Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Brief Communications

Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pet dogs in Hunan Province, subtropical China: Xing-Xing Wen, Zhuying Liu, Ping-Yuan Xu; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(3):248-253.
Published online August 20, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25030

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii infections are ubiquitous in both animals and humans. Although seroprevalence data exist for pet dogs across multiple Chinese provinces, limited epidemiological information is available for T. gondii infection in pet dogs in subtropical China’s Hunan Province. We examined T. gondii antibodies in pet dogs from Hunan Province using the indirect hemagglutination test. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with T. gondii infection (season, sex, age, breed, and location). The overall seroprevalence was 10.8% (95% confidence interval (CI)=9.0–12.6) (118/1,092), with regional variations ranging from 8.0% (95% CI=4.2–11.8) to 21.1% (95% CI=8.1–34.0). Antibody titers followed a descending distribution: 42.3% (1:64), 30.5% (1:128), 20.3% (1:256), 5.1% (1:512), and 1.7% (1:1,024). The multivariate analysis identified the season (highest in summer: odds ratio=2.0, 95% CI=1.2–3.4) and age (>3 years: odds ratio=2.8, 95% CI=1.5–5.3) as factors independently associated with the outcome (P<0.05). These finding revealed the high seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in pet dogs in Hunan Province, subtropical China, highlighting the risk of zoonotic transmission. Therefore, effective measures should be taken to prevent and control toxoplasmosis in pet dogs in this province.

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Changes in schistosomiasis prevalence after 2 years of an integrated intervention in the Itilima district of Tanzania: Humphrey Mazigo, Jungim Lee, Yoonho Cho, Seungman Cha, Yan Jin; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(1):75-86.
Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24057

Schistosomiasis remains one of the most prevalent neglected tropical diseases in Tanzania. World Vision Tanzania, in collaboration with the Ministry of Health through the National Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Programme, implemented school- and community-based mass drug administrations, community-led total sanitation, and community voice and action from 2020 to 2022. This study assessed changes in the prevalence of schistosomiasis in the Itilima district of northwestern Tanzania following the implementation of these integrated interventions. A total of 1,405 students from 22 schools participated in the baseline survey in August to September 2020, and 1,320 in September 2022. Additionally, 368 adults from 8 villages participated in the baseline survey, and 401 in the endline survey. The prevalence difference was calculated to assess changes before and after the integrated interventions. We also investigated risk factors for Schistosoma haematobium infection using endline data. The prevalence difference between 2020 and 2022 was -20.0% (95% confidence interval (CI)=-22.2%–-17.7%, p<0.001) for students and -19.6% (95% CI=-22.2%–-17.7%, p<0.001) for adults. Individuals without a latrine were more likely to have schistosomiasis (adjusted odds ratio=5.9, 95% CI=1.7–21.5, p=0.01) compared to those who had a latrine. The findings indicate substantial changes in schistosomiasis prevalence in the study area following the implementation of integrated interventions. To sustain these achievements in Itilima, a multi-sectorial approach is highly recommended to integrate additional measures for eliminating schistosomiasis as a public health problem.

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Update on the risk factors for opisthorchiasis and cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand: Sattrachai Prasopdee, Thittinan Rojthongpond, Yanwadee Chitkoolsamphan, Montinee Pholhelm, Siraphatsorn Yusuk, Junya Pattaraarchachai, Kritiya Butthongkomvong, Jutharat Kulsantiwong, Teva Phanaksri, Anthicha Kunjantarachot, Smarn Tesana, Thanakrit Sathavornmanee, Veerachai Thitapakorn; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(4):463-470.
Published online November 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23032

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This study aimed to identify the recent risk factors for Opisthorchis viverrini infection and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) to improve disease prevention. The participants were divided into the following 3 groups based on their health status: healthy control (nonOV and nonCCA), those with O. viverrini infection (OV), and those with CCA. A questionnaire was used to explore their lifestyle and behaviors. Multivariate logistic regression and backward elimination were used to identify the significant risk factors. The results showed that the significant risk factors for both O. viverrini infection and CCA were age>50 years (odd ratio (OR)=8.44, p<0.001, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 2.98–23.90 and OR=43.47, p=0.001, 95% CI 14.71–128.45, respectively) and raw fish consumption (OR=8.48, p< 0.001, 95% CI 3.18–22.63 and OR=3.15, p=0.048, 95% CI 1.01–9.86, respectively). A history of O. viverrini infection was identified as an additional risk factor for CCA (OR=20.93, p=0.011, 95% CI 2.04–215.10). This study provided an update on the risk factors for O. viverrini infection and CCA. Asymptomatic patients with O. viverrini infection, particularly those>50 years old, should be carefully monitored to prevent CCA.

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Influence of knowledge, attitude and self‐efficacy on Opisthorchis viverrini and cholangiocarcinoma prevention: A One Health approach in high‐risk areas of Thailand
Worathon Busabong, Nopparat Songserm, Somkiattiyos Woradet, Banchob Sripa
Tropical Medicine & International Health.2025; 30(2): 99. CrossRef
Targeting tumor-associated genes, immune response, and circulating tumor cells in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Therapeutic potential of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC
Pongsakorn Martviset, Pathanin Chantree, Nisit Tongsiri, Tullayakorn Plengsuriyakarn, Kesara Na-Bangchang, Keun-Yeong Jeong,
PLOS One.2025; 20(5): e0323732. CrossRef
Large-scale epidemiology of opisthorchiasis in 21 provinces in Thailand based on diagnosis by fecal egg examination and urine antigen assay and analysis of risk factors for infection
Kulthida Y. Kopolrat, Chanika Worasith, Phattharaphon Wongphutorn, Anchalee Techasen, Chatanun Eamudomkarn, Jiraporn Sithithaworn, Watcharin Loilome, Nisana Namwat, Attapol Titapun, Chaiwat Tawarungruang, Bandit Thinkhamrop, Samarn Futrakul, Simon D. Tayl
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2025; 19(7): e0013095. CrossRef
Chronic opisthorchiasis invasion as a factor aggravating the development of cholangiocellular carcinoma. A literature review
V. V. Ivanov, T. B. Komkova, E. A. Perina, L. Yu. Petrov, E. V. Udut, E. S. Khmelevskaya
Siberian journal of oncology.2025; 24(5): 171. CrossRef
Differential circulating miRNA profiles identified miR-423-5p, miR-93-5p, and miR-4532 as potential biomarkers for cholangiocarcinoma diagnosis
Kittiya Supradit, Sattrachai Prasopdee, Teva Phanaksri, Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang, Montinee Pholhelm, Siraphatsorn Yusuk, Kritiya Butthongkomvong, Kanokpan Wongprasert, Jutharat Kulsantiwong, Amnat Chukan, Smarn Tesana, Veerachai Thitapakorn
PeerJ.2024; 12: e18367. CrossRef

