Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"sonography"

Case Report

A Clonorchiasis Case of a Leopard Cat, Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus, Diagnosed by Ultrasonography and Egg Detection in Republic of Korea: Seongjun Choe, Dong-Hyuk Jeong, Jeong-Jin Yang, Jeongho Kim, Ki-Jeong Na, Dongmin Lee, Hansol Park, Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(3):299-302.
Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.299

Abstract
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A clonorchiasis case in a captive leopard cat, Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus, was confirmed by ultrasonographic findings and egg morphologies found in the bile juice sample in the Korea. The leopard cat was introduced from the wild habitat of Gyeongsangnam-do, to Cheongju Zoo in Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea in August 2014. Physical examinations were basically performed for quarantine and check-up health. The cat was comparatively good in health except anorexia. The cyst-like bile duct dilation and the increased echogenicity of gall bladder wall and hepatic parenchyma were observed by ultrasonography. Ultrasound-guided needle biopsy was conducted for collecting bile juice and the specimens were observed under light microscope. The numerous small trematode eggs were detected in the bile juice sample of the light microscopy. The eggs were 25-33 (28±3) μm by 18-22 (20±1) μm in size and showed typical characteristics of Clonorchis sinensis egg, i.e., a dominantly developed operculum, shoulder rim and dust-like wrinkles in surface. To treat the liver fluke infection, 20 mg/kg of praziquantel was orally administered only once to the case. Follow-up studies including fecal examinations were conducted during 2 years after treatment. But no more eggs were detected from the case. In the present study, we described the first clonorchiasis case of leopard cat, which was confirmed by ultrasonographic findings and egg morphologies from the bile juice sample in Korea.

Citations

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Detection of intestinal parasites in leopard cat fecal samples using shotgun metagenomics
Jun Ho Choi, Singeun Oh, Myung-hee Yi, Dongjun Kang, Du-Yeol Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Arwa Shatta, Yoon Hee Cho, Seongjun Choe, Seung-Hun Lee, Ju Yeong Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(4): 349. CrossRef
Metabarcoding of pathogenic parasites based on copro-DNA analysis of wild animals in South Korea
Jun Ho Choi, Soo Lim Kim, Dong Kyun Yoo, Myung-hee Yi, Singeun Oh, Myungjun Kim, Sohyeon Yun, Tai-Soon Yong, Seongjun Choe, Jong Koo Lee, Ju Yeong Kim
Heliyon.2024; 10(9): e30059. CrossRef
Neoplasia in captive Tsushima leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus)
Shin-Ichi Nakamura, Kiyokazu Ozaki, Chisa Minoura, Takamitsu Tsukahara
Journal of Comparative Pathology.2023; 204: 11. CrossRef
Fibrinous pleuritis associated with Streptococcus canis in a leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus)
Min-Gyeong Seo, Kook-Young Han, Sang-Hyun Kim, Chang Keun Kang, Jong-Hyun Kim, Il-Hwa Hong
Journal of Veterinary Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Current status of Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis in Korea: epidemiological perspectives integrating the data from human and intermediate hosts
Won Gi Yoo, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na
Parasitology.2022; 149(10): 1296. CrossRef

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Original Article

Schistosoma mansoni Infection and Its Related Morbidity among Adults Living in Selected Villages of Mara Region, North-Western Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Exploratory Study: Humphrey D. Mazigo, Fred Nuwaha, David W. Dunne, Godfrey M. Kaatano, Tekla Angelo, Stella Kepha, Safari M. Kinung’hi; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):533-540.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.533

Abstract
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Schistosoma mansoni is highly endemic in Tanzania and affects all age groups at different degrees. However, its control approach does not include adult individuals who are equally at risk and infected. To justify the inclusion of adult individuals in MDA programs in Tanzania, the present study focused on determining the prevalence of S. mansoni infection and its related morbidities among adult individuals. This was a cross sectional study conducted among 412 adult individuals aged 18-89 years living in selected villages of Rorya and Butiama districts located along the shoreline of the Lake Victoria. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and socio-economic information of participants. Ultrasonographic examinations were conducted for all study participants using the Niamey protocol. A single stool sample was obtained from all study participants and examined for S. mansoni using the Kato-Katz technique. The study revealed a high prevalence of S. mansoni (56.3%), and the majority of infected individuals had a light intensity of infection. Ultrasonographic findings revealed that 22.4% of adult individuals had periportal fibrosis (PPF) (grade C-F), with 18.4% having grade C and D and 4% having grade E and F. Males had the highest prevalence of PPF (31.7% vs 10.8%, P<0.001). Organomegaly was common with 28.5% and 29.6% having splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, respectively. S. mansoni infection and its related morbidities included PPF, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly were common among adult individuals. To reduce the level of transmission of S. mansoni infection, planned mass drug administration campaigns should include adult individuals living in these villages.

