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Original Article

Seroprevalence and Spatial Distribution of Toxoplasmosis in Sheep and Goats in North-Eastern Region of Pakistan

Haroon Ahmed1,2, Ayesha Malik3, Muhammad Arshad3, Irfan Mustafa4, Mobushir Riaz Khan5, Muhammad Sohail Afzal6, Shahzad Ali7, Muhammad Mobeen8, Sami Simsek2,*
The Korean Journal of Parasitology 2016;54(4):439-446.
Published online: August 31, 2016

1Department of Biosciences,COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan

2Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey

3Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Pakistan

4Department of Biology, Government Postgraduate College Chishtian, Punjab, Pakistan

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*Corresponding author (ssimsek@firat.edu.tr)
• Received: April 20, 2016   • Revised: June 9, 2016   • Accepted: June 15, 2016

© 2016, Korean Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Seroprevalence and Spatial Distribution of Toxoplasmosis in Sheep and Goats in North-Eastern Region of Pakistan
Korean J Parasitol. 2016;54(4):439-446.   Published online August 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.439
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Seroprevalence and Spatial Distribution of Toxoplasmosis in Sheep and Goats in North-Eastern Region of Pakistan
Korean J Parasitol. 2016;54(4):439-446.   Published online August 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.439
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Seroprevalence and Spatial Distribution of Toxoplasmosis in Sheep and Goats in North-Eastern Region of Pakistan
Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1. The sampling sites of goats and sheep in Bhalwal, Kotmomin, Sahiwal, Shahpur, Silanwali, and Sargodha districts. (1) Bhalwal Tehsil is located in the eastern part of Punjab province of Pakistan. (2) Shahpur Tehsil lies on the Jhelum River. (3) Kot Momin is situated almost 40 km away from Sargodha tehsil. (4) Sahiwal tehsil is a subdivision (Tehsil) of Sargodha district. (5) Sargodha Tehsil is an administrative subdivision of Sargodha district.
Fig. 2. Showing the proportion of different sampling sites with goats and sheep of study area.
Fig. 3. Spatial trends of surfaces for the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in goats of urban areas.
Fig. 4. Spatial trends of surfaces for the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in sheep of urban areas.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Seroprevalence and Spatial Distribution of Toxoplasmosis in Sheep and Goats in North-Eastern Region of Pakistan
Host Sex/Breed Examined (n) Infected (n) Seroprevalence (%) Statistical analysis; chi-square (χ²)
Goat Male 150 35 23.3 0.001
Female 380 192 50.5
Total 530 227 42.8
Sheep Male 72 16 22.2 0.003
Female 398 107 26.9
Total 470 123 26.2
Goat Beetal 167 81 48.5 0.021
Teddy 127 67 52.8
Kamori 121 58 48.0
Pahari 115 21 18.3
Total 530 227 42.8
Sheep Kajli 180 48 26.7 0.001
Desi 177 36 20.3
Damani 113 39 34.5
Total 470 123 26.2
Host Factors No. examined No. infected Seroprevalence (%) Statistical analysis; chi-square (χ²)
Goat Bhalwal 86 38 44.2 0.001
Sahiwal 105 46 43.8
Shahpur 74 19 25.7
Silanwali 148 53 35.8
Sargodha 117 71 60.7
Total 530 227 42.8
Sheep Bhalwal 113 18 15.9 0.002
Sahiwal 70 23 32.9
Shahpur 90 7 7.8
Silanwali 137 46 33.6
Sargodha 60 29 48.3
Total 470 123 26.2
Goat ≤ 1.5 yr 193 71 36.8 0.003
1.5-3 yr 122 49 40.2
≥ 3 yr 215 107 49.8
Total 530 227 42.8
Sheep ≤ 1.5 yr 206 27 13.1 0.004
1.5-3 yr 105 33 31.4
≥ 3 yr 159 63 39.6
Total 470 123 26.2
Hosts Districts Village Name Latitude Longitude No. examined No. infected Seroprevalence (%) No. examined No. infected Seroprevalence (%)
Sheep Bhalwal ChabaPurana 32.3382 72.9711 30 4 13.3 113 18 15.9
Liliani 32.208 72.955 25 7 28.0
KotMomin 32.1883 73.0286 30 2 6.6
Chowki Bhagat 32.049 72.9261 28 5 17.9
Sahiwal Farooka 31.8847 72.417 14 6 42.9 70 23 32.9
Sahiba Balochan 31.9403 72.4125 17 3 17.6
Kotla Mirbaz Khan 31.955 72.3748 21 6 28.6
Lakhiwal 31.9858 72.306 18 8 44.4
Shahpur Aaqil Shah 32.2762 72.4558 23 3 13.0 90 7 7.8
Jalpana 32.2617 72.5198 26 1 3.8
Bhakar Bar 32.3122 72.4924 20 5 25.0
Noon Wala 32.2669 72.3961 21 0 0.0
Silanwali Chak No. 99 N.B 31.9546 72.6351 34 16 47.1 137 46 33.6
Hundewali (Shaheen Abad) 31.922 72.6344 30 6 20.0
Chak 127 NB 31.835 72.5302 36 14 38.9
Basti Rasool Abad 31.8185 72.5468 37 10 27.0
Sargodha Chak 104 SB 31.9995 72.6961 21 4 19.0 60 29 48.3
Chak 36 NB 32.1261 72.7297 12 8 66.7
Jhal Chakian 32.1476 72.6417 10 4 40.0
Chak No. 90 NB 32.038 72.596 17 13 76.5
Goats Bhalwal Phularwan 32.3535 73.0141 22 9 40.9 86 38 44.2
Deowal 32.2151 72.9093 20 5 25.0
Chak 11 SB 32.159 72.9953 28 11 39.3
Mangowal 32.2151 72.8155 15 13 86.7
Sahiwal AzmatWala 31.8946 72.4045 25 9 36.0 105 46 43.8
Fateh Wala 31.9254 72.4356 29 17 58.6
Tibba 31.9606 72.3929 31 4 12.9
Deenpur 31.9683 72.2845 20 16 80.0
Shahpur Shahpur Sadar 32.2673 72.4762 16 2 12.5 74 19 25.7
Jalpana 32.2667 72.517 13 7 53.8
Rehmam Abad 32.3116 72.5332 19 1 5.3
Ichhar 32.2411 72.4218 26 9 34.6
Silanwali Chak No. 117 N.B 31.9358 72.6485 34 16 47.1 148 53 35.8
Chak No. 118 SB 31.9245 72.6469 37 3 8.1
Chak 126 NB 31.8483 72.5362 31 18 58.1
Islam Nagar 31.8208 72.5445 46 16 34.8
Sargodha Awan Abad 32.0011 72.719 24 11 45.8 117 71 60.7
Chak 33 NB 32.1237 72.7504 23 19 82.6
LoddyWala 32.1433 72.6611 33 9 27.3
Chak No. 95 NB 32.0491 72.6026 37 33 89.0
Table 1. The effect of species, sex, and breed on seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis
Table 2. The effect of district and age on seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis
Table 3. The effect of herds in different districts on seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 3.

PHD : Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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