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Case Reports

Thelazia callipaeda (Nematoda: Spirurida) infections in 2 wildlife species, Prionailurus bengalensis and Nyctereutes procyonoides, in Korea
Jinho Jang, Young-Seok Park, YoungMin Yun, Keeseon S. Eom, Seongjun Choe
Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(1):95-101.
Published online February 25, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24079
Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae), a parasitic eye worm causing thelaziasis has been reported in humans and dogs in Korea. However, its occurrence in other potential reservoir hosts, including wild animals, remains unclear. In the present study, we described the 2 cases of thelaziasis from both of feral and captive wild animal in Korea. In August and November 2017, 2 cases of the parasitic infections were found in the third eyelid of rescued leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis and reared raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides at the Chungnam Wild Animal Rescue Center. A total of 20 and 24 worms were detected from the left and right eyes of leopard cat, respectively. In the left eye of the raccoon dog, 5 worms were recognized. Male worms were 969–11,860 μm long (10,600 μm on average) and 300–320 μm width (315 μm on average). Female worms were 13,430–15,330 (14,480) μm long and 320–370 (344) μm wide in size. They commonly had a characteristic scalariform buccal cavity and short esophagus. The vulva openings were located at the anterior of esophago-intestinal junction in females. The thelaziasis is reported in 2 species of wildlife, P. bengalensis and N. procyonoides, for the first time in Korea.

Citations

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  • Detection of intestinal parasites in leopard cat fecal samples using shotgun metagenomics
    Jun Ho Choi, Singeun Oh, Myung-hee Yi, Dongjun Kang, Du-Yeol Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Arwa Shatta, Yoon Hee Cho, Seongjun Choe, Seung-Hun Lee, Ju Yeong Kim
    Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(4): 349.     CrossRef
  • 3,133 View
  • 93 Download
  • Crossref
A Pediatric Case of Thelaziasis in Korea
Chung Hyuk Yim, Jeong Hee Ko, Jung Hyun Lee, Yu Mi Choi, Won Wook Lee, Sang Ki Ahn, Myoung Hee Ahn, Kyong Eun Choi
Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(3):319-321.
Published online June 30, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.319
In the present study, we intended to report a clinical pediatric case of thelaziasis in Korea. In addition, we briefly reviewed the literature on pediatric cases of thelaziasis in Korea. In the present case, 3 whitish, thread-like eye-worms were detected in a 6-year-old-boy living in an urban area and contracted an ocular infection known as thelaziasis incidentally during ecological agritainment. This is the first report of pediatric thelaziasis in Seoul after 1995.

Citations

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  • Thelaziasis in humans: A systematic review of reported cases
    D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Jorge Luis Bonilla-Aldana, Jaime David Acosta-España, Ranjit Sah, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
    New Microbes and New Infections.2025; 65: 101599.     CrossRef
  • A Case of Thelazia Callipaeda Ocular Infection Identified in Patients with Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
    Shin Hee Hong, Tae Hun Kim, Hye Jin Shi, Joong Sik Eom, Yoonseon Park
    Korean Journal of Healthcare-Associated Infection Control and Prevention.2022; 27(1): 77.     CrossRef
  • A Nest of Worms in the Eye
    Huanhuan Cheng, Chunyun Wu, Juan Deng, Yingjie Liu
    The American Journal of the Medical Sciences.2018; 355(5): e15.     CrossRef
  • A Case of Twice Recurring Ocular Thelaziasis from Thelazia callipaeda
    Bon Hyeok Gu, Dong Eun Oh
    Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society.2018; 59(9): 867.     CrossRef
  • 10,132 View
  • 142 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Original Articles

Lethal Effects of Helianthemum lippii (L.) on Acanthamoeba castellanii Cysts in Vitro
F.A. Badria, M.H. Hetta, Rania M. Sarhan, M.H. Ezz El-Din
Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(3):243-249.
Published online June 26, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.243