Citations

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Association of current Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum, and Schistosoma mekongi infection status and intensity with periportal fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Adanna Ewuzie, Lauren Wilburn, Dixa B Thakrar, Huike Cheng, Fabian Reitzug, Nia Roberts, Reem Malouf, Goylette F Chami
The Lancet Global Health.2025; 13(1): e69. CrossRef
Parasites of the liver: A global problem?
Vladislav V Tsukanov, Alexander V Vasyutin, Julia L Tonkikh
World Journal of Gastroenterology.2024; 30(30): 3554. CrossRef
Prevalence of human schistosomiasis in various regions of Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies conducted for the past ten years (2013–2023)
Nicolaus Omari Mbugi, Hudson Laizer, Musa Chacha, Ernest Mbega, Uwem Friday Ekpo
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2024; 18(9): e0012462. CrossRef
Prevalence of human Schistosoma mansoni infection in endemic regions (2010–2024): a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ali Tavakoli Pirzaman, Mahdi Sepidarkish, Faezeh Alizadeh, Sarah Al-Obidy, Pouyan Ebrahimi, Nazanin Kianifard, Morteza Sheikhi Nooshabadi, Mehradad Jafari Tadi, Maryam Zolfaghari Dehkharghani, Safa Mousavi, Nassim Rezapour, Sara Mohammadnia, Andarz Fazlol
eClinicalMedicine.2024; 77: 102855. CrossRef
Prevalence of Schistosoma mono- and co-infections with multiple common parasites and associated risk factors and morbidity profile among adults in the Taabo health and demographic surveillance system, South-Central Côte d’Ivoire
Fidèle K. Bassa, Ikenna C. Eze, Rufin K. Assaré, Clémence Essé, Siaka Koné, Félix Acka, Véronique Laubhouet-Koffi, Dinard Kouassi, Bassirou Bonfoh, Jürg Utzinger, Eliézer K. N’Goran
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection among fishermen in Busega district, Tanzania
Revocatus J. L. Mang’ara, Billy Ngasala, Winfrida John, Wannaporn Ittiprasert
PLOS ONE.2022; 17(11): e0276395. CrossRef
Parasites of the liver – epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical management in the European context
Lynn Peters, Sanne Burkert, Beate Grüner
Journal of Hepatology.2021; 75(1): 202. CrossRef
Morbidity and Mortality Due to Schistosoma mansoni Related Periportal Fibrosis: Could Early Diagnosis of Varices Improve the Outcome Following Available Treatment Modalities in Sub Saharan Africa? A Scoping Review
Daniel W. Gunda, Semvua B. Kilonzo, Paulina M. Manyiri, Robert N. Peck, Humphrey D. Mazigo
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2020; 5(1): 20. CrossRef
Can Early Diagnosis of Varices, Regular Praziquantel, and Reduction of Hepatitis Coinfection Reduce Mortality among Patients Attended for Periportal Fibrosis in Northwestern Tanzania? A Case-Control Study
Daniel W. Gunda, Elizabeth F. Mtui, Semvua B. Kilonzo, Paulina M. Manyiri, David C. Majinge, Humphrey D. Mazigo
Journal of Parasitology Research.2020; 2020: 1. CrossRef
Basic Coagulation Profiles and Platelet Count Among Schistosoma mansoni-Infected Adults Attending Sanja Primary Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

Tahir Eyayu, Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke, Masresha Seyoum, Ligabaw Worku
Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine.2020; Volume 11: 27. CrossRef
Schistosoma mansoni-Hepatitis B co-infection among adult patients with periportal fibrosis: a cross sectional study
Daniel W. GUNDA, Elizabeth F. MTUİ, Semvua B. KILONZO, Benson R. KIDENYA, Humphrey D. MAZIGO
Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.2020; : 136. CrossRef
Intestinal schistosomiasis of Ijinga Island, north-western Tanzania: prevalence, intensity of infection, hepatosplenic morbidities and their associated factors
Andreas Mueller, Antje Fuss, Uwe Ziegler, Godfrey M. Kaatano, Humphrey D. Mazigo
BMC Infectious Diseases.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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Case Report

