was performed to determine the infection status of swamp eels with Gnathostoma sp. larvae in Myanmar. We purchased total 37 Asian swamp eels, Monopterus albus, from a local market in Yangon in June and December 2013 and 2014. All collected eels were transferred with ice to our laboratory and each of them was examined by the artificial digestion technique. A total of 401 larval gnathostomes (1-96 larvae/eel) were detected in 33 (89.2%) swamp eels. Most of the larvae (n=383; 95.5%) were found in the muscle. The remaining 18 larvae were detected in the viscera. The advanced third-stage larvae (AdL₃) were 2.3-4.4 mm long and 0.25-0.425 mm wide. The characteristic head bulb (0.093 × 0.221 mm in average size) with 4 rows of hooklets, muscular long esophagus (1.025 mm), and 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.574 mm) were observed by light microscopy. The average number of hooklets in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th rows was 41, 45, 48, and 51, respectively. As scanning electron microscopic findings, the characteristic 4-5 rows of hooklets on the head bulb, a cervical papilla, tegumental spines regularly arranged in the transverse striations, and an anus were well observed. Based on these morphological characters, they were identified as the AdL₃ of Gnathostoma spinigerum. By the present study, it has been confirmed for the first time that Asian swamp eels, M. albus, from Yangon, Myanmar are heavily infected with G. spinigerum larvae.

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Case Report

Anisakiasis: Report of 15 Gastric Cases Caused by Anisakis Type I Larvae and a Brief Review of Korean Anisakiasis Cases: Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Tae Hyo Kim, Tae-Joon Park; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):465-470.
Published online August 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.465

Abstract
PDF

The present study was performed to report 15 anisakiasis cases in Korea and to review the Korean cases reported in the literature. Total 32 Anisakis type I larvae were detected in the stomach of 15 patients by the endoscopy. Single worm was detected from 12 cases, and even 9 larvae were found from 2 cases. Epigastric pain was most commonly manifested in almost all cases, and hemoptysis and hematemesis were seen in 1 case each. Symptom manifestations began at 10-12 hr after eating fish in 73.3% cases. Endoscopy was performed 1-2 days after the symptom onset in most cases. The common conger, Conger myriaster, was the probable infection source in 7 cases. In the review of Korean anisakiasis cases, thus far, total 645 cases have been reported in 64 articles. Anisakis type I larva was the most frequently detected (81.3%). The favorable infection site of larvae was the stomach (82.4%). The common conger was the most probable source of human infections (38.6%). Among the total 404 cases which revealed the age and sex of patients, 185 (45.8%) were males, and the remaining 219 (54.2%) were female patients. The age prevalence was the highest in forties (34.7%). The seasonal prevalence was highest in winter (38.8%). By the present study, 15 cases of gastric anisakiasis are added as Korean cases, and some epidemiological characteristics of Korean anisakiasis were clarified.

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Brief Communication

Effects of Some Pesticides on Development of Ascaris suum Eggs: Yong-Man Yu, Jin-Won Kim, Won-Seok Na, Young-Nam Youn, In-Wook Choi, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(1):111-115.
Published online February 19, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.111

Abstract
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To evaluate the effects of pesticides to parasite eggs, Ascaris suum eggs were incubated with 5 different pesticides (1:1,500-1:2,000 dilutions of 2% emamectin benzoate, 5% spinetoram, 5% indoxacarb, 1% deltamethrin, and 5% flufenoxuron; all v/v) at 20℃ for 6 weeks, and microscopically evaluated the egg survival and development on a weekly basis. The survival rate of A. suum eggs incubated in normal saline (control eggs) was 90±3% at 6 weeks. However, the survival rates of eggs treated with pesticides were 75-85% at this time, thus significantly lower than the control value. Larval development in control eggs commenced at 3 weeks, and 73±3% of eggs had internal larvae at 6 weeks. Larvae were evident in pesticide-treated eggs at 3-4 weeks, and the proportions of eggs carrying larvae at 6 weeks (36±3%-54±3%) were significantly lower than that of the control group. Thus, pesticides tested at levels similar to those used in agricultural practices exhibited low-level ovicidal activity and delayed embryogenesis of A. suum eggs, although some differences were evident among the tested pesticides.

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Original Article

Angiostrongylus cantonensis: Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations on the Cuticle of Moulting Larvae: Xin Zeng, Jie Wei, Juan Wang, Feng Wu, Feng Fung, Xiaoying Wu, Xi Sun, Huanqing Zheng, Zhiyue Lv, Zhongdao Wu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):633-636.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.633

Abstract
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Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a parasitic nematode that needs to develop in different hosts in different larval stages. Freshwater snails, such as Pomacea canaliculata, are the intermediate host, and rats are the definitive host. Periodic shedding of the cuticle (moulting) is an important biological process for the survival and development of the parasite in the intermediate and definitive hosts. However, there are few studies on the cuticle alterations between different stages of this parasite. In this study, we observed the ultrastructural appearance and changes of the cuticle of the 2nd/3rd stage larvae (L2/L3) and the 3rd/4th stage larvae (L3/L4) using a scanning electron microscope. We also first divided L2/L3 into late L2 and early L3. The late L2 lacked alae, but possessed a pull-chain-like fissure. Irregular alignment of spherical particles on the cuticle were noted compared to the L3. Alae appeared in the early L3. The old cuticle turned into a thin film-like structure which adhered to the new cuticle, and spherical particles were seen regularly arranged on the surface of this structure. Regular rectangular cavities were found on the surface of L3/L4. The caudal structure of L3/L4 was much larger than that of L3, but caudal inflation, such as seen in L4, was not observed. These results are the first to reveal the ultrastructural changes of the cuticle of A. cantonensis before and after moulting of L2/L3 and L3/L4.

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Water transmission potential of Angiostrongylus cantonensis: Larval viability and effectiveness of rainwater catchment sediment filters
Kathleen Howe, Lisa Kaluna, Alicia Lozano, Bruce Torres Fischer, Yaeko Tagami, Robert McHugh, Susan Jarvi, Matty Knight
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(4): e0209813. CrossRef
The genetic basis of adaptive evolution in parasitic environment from the Angiostrongylus cantonensis genome
Lian Xu, Meng Xu, Xi Sun, Junyang Xu, Xin Zeng, Dai Shan, Dongjuan Yuan, Ping He, Weiming He, Yulan Yang, Shiqi Luo, Jie Wei, Xiaoying Wu, Zhen Liu, Xiaomin Xu, Zhensheng Dong, Langui Song, Beibei Zhang, Zilong Yu, Lifu Wang, Chi Zhang, Xiaodong Fang, Qia
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Molluscicidal activity and mechanism of toxicity of a novel salicylanilide ester derivative against Biomphalaria species
Ping He, Weisi Wang, Benjamin Sanogo, Xin Zeng, Xi Sun, Zhiyue Lv, Dongjuan Yuan, Liping Duan, Zhongdao Wu
Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Angiostrongylus cantonensis: a review of its distribution, molecular biology and clinical significance as a human pathogen
JOEL BARRATT, DOUGLAS CHAN, INDY SANDARADURA, RICHARD MALIK, DEREK SPIELMAN, ROGAN LEE, DEBORAH MARRIOTT, JOHN HARKNESS, JOHN ELLIS, DAMIEN STARK
Parasitology.2016; 143(9): 1087. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Alteration of Cytokine Production during Visceral Larva Migrans by Toxascaris leonina in Mice: Shin Ae Kang, Mi-Kyung Park, Min Kyoung Cho, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):583-588.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.583

Abstract
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To determine alteration of immune responses during visceral larva migrans (VLM) caused by Toxascaris leonina at several time points, we experimentally infected mice with embryonated eggs of T. leonina and measured T-helper (Th) cell-related serial cytokine production after infection. At day 5 post infection (PI), most larvae were detected from the lungs, spleen, intestine, and muscle. Expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and CCL11 (eotaxin) showed a significant increase in most infected organs, except the intestine. However, expression of the CXCL1 (Gro-α) gene was most highly enhanced in the intestine at day 14 PI. Th1-related cytokine secretion of splenocytes showed increases at day 28 PI, and the level showed a decrease at day 42 PI. Th2-related cytokine secretion of splenocytes also showed an increase after infection; in particular, IL-5 level showed a significant increase at day 14 PI, and the level showed a decrease at day 28 PI. However, levels of Th17-related cytokines, IL-6 and IL-17A, showed gradual increases until day 42 PI. In conclusion, Th1, Th2, and Th17-related cytokine production might be important in immune responses against T. leonina VLM in experimental mice.

