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Plasmodium vivax Malaria: Status in the Republic of Korea Following Reemergence: Jae-Won Park, Gyo Jun, Joon-Sup Yeom; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(Suppl):S39.
Published online October 26, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.S.S39

Abstract
PDF

The annual incidence of Plasmodium vivax malaria that reemerged in the Republic of Korea (ROK) in 1993 increased annually, reaching 4,142 cases in 2000, decreased to 864 cases in 2004, and once again increased to reach more than 2,000 cases by 2007. Early after reemergence, more than two-thirds of the total annual cases were reported among military personnel. However, subsequently, the proportion of civilian cases increased consistently, reaching over 60% in 2006. P. vivax malaria has mainly occurred in the areas adjacent to the Demilitarized Zone, which strongly suggests that malaria situation in ROK has been directly influenced by infected mosquitoes originating from the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Besides the direct influence from DPRK, local transmission within ROK was also likely. P. vivax malaria in ROK exhibited a typical unstable pattern with a unimodal peak from June through September. Chemoprophylaxis with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and primaquine, which was expanded from approximately 16,000 soldiers in 1997 to 200,000 soldiers in 2005, contributed to the reduction in number of cases among military personnel. However, the efficacy of the mass chemoprophylaxis has been hampered by poor compliance. Since 2000, many prophylactic failure cases due to resistance to the HCQ prophylactic regimen have been reported and 2 cases of chloroquine (CQ)-resistant P. vivax were reported, representing the first-known cases of CQ-resistant P. vivax from a temperate region of Asia. Continuous surveillance and monitoring are warranted to prevent further expansion of CQ-resistant P. vivax in ROK.

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Unstable vivax malaria in Korea: Han-Il Ree; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(3):119-138.
Published online September 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.3.119

Abstract
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Korean vivax malaria had been prevalent for longtime throughout the country with low endemicity. As a result of the Korean war (1950-1953), malaria became epidemic. In 1959-1969 when the National Malaria Eradication Service (NMES) was implemented, malaria rates declined, with low endemicity in the south-west and south plain areas and high endemic foci in north Kyongsangbuk-do (province) and north and east Kyonggi-do. NMES activities greatly contributed in accelerating the control and later eradication of malaria. The Republic of Korea (South Korea) was designated malaria free in 1979. However, malaria re-emerged in 1993 and an outbreak occurred in north Kyonggi-do and north-west Kangwon-do (in and/or near the Demilitarized Zone, DMZ), bordering North Korea. It has been postulated that most of the malaria cases resulted from bites of sporozoite-infected females of An. sinensis dispersed from North Korea across the DMZ. Judging from epidemiological and socio-ecological factors, vivax malaria would not be possible to be endemic in South Korea. Historical data show that vivax malaria in Korea is a typical unstable malaria. Epidemics may occur when environmental, socio-economical, and/or political factors change in favor to malaria transmission, and when such factors change to normal conditions malaria rates become low and may disappear. Passive case detection is a most feasible and recommendable control measure against the unstable vivax malaria in Korea in cost-effect point of view.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2010; 48(4): 351. CrossRef
The dilution effect of the domestic animal population on the transmission of P. vivax malaria
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Journal of Theoretical Biology.2010; 266(2): 299. CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax: Comparison of the immune responses between oral and parenteral immunization of rPv54 in BALB/c mice
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Geographical origin of Plasmodium vivax in the Republic of Korea: haplotype network analysis based on the parasite's mitochondrial genome
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Malaria Journal.2010;[Epub] CrossRef
Recurrence rate of vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea
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Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2009; 103(12): 1245. CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax PCR genotyping of the first malaria case imported from South Korea into Japan
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Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy.2009; 15(1): 27. CrossRef
Geographic Distribution and Ecology of Potential Malaria Vectors in the Republic of Korea
Desmond H. Foley, Terry A. Klein, Heung Chul Kim, William J. Sames, Richard C. Wilkerson, Leopoldo M. Rueda
Journal of Medical Entomology.2009; 46(3): 680. CrossRef
Preparedness for Natural Disaster-Associated Infections
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Journal of Disaster Research.2009; 4(5): 337. CrossRef
Molecular Genetic Characterization of the Merozoite Surface Protein 1 Gene of Plasmodium vivax from Reemerging Korean Isolates
So-Hee Kim, Seung-Young Hwang, Jeong Hwan Shin, Chi-Sook Moon, Dong-Wook Kim, Weon-Gyu Kho
Clinical and Vaccine Immunology.2009; 16(5): 733. CrossRef
Dynamics of positional warfare malaria: Finland and Korea compared
Lena Huldén, Larry Huldén
Malaria Journal.2008;[Epub] CrossRef
Reemergence of Malaria in Korea
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Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2007; 50(11): 959. CrossRef
Estimates of short- and long-term incubation periods of Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea
Hiroshi Nishiura, Hyeong-Woo Lee, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Wook-Gyo Lee, Tae-Suk In, Sung-Ung Moon, Gyung Tae Chung, Tong-Soo Kim
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2007; 101(4): 338. CrossRef
Factors Affecting Delayed Diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in the Republic of Korea
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Research Journal of Parasitology.2007; 2(1): 72. CrossRef
Studies on Anopheles sinensis, the vector species of vivax malaria in Korea
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2005; 43(3): 75. CrossRef
Evaluation of Anti-Malarial Effects of Mass Chemoprophylaxis in the Republic of Korea Army
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Journal of Korean Medical Science.2005; 20(5): 707. CrossRef
Epidermal growth factor-like motifs 1 and 2 of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 are critical domains in erythrocyte invasion
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Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2004; 320(2): 563. CrossRef
ELISA detection of vivax malaria with recombinant multiple stage-specific antigens and its application to survey of residents in endemic areas
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Analysis of the Plasmodium vivax apical membrane antigen-1 gene from re-emerging Korean isolates
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Late season commercial mosquito trap and host seeking activity evaluation against mosquitoes in a malarious area of the Republic of Korea
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Evaluation of Anopheline Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Republic of Korea forPlasmodium vivaxCircumsporozoite Protein
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Intraspecific Hybridization of Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) Strains from Thailand and Korea
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Experimental infection of Anopheles sinensis with Korean isolates of Plasmodium vivax
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2001; 39(2): 177. CrossRef
Incidence patterns of vivax malaria in civilians residing in a high-risk county of Kyonggi-do (Province), Republic of Korea
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Analysis of polymorphic region of GAM-1 gene in Plasmodium vivax Korean isolates
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Western blot diagnosis of vivax malaria with multiple stage-specific antigens of the parasite
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Analysis of polymorphic regions of Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein of Korean isolates
Weon-Gyu Kho, Joon-Yong Chung, Eun-Jeong Sim, Dong-Wook Kim, Woo-Chul Chung
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Analysis of vivax malaria cases in Gangwon-do (Province), Korea in the year 2000
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Comparative study on longevity of Anopheles sinensis in malarious and non-malarious areas in Korea
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