Recurred Sparganosis 1 Year after Surgical Removal of a Sparganum in a Korean Woman: Young-Il Lee, Min Seo, Hyun-Woo Park; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(1):75-78.
Published online February 19, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.75

Abstract
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Sparganosis, an infection due to the plerocercoid of Spirometra erinacei, are found worldwide but the majority of cases occur in East Asia including Korea. This report is on a recurred case of sparganosis in the subcutaneous tissue of the right lower leg 1 year after a surgical removal of a worm from a similar region. At admission, ultrasonography (USG) of the lesion strongly suggested sparganosis, and a worm was successfully removed which turned out to be a sparganum with scolex. Since sparganum has a variable life span, and may develop into a life-threatening severe case, a patient once diagnosed as sparganosis should be properly followed-up for a certain period of time. Although imaging modalities were useful for the diagnosis of sparganosis as seen in this case, serological test such as ELISA should also be accompanied so as to support the preoperative diagnosis.

Citations

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Diagnosis and treatment of human sparganosis
Hong Li, Jianping Hu, Peizeng Yang
The Lancet Infectious Diseases.2019; 19(6): 577. CrossRef
Three Cases of Sparganosis Mansoni : Identification of the Causative Parasite Species by PCR Methods
Tetsu SONOSAKI, Yuko OKUBO, Takuya OMINE, Takuya MIYAGI, Yoshiyuki KARIYA, Yu-ichi YAMAMOTO, Kenzo TAKAHASHI, Hiroshi UEZATO
Nishi Nihon Hifuka.2016; 78(5): 522. CrossRef
Recurrent Breast Sparganosis: Clinical and Radiological Findings
Jiyoon Park, Ok Hee Woo, Kyu Ran Cho, Bo Kyoung Seo
Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology.2015; 73(3): 164. CrossRef
Clinical Features of Pulmonary Sparganosis
Ning Li, Yi Xiang, Yun Feng, Min Li, Bei Li Gao, Qing Yun Li
The American Journal of the Medical Sciences.2015; 350(6): 436. CrossRef

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Original Article

Changes in Sonographic Findings after Treatment of Patients with Clonorchiasis in a Heavy Endemic Area: Dongil Choi, Yong Hwan Jeon, Geun-Chan Lee, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(1):19-23.
Published online March 12, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.1.19

Abstract
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We measured changes in sonographic findings of patients with clonorchiasis after a treatment in a highly endemic area. A total of 347 residents showed positive stool results for Clonorchis sinensis eggs in a village in northeastern China, and were treated with praziquantel. Of them, 132 patients underwent abdominal sonography both before and 1 year after treatment, and the changes in sonographic findings of 83 cured subjects were compared. Diffuse dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts (DDIHD) was found in 82 patients (98.2%) before and 80 (96.4%) after treatment, which was improved in 3, aggravated in 1, and unchanged in 79 patients. Increased periductal echogenicity (IPDE) was observed in 42 patients (50.6%) before and 45 (54.2%) after treatment, which was improved in 5, aggravated in 8, and unchanged in 70 patients. Floating echogenic foci in the gallbladder (FEFGB) was detected in 32 patients (38.6%) before and 17 (20.5%) after treatment, which was improved in 20, aggravated in 5, and unchanged in 58 patients. Improvement of FEFGB only was statistically significantly (P = 0.004). The present results confirm that DDIHD and IPDE persist but FEFGB decreases significantly at 1 year after treatment. In a heavy endemic area, the sonographic finding of FEFGB may suggest active clonorchiasis 1 year after treatment.