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Intestinal parasitic infections among children aged 12–59 months in Nyamasheke District, Rwanda: Evariste Hakizimana, Ju Yeong Kim, Singeun Oh, Moonsoo Yoon, Tai-Soon Yong; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(3):304-309.
Published online August 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23045

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Intestinal parasitic infections are a public health burden and a major cause of illness in developing countries. The diseases lead to various health threats, including growth retardation and mental health-related disorders, especially in children. We assessed the risk factors for intestinal parasitic infections among children aged 12–59 months residing in Nyamasheke District, Rwanda. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using secondary data from 1,048 children aged 12–59 months whose stool samples were examined for the presence of intestinal parasites and whose results were registered in the laboratory information system in 2020. The prevalence of intestinal parasites in children aged 12–59 months was 53.2%. The dominant parasites were Ascaris lumbricoides (13.1%), followed by Giardia lamblia (10.9%), Entamoeba histolytica (7.9%), Trichuris trichiura (6.5%), hookworms (1.7%), and Taenia species (1.4%). A significant association was observed between intestinal parasites and the literacy of mothers or children’s caregivers (odds ratio (OR)=5.09, P<0.001). Children from farming households were 2.8-fold more likely to contract intestinal parasitic infections than those from nonfarming households (OR=2.8, P<0.001). A significant association was also observed between intestinal parasites and food safety (OR=4.9, P<0.001). Intestinal parasitic infections were significantly associated with hand hygiene practices after using the toilet and washing fresh fruits before eating (P<0.001). The information gathered will help public health providers and partners develop control plans in highly endemic areas in Rwanda.

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Intestinal Parasitic Infection and Associated Risk Factors Among Pre-school Children in a Deprived Community in Amasaman, Accra-Ghana
Isaac Anim-Baidoo, Ruth Afful, Akua Forson, Enid Owusu, Michael Olu-Taiwo, Emmanuel Afutu, Eric Sampene-Donkor
International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2025; 10(1): 1. CrossRef
Malaria and helminths co‐infection—Effects on anaemia, iron and folate deficiencies in paediatric population in Ghana
Opoku Bempah, Kwasi Baako Antwi, Mutala Abdul‐Hakim, Ibrahim Alhadj Moussa Mahamat, Kwadwo Boampong, John Larbi, Kingsley Badu
Tropical Medicine & International Health.2025; 30(9): 921. CrossRef
The Burden of Neglected Tropical Diseases in Rwanda: A Scoping Review
Masceline Jenipher Mutsaka‐Makuvaza, Michael Olubusayo Binuyo, Callixte Cyuzuzo, Acsa Igizeneza, Jean Paul Sinumvayo, Oluwaremilekun Grace Ajakaye, Egie Elisha Enabulele, Zororo Chinwadzimba, Ezera Agwu, Nicholas Midzi
Health Science Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasitic coinfections among patients with gastrointestinal complaints in a Rwandan Teaching Hospital
Aimable Munezero, Elissa Ntibaziyaremye, Alphonse Musingizimana, Ronald Byagatonda, Obed Tuyishime, Anathalie Umuhoza, Pascal Kayiranga, Emmanuel Nsengiyumva, Felix Ndahimana, Enatha Mukantwari, Thaddee Nshimiyimana, Augustin Nzitakera, Nadine Rujeni
BMC Infectious Diseases.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Intestinal Parasites and Hematological Parameters in Children Living in Ambatoboeny District, Madagascar
Wanesa Richert, Daria Kołodziej, Danuta Zarudzka, Daniel Kasprowicz, Dariusz Świetlik, Krzysztof Korzeniewski
Pathogens.2024; 13(11): 930. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Helicobacter pylori GroEL Seropositivity Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Opisthorchis viverrini-Associated Hepatobiliary Abnormalities and Cholangiocarcinoma: Isabelle Jala, Muhammad Luthfi Almanfaluthi, Thewarach Laha, Sakawrat Kanthawong, Sirikachorn Tangkawattana, Prasert Saichua, Sutas Suttiprapa, Banchob Sripa; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(4):363-368.
Published online August 18, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.4.363

Despite the synergistic effect of Opisthorchis viverrini and Helicobacter pylori co-infection on pathogenesis of severe hepatobiliary abnormalities (HBA) including advanced periductal fibrosis and replace with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) have been established, the immune response to H. pylori in O. viverrini infected population has never been explored. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the antibody responses to 2 immunogenic H. pylori proteins in O. viverrini-infected patients with HBA and CCA. The risk analysis by multinomial logistic regression revealed that GroEL seropositivity was associated with higher risks of hepatobiliary abnormalities and CCA with adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 2.11 (95% CI=1.20-3.71, P=0.008) and 2.13 (95% CI=1.21-3.75, P=0.009), respectively. These findings indicate that GroEL seropositivity might be a biomarker for early detection of O. viverrini associated HBA and CCA.

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Helicobacter Species and Hepato-Biliary Tract Malignancies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Beatriz Gros, Alberto Gómez Pérez, María Pleguezuelo, Francisco Javier Serrano Ruiz, Manuel de la Mata, Manuel Rodríguez-Perálvarez
Cancers.2023; 15(3): 595. CrossRef
New challenges in cholangiocarcinoma candidates for elective surgery: harnessing the microbiome dysbiosis
Oriana Lo Re, Victor López-López, Andrés Balaguer-Román, María Antonia Martínez-Sánchez, Dilmurodjon Eshmuminov, Camilo Julio Llamoza-Torres, Kohei Miura, Alberto Baroja-Mazo, Pablo Ramírez, Ricardo Robles-Campos, Bruno Ramos-Molina
Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Opisthorchis viverrini—Current Understanding of the Neglected Hepatobiliary Parasite
Matthias Yi Quan Liau, En Qi Toh, Vishalkumar Girishchandra Shelat
Pathogens.2023; 12(6): 795. CrossRef
The possible role of Helicobacter pylori in liver diseases
Mahnaz Mohammadi, Adeleh Attar, Maryam Mohammadbeigi, Amir Peymani, Shahin Bolori, Fatemeh Fardsanei
Archives of Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Intestinal helminth infections and associated risk factors among adults in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Sengaloun Phonekeo, Sengchanh Kounnavong, Manithong Vonglokham, Latsamy Siengsounthone, Anousin Homsana, Sascha Gummin, Penelope Vounatsu, Prawat Nittiyanant, Suchin Worawichawong, Wichai Aekplakorn, Peter Odermatt, Somphou Sayasone
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Regulation in the Expression of Virulence Factors of Helicobacter pylori by the Interaction between AGS Cells and H. pylori
Yu-Ri Kim, Wongwarut Boonyanugomol, Won-jun An, Trinh Minh Phuong, Jin-Sik Park, Min-Kyoung Shin, Seung-Chul Baik, Woo-Kon Lee, Myung-Je Cho, Hyung-Lyun Kang, Myunghwan Jung
Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2022; 52(4): 160. CrossRef