Acanthamoeba spp. commonly cause Acanthamoeba keratitis which is typically associated with the wear of contact lenses. Therefore, finding an economic, efficient, and safe therapy of natural origin is of outmost importance. This study examined the in vitro lethal potential of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Helianthemum lippii (L.) (sun roses) against Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts isolated from patients with amoebic keratitis. Both extracts proved to be potent as regard to their lethal effects on A. castellanii cysts with comparable results to chlorhexidine. The ethyl acetate was more promising with cumulative lethality. It showed a highly significant lethal percentage along the duration of treatment. The analysis of the more potent ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of 2.96 mg/100 g of total phenolics, 0.289 mg/100 ml of total flavonoids and 37 mg/100 mg of total tannins which highlighted their phytomedicinal role.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Effectiveness of phytoproducts against pathogenic free-living amoebae - A scoping and critical review paving the way toward plant-based pharmaceuticals
    Beni Jequicene Mussengue Chaúque, Thaisla Cristiane Borella da Silva, Eduardo Brittes Rott, Felipe Brittes Rott, Ana Paula Marçal Copetti Leite, Guilherme Brittes Benitez, Neuana Fernando Neuana, José Roberto Goldim, Marilise Brittes Rott, Régis Adriel Za
    Fitoterapia.2025; 182: 106404.     CrossRef
  • Phytochemical Profiles and Biological Activities of Frankenia Species: A Review
    Meyada Khaled, Rachid Ouache, Patrick Pale, Hassina Harkat
    Molecules.2024; 29(5): 980.     CrossRef
  • Phytochemical on-line screening and in silico study of Helianthemum confertum: antioxidant activity, DFT, MD simulation, ADME/T analysis, and xanthine oxidase binding
    Yasmine Chemam, Samir Benayache, Abdeslem Bouzina, Eric Marchioni, Omar Sekiou, Houria Bentoumi, Minjie Zhao, Zihad Bouslama, Nour-Eddine Aouf, Fadila Benayache
    RSC Advances.2024; 14(31): 22209.     CrossRef
  • Medicinal, Pharmacological and Biochemical Progress on the Study of Genus Helianthemum: A Review
    Soumia Mouffouk, Chaima Mouffouk, Sara Mouffouk, Hamada Haba
    Current Chemical Biology.2023; 17(3): 147.     CrossRef
  • Phytochemical-rich extracts of Helianthemum lippii possess antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-biofilm activities
    Fabiana Plescia, Fabio Venturella, Antonella D’Anneo, Valentina Catania, Maria Letizia Gargano, Giulia Polito, Domenico Schillaci, Antonio Palumbo Piccionello, Marianna Lauricella, Giuseppe Venturella, Demetrio Raffa
    Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology.2022; 156(6): 1314.     CrossRef
  • Natural Products for Targeting Acanthamoeba spp.
    Yassmin Isse Wehelie, Aishath Leesha Nasih, Ayaz Anwar, Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Sutherland Maciver, Naveed Ahmed Khan
    Anti-Infective Agents.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Anti-Acanthamoeba castellanii activity of alkaloid-enriched extracts and lycorine from the Amaryllidaceae species
    Maressa Dietrich Rosa, Jean Paulo de Andrade, Adriana Oliveira Costa, Raphael Conti, Jaume Bastida, Warley de Souza Borges, Cinthia Furst
    Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • In vitro amoebicidal effect of Aloe vera ethanol extract and honey against Acanthamoeba spp. cysts
    Ghada Mohamed Kadry, Mousa A. M. Ismail, Nagwa Mostafa El-Sayed, Hanan S. El-Kholy, Dina M. Hamdy El-Akkad
    Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2021; 45(1): 159.     CrossRef
  • In vitro Propagation to Conserve the Local Endemic and Endangered Medicinal Plant Helianthemum germanicopolitanum Bornm.
    Emine Kapdan, Mehmet Sezgin
    Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Chemical composition, in vitro antiparasitic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Frankenia thymifolia Desf.
    Imad Mennai, Mourad Hanfer, Chahrazed Esseid, Samir Benayache, Souad Ameddah, Ahmed Menad, Fadila Benayache
    Natural Product Research.2020; 34(23): 3363.     CrossRef
  • Characterization of ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts of Cymbopogon schoenanthus and Helianthemum lippii and their effect on the smooth muscle of the rat distal colon
    Nihed Djemam, Somia Lassed, Fatih Gül, Muhammed Altun, Marisa Monteiro, Daniela Menezes-Pinto, Samir Benayache, Fadila Benayache, Djamila Zama, Ibrahim Demirtas, Manuela Morato
    Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2020; 252: 112613.     CrossRef
  • Amoebicidal and Amoebistatic Effects of Artemisia argyi Methanolic Extracts on Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites and Cysts
    Onur Kolören, Zeynep Kolören, Zülal Atli Şekeroğlu, Melek Çolayvaz, Panagiotis Karanis
    Acta Parasitologica.2019; 64(1): 63.     CrossRef
  • Preparation of Poly (dl-Lactide-co-Glycolide) Nanoparticles Encapsulated with Periglaucine A and Betulinic Acid for In Vitro Anti-Acanthamoeba and Cytotoxicity Activities
    Tooba Mahboob, Muhammad Nawaz, Tan Tian-Chye, Chandramathi Samudi, Christophe Wiart, Veeranoot Nissapatorn
    Pathogens.2018; 7(3): 62.     CrossRef
  • Computational study of some amoebicidal phytochemicals against heat shock protein of Naegleria fowleri
    Zarrin Basharat, Shumaila Zaib, Azra Yasmin
    Gene Reports.2017; 6: 158.     CrossRef
  • 11,089 View
  • 103 Download
  • 12 Web of Science
  • Crossref
Paragonimus paishuihoensis Metacercariae in Freshwater Crabs, Potamon lipkei, in Vientiane Province, Lao PDR
Shigehisa Habe, Pham Ngoc Doanh, Shinichiro Yahiro, Nanthasane Vannavong, Hubert Barennes, Peter Odermatt, Gilles Dreyfuss, Yoichiro Horii, Yukifumi Nawa
Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):683-687.
Published online December 31, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.683