Citations

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Clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis: epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, morbidity, diagnosis, treatment, and control
Men-Bao Qian, Jennifer Keiser, Jürg Utzinger, Xiao-Nong Zhou, Graeme N. Forrest
Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Severe hepatobiliary morbidity is associated with Clonorchis sinensis infection: The evidence from a cross-sectional community study
Men-Bao Qian, Hong-Mei Li, Zhi-Hua Jiang, Yi-Chao Yang, Ming-Fei Lu, Kang Wei, Si-Liang Wei, Yu Chen, Chang-Hai Zhou, Ying-Dan Chen, Xiao-Nong Zhou, Maria Angeles Gómez-Morales
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2021; 15(1): e0009116. CrossRef
Gastrointestinal tumors and infectious agents: A wide field to explore
Miriam López-Gómez, Belén García de Santiago, Pedro-David Delgado-López, Eduardo Malmierca, Jesús González-Olmedo, César Gómez-Raposo, Carmen Sandoval, Pilar Ruiz-Seco, Nora Escribano, Jorge Francisco Gómez-Cerezo, Enrique Casado
World Journal of Meta-Analysis.2021; 9(6): 505. CrossRef
Clonorchiasis
Men-Bao Qian, Jürg Utzinger, Jennifer Keiser, Xiao-Nong Zhou
The Lancet.2016; 387(10020): 800. CrossRef
Application of Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases in Resource-Limited Settings
Enrico Brunetti, Tom Heller, Joachim Richter, Daniel Kaminstein, Daniel Youkee, Maria Teresa Giordani, Samuel Goblirsch, Francesca Tamarozzi
Current Infectious Disease Reports.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Current status and perspectives of Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, omics, prevention and control
Ze-Li Tang, Yan Huang, Xin-Bing Yu
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Morbidity assessment of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in rural Laos: I. Parasitological, clinical, ultrasonographical and biochemical findings
Hermann Feldmeier, Miklos Hazay, Megumi Sato, Pongvongsa Tiengkham, Futoshi Nishimoto, Hongwei Jiang, Vatsana Sopraseuth, Kazuhiko Moji
Tropical Medicine and Health.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Gallbladder infection by trematodes
Claudio Tana, Andrea Mezzetti, Cosima Schiavone
Internal and Emergency Medicine.2013; 8(8): 761. CrossRef
Long-term clinical outcome of the surgically resected intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct
Geunyoung Jung, Kwang-Min Park, Seung Soo Lee, Eunsil Yu, Seung-Mo Hong, Jihun Kim
Journal of Hepatology.2012; 57(4): 787. CrossRef
Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis, an update
Sung-Tae Hong, Yueyi Fang
Parasitology International.2012; 61(1): 17. CrossRef
Influencing Factors for Cure of Clonorchiasis by Praziquantel Therapy: Infection Burden andCYP3A5Gene Polymorphism
Chung Hyeon Kim, Jeong-Keun Lee, Byung-Suk Chung, Shunyu Li, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(1): 45. CrossRef
Correlation between Discharged Worms and Fecal Egg Counts in Human Clonorchiasis
Jae-Hwan Kim, Min-Ho Choi, Young Mee Bae, Jin-Kyoung Oh, Min Kyung Lim, Sung-Tae Hong, Akira Ito
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2011; 5(10): e1339. CrossRef

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Case Report

A surgically confirmed case of breast sparganosis showing characteristic mammography and ultrasonography findings: Jae-Hwan Park, Jee-Won Chai, Nariya Cho, Nam-Sun Paek, Sang-Mee Guk, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(2):151-156.
Published online June 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.2.151

Abstract
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A case of breast sparganosis was confirmed by surgical excision of a worm (fragmented into 5 pieces) in a 59-year-old Korean woman suffering from a palpable mass in the left breast. Mammography and ultrasonography characteristically revealed the presence of several well-defined, isodense and hypoechoic tubular masses, in the upper quadrant of the left breast, each mass consisting of a continuous cord- or worm-like structure. During surgery, a long segment of an actively moving sparganum of Spirometra sp. and 4 small fragments of the same worm, giving a total length of 20.3 cm, were extracted from the upper outer quadrant of the left breast and the axillary region. The infection source remains unclear, because the patient denied ingesting any snake or frog meat or drinking untreated water.