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Histopathological lesions caused by experimental Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina infections in farm mink (Neovison vison)
Maciej Klockiewicz, Małgorzata Sobczak-Filipiak, Tadeusz Jakubowski, Ewa Długosz
Journal of Veterinary Research.2019; 63(2): 205. CrossRef
Experimental infection with T. canis and T. leonina in farm mink (Neovison vison)
Maciej Klockiewicz, Tadeusz Jakubowski, Małgorzata Sobczak-Filipiak, Justyna Bartosik, Ewa Długosz
Journal of Veterinary Research.2019; 63(2): 197. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Larval Anisakid Infections in Marine Fish from Three Sea Areas of the Republic of Korea: Shin-Hyeong Cho, Sang-Eun Lee, Ok-Hee Park, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):295-299.
Published online November 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.295

Abstract
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The present study was performed to determine the infection status of anisakid larvae in marine fish collected from 3 sea areas of the Republic of Korea. Total 86 marine fish (8 species) collected from the East Sea (Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do), 171 fish (10 species) from the South Sea (Sacheon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do), and 92 fish (7 species) from the Yellow Sea (Incheon Metropolitan City) were examined by both naked eyes and artificial digestion method. Among the total of 349 fish examined, 213 (61.0%) were infected with 8 species of anisakid larvae, i.e., Anisakis simplex, 6 types of Contracaecum spp., and Raphidascaris sp., and the mean larval density was 13.8 per infected fish. Anisakid larvae were detected in 45 fish (52.3%) from the East Sea, 131 fish (76.6%) from the South Sea, and 37 fish (40.2%) from the Yellow Sea. The average numbers of larvae detected were 4.0, 16.6, and 15.9, respectively. Anisakis simplex larvae were detected in 149 fish (42.7%), and the mean larval density was 9.0 per infected fish. They were found in 26 fish (30.2%) collected from the East Sea, 96 fish (56.1%) from the South Sea, and 27 fish (29.3%) from the Yellow Sea. The average numbers of larvae detected were 2.9, 10.3, and 10.5, respectively. Conclusively, the present study suggests that the infection rate and density of anisakid larvae are more or less higher in the fish from the South Sea than those from the East Sea or the Yellow Sea.

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Heung Up Kim
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Jaeeun Cho, Hyemi Lim, Bong-Kwang Jung, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
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Min Seo
Korean Journal of Medicine.2013; 85(5): 469. CrossRef

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Positivity and Intensity of Gnathostoma spinigerum Infective Larvae in Farmed and Wild-Caught Swamp Eels in Thailand: Wilai Saksirisampant, Benjamas Wongsatayanon Thanomsub; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):113-118.
Published online May 24, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.113

Abstract
PDF

From July 2008 to June 2009, livers of the swamp eels (Monopterus alba) were investigated for advanced third-stage larvae (AL3) of Gnathostoma spinigerum. Results revealed that 10.2% (106/1,037) and 20.4% (78/383) of farmed eels from Aranyaprathet District, Sa Kaeo Province and those of wild-caught eels obtained from a market in Min Buri District of Bangkok, Thailand were infected, respectively. The prevalence was high during the rainy and winter seasons. The infection rate abruptly decreased in the beginning of summer. The highest infection rate (13.7%) was observed in September and absence of infection (0%) in March-April in the farmed eels. Whereas, in the wild-caught eels, the highest rate (30.7%) was observed in November, and the rate decreased to the lowest at 6.3% in March. The average no. (mean±SE) of AL3 per investigated liver in farmed eels (1.1±0.2) was significantly lower (P=0.040) than those in the caught eels (0.2±0.03). In addition, the intensity of AL3 recovered from each infected liver varied from 1 to 18 (2.3±0.3) in the farmed eels and from 1 to 47 (6.3±1.2) in the caught eels, respectively. The AL3 intensity showed significant difference (P=0.011) between these 2 different sources of eels. This is the first observation that farmed eels showed positive findings of G. spinigerum infective larvae. This may affect the standard farming of the culture farm and also present a risk of consuming undercooked eels from the wild-caught and farmed eels.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(6): 695. CrossRef
Genetic diversity of infective larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae) in freshwater swamp eels from Thailand
P. Eamsobhana, D. Wanachiwanawin, K. Roongruangchai, S.L. Song, H.S. Yong
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Jing Cui, Ye Wang, Zhong Quan Wang
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(4): 467. CrossRef

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Transmission of Toxocara canis via Ingestion of Raw Cow Liver: A Cross-Sectional Study in Healthy Adults: Dongil Choi, Jae Hoon Lim, Dong-Chull Choi, Kyung Soo Lee, Seung Woon Paik, Sun-Hee Kim, Yoon-Ho Choi, Sun Huh; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(1):23-27.
Published online March 6, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.23

Abstract
PDF

The aim of this study is to ascertain the relationship between ingestion of raw cow liver and Toxocara canis infection. A total of 150 apparently healthy adults were divided into 2 groups; 1 group consisted of 86 adults with positive results of Toxocara ELISA, and the other group of 64 adults with negative results. One researcher collected the history of ingestion of raw cow liver within 1 year and recent history of keeping dogs. Among 86 seropositive adults for T. canis, 68 (79.1%) had a recent history of ingestion of raw cow liver. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that a recent ingestion of raw cow liver and keeping dogs were related to an increased risk of toxocariasis (odds ratios, 4.4 and 3.7; and 95% confidence intervals, 1.9-10.2 and 1.2-11.6, respectively). A recent history of ingestion of raw cow liver and keeping dogs was significantly associated with toxocariasis.

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Brief Communication

Discovery of Larval Gnathostoma nipponicum in Frogs and Snakes from Jeju-do (Province), Republic of Korea: Ho-Choon Woo, Hong-Shik Oh, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):445-448.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.445

Abstract
PDF

A survey was performed to find out the intermediate hosts of Gnathostoma nipponicum in Jeju-do (Province), the Republic of Korea. In August 2009 and 2010, a total of 82 tadpoles, 23 black-spotted pond frogs (Rana nigromaculata), 7 tiger keelback snakes (Rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus), 6 red-tongue viper snakes (Agkistrodon ussuriensis), and 2 cat snakes (Elaphe dione) were collected in Jeju-do and examined by the pepsin-HCl digestion method. Total 5 gnathostome larvae were detected in 3 (50%) of 6 A. ussuriensis, 70 larvae in 3 of 7 (42.9%) R. tigrinus tigrinus, and 2 larvae in 2 of 82 (8.7%) frogs. No gnathostome larvae were detected in tadpoles and cat snakes. The larvae detected were a single species, and 2.17×0.22 mm in average size. They had characteristic head bulbs, muscular esophagus, and 4 cervical sacs. Three rows of hooklets were arranged in the head bulbs, and the number of hooklets in each row was 29, 33, and 36 posteriorly. All these characters were consistent with the advanced third-stage larvae of G. nipponicum. It has been first confirmed in Jeju-do that R. nigromaculata, A. ussuriensis, and R. tigrinus tigrinus play a role for intermediate and/or paratenic hosts for G. nipponicum.

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Case Report

Ophthalmomyiasis Caused by a Phormia sp. (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Larva in an Enucleated Patient: Jae-Soo Kim, Jong-Wan Kim, Hye-Jung Lee, In-Yong Lee, Sang-Ah Oh, Min Seo; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):173-175.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.173

Abstract
PDF

Ophthalmomyiasis rarely occurs worldwide, and has not been reported in Korea. We present here a case of ophthalmomyiasis caused by Phormia sp. fly larva in an enucleated eye of a patient. In June 2010, a 50-year-old man was admitted to Dankook University Hospital for surgical excision of a malignant melanoma located in the right auricular area. He had a clinical history of enucleation of his right eye due to squamous cell carcinoma 5 years ago. During hospitalization, foreign body sensation developed in his right eye, and close examination revealed a fly larva inside the eye, which was evacuated. The larva was proved to be Phormia sp. based on the morphology of the posterior spiracle. Subsequently, no larva was found, and the postoperative course was uneventful without any complaints of further myiasis. This is the first case of ophthalmomyiasis among the literature in Korea, and also the first myiasis case caused by Phormia sp. in Korea.

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Original Articles

Comparative Efficacy of Ivermectin and Levamisole for Reduction of Migrating and Encapsulated Larvae of Baylisascaris transfuga in Mice: Yan Fu, Hua-Ming Nie, Li-Li Niu, Yue Xie, Jia-Bo Deng, Qiang Wang, Guang-You Yang, Xiao-Bin Gu, Shu-Xian Wang; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):145-151.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.145

Abstract
PDF

The comparative efficacy of 2 anthelmintics (ivermectin and levamisole) against Baylisascaris transfuga migrating and encapsulated larvae was studied in mice. A total of 60 BALB/c mice inoculated each with about 1,000 embryonated B. transfuga eggs were equally divided into 6 groups (A-F) randomly. Mice of groups A and B were treated with ivermectin and levamisole, respectively, on day 3 post-infection (PI). Mice of groups A-C were killed on day 13 PI. Similarly, groups D and E were treated with ivermectin and levamisole, respectively, on day 14 PI, and all mice of groups D-F were treated on day 24 PI. The groups C and F were controls. Microexamination was conducted to count the larvae recovering from each mouse. The percentages of reduction in the number of migrating larvae recovered from group A (ivermectin) and B (levamisole) were 88.3% and 81.1%, respectively. In addition, the reduction in encapsulated larvae counts achieved by ivermectin (group D) and levamisole (group E) was 75.0% and 49.2%, respectively. The results suggested that, to a certain extent, both anthelmintics appeared to be more effective against migrating larvae than encapsulated larvae. However, in the incipient stage of infection, ivermectin may be more competent than levamisole as a larvicidal drug for B. transfuga.

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Gastrointestinal Myiasis by Larvae of Sarcophaga sp. and Oestrus sp. in Egypt: Report of Cases, and Endoscopical and Morphological Studies: Azza K. Ahmad, Ekhlas H. Abdel-Hafeez, Madiha Makhloof, Ehab M. Abdel-Raheem; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):51-57.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.51

Abstract
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Four cases of gastric or intestinal myiasis are reported. The cases contain 2 males (1 child 10 years old, and 1 adult 40 years old) and 2 females (1 girl 18 years old, and 1 adult 50 years old) from Minia Governorate, Southern Egypt. Three of them, including cases no. 1, 3, and 4, were gastric myiasis, and complained of offensive hematemesis of bright red blood. Minute moving worms, larvae of the fly, were found in the vomitus. On the other hand, case no. 2 had intestinal myiasis, and complained of abdominal distention, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The stool of case 2 was mixed with blood, and minute moving worms were observed in the stool. Endoscopy was performed to explore any pathological changes in the stomach of the patients. The larvae were collected and studied macroscopically, microscopically, and us-ing a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to identify their species. Three different types of larvae were identified. The larvae isolated from case 1 were diagnosed as the second stage larvae of Sarcophaga species, and the larvae isolated from case 2 were the third stage larvae of Sarcophaga species. On the other hand, the larvae isolated from cases 3 and 4 were diagnosed as the third stage larvae of Oestrus species.