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Intestinal Helminthiasis in Remote Mountainous Villages of Northern Lao PDR: A Cross-Sectional Study: Hanna Jin, Kyungshick Ryu, Dajeong Lee, Youthanavanh Vonghachack, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong, Hyun Beom Song; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(2):131-138.
Published online April 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.2.131

Abstract
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Helminth infections are prevalent in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). This study aimed at determining the prevalence and risk factors of intestinal helminthiasis in remote mountainous villages of northern Lao PDR. During the dry season in January 2017, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in 3 remote mountainous villages in Oudomxay province, Lao PDR. Villagers older than 18 years of age who agreed to submit stool samples or undergo an interview, were recruited. Stool samples from 198 individuals were examined by the Kato-Katz method, and a questionnaire surveyed 161 individuals among them. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors associated with the intestinal helminthiasis. An overall prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis was 75.8%. Hookworm infection was the most common (63.1%), followed by Opisthorchis viverrini/minute intestinal flukes (17.7%), Taenia spp. (15.2%), Trichuris trichiura (2.0%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.5%), and Enterobius vermicularis (1.0%). Questionnaire analysis revealed sex (male) and absence of latrine to be significant risk factors for hookworm infection and consumption of raw meat for taeniasis. These results suggest that the mountainous area in northern Lao PDR has a different composition of helminth infections from other studies conducted in Lao PDR; a high prevalence of hookworm infection and taeniasis and low prevalence of T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides infections were observed. Also, liver flukes or intestinal flukes were similarly prevalent in the mountainous area.

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Prevalence and Epidemiological Patterns of Enterobius vermicularis Infection in Thailand: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Jurairat Jongthawin, Aongart Mahittikorn, Apiporn Thinkhamrop Suwannatrai, Chutima Rattanawan, Kinley Wangdi, Frederick Ramirez Masangkay, Manas Kotepui
Medical Sciences.2025; 13(4): 207. CrossRef
Intestinal helminth infections and associated risk factors among adults in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Sengaloun Phonekeo, Sengchanh Kounnavong, Manithong Vonglokham, Latsamy Siengsounthone, Anousin Homsana, Sascha Gummin, Penelope Vounatsu, Prawat Nittiyanant, Suchin Worawichawong, Wichai Aekplakorn, Peter Odermatt, Somphou Sayasone
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice towards Prevention of Intestinal Helminth Infection among Residents of the Ho Municipality in the Volta Region of Ghana
Verner N. Orish, Moses A. Asumbono, Isaac B. Addei, Moses A. Ayaaba, Precious K. Kwadzokpui, Aleksandra Marinkovic, Stephanie Prakash, Chuku Okorie, Ricardo Izurieta, Rajashree Pandit, Adekunle Sanyaolu, Bernard Marchand
Journal of Parasitology Research.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef
Effectiveness of public health interventions in reducing the prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini: a protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis
Pornphutthachat Sota, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Morsid Andityas, Sirikachorn Tangkawattana, Banchob Sripa, Archie C A Clements
BMJ Open.2022; 12(9): e064573. CrossRef
Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and genetic differentiation of Strongyloides stercoralis among migrant workers from Myanmar, Lao PDR and Cambodia in northeastern Thailand
Wararat Sangwalee, Jun Norkaew, Sengchoy Inthachak, Penchom Janwan, Rutchanee Rodpai, Oranuch Sanpool, Lakkhana Sadaow, Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew, Pewpan M. Intapan, Wanchai Maleewong, Tongjit Thanchomnang, Raffi V. Aroian
PLOS ONE.2022; 17(12): e0279754. CrossRef
Current status of human liver fluke infections in the Greater Mekong Subregion
Banchob Sripa, Apiporn T. Suwannatrai, Somphou Sayasone, Dung Trung Do, Virak Khieu, Yichao Yang
Acta Tropica.2021; 224: 106133. CrossRef

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Risk Factors of Clonorchis sinensis Human Infections in Endemic Areas, Haman-Gun, Republic of Korea: A Case-Control Study: Sang-Eun Lee, Hee-Eun Shin, Myoung-Ro Lee, Yang-Hee Kim, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jung-Won Ju; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(6):647-652.
Published online December 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.6.647

Clonorchis sinensis is the most common fish-borne intestinal parasite in Korea. The aim of the present investigation was to survey the status of C. sinensis infection and analyze associated risk factors in residents of Haman-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do. A total of 5,114 residents from 10 administrative towns/villages voluntarily agreed to participate in the study, which comprised fecal examination, a questionnaire survey for risk factors, ultrasonography, and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay for cancer biomarker detection in the blood. We detected C. sinensis eggs in 5.3% of the subjects. By region, Gunbuk-myeon had the highest number of residents with C. sinensis eggs. The infection rate and intensity were higher in male than in female residents. Based on the risk factor questionnaire, infection was highly associated with drinking, a history of C. sinensis infection, and the practice of eating of raw freshwater fish. Extension of the bile duct, infection intensity, and cancer biomarker detection significantly correlated with the presence of eggs in the study population. In conclusion, the development of feasible, long-term control policies and strategies for the elimination of C. sinensis in Korea is still required.