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International Journal of Infectious Diseases.2026; 162: 108214. CrossRef
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Goro YOSHIMURA, Emi DATE, Norishige IIZUKA
Nihon Rinsho Geka Gakkai Zasshi (Journal of Japan Surgical Association).2023; 84(11): 1707. CrossRef
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Beuy Joob, Viroj Wiwanitkit
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Bo-Mi Kim, Do Joong Kim, Min-Yung Chang, Yee Jeong Kim, Joo Heung Kim, Jai Kyung You
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Minhee Hwang, Hye Jin Baek, Sang Min Lee
Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology.2020; 81(5): 1210. CrossRef
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Moon Young Oh, Kyoung-Eun Kim, Min Jung Kim, Ajung Chu, Jong Yoon Lee, Jeong Hwan Park, Jongjin Kim, Ki-Tae Hwang
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Yves Harder, Clarissa Prazeres da Costa, Dennis Tappe, Sven Poppert, Alexandra Haeupler, Luise Berger, Birgit Muntau, Paul Racz, Katja Specht
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H J Kim, B J Lee, J C Lee, C K Yeo
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Original Article

Bile duct changes in rats reinfected with Clonorchis sinensis: Dongil Choi, Sung-Tae Hong, Shunyu Li, Byung-Suk Chung, Jae Hoon Lim, Soon-Hyung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(1):7-17.
Published online March 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.1.7

Abstract
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This study describes an evaluation of the sonographic, cholangiographic, pathological, and immunological findings, and the protective effect shown by rats reinfected with Clonorchis sinensis. Eight experimental rat groups were, namely, a normal control, a primary infection control, a reinfection I (reinfection 7 week after treatment following 3-week infection), a reinfection II (reinfection 2 week after treatment following 8-week infection), a reinfection III (exploration of the intrahepatic bile ducts 1 week after reinfection 4 week after treatment following 4-week infection), a superinfection, a secondary infection control, and an infection following immunization group. Sonographic and cholangiographic findings showed moderate or marked dilatation of the bile duct confluence in the primary infection control, reinfection II, and secondary infection control groups. Juvenile worms survived in the intrahepatic bile ducts 1 week after reinfection following treatment in the reinfection III group. It was concluded that reinfecting juvenile worms found during the first week following reinfection failed to survive or grow further. Anatomical, pathophysiological, or immunological changes may induce protection from reinfection in rats.

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Gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-enhanced T1 mapping to evaluate liver damage caused by Clonorchis sinensis
Yanhan Xiang, Ningqin Li, Zhongyang Zhou, Jing Fang, Jinyuan Liao
Radiology of Infectious Diseases.2021; 8(3): 108. CrossRef
Perturbations of Metabolomic Profiling of Spleen From Rats Infected With Clonorchis sinensis Determined by LC-MS/MS Method
Xiaoli Zhang, Xinyi Hu, Rui Chen, Beibei Sun, Yannan Gao, Shanshan Duan, Liyan Liu, Su Han
Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
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Alessandra Gentilini, Mirella Pastore, Fabio Marra, Chiara Raggi
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2018; 19(10): 2885. CrossRef
In-vivo monitoring of development of cholangiocarcinoma induced with C. sinensis and N-nitrosodimethylamine in Syrian golen hamsters using ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging: a preliminary study
Hyunsik Woo, Joon Koo Han, Jung Hoon Kim, Sung-Tae Hong, Md. Hafiz Uddin, Ja-June Jang
European Radiology.2017; 27(4): 1740. CrossRef
Oxidative stress-mediated mouse liver lesions caused by Clonorchis sinensis infection
Sejung Maeng, Hye Won Lee, Qudsia Bashir, Tae Im Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Tae Jin Lee, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Tong-Soo Kim, Jhang Ho Pak
International Journal for Parasitology.2016; 46(3): 195. CrossRef
Cell Death and Proliferation after Treatment and Reinfection of Clonorchis sinensis in the Sprague-Dawley Rat Bile Duct
Byoung-Hoon Min, Ka-Young Ahn, Haeng-Sook Lee, Soo-Jin Kim, Kyoung-Hwan Joo
Applied Microscopy.2015; 45(2): 80. CrossRef
Recent Advances in Serodiagnosis for Clonorchiasis
Tae Im Kim, Sung-Jong Hong
Hanyang Medical Reviews.2010; 30(3): 232. CrossRef
Fas/FasL-dependent apoptosis of hepatocytes induced in rat and patients with Clonorchis sinensis infection
Xiaoli Zhang, Zhanfeng Jin, Rong Da, Yunxia Dong, Wuqi Song, Xiaobei Chen, Qi Huang, Hong Ling, Yang Che, Yihong Li, Fengmin Zhang
Parasitology Research.2008; 103(2): 393. CrossRef
Changing Patterns of Serum and Bile Antibodies in Re-infected Rats with Clonorchis sinensis
Hongman Zhang, Byung-Suk Chung, Shunyu Li, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2008; 46(1): 17. CrossRef
Factors in the resistance of rats to re-infection and super-infection by Clonorchis sinensis
Hongman Zhang, Byung-Suk Chung, Shunyu Li, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
Parasitology Research.2008; 102(6): 1111. CrossRef
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Parasitology Research.2007; 101(6): 1557. CrossRef
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Parasitology Research.2005; 97(1): 21. CrossRef