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Anisakis simplex Larvae: Infection Status in Marine Fish and Cephalopods Purchased from the Cooperative Fish Market in Busan, Korea: Seon Hee Choi, Jung Kim, Jin Ok Jo, Min Kyung Cho, Hak Sun Yu, Hee Jae Cha, Mee Sun Ock; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):39-44.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.39

Abstract
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The infection status of marine fish and cephalopods with Anisakis simplex third stage larva (L3) was studied over a period of 1 year. A total of 2,537 specimens, which consisted of 40 species of fish and 3 species of cephalopods, were purchased from the Cooperative Fish Market in Busan, Korea, from August 2006 to July 2007. They were examined for A. simplex L3 from the whole body cavity, viscera, and muscles. A. simplex L3 were confirmed by light microscopy. The overall infection rate reached 34.3%, and average 17.1 larvae were parasitized per infected fish. Fish that recorded the highest infection rate was Lophiomus setigerus (100%), followed by Liparis tessellates (90%), Pleurogrammus azonus (90%), and Scomber japonicus (88.7%). The intensity of infection was the highest in Gadus macrocephalus (117.7 larvae per fish), followed by S. japonicus (103.9 larvae) and L. setigerus (54.2 larvae). Although abundance of A. simplex L3 was not seasonal in most of the fish species, 10 of the 16 selected species showed the highest abundance in February and April. A positive correlation between the intensity of L3 infection and the fish length was obvious in S. japonicus and G. macrocephalus. It was likely that A. simplex L3 are more frequently infected during the spring season in some species of fish. Our study revealed that eating raw or undercooked fish or cephalopods could still be a source of human infection with A. simplex L3 in Korea.

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Case Report

A Nasal Myiasis in a 76-Year-Old Female in Korea: Jae-Soo Kim, Pil-Won Seo, Jong-Wan Kim, Jai-Hyang Go, Soon-Cheol Jang, Hye-Jung Lee, Min Seo; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):405-407.
Published online December 2, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.405

Abstract
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On July 2009, 5 fly larvae were discovered inside the nose of a 76-year-old female. She was living in Cheonan-si, and in a state of coma due to rupture of an aortic aneurysm. Surgery was performed on the day of admission, and the larvae were found 4 days later. By observing their posterior spiracle, the larvae were identified as Lucilia sericata. Considering the rapid development of this species, the infection was likely acquired during hospitalization. Further investigation on the hospital environment should be needed to know the origin of the infection.

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Brief Communications

Ultrastructural Localization of Toxocara canis Larval Antigen Reacted with a Seropositive Human Serum: Soo-Ung Lee, Jae-Ran Yu, Sun Huh; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(1):65-68.
Published online March 12, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.1.65

Abstract
PDF

Excretory-secretory products of Toxocara canis larvae have been considered as a major functional antigen in immune responses against toxocariasis. We studied ultrastructural localization of T. canis second-stage larval antigen using a seropositive human serum under immunogold electron microscopy. High-density gold particles were observed in the secretory cells, excretory duct, intestinal epithelium, and cuticle of the larval worm sections. The distribution of the positive reactions in the larval worms suggests that the nature of the antigen is excretory-secretory antigen including waste metabolites and secretory enzymes.

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Mahsa Shahbakhsh, Fateme Jalousian, Seyed Hossein Hosseini, Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi, Parviz Shayan, Samad Farashi Bonab, Parmida Malekzade, Mohammad Vojgani, Mahya Lalehpour
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Ana M. Olave, Jairo A. Mesa, Jorge H. Botero, Edwin B. Patiño, Gisela M. García, Juan F. Alzate
Biomédica.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
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Detection of Gnathostoma spinigerum Third-Stage Larvae in Snakeheads Purchased from a Central Part of Myanmar: Bong-Kwang Jung, Jin-Ju Lee, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Hyeong-Jin Kim, Hoo-Gn Jeong, Cheong-Ha Yoon, Soon-Hyung Lee, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):285-288.
Published online December 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.285

Abstract
PDF

To examine the infection status of freshwater fish with Gnathostoma spp. larvae in Myanmar, we purchased 15 snakeheads, Channa striatus, from a local market in a suburban area of Naypyidaw, the new capital city. Two larval gnathostomes were collected using an artificial digestion technique, and observed by a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The size of an intact larva was 2.65 mm long and 0.32 mm wide. The characteristic morphology of the larvae included the presence of a long esophagus (0.80 mm long), 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.43 mm long), and a characteristic head bulb with 4 rows of hooklets. The number of hooklets in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th row was 45, 48, 50, and 52, respectively. Based on these morphological characters, the larvae were identified as the advanced 3rd-stage larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum. This is the first report of detection of G. spinigerum 3rd-stage larvae in the central part of Myanmar. Our study suggests that intake of raw meat of snakehead fish in Myanmar may result in human gnathostomiasis.

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Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew, Oranuch Sanpool, Rutchanee Rodpai, Lakkhana Sadaow, Chalermchai Somboonpatarakun, Sakhone Laymanivong, Win Pa Pa Aung, Mesa Un, Porntip Laummaunwai, Pewpan M. Intapan, Wanchai Maleewong
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Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Jong-Bok Park, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin
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Original Article

Expressed Sequence Tags of Trichinella spiralis Muscle Stage Larvae: Hae Kyung Park, Seong Won Chang, Se Won Kang, Min Kyoung Cho, Sun Hee Choi, Yeon Chul Hong, Yong Seok Lee, Hae Jin Jeong, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(2):59-63.
Published online June 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.2.59

Abstract
PDF

In order to obtain greater insight into the relevant genomic expression patterns of Trichinella spiralis, 992 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were collected from a cDNA library of T. spiralis muscle stage larvae and assembled into 60 clusters and 385 singletons. Of them, 445 (44.7%) ESTs were annotated to their homologous genes, and small fractions were matched to known genes of nematodes. The annotated ESTs were classified into 25 eukaryotic orthologous groups (KOG). Cytochrome C oxidase (34 clones) was found to be most frequent species.

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Characterisation of a high-frequency gene encoding a strongly antigenic cystatin-like protein from Trichinella spiralis at its early invasion stage
Bin Tang, Mingyuan Liu, Libo Wang, Shenye Yu, Haining Shi, Pascal Boireau, Vasile Cozma, Xiuping Wu, Xiaolei Liu
Parasites & Vectors.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
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Jong Nam Park, Sang Kyun Park, Min Kyoung Cho, Mi-Kyung Park, Shin Ae Kang, Dong-Hee Kim, Hak Sun Yu
Veterinary Parasitology.2012; 190(3-4): 510. CrossRef
Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Is Involved in Th2 Responses againstTrichinella spiralisInfection
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(3): 235. CrossRef
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Min Kyoung Cho, Keun Hee Lee, Sun Joo Lee, Se Won Kang, Mee Sun Ock, Yeon Chul Hong, Yong Seok Lee, Hak Sun Yu
Veterinary Parasitology.2009; 164(2-4): 242. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Application of Giemsa stain for easy detection of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae: Carmen Ram?rez-Melgar, Alberto G?mez-Priego, Jorge-Luis De-La-Rosa; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(1):65-68.
Published online March 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.1.65

Abstract
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The application of Giemsa technique to stain compressed diaphragm samples obtained from rodents experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis is described. Diaphragm samples from rats heavily infected with 20 muscle larvae per gram of body weight (20 ML/gbw) were cut into several pieces and stained with Giemsa; on the other hand, whole diaphragms from slightly infected mice (1 ML/gbw) were also stained with Giemsa. Besides, muscle samples were also stained with Giemsa. Observation at 10 × magnification revealed that both ML and nurse cells (NC) look as bluish structures clearly contrasting with the pinkish color of the non-infected muscle fibers. NC in the diaphragms of mice could be easily observed at naked eye as blue points contrasting with the pink surrounding areas formed by the non-infected muscle fibers. Among NC observed in the diaphragms of rats infected with 20 ML/gbw, 4.4% was multiple infection. These findings were confirmed in sectioned and hematoxylin-eosin stained specimens. This data could be usefulness for a rapid diagnosis of trichinellosis in post-mortem mammals without magnification procedures.