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Epidemiology and risk factors of Clonorchis sinensis infection in the mountainous areas of Longsheng County, Guangxi: insights from automated machine learning
Xiaowen Li, Yu Chen, Guoyang Huang, Xuerong Sun, Gang Mo, Xiaohong Peng
Parasitology Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence and risk factors of fish-borne zoonotic trematode infections in a rural community: A cross-sectional study in the Red River Delta of Vietnam
Hoang Dinh Canh, Cao Ba Loi, Nguyen Van Tuan, Nguyen Van Thoai, Nguyen Duc Tan, Nguyen Thi Nhu Quynh, Vu Van Du, Do Ngoc Anh
Journal of Public Health Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessing trends in clonorchiasis incidence via prescription data analysis in South Korea
Taeksang Lee, Jun Hyun Lee, Hanna Jin, Yun Kyung Lee, Hyun Beom Song
BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis: epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, morbidity, diagnosis, treatment, and control
Men-Bao Qian, Jennifer Keiser, Jürg Utzinger, Xiao-Nong Zhou, Graeme N. Forrest
Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Infection characteristics of Metagonimus species (Digenea: Heterophyidae) metacercariae in fish from major rivers of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(1): 1. CrossRef
Age, period, and cohort effects of Clonorchis sinensis infection prevalence in the Republic of Korea: Insights and projections
Sung-mok Jung, Heewon Kang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sejin Ju, Jung-Won Ju, Myoung-Ro Lee, Jong-hun Kim, Sung Hye Kim, Ran Wang
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2024; 18(10): e0012574. CrossRef
Risk factors for Clonorchis sinensis infections and control measures reinforced with focused interviews
Soon-Ok Lee, Fuhong Dai, Eun Joo Park, Yun Pyo Hong, Fu-Shi Quan, Jin-Ho Song, Sung-Jong Hong
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Infection Characteristics of Clonorchis sinensis Metacercariae in Fish from Republic of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(2): 79. CrossRef
Epidemiology and determinants of Clonorchis sinensis infection: A community-based study in southeastern China
Men-Bao Qian, Chang-Hai Zhou, Zhi-Hua Jiang, Yi-Chao Yang, Ming-Fei Lu, Kang Wei, Si-Liang Wei, Yu Chen, Hong-Mei Li, Xiao-Nong Zhou
Acta Tropica.2022; 233: 106545. CrossRef
Status of Helminthic Infections in Residents around River Basins in the Republic of Korea for 10 Years (2011-2020)
Myoung-Ro Lee, Hee-Eun Shin, Seon-Ok Back, Young-Ju Lee, Hee-Il Lee, Jung-Won Ju
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(3): 187. CrossRef
Clonorchis sinensis infection modulates key cytokines for essential immune response impacted by sex
Shuo Kan, Qi Li, Hong-Mei Li, Yan-Hua Yao, Xin-Yue Du, Chen-Yun Wu, Guang-Jie Chen, Xiao-Kui Guo, Men-Bao Qian, Zhao-Jun Wang, jong-Yil Chai
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2022; 16(9): e0010726. CrossRef
Foodborne Parasites and Their Complex Life Cycles Challenging Food Safety in Different Food Chains
Sarah Gabriël, Pierre Dorny, Ganna Saelens, Veronique Dermauw
Foods.2022; 12(1): 142. CrossRef
Novel mechanism of hepatobiliary system damage and immunoglobulin G4 elevation caused by Clonorchis sinensis infection
Xin-He Zhang, Die Huang, Yi-Ling Li, Bing Chang
World Journal of Clinical Cases.2021; 9(23): 6639. CrossRef
Cost yield of different treatment strategies against Clonorchis sinensis infection
Men-Bao Qian, Chang-Hai Zhou, Hui-Hui Zhu, Ying-Dan Chen, Xiao-Nong Zhou
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Reduction of Reinfection Rates with Opisthorchis viverrini through a Three-Year Management Program in Endemic Areas of Northeastern Thailand: Suksanti Prakobwong, Kulwadee Suwannatrai; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(5):527-535.
Published online October 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.527

Abstract
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To clarify the reinfection profile associated with risk factors of opisthorchiasis, we conducted an epidemiological study on the chemotherapeutic effects on reinfection with O. viverrini in the endemic areas of Northeastern Thailand for 3 years. A total of 3,674 fecal samples were collected from participants in villages of 5 provinces. They were examined microscopically using a modified technique of formalin ethyl-acetate concentration. Egg-positive residents were reexamined year (2018) by year (2019) after treatment with a single dose (40 mg/kg) of praziquantel. Health education was provided to the participants yearly. The egg-positive rate of O. viverrini was 14.3%, and was highest (22.2%) in the 20-30 year-old group in 2017. The egg positive rate was 15.3% in dogs and 11.4% cats. Human reinfection rate was 15.5% and 6.3% in next 2 years, and was highest (23.2%) among the fishermen. Relative risk factors of reinfection were significantly higher for males, over 40-year-old age, or working as fishermen or farmers, and eating uncooked fish within the preceding year. A significant difference resulting from a health education program was observed in the third year. Therefore, health education and sustainable surveillance for opisthorchiasis should be maintained to decrease the risk of reinfection.

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Leveraging machine learning for predicting Opisthorchis viverrini infection in cats: A tool for veterinary epidemiology
Petcharat Chompo, Veerasak Punyapornwithaya, Banchob Sripa, Sirikachorn Tangkawattana
Parasitology International.2026; 110: 103140. CrossRef
One Health integrated strategies for sustainable control of Opisthorchis viverrini infections in rural endemic areas of Thailand
Suksanti Prakobwong, Lakhanawan Charoensuk, Suwit Chaipibool, Kacha Chedtabud, Umawadee Laothong, Apiporn T. Suwannatrai, David Blair, Somchai Pinlaor
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Unpacking the black box: I. Knowledge production and public health narratives on liver fluke infection and cholangiocarcinoma in Northeast Thailand
Yee Ting Lee, Alan D. Ziegler
South East Asia Research.2025; 33(2): 133. CrossRef
Distribution of Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae and cyprinoid fish abundance in Nong Han Wetland, Thailand
Wiwat Kaensa, Lakhanawan Charoensuk, Chadon Nakmai, Somchai Pinlaor, Apiporn T. Suwannatrai, Umawadee Laothong, Suksanti Prakobwong
Parasite Epidemiology and Control.2025; 30: e00447. CrossRef
Clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis: epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, morbidity, diagnosis, treatment, and control
Men-Bao Qian, Jennifer Keiser, Jürg Utzinger, Xiao-Nong Zhou, Graeme N. Forrest
Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Integrated One-Health approach for prevention and control of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in rural Thailand: a 3-year study
Lakhanawan Charoensuk, Kacha Chedtabud, Suwit Chaipibool, Umawadee Laothong, Apiporn Suwannatrai, Somchai Pinlaor, Suksanti Prakobwong
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Evolution in the Dinarids: Phylogeography, Diversity and Evolutionary History of the Endemic Genus Delminichthys (Actinopteri; Leuciscidae)
Ivana Buj, Zoran Marčić, Marko Ćaleta, Radek Šanda, Sven Rosandić
Ecology and Diversity.2024; 1(1): 10002. CrossRef
Enhanced detection of Opisthorchis viverrini infection: A comparative evaluation of modified one-step FECT and conventional diagnostic methods in low-intensity setting
Suksanti Prakobwong, Lakhanawan Charoensuk, Kacha Chedtabud, Somchai Pinlaor, Srisupaph Poonlaphdecha, Alexis Ribas
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13 Web of Science
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Prevalence of Toxocariasis and Its Risk Factors in Patients with Eosinophilia in Korea: Hyun Beom Song, Deokho Lee, Yan Jin, Jinwoo Kang, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Min Sun Park, Jin-Ho Park, Woo-Jung Song, Hye-Ryun Kang, Sang Hyub Lee, Sung-Tae Hong, Min-Ho Choi; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(4):413-419.
Published online August 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.413

Abstract
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Eosinophilia occurs commonly in many diseases including allergic diseases and helminthic infections. Toxocariasis has been suggested as one cause of eosinophilia. The present study was undertaken to examine the prevalence of toxocariasis in patients with eosinophilia and to identify the risk factors for toxocariasis. This prospective cohort study recruited a total of 81 patients with eosinophilia (34 males and 47 females) who visited the outpatient clinic at Seoul National University Hospital from January 2017 to February 2018 and agreed to participate in this study. The prevalence of toxocariasis was examined by T. canis-specific ELISA, and the various risk factors for toxocariasis were evaluated by a questionnaire survey. Among 81 patients with eosinophilia, 18 were positive for anti-T. canis antibodies (22.2%); 88.9% were male (16/18) and 11.1% were female (2/18). Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that males (OR 21.876, 95% CI: 1.667-287.144) with a history of consuming the raw meat or livers of animals (OR 5.899, 95% CI: 1.004-34.669) and a heavy alcohol-drinking habit (OR 8.767, 95% CI: 1.018-75.497) were at higher risk of toxocariasis in patients with eosinophilia. Toxocariasis should be considered a potential cause of eosinophilia when the patient has a history of eating the raw meat or livers of animals in Korea. A single course of albendazole is recommended to reduce the migration of Toxocara larvae in serologically positive cases with eosinophilia.