Among Paragonimus species, P. paishuihoensis is one of the most mysterious and poorly understood species. Metacercariae are characterized by having a unique dendritically branched excretory bladder. However, the morphology of the adult worm remains unknown. To date, metacercariae of this species have been reported only in China and Thailand. In this study, we first found P. paishuihoensis metacercariae in freshwater crabs, Potamon lipkei, in Hinheub District, Vientiane, Lao PDR, with a prevalence of 77.7% and the average intensity of 10.3 (range 1-28) metacercariae per crab. The molecular data based on ITS2 and CO1 markers indicated that P. paishuihoensis from Laos and Thailand were almost completely identical and were close to members of the Paragonimus bangkokensis/Paragonimus harinasutai complex. Attempts to infect experimental animals (cats, dogs, and rats) with P. paishuihoensis were unsuccessful, suggesting that these animals might be unsuitable definitive hosts for the species. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the taxonomic status and life cycle of P. paishuihoensis.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Lung flukes of the genusParagonimus: ancient and re-emerging pathogens
    David Blair
    Parasitology.2022; 149(10): 1286.     CrossRef
  • Paragonimus and paragonimiasis in Asia: An update
    Ayako Yoshida, Pham Ngoc Doanh, Haruhiko Maruyama
    Acta Tropica.2019; 199: 105074.     CrossRef
  • Morphological and molecular identification of a lung fluke, Paragonimus macrorchis (Trematoda, Paragonimidae), found in central Lao PDR and its molecular phylogenetic status in the genus Paragonimus
    Oranuch Sanpool, Pewpan Maleewong Intapan, Tongjit Thanchomnang, Penchom Janwan, Sakhone Laymanivong, Hiromu Sugiyama, Wanchai Maleewong
    Parasitology International.2015; 64(6): 513.     CrossRef
  • 9,269 View
  • 120 Download
  • Crossref

Case Reports

Gnathostoma spinigerum Infection in the Upper Lip of a Korean Woman: An Autochthonous Case in Korea
Jae Hee Kim, Hyemi Lim, Young-Sang Hwang, Tae Yeon Kim, Eun Mee Han, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):343-347.
Published online June 30, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.343

Autochthonous human gnathostomiasis had never been reported in the Republic of Korea. We report here a case of Gnathostoma spinigerum infection in a 32-year-old Korean woman, presumed to have been infected via an indigenous route. The patient had experienced a painful migratory swelling near the left nasolabial fold area of the face for a year, with movement of the swelling to the mucosal area of the upper lip 2 weeks before surgical removal of the lesion. Histopathological examinations of the extracted tissue revealed inflammation with heavy eosinophilic infiltrations and sections of a nematode suggestive of a Gnathostoma sp. larva. The larva characteristically revealed about 25 intestinal cells with multiple (3-6) nuclei in each intestinal cell consistent with the 3rd-stage larva of G. spinigerum. The patient did not have any special history of travel abroad except a recent trip, 4 months before surgery, to China where she ate only cooked food. The patient is the first recorded autochthonous case of G. spinigerum infection in Korea.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Imported parasitic diseases in the Republic of Korea: status and issues
    Jong-Yil Chai
    Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2025; 68(1): 52.     CrossRef
  • Parasitic Diseases of Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
    Heung Up Kim
    The Korean Journal of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research.2024; 24(2): 127.     CrossRef
  • A case of vocal cord gnathostomiasis diagnosed with sectional morphologies in a histopathological specimen from a Chinese woman living in Korea
    Doo Sik Park, Eun Hyun Cho, Kyung Hoon Park, Soo Min Jo, Bumjung Park, Sun Huh
    Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 298.     CrossRef
  • Morphological and Phylogenetic Analysis of Eustrongylides sp. and Gnathostoma spinigerum Parasitizing the Asian Swamp Eel Monopterusalbus in China
    Sixin Zhang, Guangping Huang, Liang Li, Xianyong Liu, Xiaoli Tang, Xun Suo
    Pathogens.2021; 10(6): 711.     CrossRef
  • Human gnathostomiasis: a neglected food-borne zoonosis
    Guo-Hua Liu, Miao-Miao Sun, Hany M. Elsheikha, Yi-Tian Fu, Hiromu Sugiyama, Katsuhiko Ando, Woon-Mok Sohn, Xing-Quan Zhu, Chaoqun Yao
    Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Gnathostomiasis: an emerging infectious disease relevant to all dermatologists
    Francisco Bravo, Bernardo Gontijo
    Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia.2018; 93(2): 172.     CrossRef
  • Imported gnathostomiasis manifesting as cutaneous larva migrans and Löffler’s syndrome
    William L. Hamilton, Daniel Agranoff
    BMJ Case Reports.2018; 2018: bcr-2017-223132.     CrossRef
  • Gnathostomiasis: an Emerging Infection of Raw Fish Consumers in Gnathostoma Nematode-Endemic and Nonendemic Countries
    James H. Diaz
    Journal of Travel Medicine.2015; 22(5): 318.     CrossRef
  • 10,962 View
  • 110 Download
  • Crossref
An Indigenous Case of Intestinal Capillariasis with Protein-Losing Enteropathy in Korea
Woon Tae Jung, Hyun Jin Kim, Hyun Ju Min, Chang Yoon Ha, Hong Jun Kim, Gyung Hyuck Ko, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn
Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):333-337.
Published online November 26, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.333