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Comparative effects of levamisole, Staphylococcus, and Freund's adjuvant on rat immunization with excretory and secretory antigens of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae
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Original Article

Characterization of a Toxocara canis species-specific excretory-secretory antigen (TcES-57) and development of a double sandwich ELISA for diagnosis of visceral larva migrans: R.D. Iddawela, R.P.V.J. Rajapakse, N.A.N.D. Perera, Takeshi Agatsuma; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(1):19-26.
Published online March 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.1.19

Abstract
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This study describes the isolation of a Toxocara canis species-specific excretory-secretory (ES) antigen and the development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on this antigen. Analysis of the ES antigens of T. canis, Toxocara vitulorum, Ascaris lumbricoides and Necator americanus larval antigen was performed by SDS-PAGE followed by western blotting. A 57 kDa T. canis-specific antibody fraction (TcES-57) was identified by western blotting and labelling with anti-Toxocara antibodies (from experimental rabbits and human patients) and tracing with anti-human or anti-rabbit peroxidase conjugate. No protein fraction of 57 kDa was detected in ES or larval antigens collected from T. canis, T. vitulorum, A. lumbricoides and N. americanus. Using TcES-57, a specific anti-serum was produced in rabbits and a double sandwich ELISA was developed. This test was validated using known seropositive sera from toxocariasis patients, sera from A. lumbricoides or N. americanus patients, and 50 serum samples from cats. These tests revealed that TcES-57 antigen is specific to T. canis infection and does not cross react with sera of other related infections. Thus, ELISA based on TcES-57 antigen was proven to be an effective tool in the diagnosis of toxocariasis and studies on the role of T. canis in the epidemiology of human toxocariasis.

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Journal of Helminthology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Xianmin Fan, Yue Zhang, Renhui Ouyang, Bo Luo, Lizhu Li, Wei He, Meichen Liu, Nan Jiang, Fengjiao Yang, Lingjun Wang, Biying Zhou
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Case Reports

Three clinical cases of cutaneous larva migrans: Tae-Heung Kim, Byeung-Song Lee, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(2):145-149.
Published online June 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.2.145

Abstract
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Three cases of cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) were diagnosed in a returnee from a trip to Thailand and in 2 domestic farmers during July and September, 2003. The linear and serpiginous skin lesions on the lower extremities were presented in all 3 cases. Routine laboratory findings were normal. In the imported case, a 650 × 30 ?m sized filariform nematode larva, presumably a species of hookworm, was detected in the lesion. All cases were treated with 400 mg albendazole once daily for 3-5 days, and their skin lesions gradually improved. In the present study, a causative agent of CLM was isolated for the first time in the Republic of Korea. Moreover, we speculate that CLM is prevalent in farmers who are in frequent contact with soil in the Republic of Korea.

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A case of fatal hyperinfective strongyloidiasis with discovery of autoinfective filariform larvae in sputum: Jin Kim, Hyun-Soo Joo, Hyang-Mi Ko, Min-Sik Na, Sun-Ho Hwang, Jong-Cheol Im; Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(2):51-55.
Published online June 20, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.2.51

Abstract
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The autoinfective filariform larva of Strongyloides stercoralis causes hyperinfection in immunosuppressed hosts. Here we report on the case of a male patient who was admitted to the emergency room at Gwangju Veterans Hospital with a complaint of dyspnea, and who was receiving corticosteroid therapy for asthma. Many slender larvae of S. stercoralis with a notched tail were detected in Papanicolaou stained sputum. They measured 269 ± 21.2 ?m in length and 11 ± 0.6 ?m in width. The esophagus extended nearly half of the body length. The larvae were identified putatively as autoinfective third-stage filariform larvae, and their presence was fatal. The autoinfective filariform larva of S. stercoralis has not been previously reported in Korea.

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A serologically diagnosed human case of cutaneous larva migrans caused by Ancylostoma caninum: In-Ho Kwon, Hyung-Su Kim, Jong-Hee Lee, Min-Ho Choi, Jong-Yil Chai, Fukumi Nakamura-Uchiyama, Yukifumi Nawa, Kwang-Hyun Cho; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(4):233-237.
Published online December 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.4.233

Abstract
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A 15-year-old boy, who had recently arrived back from a trip to Cambodia for a missionary camp, presented with several serpiginous thread-like skin lesions that began as small papules on the left upper extremities 2 weeks before his visit to Hospital. The skin lesions were pruritic and erythematous, and had migrated to the chest and abdomen. The histopathological findings showed only lymphocytic and eosinophilic infiltrations in the dermis of the biopsied skin lesion. The patient's serum reacted strongly to the Ancylostoma caninum antigen by an ELISA method. Therefore, he was diagnosed with cutaneous larva migrans by A. caninum. After the oral administration of albendazole and ivermectin, the skin lesions resolved without recurrence. This is the first reported case of a cutaneous larva migrans caused by Ancylostoma canimum diagnosed serologically using ELISA in Korea.

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Original Article

Persistent infection with Strongyloides venezuelensis in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): Byeong-Kirl Baek, In-Soo Whang, M. Khyrul Islam, Byeong-Soo Kim, Ibulaimu Kakoma; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(4):181-186.
Published online December 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.4.181

Abstract
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To examine the fate of Strongyloides venezuelensis, Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguicalatus) were orally infected with 1,000 L₃ larvae per animal. Altogether, 50 gerbils divided into 5 groups of 10 each were monitored for a period of 570 days to document the kinetics of faecal egg output, adults worm population, morphological development, fecundity, and hematological changes including peripheral blood eosinophilia. This study chronicled a life long parasitism of S. venezuelensis in the gerbil host, and showed that S. venezuelensis infection was quite stable throughout the course of infection and the worms maintained their normal development as evidenced by their body dimension. A progressive loss of body condition of the infected gerbils was observed as the level of infection advanced. However, no detectable pathological changes were observed in the gastrointestinal tract. The present findings indicate that an immunocompetent host, such as the Mongolian gerbil, can serve as a life long carrier model of S. venezuelensis if the worms are not expelled within 570 days after infection.

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Jalvita C. Mendonça, Loyane A. Gama, Andrieli T. Hauschildt, Luciana A. Corá, Madileine F. Américo
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Strongyloides ratti and S. venezuelensis – rodent models of Strongyloides infection
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Role of angiogenic factors in acute experimental Strongyloides venezuelensis infection
F. SHARIATI, J. L. PÉREZ-ARELLANO, J. LÓPEZ-ABÁN, A. M. EL BEHAIRY, A. MURO
Parasite Immunology.2010; 32(6): 430. CrossRef
Migration of Strongyloides venezuelensis in Rats after Oral Inoculation of Free-Living Infective Larvae
Kiku MATSUDA, Byeong-Su KIM, In-Soo WHANG, Chae-Woong LIM, Byeong-Kirl BAEK
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science.2003; 65(9): 971. CrossRef

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Case Reports

Nosocomial submandibular infections with dipterous fly larvae: Chong Yoon Joo, Jong Bae Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(3):255-260.
Published online September 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.3.255

Abstract
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In September 1998, a case of nosocomial cutaneous myiasis caused by Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) in a 77-year-old male was found. The patient had been receiving partial maxillectomy due to the presence of malignant tumor on premaxilla. This is the first verified case involving Lucilia sericata in Taegu, Korea. In the present paper, the salient morphological features of the third instar larvae involved have been studied.

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Baddam Venkat Ramana Reddy, Kiran K. Kuruba, Samatha Yalamanchili, Mel Mupparapu
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Two imported cases of cutaneous larva migrans: Jin-Woo Park, Sang-Jin Kwon, Jae-Sook Ryu, Eun-Kyung Hong, Jung-Uk Lee, Hee-Joon Yu, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Duk-Young Min; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(1):77-81.
Published online March 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.1.77

Abstract
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Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is a rare serpiginous cutaneous eruption caused by accidental penetration and migration in the skin with infective larvae of nematode that normally do not have the human as their host. Although CLM has a worldwide distribution, the infection is most frequent in warmer climates. More recently, they have been increasingly imported from the tropics or subtropics by travelers. We experienced two patients who had pruritic serpiginous linear eruption in their skin for a few weeks after traveling to the endemic areas (Brazil and Thailand, respectively). After the treatment with albendazole, the skin lesions resolved with post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. We report herein two cases of cutaneous larva migrans successfully treated with albendazole.

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Mini Review

Highlights of human toxocariasis: Jean-Fran?ois Magnaval, Lawrence T. Glickman, Philippe Dorchies, Bruno Morassin; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(1):1-11.
Published online March 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.1.1

Abstract
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Human toxocariasis is a helminthozoonosis due to the migration of Toxocara species larvae through human organism. Humans become infected by ingesting either embryonated eggs from soil (geophagia, pica), dirty hands or raw vegetables, or larvae from undercooked giblets. The diagnosis relies upon sensitive immunological methods (ELISA or western-blot) which use Toxocara excretory-secretory antigens. Seroprevalence is high in developed countries, especially in rural areas, and also in some tropical islands. The clinical spectrum of the disease comprises four syndromes, namely visceral larva migrans, ocular larva migrans, and the more recently recognized "common" (in adults) and "covert" (in children) pictures. Therapy of ocular toxocariasis is primarily based upon corticosteroids use, when visceral larva migrans and few cases of common or covert toxocariasis can be treated by anthelmintics whose the most efficient appeared to be diethylcarbamazine. When diagnosed, all of these syndromes require thorough prevention of recontamination (especially by deworming pets) and sanitary education.