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High toxocariasis seroprevalence in a tri-border indigenous community (Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina): A One Health perspective
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Susana Lopez-Alamillo, Pravallika Padyala, Megan Carey, Megan M. Duffey, Jill E. Weatherhead, Louisa A. Messenger, Bachir Medrouh, Marcelo U. Ferreira
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Nguyễn Ngọc Phi Anh Nguyễn Ngọc Phi Anh, Trần Thị Kim Dung Trần Thị Kim Dung, Huỳnh Thị Thu Thảo Huỳnh Thị Thu Thảo
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Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2023; 47(1): 93. CrossRef
One health approach to toxocariasis in quilombola communities of southern Brazil
Vamilton Alvares Santarém, Giovanni Kalempa Panazzolo, Louise Bach Kmetiuk, Orlei José Domingues, Isabella Braghin Ferreira, Roberto Teixeira de Souza Filho, João Henrique Farinhas, Fernando Rodrigo Doline, Susana Angélica Zevallos Lescano, Leandro Menegu
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Seroprevalence of toxocariasis among allergic patients in Kuwait and its association with eosinophilia
Mohammad Al-Awadhi, Wafaa Jamal
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Green vegetable juice as a potential source of human fascioliasis in Korea
Sungim Choi, Sunghee Park, Sooji Hong, Hyejoo Shin, Bong-Kwang Jung, Min Jae Kim
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185 Download
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Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ixodid Ticks from Poyang Lake Region, Southeastern China: Wei Qing Zheng, Xue Nan Xuan, Ren Long Fu, Hui Ying Tao, Yang Qing Liu, Xiao Qing Liu, Dong Mei Li, Hong Mei Ma, Hai Ying Chen; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(6):589-596.
Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.6.589

Abstract
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Ticks are the vectors of various pathogens, threatening human health and animal production across the globe. Here, for the first time we detected Ricketssia spp., Borrelia spp. and protozoan in ticks from Poyang Lake region in Ji- angxi Province of eastern China. In 3 habitat categories and on 12 host species, 311 ticks from 11 species were collected. Haemaphysalis longicornis was the predominant species, accounting for 55.63%, followed by Rhipicephalus microplus, Haemaphysalis flava and Ixodes granulatus. Of the collected ticks, 7.07% were positive for tick-borne pathogens, and H. longicornis and H. flava were found to be co-infected with Ricketssia spp. and protozoan. H. flava was the most detected positive for tick-borne pathogens, whereas H. longicornis had the lowest infection rate, and the difference in infection rates between tick species was significant (χ2=61.24, P<0.001). Furthermore, adult ticks demonstrated remarkably greater infection rate than immature ticks (χ2=10.12, P=0.018), meanwhile ticks on Erinaceidae showed significantly higher positivity than ticks collected on other host species (χ2=108.44, P<0.001). Genetic fragment sequencing and analyses showed at least 4 pathogen species presence in ticks, namely Borrelia yangtzensis, Rickettsia slovaca or Rickettsia raoultii related genospecies, Babesia vogeli and Hepatozoon canis or Hepatozoon felis related genospecies. The finding indicates that the abundant ticks can carry diverse pathogens in Poyang Lake region, and pathogen infection is highly related to species, vertebrate hosts and life stages of ticks.

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Xiao-Qian Cao, Xiao-Lan Gu, Li Zhang, Jiao Xu, Hui-ju Han, Xue-jie Yu
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Weijuan Jia, Si Chen, Shanshan Chi, Yunjiang He, Linzhu Ren, Xueli Wang
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Lei Liu, Fen Yan, Lu Zhang, Zhi-feng Wu, De-yong Duan, Tian-yin Cheng
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Yong Qi, Lele Ai, Changqiang Zhu, Fuqiang Ye, Ruichen Lv, Junhu Wang, Yingqing Mao, Nianhong Lu, Weilong Tan, Biao He
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Qian Wang, Wen-Bin Guo, Yu-Sheng Pan, Bao-Gui Jiang, Chun-Hong Du, Teng-Cheng Que, Lin Zhan, Jia-Hong Wu, Ming-Hui Yu, Xiao-Ming Cui, Lin Zhao, Da-Li Xu, Luo-Yuan Xia, Run-Ze Ye, Jie Li, Lian-Feng Li, Wei Wei, Yu-Hao Zhou, Jia-Fu Jiang, Na Jia, Wu-Chun Ca
Journal of Medical Entomology.2021; 58(3): 1363. CrossRef
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Li-Zhu Fang, Si-Cong Lei, Zhi-Jian Yan, Xiao Xiao, Jian-Wei Liu, Xiao-Qing Gong, Hao Yu, Xue-Jie Yu
Pathogens.2021; 10(2): 115. CrossRef
Porin Expression Profiles in Haemaphysalis longicornis Infected With Babesia microti
Weiqing Zheng, Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji, Qian Zhang, Kiyoshi Okado, Paul Franck Adjou Moumouni, Hiroshi Suzuki, Haiying Chen, Mingming Liu, Xuenan Xuan
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Wen-Ping Guo, Guang-Cheng Xie, Dan Li, Meng Su, Rui Jian, Luan-Ying Du
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification of Haemaphysalis longicornis Genes Differentially Expressed in Response to Babesia microti Infection
Weiqing Zheng, Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji, Shengen Chen, Kiyoshi Okado, Paul Franck Adjou Moumouni, Hiroshi Suzuki, Shu Yang, Mingming Liu, Xuenan Xuan
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Xin Wang, Xiaoshuang Sun, Yankuo Sun, Kexin Chen, Kaiyao Zhang, Weihua Xu, Kewei Fan, Weiming Lin, Tengteng Chen, Xipan Lin, Kaixiong Lin, Hung-chuan Chiu, Cuiqin Huang
Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2020; 22: 100492. CrossRef

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131 Download
19 Web of Science
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Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites and Associated Risk Factors for Infection among Rural Communities of Chachoengsao Province, Thailand: Pisit Suntaravitun, Amornrat Dokmaikaw; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(1):33-39.
Published online February 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.1.33