We encountered an indigenous case of intestinal capillariasis with protein-losing enteropathy in the Republic of Korea. A 37-year-old man, residing in Sacheon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, admitted to the Gyeongsang National University Hospital (GNUH) due to long-lasting diarrhea, abdominal pain, anasarca, and weight loss. He recalled that he frequently ate raw fish, especially the common blackish goby (Acanthogobius flavimanus) and has never been abroad. Under the suspicion of protein-losing enteropathy, he received various kinds of medical examinations, and was diagnosed as intestinal capillariasis based on characteristic sectional findings of nematode worms in the biopsied small intestine. Adults, juvenile worms, and eggs were also detected in the diarrheic stools collected before and after medication. The clinical symptoms became much better after treatment with albendazole 400 mg daily for 3 days, and all findings were in normal range in laboratory examinations performed after 1 month. The present study is the 6th Korean case of intestinal capillariasis and the 3rd indigenous one in the Republic of Korea.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Imported parasitic diseases in the Republic of Korea: status and issues
    Jong-Yil Chai
    Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2025; 68(1): 52.     CrossRef
  • Human parasitic infections of the class Adenophorea: global epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention and control
    Jitrawadee Intirach, Chang Shu, Xin Lv, Suzhen Gao, Nataya Sutthanont, Tao Chen, Zhiyue Lv
    Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Paleoparasitology research on ancient helminth eggs and larvae in the Republic of Korea
    Jong-Yil Chai, Min Seo, Dong Hoon Shin
    Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(4): 345.     CrossRef
  • An Overview of Fish-borne Nematodiases among Returned Travelers for Recent 25 Years– Unexpected Diseases Sometimes Far Away from the Origin
    Jorge Costa Eiras, Gilberto Cezar Pavanelli, Ricardo Massato Takemoto, Yukifumi Nawa
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(3): 215.     CrossRef
  • Intestinal capillariasis in the 21stcentury: clinical presentations and role of endoscopy and imaging
    Julajak Limsrivilai, Supot Pongprasobchai, Piyaporn Apisarnthanarak, Sathaporn Manatsathit
    BMC Gastroenterology.2014;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Intestinal Capillariasis Diagnosed by Endoscopic Biopsy
    Minsu Ha, Dong-Ha Jun, Jung Ho Kim, Yoon Jae Kim, Kwang An Kwon, Dong Kyun Park, Yang Suh Ku
    Clinical Endoscopy.2013; 46(6): 675.     CrossRef
  • 9,934 View
  • 89 Download
  • Crossref
The First Human Case of Thelazia callipaeda Infection in Vietnam
Nguyen Van De, Thanh Hoa Le, Jong-Yil Chai
Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):221-223.
Published online August 13, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.221

A 26-year-old man residing in a village of Thai Nguyen Province, North Vietnam, visited the Thai Nguyen Provincial Hospital in July 2008. He felt a bulge-sticking pain in his left eye and extracted 5 small nematode worms by himself half a day before visiting the hospital. Two more worms were extracted from his left eye by a medical doctor, and they were morphologically observed and genetically analyzed on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene. The worms were 1 male and 1 female, and genetically identical with those of Thelazia callipaeda. By the present study, the presence of human T. callipaeda infection is first reported in Vietnam.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Clinical and parasitological significance of thelaziosis in dogs and cats
    Milan Hadzi-Milic, Andjelka Lesevic, Petar Krivokuca, Nemanja Jovanovic, Tamara Ilic
    Veterinarski glasnik.2025; 79(1): 20.     CrossRef
  • The Vector-Borne Zoonotic Nematode Thelazia callipaeda in the Eastern Part of Europe, with a Clinical Case Report in a Dog in Poland
    Leszek Rolbiecki, Joanna N. Izdebska, Marta Franke, Lech Iliszko, Sławomira Fryderyk
    Pathogens.2021; 10(1): 55.     CrossRef
  • A Case of Human Thelaziasis and Review of Chinese Cases
    Shi Nan Liu, Fang Fang Xu, Wen Qing Chen, Peng Jiang, Jing Cui, Zhong Quan Wang, Xi Zhang
    Acta Parasitologica.2020; 65(3): 783.     CrossRef
  • A human corneal ulcer caused by Thelazia callipaeda in Southwest China: case report
    Xiaoxing Wei, Bo Liu, Yijian Li, Ke Wang, Lixia Gao, Yuli Yang
    Parasitology Research.2020; 119(10): 3531.     CrossRef
  • Thelaziosis due to Thelazia callipaeda in Europe in the 21st century—A review
    Beatriz do Vale, Ana Patrícia Lopes, Maria da Conceição Fontes, Mário Silvestre, Luís Cardoso, Ana Cláudia Coelho
    Veterinary Parasitology.2019; 275: 108957.     CrossRef
  • Human Thelaziasis: Emerging Ocular Pathogen in Nepal
    Ranjit Sah, Shusila Khadka, Mahesh Adhikari, Reema Niraula, Apoorva Shah, Anadi Khatri, Suzanne Donovan
    Open Forum Infectious Diseases.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Morphological and Mitochondrial Genomic Characterization of Eyeworms (Thelazia callipaeda) from Clinical Cases in Central China
    Xi Zhang, Ya L. Shi, Zhong Q. Wang, Jiang Y. Duan, Peng Jiang, Ruo D. Liu, Jing Cui
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Coinfection with Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus and Oriental Eye Worm in a Rural Woman: The First Report of an Unusual Case
    Kyung Sik Seo, Hye Min Lee, Ho Joon Shin, Joong Sun Lee
    Annals of Dermatology.2014; 26(1): 125.     CrossRef
  • 9,477 View
  • 83 Download
  • Crossref