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Retrospective Survey of Dog and Cat Endoparasites in Ireland: Antigen Detection
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Cerebral Toxocariasis as a Cause of Epilepsy: A Pediatric Case
Grazia Bossi, Raffaele Bruno, Stefano Novati, Roberta Maserati, Georgia Mussati, Mariasole Prevedoni Gorone, Edoardo Vecchio Nepita, Corrado Regalbuto, Gioia Gola, Anna Maria Simoncelli, Antonella Bruno, Paola Musso, Edoardo Clerici, Gian Luigi Marseglia
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Saccharomyces boulardiireduces the vertical transmission ofToxocara canislarvae in mice
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High Seroprevalence of Toxocara Infection among Mentally Retarded Patients in Hormozgan Province, Southern Iran
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Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine.2021; Volume 12: 81. CrossRef
The Role of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the Life Cycle of Toxocara spp.
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Identification of Toxocara canis Antigen-Interacting Partners by Yeast Two-Hybrid Assay and a Putative Mechanism of These Host–Parasite Interactions
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Serosurvey of anti-Toxocara antibodies and risk factors in adolescent and adult pregnant women of southeastern Brazil
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A Neurotoxocariasis Case Manifesting Multiple Cerebral Infarction and Eosinophilic Meningoencephalitis
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Automated Diagnostics: Advances in the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Humans and Animals
Sandra Valéria Inácio, Jancarlo Ferreira Gomes, Alexandre Xavier Falcão, Bianca Martins dos Santos, Felipe Augusto Soares, Saulo Hudson Nery Loiola, Stefani Laryssa Rosa, Celso Tetsuo Nagase Suzuki, Katia Denise Saraiva Bresciani
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Toxocara Species Infection in Pet Dogs and Cats Ensured by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay
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Brazilian Journal of Biology.2020; 80(2): 305. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Larval Toxocarosis in the Czech Republic
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Acta Parasitologica.2020; 65(1): 68. CrossRef
Electrochemical microfluidic immunosensor based on TES-AuNPs@Fe3O4 and CMK-8 for IgG anti-Toxocara canis determination
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Saccharomyces boulardii reduces the mean intensity of infection in mice caused by the consumption of liver contaminated by Toxocara canis
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Urticaria and silent parasitism by Ascaridoidea: Component-resolved diagnosis reinforces the significance of this association
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A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Toxocariasis in Iran: Is it Time to Take it Seriously?
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An Integrated Study of Toxocara Infection in Honduran Children: Human Seroepidemiology and Environmental Contamination in a Coastal Community
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A two-step morphology-PCR strategy for the identification of nematode larvae recovered from muscles after artificial digestion at meat inspection
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Toxocariasis y vacunación para Toxocara: una revisión sistemática
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Histopathological lesions caused by experimental Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina infections in farm mink (Neovison vison)
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Cytokine production and signalling in human THP-1 macrophages is dependent on Toxocara canis glycans
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Larval distribution, migratory pattern and histological effects of Toxocara canis in Rattus norvegicus
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Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2019; 43(4): 679. CrossRef
Ocular toxocariasis: a neglected parasitic disease in Egypt
Nagwa Mostafa El-Sayed, Nagham Gamal Masoud
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Multiplex profiling of inflammation-related bioactive lipid mediators in Toxocara canis- and Toxocara cati-induced neurotoxocarosis
Patrick Waindok, Elisabeth Janecek-Erfurth, Dimitri Lindenwald, Esther Wilk, Klaus Schughart, Robert Geffers, Laurence Balas, Thierry Durand, Katharina Maria Rund, Nils Helge Schebb, Christina Strube, Alessandra Morassutti
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Associations of mental disorders and neurotropic parasitic diseases: a meta-analysis in developing and emerging countries
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Environmental contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in public parks and playground sandpits of Greater Lisbon, Portugal
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Toxocariasis: critical analysis of serology in patients attending a public referral center for ophthalmology in Brazil
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Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology.2018; 62(1): 77. CrossRef
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Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology.2018; 32(3): 227. CrossRef
Assessment of the diagnostic value of specific anti-Toxocara IgA in Slovakian patients suspected to have toxocarosis
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Folia Microbiologica.2018; 63(3): 345. CrossRef
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Lactobacillus rhamnosus reduces parasite load on Toxocara canis experimental infection in mice, but has no effect on the parasite in vitro
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A Lateral Flow Rapid Test for Human Toxocariasis Developed Using Three Toxocara canis Recombinant Antigens
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The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2018; 98(1): 32. CrossRef
Tissue expression pattern of ABCG transporter indicates functional roles in reproduction of Toxocara canis
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Diagnóstico de toxocariasis ocular mediante la demostración de anticuerpos en el humor vítreo
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Identifying anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies in horses of Mexico
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Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia.2018; 70(1): 1. CrossRef
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Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Gastrointestinal Parasites in Shelter Dogs: Occurrence, Pathology, Treatment and Risk to Shelter Workers
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The Korean Journal of Medicine.2018; 93(5): 482. CrossRef
Zoonotic intestinal nematodes in dogs from public parks in Yucatán, México
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Prevalensi Infeksi Toxocara Cati pada Kucing Peliharaan di Kecamatan Banyuwangi
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Health Research Policy and Systems.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
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Enteroparasitoses and Toxocarosis Affecting Children from Mar del Plata City, Argentina
Carla Lavallén, Beatriz Brignani, Karina Riesgo, Amalia Rojas, Gabriela Colace, Martín Biscaychipi, Estela Chicote, Cristian Giuntini, Mariela Kifer, María Eugenia del Río, Guillermo Denegri, Marcela Dopchiz
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Sanitation for all: the global opportunity to increase transgenerational health gains and better understand the link between NCDs and NTDs, a scoping review
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Toxocara eggs in an 18th century Franciscan from Portugal. The challenge of differentiating between parasitism and chance in Paleoparasitology
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International Journal of Paleopathology.2017; 18: 47. CrossRef
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Variations in the Rate of Infestations of Dogs with Zoonotic Nematodes and the Contamination of Soil in Different Environments
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PREVALÊNCIA DE TOXOCARÍASE E FATORES ASSOCIADOS EM CRIANÇAS DE UMA ESCOLA PÚBLICA EM BELO HORIZONTE, MINAS GERAIS, BRASIL
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Toxocariasis and Public Health: An Epidemiological Review
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Global Journal of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Research.2017; : 028. CrossRef
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Major Parasitic Zoonoses Associated with Dogs and Cats in Europe
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Production of interleukins 4 and 10 in children with hepatic involvement in the course of Toxocara spp. infection
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Acta Tropica.2016; 158: 20. CrossRef
Latent and AsymptomaticToxocaraInfection among Young Population in Northwest Iran: The Necessity of Informing People as a Potential Health Risk
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Human Toxocariasis: Prevalence and Factors Associated with Biosafety in Research Laboratories
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The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2016; 95(6): 1428. CrossRef
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Ocular Immunology and Inflammation.2015; : 1. CrossRef
Molecular cloning and characterization of arginine kinase gene of Toxocara canis
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International Journal for Parasitology.2015; 45(7): 495. CrossRef
Seroprevalence, disease awareness, and risk factors for Toxocara canis infection among primary schoolchildren in Makoko, an urban slum community in Nigeria
Pam V. Gyang, Olaoluwa P. Akinwale, Yueh-Lun Lee, Ting-Wu Chuang, Akwaowo B. Orok, Olusola Ajibaye, Chien-Wei Liao, Po-Ching Chen, Chia-Mei Chou, Ying-Chieh Huang, Ursula Barghouth, Chia-Kwung Fan
Acta Tropica.2015; 146: 135. CrossRef
Enhanced Resolution of Eosinophilic Liver Abscess Associated with Toxocariasis by Albendazole Treatment
Eun Young Jang, Moon Seok Choi, Geum Youn Gwak, Kwang Cheol Koh, Seung Woon Paik, Joon Hyeok Lee, Yong Han Paik, Byung Chul Yoo
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2015; 65(4): 222. CrossRef
Field evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test to detect antibodies in human toxocariasis
P.K.C. Lim, H. Yamasaki, J.W. Mak, S.F. Wong, C.W. Chong, I.K.S. Yap, S. Ambu, V. Kumarasamy
Acta Tropica.2015; 148: 32. CrossRef
Differential serodiagnostics of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati – is it possible?
C. S. Poulsen, S. Skov, A. Yoshida, P. Skallerup, H. Maruyama, S. M. Thamsborg, P. Nejsum
Parasite Immunology.2015; 37(4): 204. CrossRef
The Prevalence of Toxocariasis and Diagnostic Value of Serologic Tests in Asymptomatic Korean Adults
Jin-Young Lee, Moon Hee Yang, Jung-Hae Hwang, Mira Kang, Jae-Won Paeng, Sehyo Yune, Byung-Jae Lee, Dong-Chull Choi
Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research.2015; 7(5): 467. CrossRef