Abstract
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Intestinal parasitic infections remain a major public health problem in many parts of Thailand, particularly in rural areas. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among the people living in Huai Sai sub-district, Bang Khla district, Chachoengsao Province, central Thailand. A crosssectional survey was carried out from June 2017 to August 2017 which included a total of 224 participants. Stool samples were examined using a simple direct smear and formalin ethyl acetate concentration technique. Association between risk factors and intestinal parasitic infections was assessed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 16.1%. Soil-transmitted helminth infections (14.3%) were more common than protozoan infections (1.8%). The most common intestinal parasites were hookworms (6.7%) followed by Strongyloides stercoralis, (5.0%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.3%) and Trichuris trichiura (1.3%). Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (1.0%), Giardia intestinalis (0.4%), and Blastocystis hominis (0.4%) were the protozoans identified. A high prevalence of infections was found in male participants of ≥ 40 years who raised dogs in the households and did not wear boots while working fields. Multivariate analysis showed a significant association of intestinal parasitic infections with gender with the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 2.4 and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.1-5.2 (P = 0.020). The results showed a high prevalence of soil transmitted helminth infections among adults in rural communities which were particularly apparent regarding the skin-penetrating species of nematodes. A greater focus on intervention is required by improving sanitation and personal hygiene to prevent the spread of intestinal parasitic infections.

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Brief Communication

Status and Risk Factors of Strongyloides stercoralis Infection in Rural Communities of Xayaburi Province, Lao PDR: Phasouk Senephansiri, Porntip Laummaunwai, Sakorn Laymanivong, Thidarut Boonmar; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):569-573.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.569

Abstract
PDF

The present study was performed to reveal the current status and risk factors of Strongyloides stercoralis infections in the villages of Kenethao district, Xayaburi Province, Lao PDR. Fecal specimens were collected and examined for S. stercoralis using Koga-agar plate culture technique. Among 516 individuals, the prevalence of S. stercoralis and hookworm infection was 44.2% and 17.1%, respectively. Co-infection was detected in 13.2% of the cases. The prevalence did not significantly differ between males and females (P=0.193). However, the prevalence of S. stercoralis infection increased significantly with age (P=0.041). Of the risk factors examined, both performing farming activities (P=0.001) and walking barefoot when going outside of the house (P=0.003) showed significant correlations with S. stercoralis infections. Our results suggest that S. stercoralis is highly endemic in this area. The National Helminth Control Program of Lao PDR should take actions to control S. stercoralis infection. In addition, provision of health education about the benefits of wearing shoes would be important for reducing infection in the study area. Moreover, the application of high-sensitivity diagnostic approaches is needed to obtain the true impact of S. stercoralis infections in all rural communities in order to provide surveillance activities in Lao PDR.

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Original Article

Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Environmental Water Contamination in a Rural Village of Northern Lao PDR: Alexis Ribas, Chlo? Jollivet, Serge Morand, Boupha Thongmalayvong, Silaphet Somphavong, Chern-Chiang Siew, Pei-Jun Ting, Saipin Suputtamongkol, Viengsaene Saensombath, Surapol Sanguankiat, Boon-Huan Tan, Phimpha Paboriboune, Kongsap Akkhavong, Kittipong Chaisiri; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):523-532.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.523

Abstract
PDF

A field survey studying intestinal parasites in humans and microbial pathogen contamination at environment was performed in a Laotian rural village to identify potential risks for disease outbreaks. A parasitological investigation was conducted in Ban Lak Sip village, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR involving fecal samples from 305 inhabitants as well as water samples taken from 3 sites of the local stream. Water analysis indicated the presence of several enteric pathogens, i.e., Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., E. coli H7, E. coli O157: H7, verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC), Shigella spp., and enteric adenovirus. The level of microbial pathogens contamination was associated with human activity, with greater levels of contamination found at the downstream site compared to the site at the village and upstream, respectively. Regarding intestinal parasites, the prevalence of helminth and protozoan infections were 68.9% and 27.2%, respectively. Eight helminth taxa were identified in fecal samples, i.e., 2 tapeworm species (Taenia sp. and Hymenolepis diminuta), 1 trematode (Opisthorchis sp.), and 5 nematodes (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis, trichostrongylids, and hookworms). Six species of intestinal protists were identified, i.e., Blastocystis hominis, Cyclospora spp., Endolimax nana, Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, Entamoeba coli, and Giardia lamblia. Questionnaires and interviews were also conducted to determine risk factors of infection. These analyses together with a prevailing infection level suggested that most of villagers were exposed to parasites in a similar degree due to limited socio-economic differences and sharing of similar practices. Limited access to effective public health facilities is also a significant contributing factor.

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Brief Communication

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Cat Sitters in Korea: Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Song, Sang-Eun Lee, Min-Jae Kim, Jaeeun Cho, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):203-206.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.203

Abstract
PDF

The seroprevalence of human toxoplasmosis has been increasing in Korea, and it is controversial whether cats are an important infection source or not. This study was performed to evaluate the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in a high risk group (cat sitters) and to determine the possible importance of cats as an infection source in Korea. Risk factors, including the age, sex, and diet of cat sitters, their contact experience and contact frequency with stray cats, and origin, number, and outdoor activity of their pet cats, were analyzed using structured questionnaires. A total of 673 serum samples from people who have frequent contact with cats (high risk group) and 1,114 samples from general people (low risk group) were examined for specific IgG antibodies against T. gondii by ELISA. The results revealed that the overall seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was 7.4% (n=1,787). The seroprevalence among low risk group was 8.0% (89/1,114), whereas that among high risk group was rather lower 6.4% (43/673), though this difference was statistically not significant (P=0.211). Among the risk factors, only the outdoor activity of pet cats was important; people having cats with outdoor activities revealed 2 times higher seroprevalence than people having cats with only indoor activities (P=0.027). In conclusion, the seroprevalence of T. gondii was not significantly different between the high risk group and low risk group, and the importance of cats as a source of infection in Korea is questionable.

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Original Article

Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Toxocara vitulorum Infection in Yaks on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau, China: Kun Li, Yanfang Lan, Houqiang Luo, Hui Zhang, Dongyu Liu, Lihong Zhang, Rui Gui, Lei Wang, Muhammad Shahzad, Suolang Sizhu, Jiakui Li, Yangzom Chamba; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(5):645-652.
Published online October 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.5.645

Abstract
PDF

Toxocara vitulorum has been rarely reported in yaks at high altitudes and remote areas of Sichuan Province of Tibetan Plateau of China. The current study was designed to investigate the prevalence, associated risk factors, and phylogenetic characteristics of T. vitulorum in yak calves on the Qinghai Tibetan plateau. Fecal samples were collected from 891 yak calves and were examined for the presence of T. vitulorum eggs by the McMaster technique. A multivariable logistic regression model was employed to explore variables potentially associated with exposure to T. vitulorum infection. T. vitulorum specimens were collected from the feces of yaks in Hongyuan of Sichuan Province, China. DNA was extracted from ascaris. After PCR amplification, the sequencing of ND1 gene was carried out and phylogenetic analyses was performed by MEGA 6.0 software. The results showed that 64 (20.1%; 95% CI 15.8-24.9%), 75 (17.2; 13.8-21.1), 29 (40.9; 29.3-53.2), and 5 (7.6; 2.5-16.8) yak calves were detected out to excrete T. vitulorum eggs in yak calve feces in Qinghai, Tibet, Sichuan, and Gansu, respectively. The present study revealed that high infection and mortality by T. vitulorum is wildly spread on the Qinghai Tibetan plateau, China by fecal examination. Geographical origin, ages, and fecal consistencies are the risk factors associated with T. vitulorum prevalence by logistic regression analysis. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of ND1 gene of T. vitulorum indicated that T. vitulorum in the yak calves on the Qinghai Tibetan plateau are homologous to preveiously studies reported.