Brief Communication

Susceptibility of Mice to Trypanosoma evansi Treated with Human Plasma Containing Different Concentrations of Apolipoprotein L-1
Aleksandro S. Da Silva, Vinicius R. Fanfa, Mateus A. Otto, Lucas T. Gressler, Kaio C.S. Tavares, C?cera R. Lazzarotto, Alexandre A. Tonin, Luiz C. Miletti, Marta M.M.F. Duarte, Silvia G. Monteiro
Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):427-430.
Published online December 16, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.427

The aim of this study was to test the susceptibility of mice to Trypanosoma evansi treated with human plasma containing different concentrations of apolipoprotein L-1 (APOL1). For this experiment, a strain of T. evansi and human plasma (plasmas 1, 2, and 3) from 3 adult males clinically healthy were used. In vivo test used 50 mice divided in 5 groups (A to E) with 10 animals in each group. Animals of groups B to E were infected, and then treated with 0.2 ml of human plasma in the following outline: negative control (A), positive control (B), treatment with plasma 1 (C), treatment with plasma 2 (D), and treatment with plasma 3 (E). Mice treated with human plasma showed an increase in longevity of 40.9±0.3 (C), 20±9.0 (D) and 35.6±9.3 (E) days compared to the control group (B) which was 4.3±0.5 days. The number of surviving mice and free of the parasite (blood smear and PCR negative) at the end of the experiment was 90%, 0%, and 60% for groups C, D, and E, respectively. The quantification of APOL1 was performed due to the large difference in the treatments that differed in the source plasma. In plasmas 1, 2, and 3 was detected the concentration of 194, 99, and 115 mg/dl of APOL1, respectively. However, we believe that this difference in the treatment efficiency is related to the level of APOL1 in plasmas.

Citations

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  • The effect of normal human serum on the mouse trypanosome Trypanosoma musculi in vitro and in vivo
    Xuan Zhang, Xiao-Kun Hong, Su-Jin Li, De-Hua Lai, Geoff Hide, Zhao-Rong Lun, Yan-Zi Wen
    Experimental Parasitology.2018; 184: 115.     CrossRef
  • Pre-treatment with curcumin modulates acetylcholinesterase activity and proinflammatory cytokines in rats infected with Trypanosoma evansi
    Patrícia Wolkmer, Cássia B. da Silva, Francine C. Paim, Marta M.M.F. Duarte, Verônica Castro, Heloisa E. Palma, Raqueli T. França, Diandra V. Felin, Lucas C. Siqueira, Sonia T.A. Lopes, Maria Rosa C. Schetinger, Silvia G. Monteiro, Cinthia M. Mazzanti
    Parasitology International.2013; 62(2): 144.     CrossRef
  • 8,935 View
  • 69 Download
  • Crossref

Case Report

Two Cases of Human Thelaziasis and Brief Review of Korean cases
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Ji Myong Yoo
Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):265-271.
Published online September 30, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.265

The present study was performed to describe 2 cases of human thelaziasis (HT) which occurred in Gyeongsangnam- do and to briefly review the previously reported Korean cases. A 58-year old woman, residing in Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, came to Gyeongsang National University Hospital (GNUH) complaining of foreign body sensation and itching of the right eye in March 2000. Total 6 adult nematodes of Thelazia callipaeda (2 males and 4 females) were detected in her right eye. A 80-year old man, residing in Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, came to GNUH complaining of foreign body sensation, itching, and pain of the right eye in December 2007. A total of 5 worms (4 females and 1 degenerated) were removed from his right eye. We analyzed characteristics of the total 39 Korean HT cases reported to date, including the present 2 cases. Most of the cases (71.8%) occurred in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do before 2000, and 21 cases (53.8%) were males and 18 (46.2%) were females. The prevalence was higher in younger ages below 30 years (48.7%) than 31-60 years (41.0%) and over 61 years (10.3%). The seasonal prevalence showed a higher incidence in autumn (43.6%) than in other seasons. Most of the cases (94.9%) were conjunctival sac infections and only 2 (5.1%) were intraocular cases. The present 2 HT cases are the first reported cases in Gyeongsangnam-do. Some characteristics of Korean HT cases were analyzed.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Thelazia callipaeda (Nematoda: Spirurida) infections in 2 wildlife species, Prionailurus bengalensis and Nyctereutes procyonoides, in Korea
    Jinho Jang, Young-Seok Park, YoungMin Yun, Keeseon S. Eom, Seongjun Choe
    Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(1): 95.     CrossRef
  • Thelaziasis in humans: A systematic review of reported cases
    D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Jorge Luis Bonilla-Aldana, Jaime David Acosta-España, Ranjit Sah, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
    New Microbes and New Infections.2025; 65: 101599.     CrossRef
  • Eight cases of canine thelaziosis found in two localities in Korea
    Seongjun Choe, Sunmin Kim, Tilak Chandra Nath, Jeong-Ho Kim
    Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 325.     CrossRef
  • A Case of Human Thelaziasis and Review of Chinese Cases
    Shi Nan Liu, Fang Fang Xu, Wen Qing Chen, Peng Jiang, Jing Cui, Zhong Quan Wang, Xi Zhang
    Acta Parasitologica.2020; 65(3): 783.     CrossRef
  • A human corneal ulcer caused by Thelazia callipaeda in Southwest China: case report
    Xiaoxing Wei, Bo Liu, Yijian Li, Ke Wang, Lixia Gao, Yuli Yang
    Parasitology Research.2020; 119(10): 3531.     CrossRef
  • Periocular thelaziasis presenting as an orbital mass – a case report
    Kirthi Koka, Andrea Tongbram, Bipasha Mukherjee, Raman Muthusamy, Azhahia Nambi, Jyotirmay Biswas
    Orbit.2019; 38(6): 503.     CrossRef
  • A Pediatric Case of Thelaziasis in Korea
    Chung Hyuk Yim, Jeong Hee Ko, Jung Hyun Lee, Yu Mi Choi, Won Wook Lee, Sang Ki Ahn, Myoung Hee Ahn, Kyong Eun Choi
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(3): 319.     CrossRef
  • Ocular thelaziasis in a 7-month-old infant
    AK Handique, A Tamuli, AM Khan
    Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology.2014; 32(1): 84.     CrossRef
  • Mitochondrial Genome of the Eyeworm, Thelazia callipaeda (Nematoda: Spirurida), as the First Representative from the Family Thelaziidae
    Guo-Hua Liu, Robin B. Gasser, Domenico Otranto, Min-Jun Xu, Ji-Long Shen, Namitha Mohandas, Dong-Hui Zhou, Xing-Quan Zhu, Peter U. Fischer
    PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2013; 7(1): e2029.     CrossRef
  • The First Human Case of Thelazia callipaeda Infection in Vietnam
    Nguyen Van De, Thanh Hoa Le, Jong-Yil Chai
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2012; 50(3): 221.     CrossRef
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Original Articles