Risk of soil-transmitted helminth infections on agritourism farms in central and eastern Poland
Jakub Gawor, Anna Borecka
Acta Parasitologica.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Lack of Association betweenToxocaraExposure and Suicide Attempts in Psychiatric Patients
Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel, Jesús Hernández-Tinoco, Luis Francisco Sánchez-Anguiano
Journal of Parasitology Research.2015; 2015: 1. CrossRef
Study of Toxocara seroprevalence among patients with allergy and healthy individuals in Bulgaria
E. Kaneva, I. Rainova, R. Harizanov, G. Nikolov, I. Kaftandjiev, I. Mineva
Parasite Immunology.2015; 37(10): 505. CrossRef
Immunodiagnostic approaches for the detection of human toxocarosis
Vojtech Boldiš, František Ondriska, Eva Špitalská, Katarína Reiterová
Experimental Parasitology.2015; 159: 252. CrossRef
Kinetics and avidity of anti-Toxocara antibodies (IgG) in rabbits experimentally infected with Toxocara canis
Lundia Luara Cavalcante Bin, Vamilton Alvares Santarém, Cecília Braga Laposy, Guita Rubinsky-Elefant, William Henry Roldán, Rogério Giuffrida
Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária.2015; 25(1): 99. CrossRef
Production of Toxocara cati TES-120 Recombinant Antigen and Comparison with its T. canis Homolog for Serodiagnosis of Toxocariasis
Anizah Rahumatullah, Mohammad Hosein Falaki Moghaddam, Farzaneh Zahabiun, Rahmah Noordin, Muhammad Hafiznur Yunus, Syazwan Saidin, Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2015; 93(2): 319. CrossRef
Cerebral Toxocariasis: Silent Progression to Neurodegenerative Disorders?
Chia-Kwung Fan, Celia V. Holland, Karen Loxton, Ursula Barghouth
Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2015; 28(3): 663. CrossRef
Producción y evaluación del antígeno recombinante Tes-30 de Toxocara canis para el inmunodiagnóstico de toxocariasis
Ana M. Olave, Jairo A. Mesa, Jorge H. Botero, Edwin B. Patiño, Gisela M. García, Juan F. Alzate
Biomédica.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Chest CT findings of toxocariasis: Correlation with laboratory results
J.H. Hur, I.J. Lee, J.-H. Kim, D.-G. Kim, H.J. Hwang, S.H. Koh, K. Lee
Clinical Radiology.2014; 69(6): e285. CrossRef
Prevalence and Haemato-Biochemical Studies of Toxocara canis Infestation in Dogs and Risk Perception of Zooneses by Dog Owners in Mathura, India
M. Kumar, B. Sharma, A. Kumar, H.P. Lal, V. Kumar, M.K. Tripathi
Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances.2014; 9(10): 653. CrossRef
Ocular Larva Migrans: A Severe Manifestation of an Unseen Epidemic
Anna Quinn Hare, Carlos Franco-Paredes
Current Tropical Medicine Reports.2014; 1(1): 69. CrossRef
Toxocariasis After Slug Ingestion Characterized by Severe Neurologic, Ocular, and Pulmonary Involvement
Jean-Marc Fellrath, Jean-François Magnaval
Open Forum Infectious Diseases.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Helminths and helminthoses in Central Europe: diseases caused by nematodes (roundworms)
Herbert Auer, Horst Aspöck
Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift.2014; 164(19-20): 424. CrossRef
Toxocariasis: A Review for Pediatricians
D. M. Woodhall, A. E. Fiore
Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society.2014; 3(2): 154. CrossRef
Diagnostic biologique de la toxocarose humaine
Jean-François Magnaval, Judith Fillaux, Richard Fabre
Revue Francophone des Laboratoires.2014; 2014(464): 61. CrossRef
Toxocara infection in gardeners: a case control seroprevalence study
Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel, Jesús Hernández-Tinoco, Luis Francisco Sánchez-Anguiano
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine.2014; 7: S79. CrossRef
Visceral larva migrans syndrome: analysis of serum cytokine levels in children with hepatic lesions confirmed in radiological findings
K. Mazur‐Melewska, K. Jończyk, A. Modlińska‐Cwalińska, M. Figlerowicz, W. Służewski
Parasite Immunology.2014; 36(12): 668. CrossRef
Lumbar myositis associated with Toxocara spp. infection
Anne-Pauline Bellanger, Michel Runge, Daniel Wendling, Philippe Humbert
Reumatología Clínica.2014; 10(1): 54. CrossRef
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Anne-Pauline Bellanger, Michel Runge, Daniel Wendling, Philippe Humbert
Reumatología Clínica (English Edition).2014; 10(1): 54. CrossRef
A Comparative Seroprevalence Study of Toxocariasis in Hypereosinophilic and Apparently Healthy Individuals
Bahador Sarkari, Malihe Lari, Reza Shafiei, Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi
Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
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Gustavo Marçal Schmidt Garcia Moreira, Paula de Lima Telmo, Marcelo Mendonça, Ângela Nunes Moreira, Alan John Alexander McBride, Carlos James Scaini, Fabricio Rochedo Conceição
Trends in Parasitology.2014; 30(9): 456. CrossRef
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Daliane Faria Grama, Susana Zevallos Lescano, Kelem Cristina Pereira Mota, Brunna dos Anjos Pultz, Juliana Silva Miranda, Gesmar Rodrigues Silva Segundo, Ernesto Akio Taketomi, Karla Pereira Fernandes, Jean Ezequiel Limongi, Fabiana Martins de Paula, Pedr
Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2014; 108(12): 797. CrossRef
Toxocariasis: seroprevalence in abandoned-institutionalized children and infants
Susana Archelli, Graciela I. Santillan, Reinaldo Fonrouge, Graciela Céspedes, Lola Burgos, Nilda Radman
Revista Argentina de Microbiología.2014; 46(1): 3. CrossRef
Parasitic Pneumonia and Lung Involvement
Attapon Cheepsattayakorn, Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn
BioMed Research International.2014; 2014: 1. CrossRef
Pulmonary Toxocariasis Mimicking Invasive Aspergillosis in a Patient with Ulcerative Colitis
Eun Jin Park, Joon Young Song, Min Ju Choi, Ji Ho Jeon, Jah-yeon Choi, Tae Un Yang, Kyung Wook Hong, Ji Yun Noh, Hee Jin Cheong, Woo Joo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(4): 425. CrossRef
A Case of Ocular Toxocariasis Successfully Treated with Albendazole and Triamcinolon
San Seong, Daruchi Moon, Dong Kyu Lee, Hyung Eun Kim, Hyun Sup Oh, Soon Hyun Kim, Oh Woong Kwon, Yong Sung You
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(5): 537. CrossRef
Global Burden of Toxocariasis: A Common Neglected Infection of Poverty
Sarah L. McGuinness, Karin Leder
Current Tropical Medicine Reports.2014; 1(1): 52. CrossRef
Comparison of Toxocariasis Frequency in Hyper- eosinophilic and Non- Eosinophilic Individuals Referred to Abadan Health Centers
Sharif Maraghi, Mohammad Jafar Yadyad, Fatemeh Shamakhteh, Seyed Mahmoud Latifi
International Journal of Enteric Pathogens.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Exposure to Multiple Parasites Is Associated with the Prevalence of Active Convulsive Epilepsy in Sub-Saharan Africa
Gathoni Kamuyu, Christian Bottomley, James Mageto, Brett Lowe, Patricia P. Wilkins, John C. Noh, Thomas B. Nutman, Anthony K. Ngugi, Rachael Odhiambo, Ryan G. Wagner, Angelina Kakooza-Mwesige, Seth Owusu-Agyei, Kenneth Ae-Ngibise, Honorati Masanja, Faith
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2014; 8(5): e2908. CrossRef
Seroprevalence and Modifiable Risk Factors for Toxocara spp. in Brazilian Schoolchildren
Alex J. F. Cassenote, Alba R. de Abreu Lima, José M. Pinto Neto, Guita Rubinsky-Elefant, Emily Jenkins
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2014; 8(5): e2830. CrossRef
Neglected Parasitic Infections in the United States: Toxocariasis
Dana M. Woodhall, Mark L. Eberhard, Monica E. Parise
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2014; 90(5): 810. CrossRef
Research on Toxocara Canis antibodies obtained from patients with eosinophilia
E Artinyan, H Kırkoyun Uysal, O Akgul, S Altıparmak, YA Oner
Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology.2014; 32(4): 383. CrossRef
Expect the Unexpected: A Case of Isolated Eosinophilic Meningitis in Toxocariasis
Christian Sick, Michael G. Hennerici
Case Reports in Neurology.2014; 6(3): 259. CrossRef
An agent-based model of exposure to human toxocariasis: a multi-country validation
K. KANOBANA, B. DEVLEESSCHAUWER, K. POLMAN, N. SPEYBROECK
Parasitology.2013; 140(8): 986. CrossRef
Ocular Toxocariasis
J. Fernando Arevalo, Juan V. Espinoza, Fernando A. Arevalo
Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus.2013; 50(2): 76. CrossRef
Toxocariasis of the Optic Disc
Yong Joon Kim, Chan Hee Moon, Jee Ho Chang
Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology.2013; 33(2): 151. CrossRef
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Christina Strube, Lea Heuer, Elisabeth Janecek
Veterinary Parasitology.2013; 193(4): 375. CrossRef
Toxocara-induced hepatic inflammation: Immunohistochemical characterization of lymphocyte subpopulations and Bcl-2 expression
Ahmad A. Othman, Dalia S. Ashour, Dareen A. Mohamed
Experimental Parasitology.2013; 134(1): 76. CrossRef
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Coralie L’Ollivier, Renaud Piarroux
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy.2013; 11(12): 1363. CrossRef
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J. Fillaux, J.-F. Magnaval
Veterinary Parasitology.2013; 193(4): 327. CrossRef
Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Toxocara canis Infection in Children
Camilo Romero Núñez, Germán David Mendoza Martínez, Selene Yañez Arteaga, Martha Ponce Macotela, Patricia Bustamante Montes, Ninfa Ramírez Durán, Gabriella Cancrini, Edward L. Jarroll
The Scientific World Journal.2013;[Epub] CrossRef
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Adrián Bolívar-Mejía, Alfonso J. Rodríguez-Morales, Alberto E. Paniz-Mondolfi, Olinda Delgado
Archivos de Cardiología de México.2013; 83(2): 120. CrossRef
A Case of Acute Cholecystitis Combined with Eosinophilic Pericarditis Caused by Toxocariasis
Jin Woo Choo, Hyun Jong Choi, Jong Ho Moon, Jong Ho Chung, Jin Seok Park, Yu Sik Myung, Hye Sun Seo
Korean Journal of Medicine.2013; 84(6): 836. CrossRef
A perfect time to harness advanced molecular technologies to explore the fundamental biology of Toxocara species
Robin B. Gasser
Veterinary Parasitology.2013; 193(4): 353. CrossRef
Factors affecting disease manifestation of toxocarosis in humans: Genetics and environment
Chia-Kwung Fan, Chien-Wei Liao, Yu-Chieh Cheng
Veterinary Parasitology.2013; 193(4): 342. CrossRef
Toxocara spp. seroprevalence in sheep from southern Brazil
Gabriela Lopes Rassier, Sibele Borsuk, Felipe Pappen, Carlos Jaime Scaini, Tiago Gallina, Marcos Marreiro Villela, Nara Amélia da Rosa Farias, Magda Vieira Benavides, Maria Elisabeth Aires Berne
Parasitology Research.2013; 112(9): 3181. CrossRef
Eosinophilic granulomatous gastrointestinal and hepatic abscesses attributable to basidiobolomycosis and fasciolias: a simultaneous emergence in Iraqi Kurdistan
Hemmin A Hassan, Runnak A Majid, Nawshirwan G Rashid, Bryar E Nuradeen, Qalandar H Abdulkarim, Tahir A Hawramy, Rekawt M Rashid, Alton B Farris, Jeannette Guarner, Michael D Hughson
BMC Infectious Diseases.2013;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxocariasis in Waste Pickers: A Case Control Seroprevalence Study
Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel, Herbert B. Tanowitz
PLoS ONE.2013; 8(1): e54897. CrossRef
Toxocara Infection in Psychiatric Inpatients: A Case Control Seroprevalence Study
Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel, Bruce Russell
PLoS ONE.2013; 8(4): e62606. CrossRef