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Brief Communications

Surgical and Molecular Evaluation of Pediatric Hydatid Cyst Cases in Eastern Turkey: Unal Bakal, Sami Simsek, Ahmet Kazez; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):785-788.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.785

Abstract
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Cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by Echinococcus granulosus is a major public health problem worldwide, including Turkey. The aim of the current study was to identify the strains and to estimate the potential risk factors of E. granulosus in operated pediatric cases in eastern Turkey. Ten pediatric patients (7 boys and 3 girls) living in rural areas, with ages ranging from 3 to 15 years old and various clinical histories, were included in this study. Eight patients had only liver hydatid cyst, while 1 patient had liver and lung hydatid cyst and the other liver, lung, and spleen, together. There were 2 ruptured liver cysts. After surgery, during follow-up, no increase was observed in hemagglutination levels, there were no mortalities, and there was no evidence of recurrence at 2 years post operation in all patients. Molecular analysis was performed on hydatid cyst samples obtained from the 10 pediatric cases. According to mt-12S rRNA PCR results, all cases were found to be G1/G3 cluster of E. granulosus sensu stricto.

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Ana Alexandra Paduraru, Maria Alina Lupu, Calin Marius Popoiu, Maria Corina Stanciulescu, Livius Tirnea, Eugen Sorin Boia, Tudor Rares Olariu
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Şenay Erdoğan Durmuş, Cansu Türker, Nuray Kepil, Şenol Emre
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An overview of the genetic diversity of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in Turkey
Sümeyye BAŞER, Salih MAÇİN, Gülay MAÇİN, Serra ÖRSTEN
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Human and animal cystic echinococcosis in Konya, Turkey: molecular identification and the first report of E. equinus from human host in Turkey
Salih Macin, Serra Orsten, Rugıyya Samadzade, Bayram Colak, Hakan Cebeci, Duygu Fındık
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Genetic diversity and haplotypes of paediatric hydatid cyst isolates and first occurrence of E. canadensis (G6/G7) in paediatric cases in Turkey
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Negligible Egg Positive Rate of Enterobius vermicularis and No Detection of Head Lice among Orphanage Children in Busan and Ulsan, Korea (2014): Dong-Hee Kim, Hyun-Mi Son, Sang Hwa Lee, Mi Kyung Park, Shin Ae Kang, Sang Kyun Park, Jun-Ho Choi, Jung Ha Park, Hak-Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):497-499.
Published online August 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.497

Abstract
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To determine whether pinworm infections and head lice infestations spread among children in orphanages, 117 children from 4 orphanages in Busan-si and Ulsan-si, Korea, were examined for enterobiasis and head lice infestation between January and February 2014. The overall rate of Enterobius vermicularis egg positivity was 0.85%, whereas none of the children had head lice infestations. The rate of pinworm infection was much lower among the orphanage children compared to the rates observed in previous studies among kindergarten and primary school students. Moreover, the risk factors for enterobiasis were less frequent among these subjects than previously reported. The personal hygiene and health of the orphanage children were supervised by a regular, employed nurse through a health education program. In conclusion, pinworm infection was efficiently controlled among the children in orphanages, and this might be related to good personal hygiene practices in Korea.

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Original Articles

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Toxocara vitulorum Infections in Buffalo and Cattle Calves in Three Provinces of Central Cambodia: Pierre Dorny, Brecht Devleesschauwer, Val?rie Stoliaroff, Meas Sothy, Rortana Chea, Bunthon Chea, Hor Sourloing, Sum Samuth, Seth Kong, Koemseang Nguong, San Sorn, Davun Holl, Jozef Vercruysse; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(2):197-200.
Published online April 22, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.197

Abstract
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The prevalence and associated risk factors of Toxocara vitulorum infection in buffalo and cattle calves was studied in 3 provinces in central Cambodia. Fecal samples were collected from 517 calves between the age of 1-15 weeks and processed for nematode egg counts by a modified McMaster method. A total of 64 calves were found to excrete T. vitulorum eggs in their feces (12.4%; 95% exact CI: 9.7-15.5). The mean fecal egg count was 2,798 EPG (SD=16,351; range=0-224,400). A multivariable generalized linear mixed model showed higher odds of T. vitulorum infection for buffalo versus cattle, for animals aged 4-8 weeks versus younger and older ones, and for animals with strongyle infection. There was no association with fecal consistency. Farmers should be aware of the potential impact of T. vitulorum, and treat their calves at the age of 2-3 weeks with anthelmintics such as benzimidazoles or pyrantel.

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Seroprevalence and Potential Risk Factors Associated with Neospora spp. Infection among Asymptomatic Horses in Jordan: Abdelsalam Q. Talafha, Sameeh M. Abutarbush, David L. Rutley; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(2):163-167.
Published online April 22, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.163

Abstract
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This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and to identify risk factors associated with Neospora spp. infection in horses in Jordan. Management related data were collected from each farm and individual horses. Sera from 227 horses from 5 of 6 climatic regions in Jordan were analyzed for the presence of antibodies to Neospora spp. by ELISA kit. The study was performed during spring of 2010. The association between seropositivity and risk factors was analyzed. A total of 7 (3%) of 227 sera had antibodies for Neospora spp. There was a significant regional difference (P=0.018) between the 5 climatic regions. Positive cases were located in Amman and Irbid, while the other regions (Zarqa, Jordan Valley, and Wadi Mousa) had zero prevalence. The use of anthelmintics at least once a year resulted in a significant reduction of the seroprevalence to Neospora spp. (1.6% vs 9.8%). However, this might be a phenomenon by chance and a better hygiene since owners can invest in anthelmintics. Other risk factors such as age, gender, breed, usage, body condition score, grazing, presence of other animals mixed with the horses in the same property, and a history of previous diseases were not significantly associated with the seroprevalence to Neospora spp. infection. This is the first study to report on the presence of Neospora seropositive horses in Jordan. Further studies are warranted to better understand the role of certain risk factors in the transmission of Neospora spp. among horse population and to determine which Neospora spp. are responsible for the infection.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Clonorchiasis among Residents of Riverside Areas in Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea: Do-Soon Park, Sung-Jin Na, Shin Hyeong Cho, Kyung Ja June, Young-Chae Cho, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):391-397.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.391