Phospholipase Activities in Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Acanthamoeba
Abdul Matin, Suk-Yul Jung
Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):1-8.
Published online March 18, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.1

The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of Acanthamoeba infections remain incompletely understood. Phos-pholipases are known to cleave phospholipids, suggesting their possible involvement in the host cell plasma membrane disruption leading to host cell penetration and lysis. The aims of the present study were to determine phospholipase activities in Acanthamoeba and to determine their roles in the pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba. Using an encephalitis isolate (T1 genotype), a keratitis isolate (T4 genotype), and an environmental isolate (T7 genotype), we demonstrated that Acanthamoeba exhibited phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and phospholipase D (PLD) activities in a spectrophotometry-based assay. Interestingly, the encephalitis isolates of Acanthamoeba exhibited higher phospholipase activities as compared with the keratitis isolates, but the environmental isolates exhibited the highest phospholipase activities. Moreover, Acanthamoeba isolates exhibited higher PLD activities compared with the PLA2. Acanthamoeba exhibited optimal phospholipase activities at 37℃ and at neutral pH indicating their physiological relevance. The functional role of phospholipases was determined by in vitro assays using human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), which constitute the blood-brain barrier. We observed that a PLD-specific inhibitor, i.e., compound 48/80, partially inhibited Acanthamoeba encephalitis isolate cytotoxicity of the host cells, while PLA2-specific inhibitor, i.e., cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine, had no effect on parasite-mediated HBMEC cytotoxicity. Overall, the T7 exhibited higher phospholipase activities as compared to the T4. In contract, the T7 exhibited minimal binding to, or cytotoxicity of, HBMEC.

Citations

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  • Detection of immunogenic protein components in excretion/secretion products of Acanthamoeba T5 using polyclonal antibodies
    Lissette Retana-Moreira, Elizabeth Abrahams-Sandí, Marco Ruiz-Campos, Johan Alvarado-Ocampo, Julián Castro, Jacob Lorenzo-Morales, Giovanni Sáenz-Arce, Antonio Osuna
    Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Comprehensive characterization of extracellular vesicles produced by environmental (Neff) and clinical (T4) strains of Acanthamoeba castellanii
    Elisa Gonçalves Medeiros, Michele Ramos Valente, Leandro Honorato, Marina da Silva Ferreira, Susana Ruiz Mendoza, Diego de Souza Gonçalves, Lucas Martins Alcântara, Kamilla Xavier Gomes, Marcia Ribeiro Pinto, Ernesto S. Nakayasu, Geremy Clair, Isadora Fil
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  • Epidemiology of and Genetic Factors Associated with Acanthamoeba Keratitis
    Muhammad Ilyas, Fiona Stapleton, Mark D. P. Willcox, Fiona Henriquez, Hari Kumar Peguda, Binod Rayamajhee, Tasbiha Zahid, Constantinos Petsoglou, Nicole A. Carnt
    Pathogens.2024; 13(2): 142.     CrossRef
  • Biological characteristics and pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba
    Yuehua Wang, Linzhe Jiang, Yitong Zhao, Xiaohong Ju, Le Wang, Liang Jin, Ryan D. Fine, Mingguang Li
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Acanthamoeba culbertsoni Have COX and Proteolytic Activity and Induce Hemolysis
    Francisco Sierra-López, Ismael Castelan-Ramírez, Dolores Hernández-Martínez, Lizbeth Salazar-Villatoro, David Segura-Cobos, Catalina Flores-Maldonado, Verónica Ivonne Hernández-Ramírez, Tomás Ernesto Villamar-Duque, Adolfo René Méndez-Cruz, Patricia Talam
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    Chayan Sharma, Sumeeta Khurana, Alka Bhatia, Amit Arora, Amit Gupta
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    Linda Christian Carrijo-Carvalho, Viviane Peracini Sant'ana, Annette Silva Foronda, Denise de Freitas, Fabio Ramos de Souza Carvalho
    Survey of Ophthalmology.2017; 62(2): 203.     CrossRef
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    Hanaa M. Hegab, Ahmed ElMekawy, Thomas G. Barclay, Andrew Michelmore, Linda Zou, Christopher P. Saint, Milena Ginic-Markovic
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IgE Binding Reactivity of Peptide Fragments of Bla g 4, a Major German Cockroach Allergen
Kwang Hyun Shin, Kyoung Yong Jeong, Chein-Soo Hong, Tai-Soon Yong
Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(1):31-36.
Published online March 12, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.1.31