PCR-Based Molecular Characterization of Toxocara spp. Using Feces of Stray Cats: A Study from Southwest Iran
Shahram Khademvatan, Fakher Rahim, Mahdi Tavalla, Rahman Abdizadeh, Mahmoud Hashemitabar, Kelly A. Brayton
PLoS ONE.2013; 8(6): e65293. CrossRef
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF THE PROBIOTIC Saccharomyces boulardii IN Toxocara canis INFECTION IS NOT DUE TO DIRECT ACTION ON THE LARVAE
Luciana Farias da Costa de Avila, Paula de Lima Telmo, Lourdes Helena Rodrigues Martins, Thais Aimee Glaeser, Fabricio Rochedo Conceicao, Fabio Pereira Leivas Leite, Carlos James Scaini
Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo.2013; 55(5): 363. CrossRef
Analysis of the course and treatment of toxocariasis in children—a long-term observation
M. Wiśniewska-Ligier, T. Woźniakowska-Gęsicka, J. Sobolewska-Dryjańska, A. Markiewicz-Jóźwiak, M. Wieczorek
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Seroprevalence of toxocariasis in hypereosinophilic individuals in Ahwaz, south-western Iran
S. Maraghi, A. Rafiei, R. Hajihossein, S. M. Sadjjadi
Journal of Helminthology.2012; 86(2): 241. CrossRef
Therapeutic battle against larval toxocariasis: Are we still far behind?
Ahmad A. Othman
Acta Tropica.2012; 124(3): 171. CrossRef
Advances in molecular identification, taxonomy, genetic variation and diagnosis of Toxocara spp.
Jia Chen, Dong-Hui Zhou, Alasdair J. Nisbet, Min-Jun Xu, Si-Yang Huang, Ming-Wei Li, Chun-Ren Wang, Xing-Quan Zhu
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2012; 12(7): 1344. CrossRef
Eosinophilic Myocarditis Associated with Visceral Larva Migrans Caused byToxocara CanisInfection
Ji Hee Kim, Woo-Baek Chung, Kyung-Yoon Chang, Sun-Young Ko, Mi-Hee Park, Young-Kyoung Sa, Yun-Seok Choi, Chul-Soo Park, Man-Young Lee
Journal of Cardiovascular Ultrasound.2012; 20(3): 150. CrossRef
Meningitis byToxocara canisafter Ingestion of Raw Ostrich Liver
Young Noh, Sung-Tae Hong, Ji Young Yun, Hong-Kyun Park, Jung-Hwan Oh, Young Eun Kim, Beom S. Jeon
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2012; 27(9): 1105. CrossRef
Association between contamination of public squares and seropositivity for Toxocara spp. in children
Marcos P. Manini, Ariella A. Marchioro, Cristiane M. Colli, Letícia Nishi, Ana L. Falavigna-Guilherme
Veterinary Parasitology.2012; 188(1-2): 48. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Seven Zoonotic Infections in Nunavik, Quebec (Canada)
V. Messier, B. Lévesque, J.‐F. Proulx, L. Rochette, B. Serhir, M. Couillard, B. J. Ward, M. D. Libman, É. Dewailly, S. Déry
Zoonoses and Public Health.2012; 59(2): 107. CrossRef
Frequency of antibodies to Toxocara in Cuban schoolchildren
I. Sariego, K. Kanobana, R. Junco, K. Vereecken, F. A. Núñez, K. Polman, M. Bonet, L. Rojas
Tropical Medicine & International Health.2012; 17(6): 711. CrossRef
A Case of Toxocariasis with Visceral Larva Migrans Combined with Ocular Larva Migrans
Ji Eun Park, Mi-Jung Oh, Dong Hyun Oh, In Myung Oh, Kyoung Hwa Yoo, Sung Gyu Im, Hyun Kyung Ghil
Korean Journal of Medicine.2012; 83(4): 543. CrossRef
Parasitic Liver Disease in Travelers
Wilson W. Chan, Adrienne Showler, Andrea K. Boggild
Infectious Disease Clinics of North America.2012; 26(3): 755. CrossRef
Analysis of serum cytokine levels in children with chronic cough associated with Toxocara canis infection
D. Nagy, O. Bede, J. Danka, Z. SzÉnási, S. Sipka
Parasite Immunology.2012; 34(12): 581. CrossRef
Clinical Evaluation of Toxocariasis Presenting as a Liver Abscess
Dong Wook Joo, Byung Seok Kim, Kyung Ho Ha, Kyoung Chan Park, Jung Il Ryu, Chang Hyeong Lee
Korean Journal of Medicine.2012; 82(4): 435. CrossRef
Human Toxocariasis Presenting with Fever and Colestatic Hepatitis: An Underestimated but Current Zoonosis
Vera Sicbaldi, Andrea Bellodi, Valerio Del Bono, Eleonora Arboscello, Riccardo Ghio
International Journal of Clinical Medicine.2012; 03(07): 595. CrossRef
Antigen-Specific T Cells and Cytokines Detection as Useful Tool for Understanding Immunity against Zoonotic Infections
Annalisa Agnone, Alessandra Torina, Gesualdo Vesco, Sara Villari, Fabrizio Vitale, Santo Caracappa, Marco Pio La Manna, Francesco Dieli, Guido Sireci
Clinical and Developmental Immunology.2012; 2012: 1. CrossRef
Toxocariasis in Cuba: A Literature Review
Idalia Sariego, Kirezi Kanobana, Lázara Rojas, Niko Speybroeck, Katja Polman, Fidel A. Núñez, Hélène Carabin
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2012; 6(2): e1382. CrossRef
IgG Antibody responses in mice coinfected with Toxocara canis and other helminths or protozoan parasites
Susana A. Zevallos Lescano, Maria Cristina Nakhle, Manoel Carlos S.A. Ribeiro, Pedro Paulo Chieffi
Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo.2012; 54(3): 145. CrossRef
An evaluation of the dot-ELISA procedure as a diagnostic test in an area with a high prevalence of human Toxocara canis infection
María V Bojanich, Gioia L Marino, María Á López, José M Alonso
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.2012; 107(2): 194. CrossRef
A case of liver abscess caused by toxocara canis
Yasumiko SAKAMOTO, Shigeki OKAMURA, Seiya SAITOH, Hiroo MATSUSHITA, Takumasa NISHIMURA, Masami KIMURA
Nihon Rinsho Geka Gakkai Zasshi (Journal of Japan Surgical Association).2012; 73(1): 97. CrossRef
Seroepidemiology of Nine Zoonoses in Viljujsk, Republic of Sakha (Northeastern Siberia, Russian Federation)
Jean-François Magnaval, Hugues Tolou, Morgane Gibert, Vladimir Innokentiev, Mylène Laborde, Olga Melnichuk, Marc Grandadam, Eric Crubézy, Anatoly Alekseev
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2011; 11(2): 157. CrossRef
Toxocara canis larvae reinfecting BALB/c mice exhibit accelerated speed of migration to the host CNS
Petra Kolbeková, David Větvička, Jan Svoboda, Karl Skírnisson, Markéta Leissová, Martin Syrůček, Helena Marečková, Libuše Kolářová
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Anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies in sheep from southeastern Brazil
Vamilton Alvares Santarém, Paula Andreia Fabris Chesine, Beatriz Esther Leme Lamers, Guita Rubinsky-Elefant, Rogério Giuffrida
Veterinary Parasitology.2011; 179(1-3): 283. CrossRef
An Extremely Uncommon Case of Parasitic Infection Presenting as Eosinophilic Ascites in a Young Patient
Kemal Oncu, Yusuf Yazgan, Mustafa Kaplan, Alpaslan Tanoglu, Irfan Kucuk, Ufuk Berber, Levent Demirturk
Case Reports in Gastroenterology.2011; 5(1): 139. CrossRef
Kinetics of Foxp3-expressing regulatory cells in experimental Toxocara canis infection
Ahmad A. Othman, Safinaz H. El-Shourbagy, Rasha H. Soliman
Experimental Parasitology.2011; 127(2): 454. CrossRef
Toxocara and Ascaris seropositivity among patients suspected of visceral and ocular larva migrans in the Netherlands: trends from 1998 to 2009
E. Pinelli, T. Herremans, M. G. Harms, D. Hoek, L. M. Kortbeek
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases.2011; 30(7): 873. CrossRef
Imaging of Toxocara canis larvae labelled by CFSE in BALB/c mice
Petra Kolbeková, Libuše Kolářová, David Větvička, Martin Syrůček
Parasitology Research.2011; 108(4): 1007. CrossRef
Cough syncope and multiple pulmonary nodules
Louis Kreitmann, François Collet, Jean-Paul Gouello, Malcolm Lemyze
Internal and Emergency Medicine.2011; 6(4): 377. CrossRef
Contamination of the soil by eggs of geohelminths in rural areas of Lodz district (Poland)
J. Blaszkowska, P. Kurnatowski, P. Damiecka
Helminthologia.2011;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxocara Canis Myelitis
Rosette A. Jabbour, Souha S. Kanj, Raja A. Sawaya, Ghassan N. Awar, Mukbil H. Hourani, Samir F. Atweh
Medicine.2011; 90(5): 337. CrossRef
Potential immunological markers for diagnosis and therapeutic assessment of toxocariasis
Guita Rubinsky-Elefant, Sumie Hoshino-Shimizu, Cristina Miuki Abe Jacob, Maria Carmen Arroyo Sanchez, Antonio Walter Ferreira
Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo.2011; 53(2): 61. CrossRef
Avaliação eosinofílica e soropositividade para anticorpos IgG anti-toxocara em crianças atendidas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde
Ariella Andrade Marchioro, Cristiane Maria Colli, Salete Mattia, Márcia Liz Paludo, Gisely Cardoso de Melo, Carolina Moreira Adami, Sandra Marisa Pelloso, Ana Lúcia F. Guilherme
Revista Paulista de Pediatria.2011; 29(1): 80. CrossRef
Identification of candidate antigens from adult stages of Toxocara canis for the serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis
Patrícia Longuinhos Peixoto, Evaldo Nascimento, Guilherme Grossi Lopes Cançado, Rodrigo Rodrigues Cambraia de Miranda, Regina Lunardi Rocha, Ricardo Nascimento Araújo, Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.2011; 106(2): 200. CrossRef
Protective and risk factors for toxocariasis in children from two different social classes of Brazil
Vamilton Alvares Santarém, Flávia Noris Chagas Leli, Guita Rubinsky-Elefant, Rogério Giuffrida
Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo.2011; 53(2): 66. CrossRef
The increase in seroprevalence to Toxocara canis in asthmatic children is related to cross-reaction with Ascaris suum antigens
M.A. Muñoz-Guzmán, B.E. del Río-Navarro, G. Valdivia-Anda, F. Alba-Hurtado
Allergologia et Immunopathologia.2010; 38(3): 115. CrossRef
A Case of Recurrent Toxocariasis Presenting With Urticaria
Min-Hye Kim, Jae-Woo Jung, Jae-Woo Kwon, Tae-Whan Kim, Sae-Hoon Kim, Sang-Heon Cho, Kyung-Up Min, You-Young Kim, Yoon-Seok Chang
Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Research.2010; 2(4): 267. CrossRef
Comparative assessment of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot for the diagnosis of toxocariasis in patients with skin disorders
A-P. Bellanger, P. Humbert, B. Gavignet, A.D. Deschaseaux, C. Barisien, S. Roussel, L. Millon, F. Aubin, R. Piarroux
British Journal of Dermatology.2010; 162(1): 80. CrossRef
Recovery threshold of Toxocara canis eggs from soil
I.G. Rosa Xavier, B.C. Ramos, V.A. Santarém
Veterinary Parasitology.2010; 167(1): 77. CrossRef
Toxocara canis: Potential activity of natural products against second-stage larvae in vitro and in vivo
Mariana Reis, Alcione Trinca, Maria José U. Ferreira, Ana R. Monsalve-Puello, Maria Amélia A. Grácio
Experimental Parasitology.2010; 126(2): 191. CrossRef
Familial Case of Visceral Larval Migrans of Toxocara Canis after Ingestion of Raw Chicken Liver
Min Su Park, Young Joon Ahn, Kyung Rye Moon
Korean Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition.2010; 13(1): 70. CrossRef
Emerging Zoonoses in the Southern United States: Toxocariasis, Bovine Tuberculosis and Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness
Rachel M. Clinton, Hélène Carabin, Susan E. Little
The American Journal of the Medical Sciences.2010; 340(3): 187. CrossRef
Syndrome de détresse respiratoire aiguë secondaire à une infection à Toxocara cati
J.-M. Tadié, A. Chaudeurge, N. Lerolle, J. Audibert, A. Novara, J.-Y. Fagon, E. Guérot
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Biochemical and immunopathological changes in experimental neurotoxocariasis
Ahmad A. Othman, Ghada A. Abdel-Aleem, Eman M. Saied, Wael W. Mayah, Afaf M. Elatrash
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2010; 172(1): 1. CrossRef
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Vannan Kandi Vijayan, Tarek Kilani
Infectious Disease Clinics of North America.2010; 24(3): 579. CrossRef
In vitro and in vivo effects of Enterococcus faecalis CECT7121 on Toxocara canis
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Case Report