Abstract
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We evaluated the status of Clonorchis sinensis infection and potential risk factors among residents of riverside areas (Geumgang) in Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do (Province), Korea. From January to February 2010, a total of 349 (171 males, 178 females) stool samples were collected and examined by the formalin-ether concentration technique. Also, village residents were interviewed using questionnaires to obtain information about C. sinensis infection-related risk factors. Overall egg-positive rate of C. sinensis was 13.2%. Egg-positive rates were significantly higher in males, farmers, and residents who had lived there more than 20 years, and in residents who had eaten raw freshwater fish than in opposite groups, respectively. However, there was no significant difference between age groups, education levels, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, health status, past history of infection, and experience of clonorchiasis medication and examination. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine risk factors for clonorchiasis. On univariate analysis, the odds ratios for males, farmers, those who had lived there more than 20 years, and who had eaten raw freshwater fish were 2.41, 4.44, 3.16, and 4.88 times higher than those of the opposites, respectively. On multivariate analysis, the odds ratio of residents who had eaten raw freshwater fish was 3.2-fold higher than that of those who had not. These results indicate that residents living in Muju-gun, along the Geum River, Korea, have relatively high C. sinensis egg-positive rates, and the habit of eating raw freshwater fish was the major factor for the maintenance of clonorchiasis.

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Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Household Cats in Korea and Risk Factors: Sung-Hee Hong, Young-Il Jeong, Jae-Young Kim, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Won-Ja Lee, Sang-Eun Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):357-361.
Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.357

Abstract
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Several epidemiological surveys have reported the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in stray cats in Korea, but little information is available on T. gondii infection in household cats. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors of T. gondii infection among household cats reared in Seoul, Korea. A total of 474 blood samples were collected from clinically healthy household cats. All samples were tested using ELISA and PCR. The risk factor analysis was based on a questionnaire filled out by the owners. The overall positive rate for ELISA and PCR assays was 2.2% (10/437) and 2.1% (10/474), respectively. With regard to the origin of cats, the positive rates among cats adopted from the animal shelter and veterinary clinic for stray cats were significantly different (P<0.05). Our study demonstrated that the positive rate of T. gondii infection in household cats was low and that this low prevalence was assumed to be associated with keeping the cats indoors and restriction of eating raw food and uncooked meat. Therefore, we suggest that the owners check the origin of the cats prior to adoption to prevent infection of other animals, including humans.

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Kassiopi Christina G. Kokkinaki, Manolis N. Saridomichelakis, Mathios E. Mylonakis, Leonidas Leontides, Panagiotis G. Xenoulis
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Establishment and application of an iELISA detection method for measuring apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) antibodies of Toxoplasma gondii in cats
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Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Cat Sitters in Korea
Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Song, Sang-Eun Lee, Min-Jae Kim, Jaeeun Cho, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(2): 203. CrossRef
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Environmental Factors Related to Enterobiasis in a Southeast Region of Korea: Dong-Hee Kim, Min Kyoung Cho, Mi Kyung Park, Shin Ae Kang, Bo Young Kim, Sang Kyun Park, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(1):139-142.
Published online February 18, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.139

Abstract
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Pinworm infection can occur through contact with contaminated surfaces followed by ingestion or even through inhalation of infective eggs. We have limited information regarding environmental contamination by eggs of Enterobius vermicularis. In order to determine environmental risk factors associated with the rate of E. vermicularis infection, we investigated possible environmental risk factors using a questionnaire from 46 kindergartens in 3 different cities of the southeast area of Korea. In total, using the cellotape anal swab technique, 3,422 children were examined for E. vermicularis infection. We evaluated E. vermicularis egg of books, educational materials, toys, room door handles, dusts of window edges, desks, chairs, tables, and dusts of classrooms. The overall egg-positive rate for E. vermicularis was 6.0%, and the prevalence of enterobiasis in each kindergarten ranged between 0% and 16.9%. We found that 78.9% of egg positive kindergartens were managed by private foundations, which was significantly higher, compared with kindergartens managed by public foundations or the nation. Compared with public or national kindergartens, most private kindergartens were located in residential areas and the number of children in these areas was significantly higher. In conclusion, numbers of children in kindergartens was found to be an environmental risk factor associated with transmission of enterobiasis in Korea.

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Risk Factors Associated with Head Louse Infestation in Korea: Seobo Sim, Won-Ja Lee, Jae-Ran Yu, In Yong Lee, Seung Hyun Lee, Soo-Youn Oh, Min Seo, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):95-98.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.95

Abstract
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Head louse infestation (HLI) is one of the most frequently occurring parasitic diseases in children. This study was conducted to investigate the socioeconomic and personal factors influencing HLI in the Republic of Korea. A total of 2,210 questionnaires about various factors related to HLI were obtained from children in 17 primary schools throughout the country. The rate of HLI was significantly lower in children who lived together with mother or in a family where both parents worked. In addition, HLI was lower in children whose fathers or mothers were public officers or teachers. However, HLI was higher in children who had small families and washed their hair less often. Education levels of parents and the number of children in family were not significant. Improvement of socioeconomic factors and personal hygiene will be helpful for reducing HLI.

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Original Article

Parents' Knowledge about Enterobiasis Might Be One of the Most Important Risk Factors for Enterobiasis in Children: Dong-Hee Kim, Hyun-Mi Son, Joo Young Kim, Min Kyoung Cho, Mee Kyung Park, Sin Ye Kang, Bo Young Kim, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(2):121-126.
Published online June 17, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.2.121

Abstract
PDF

To know the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis infection and what are the most important risk factors, we evaluated the incidence and risk factors of enterobiasis among children attended in kindergartens in Busan metropolitan city, Republic of Korea. A total of 1,674 children from 21 kindergartens in 11 of 16 autonomous districts of Busan were evaluated for E. vermicularis infection by the cellotape anal swab technique. The overall egg-positive rate for E. vermicularis was 10.7% (179/1,674), and the prevalence of enterobiasis in each kindergarten ranged between 0% and 32.4%. There was an increasing tendency of the egg positive rate according to the population density; the higher the population density communities had, the higher egg-positive rate for E. vermicularis was detected (P = 0.001). Among personal hygiene factors involving children, thumb-sucking (P = 0.036) and fingernail-trimming (P = 0.024) were highly associated with enterobiasis. In addition, taking anthelmintic medications against E. vermicularis infection was strongly associated with enterobiasis (P = 0.014). Moreover, parents' knowledge of enterobiasis was correlated significantly with the incidence of enterobiasis of their children (P = 0.006). In conclusion, we need to consider not only personal hygiene but also parents' knowledge about enterobiasis as a factor in order to develop new strategies for elimination or to complete reduction of enterobiasis in Korea.

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