Cockroaches have been recognized as a major cause of asthma. Bla g 4 is one of the most important German cockroach allergens. The aim of this study is to investigate IgE reactivity to the recombinant Bla g 4 (rBla g 4) in the sera of allergic patients and identify linear IgE binding epitope. For protein expression, full-length Bla g 4 (EF202172) was divided into 5 overlapping peptide fragments (E1: aa 1-100, E2: aa 34-77, E3: aa 74-117, E4: aa 114-156, and E5: aa 153-182). The full-length and 5 peptide fragments of Bla g 4 was generated by PCR and over-expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The IgE binding reactivities of the full-length and peptide fragments were measured by ELISA using 32 serum samples of cockroach allergy. The sera of 8 patients (25%) reacted with rBla g 4. Four sera (100%) showed IgE-binding reactivity to full-length and peptide fragment 4, and 2 sera (50%) reacted with peptide fragment 2. One (20%) serum reacted with peptide fragment 3. The results of ELISA using overlapping recombinant fragments indicated that the epitope region was located at amino acid sequences 34-73 and 78-113, and major IgE epitope of Bla g 4 was located at amino acid sequences 118-152 of C-terminal. B-cell epitope analysis of German cockroach allergen Bla g 4 could contribute to the strategic development of more specific and potentially efficacious immunotherapy.

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  • Variability in German Cockroach Extract Composition Greatly Impacts T Cell Potency in Cockroach-Allergic Donors
    Giovanni Birrueta, April Frazier, Anna Pomés, Jill Glesner, Stephanie Filep, Coby Schal, Kyoung Yong Jeong, Curtis McMurtrey, Thomas Vander Schans, William H. Hildebrand, Paula Busse, Avraham Beigelman, Leonard B. Bacharier, Bjoern Peters, Alessandro Sett
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    D. C. Do, Y. Zhao, P. Gao
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    Mey-Fann Lee, Chia-Wei Chang, Pei-Pong Song, Guang-Yuh Hwang, Shyh-Jye Lin, Yi-Hsing Chen
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    Lesa R. Offermann, Siew Leong Chan, Tomasz Osinski, Yih Wan Tan, Fook Tim Chew, J. Sivaraman, Yu-Keung Mok, Wladek Minor, Maksymilian Chruszcz
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    Kyoung Yong Jeong, Chung-ryul Kim, Jina Park, In-Soo Han, Jung-Won Park, Tai-Soon Yong
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  • Der-p2 (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) allergen-like protein from the hard tickIxodes ricinus– a novel member of ML (MD-2-related lipid-recognition) domain protein family
    J. HORÁČKOVÁ, N. RUDENKO, M. GOLOVCHENKO, L. GRUBHOFFER
    Parasitology.2010; 137(7): 1139.     CrossRef
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    Tai-Soon Yong, Kyoung Yong Jeong
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Brief Communications

Infection status of intestinal parasites in children living in residential institutions in Metro Manila, the Philippines
Eleonor T Baldo, Vicente Y Belizario, Winifreda U De Leon, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung
Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(2):67-70.
Published online June 20, 2004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.2.67

A small scale survey was performed to know the infection status of intestinal parasite in children of the residential institutions and street communities in Metro Manila, Philippines. A total of 284 stool samples from 11 institutions and 3 street communities was examined by the formalin-ether concentration method. The scotch tape anal swab was adapted to 121 children to investigate the infection status of Enterovius vermicularis. It was found out that 62.0% of the children examined were positive for one or more intestinal parasites. Multiple infections were observed in 34.2% of the children. Among 172 children who gave detail information, the prevalence for Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm was 36.0%, 44.8%, and 7.0% respectively. Of the children examined, 47.7% were found to be harboring parasitic protozoans such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Blastocystis hominis. The most prevalent of these protozoans was B. hominis with an infection rate of 40.7%. The prevalence of these infections among children living in institutions was relatively high. More efforts should be made to implement anthelminthic programs including bi-annual follow-up treatments.