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Case Report

A case of breast sparganosis: Seobo Sim, Jai-Kyung You, In-Yong Lee, Kyung-Il Im, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(4):187-189.
Published online December 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.4.187

Abstract
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A 29-year-old Korean woman visited the Department of Surgery in MizMedi Hospital with a palpable itching mass on the right breast that had existed for the past 7 months. She had no history to eat either frogs or snakes, but had the history of drinking impure water. Sonography revealed a serpiginous hypoechoic tubular structure associated with partial fat necrosis in breast parenchymal layer and subcutaneous fat layer. It also revealed oval cystic lesions. At operation, an ivory white opaque ribbon-like worm that measured 16.5 cm in length and 0.5 cm in width was extracted. Anti-sparganum specific serum IgG level in the patient's serum (absorbance = 0.71), measured by ELISA, was found to be significantly higher than those of normal controls (cut off point = 0.21). Sonography and ELISA appear to be helpful to diagnose sparganosis. Breast sparganosis is rarely found throughout the world.

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Original Articles

Long-lasting sonographic and histopathological findings in cured clonorchiasis of rabbits: Dongil Choi, Jae Hoon Lim, Seung Kwon Kim, Eung Yeop Kim, Mejeong Lee, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(2):77-83.
Published online June 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.2.77

Abstract
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To ascertain residual sonographic and histopathological findings of clonorchiasis after treatment, the present study evaluated sonographic findings in rabbits which were infected with 500 metacercariae of C. sinensis every 6 months for 18 months after treatment with praziquantel. The sonographic findings were analyzed in terms of intrahepatic bile duct dilatation and periductal echogenicity, and histopathological findings were observed after the last sonographic examination. Compared with the sonographic findings before treatment, dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts became mild to some degree in four of the seven cases and increased periductal echogenicity resolved in four of them. The histopathological specimens after 18 months showed that periductal inflammation has almost resolved but moderate dilatation of the intrahepatic ducts and mucosal hyperplasia persisted. The periductal fibrosis minimally resolved. The long-lasting sonographic findings in cured clonorchiasis make sonography less specific.

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Control of clonorchiasis by repeated praziquantel treatment and low diagnostic efficacy of sonography: Sung-Tae Hong, Kisung Yoon, Mejeong Lee, Min Seo, Min-Ho Choi, Jung Suk Sim, Byung Ihn Choi, Chong Ku Yun, Soon-Hyung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 1998;36(4):249-254.
Published online December 20, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.4.249

Abstract
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In Korea, Clonorchis sinensis infection is still highly prevalent because case detection in the field is difficult and the detected cases used to be incompletely cured due to treatment failure. The present study tried to control clonorchiasis in an endemic village by repeated treatments with praziquantel every 6 months and to evaluate sonography as a diagnostic measure. By stool examinations, the egg positive rate in the endemic village was 22.7%, but it decreased to 19.6% at 6 months, 15.1% at 12 months. 12.2% at 18 months, 6.3% at 24 months, 11.4% at 30 months, and 6.3% at 42 months after the beginning of repeated praziquantel administration. The sonography showed 61 (49.6%) positive cases of 123 screened residents: among egg-positives the sonography positive rate was 52.2% and among egg-negatives it was still 49%. The rate among cured cases was 64.3% after 6 months, 50.0% after 12 months, 50.0% after 18 months, and 66.7% after 24 months. In a non-endemic village, 64 residents were found egg-negative by fecal examination, but 20 (31.3%) of them were positive by sonography. The present findings indicate that control of clonorchiasis in an endemic village by repeated praziquantel treatment for 42 months is still insufficient and sonography is of little value for diagnosis of clonorchiasis.

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