A case of Strongyloides stercoralis infection: Sung-Jong Hong, Joo-Hee Han; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(2):117-120.
Published online June 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.2.117

Abstract
PDF

Strongyloidiasis has been recognized as one of the life-threatening parasitic infections in the immunocompromised patients. We report an intestinal infection case of Strongyloides stercoralis in a 61-year-old man. Rhabditiform larvae were detected in the stool examination and developed to filariform larvae having a notched tail through the Harada-Mori filter paper culture. The patient received five courses of albendazole therapy but not cured of strongyloidiasis.

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Original Article

Partial cross-resistance between Strongyloides venezuelensis and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in rats: Byeong-Kirl Baek, M. Khyrul Islam, Jin-Ho Kim, John-Wha Lee, Jin Hur; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(2):101-107.
Published online June 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.2.101

Abstract
PDF

Rats were immunized through an initial infection with 1,000 filariform larvae (L₃) of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and after complete expulsion of worms they were challenged with 1,000 L₃ of Strongyloides venezuelensis to investigate whether cross-resistance developed against a heterologous parasite. Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-immunized rats developed a partial cross-resistance against S. venezuelensis migrating larvae (MSL₃) in the lungs and adult worms in the small intestine. The population of MSL₃ in the lungs were significantly lower (P<0.05) in immunized rats (22.0 ± 7.4) compared with controls (105.0 ± 27.6). The populations of adult worms, egg output and fecundity were initially decreased but from day 14 post-challenge they did not show any significant difference between immunized and control rats. However, the length of worm in immunized rat was revealed as retardation. Peripheral blood eosinophilia was significantly decreased (P<0.05) on day 7 post-challenge and then gradually increased, which peaked on day 42 post-challenge when most of the worms were expelled. These results suggest that peripheral blood eosinophilia is strongly involved in the worm establishment and expulsion mechanisms.

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Case Report

A case of gastric pseudoterranoviasis in a 43-year-old man in Korea: Moon-Soo Koh, Sun Huh, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(1):47-49.
Published online March 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.1.47

Abstract
PDF

A case of Pseudoterranova decipiens infection was found in a 43-year-old man by gastroendoscopic examination on August 20, 1996. On August 6, 1996, he visited a local clinic, complaining of epigastric pain two days after eating raw marine fishes. Although the symptoms were relieved soon, endoscopic examination was done for differential diagnosis. A white, live nematode larva was removed from the fundus of the stomach. The larva was 38. 3×1.0 mm in size and had a cecum reaching to the mid-level of the ventriculus. A lot of transverse striations were regularly arranged on the cuticle of its body surface, but the boring tooth and mucron were not observed at both ends of the worm. The worm was identified as the 4th stage larva of P. decipiens.

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Original Article

Effects of in vitro culture methods on morphological development and infectivity of Strongyloides venezuelensis filariform larvae: M. Khyrul Islam, Kiku Matsuda, Jin-Ho Kim, Byeong-Kirl Baek; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(1):13-19.
Published online March 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.1.13

Abstract
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The effects of in vitro culture methods on morphological development and infectivity of Strongyloides venezuelensis filariform larvae (L₃) to rats were investigated. A significantly higher body length was observed in L₃ from filter paper culture (597.3 ± 32.2 ?m) than those in fecal (509.9 ± 35.0 ?m) and nutrient broth culture (503.3 ± 31.0 ?m) (P<0.05). Larval infectivity was assessed by exposing rats to 1,000 L₃ from each culture and worms were recovered from the lungs and small intestines. Recovery rate of these worms did not show any significant difference. A significantly greater body length of adults was recorded in those corresponding to the L₃ harvested from filter paper (2,777.5 ± 204.4 ?m) and nutrient broth culture (2,732.5 ± 169.8 ?m) than those corresponding to the L₃ obtained from fecal culture (2,600.5 ± 172.4 ?m) (P<0.05). Although worm fecundity and EPG counts differed among culture methods but worm burdens and course of infection did not. These findings suggest that the methods of cultures have a significant effect on the morphological development of the larvae to the L₃ stage, but do not influence the infectivity to rats.

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