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    Davin Edric V. Adao, Angeline Odelia C. Li, Alexander Edward S. Dy, Windell L. Rivera
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The intestinal parasite infection status of inhabitants in the Roxas city, the Philippines
Bong-Jin Kim, Mee-Sun Ock, Dong-Il Chung, Tai-Soon Yong, Kyu-Jae Lee
Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(2):113-115.
Published online June 20, 2003
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.2.113

We carried out a small-scale survey to investigate the status of intestinal protozoa and helminthes infection of inhabitants in Roxas city, Mindoro, the Philippines. Total 301 stool samples were subjected to the formalin-ether concentration method for the detection of helminth ova and protozoan cysts. The overall positive rate was 64.5%, and that of male and female were 56.6% and 72.5%, respectively. The highest infected helminth was Ascaris lumbricoudes (51.2%), followed by Trichuris trichiura (27.6%), hookworm (8.0%) and Enterobius vermicularis (0.3%). The protozoa infection status revealed that Entamoeba coli was the most frequent (15.0%). Iodoamoeba buetschlii and E. histolytica were found but few. The multiple infection more than two parasites was 29.6%, and double infection with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura was most common. The intestinal helminth infections were highly prevalent in this area, according to this result, and we concluded that anthelminthic drugs should be given to inhabitants, especially to children of 1 to 15 years-old.

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Enzooticity of the dogs, the reservoir host of Thelazia callipaeda, in Korea
Min Seo, Jae-Ran Yu, Hyun-Young Park, Sun Huh, Sang-Kun Kim, Sung-Tae Hong
Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(2):101-103.
Published online June 30, 2002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.2.101

The reservoir hosts of Thelazia callipaeda were examined. The eyes of the 76 dogs raised at farm, 78 military dogs (shepherds), 96 cattle, and 105 pigs were investigated for the presence of eyeworm. Among them, six worms of T. callipaeda were collected from two dogs raised at farm (2.7%), and 188 worms from 26 shepherds (33.5%). No worms were recovered from the cattle or pigs. These results suggest that the dogs, especially the military dogs are serving as a reservoir host of T. callipaeda in Korea.

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  • Thelazia callipaeda (Nematoda: Spirurida) infections in 2 wildlife species, Prionailurus bengalensis and Nyctereutes procyonoides, in Korea
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A small-scale survey of intestinal parasite infections among children and adolescents in Legaspi city, the Philippines
Kyu-Jae Lee, Yung-Kyum Ahn, Tai-Soon Yong
Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(3):183-185.
Published online September 30, 2000
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.3.183

To determine the status of infection caused by intestinal parasites among children and adolescents living in Legaspi city, the Philippines, we performed a small survey by fecal examination for helminth ova and protozoan cysts with formalin-ether concentration method. Of the 64 examinees, the infection rate was 78.1%. The infection rates of primary school children, preschool children and adolescents were 95.5%, 64.7% and 87.5%, respectively. The infection rate in urban areas was 56%, and 92.3% in rural areas. The infection rates were 51% with Trichuris trichiura, 40% with Ascaris lumbricoides, 23.4% with hookworm, 15.6% with Iodamoeba butschlii, 14.1% with Endolimax nana, 9.4% with Entamoeba coli and 7.8% with Giardia lamblia. There were 33 cases with multiple infection (51.6%). Mixed infection with more than 3 parasites was observed in 15 cases, all of them being children and adolescents living in rural areas. By this survey, it was conjectured that helminthic infection is prevalent among children and adolescents in Legaspi, Philippines.

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    Adilson Fernando Loforte Bauhofer, Idalécia Cossa-Moiane, Selma Marques, Esperança L. Guimarães, Benilde Munlela, Elda Anapakala, Jorfélia J. Chilaúle, Marta Cassocera, Jerónimo S. Langa, Assucênio Chissaque, Júlia Sambo, Lena Manhique-Coutinho, Diocrecia
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    Open Medicine.2008; 3(2): 203.     CrossRef
  • Large-Scale Preventive Chemotherapy for the Control of Helminth Infection in Western Pacific Countries: Six Years Later
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    PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2008; 2(8): e278.     CrossRef
  • Infection status of intestinal parasites in children living in residential institutions in Metro Manila, the Philippines
    Eleonor T Baldo, Vicente Y Belizario, Winifreda U De Leon, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2004; 42(2): 67.     CrossRef
  • The intestinal parasite infection status of inhabitants in the Roxas city, the Philippines
    Bong-Jin Kim, Mee-Sun Ock, Dong-Il Chung, Tai-Soon Yong, Kyu-Jae Lee
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2003; 41(2): 113.     CrossRef
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Case Report
An aural myiasis case in a 54-year-old male farmer in Korea
Jin-Hak Cho, Hyung-Baek Kim, Chin-Saeng Cho, Sun Huh, Han-Il Ree
Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(1):51-53.
Published online March 31, 1999
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.1.51

A 54-year-old male farmer residing in Chunchon, Korea, complaining of blood tinged discharge and tinnitus in the left ear for two days, was examined in August 16, 1996. Otoscopic examination revealed live maggots from the ear canal. The patient did not complain of any symptoms after removal of maggots. Five maggots recovered were identified as the third stage larvae of Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae). This is the first record of aural myiasis in Korea.

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