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Special Section on Paleoparasitology
Mini-Review

Ancient Human Parasites in Ethnic Chinese Populations

Hui-Yuan Yeh1,2, Piers D. Mitchell1,*
The Korean Journal of Parasitology 2016;54(5):565-572.
Published online: October 31, 2016

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*Corresponding author (pdm39@cam.ac.uk)
• Received: August 22, 2016   • Revised: September 28, 2016   • Accepted: October 1, 2016

Copyright © 2016 by The Korean Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Ancient Human Parasites in Ethnic Chinese Populations
Korean J Parasitol. 2016;54(5):565-572.   Published online October 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.5.565
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Ancient Human Parasites in Ethnic Chinese Populations
Korean J Parasitol. 2016;54(5):565-572.   Published online October 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.5.565
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Ancient Human Parasites in Ethnic Chinese Populations
Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Personal hygiene sticks from a latrine at Xuanquanzhi Relay Station at Dunhuang on the Silk Road, dating from 111 BCE-CE 109.
Fig. 2 Whipworm egg (Trichuris trichiura) from the Xuanquanzhi latrine. Dimensions 53×27 μm. Black scale bar indicates 20 μm.
Fig. 3 Taenia sp. tapeworm egg from the Xuanquanzhi latrine. It is most likely to be Taenia asiatica or Taenia solium, and less likely to be Taenia saginata. Dimensions 36×32 μm. Black scale bar indicates 20 μm.
Fig. 4 Map of China showing the location of each site where parasites were found in archaeological material. Round circle indicates a mummy, triangle indicates pelvic soil from burials, and square indicates a latrine.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Ancient Human Parasites in Ethnic Chinese Populations

Summary of Chinese mummies with published parasite studies, adapted from Li (1984)

Location Parasite Sex Age Time period & dynasty Social status Reference
Jiangling, Hubei Province Clonorchis sinensis, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides F unknown Warring States period unknown [16]
Changsha, Huibei Province Schistosoma japonicum, T. trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis F 50 Han Dynasty Wealthy [16]
Phoenix Hill, Huibei Province S. japonicum, C. sinenisis, Taenia sp., T. trichiura M 55 Han Dynasty Wealthy [15,16]
Jintan, Jiangsu Province A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura M 28–40 Song Dynasty unknown [16]
Hengyang, Hunan Province C. sinensis M 50 Song Dynasty unknown [16]
Guangzhou, Guangdong Province A. lumbricoides M 84 Ming Dynasty Wealthy [16]
Guangzhou, Guangdong Province T. trichiura, C. sinenisis, Fasciolopsis buski F 80 Ming Dynasty Wealthy [16]
Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura M unknown Ming Dynasty Wealthy [16]
Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura F 60 Ming Dynasty Wealthy [16]
Fuqing, Fujian Province C. sinenisis, F. buski, T. trichiura, A. lumbricoides M 50 Ming Dynasty unknown [16]
Shaowu, Fujian Province A. lumbricoides M 41 Ming Dynasty Wealthy [16]
Longyan, Fujian Province T. trichiura, A. lumbricoides F 74 Ming Dynasty Wealthy [16]
Fuzhou, Fujian Province C. sinenisis, T. trichiura F 50–60 Ming Dynasty Wealthy [16]

Time periods and dynasties in China

Neolithic (7000 BCE-2000 BCE)
Formation of Early States: Erlitou and Erligang (1900/1800 BCE -1250 BCE)
Shang dynasty (c. 1766/1600/1556 BCE - c.1122/1046 BCE)a
Zhou dynasty Western Zhou 11th century BCE-771 BCE
Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn c.770/771 BCE -c.475/476 BCE/403 BCE
Warring States 5th century BCE-221 BCE
Qin dynasty 221 BCE-207/206 BCE
Han dynasty Western/Former Han 206/202 BCE-CE 9
Xin dynasty CE 9-CE 23
Eastern/Later Han CE 25-CE 220
Three Kingdoms CE 220-CE 280
Jin dynasty Western Jin (CE 265/266-CE 316) CE 265/266-CE 420
Eastern Jin (CE 317-CE 420) Sixteen Kingdoms (CE 304-CE 439)
Northern and Southern dynasties CE 420-CE 589
Sui dynasty CE 581-CE 618
Tang dynasties CE 618-CE 907
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Liao dynasty (CE 907/916-CE 1125 ) CE 907-CE 960/979
Song dynasty Northern Song (CE 960-CE 1127) Western Xia (CE 1038-CE 1227) CE 960-CE 1279
Southern Song (CE 1127-CE 1279) Jin dynasty (CE 1115-CE1234)
Yuan dynasty CE 1271-CE 1368
Ming dynasty CE 1368-CE 1644
Qing dynasty CE 1644-CE 1911/1912

aAccording to the Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the Shang dynasty was dated from c.1600 to c.1046 BCE. However, the chronology has been disputed by many scholars.

Species of parasites found in samples from China

Parasite Species Location Type of samples No. of individuals affected
Ascaris lumbricoides Zhengzhou, Henan Province Pelvic soil 5
Xuanquanzhi, Gansu Province Latrine
Jiangling, Hubei Province Mummy 8
Jintan, Jiangsu Province
Guangzhou, Guangdong Province
Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province
Fuqing, Fujian Province
Shaowu, Fujian Province
Longyan, Fujian Province
Clonorchis sinensis Xuanquanzhi, Gansu Province Latrine
Guangzhou, Guangdong Province Mummy 6
Hengyang, Hunan Province
Jiangling, Hubei Province
Phoenix Hill, Huibei Province
Fuqing, Fujian Province
Fuzhou, Fujian Province
Enterobius vermicularis Changsha, Huibei Province Mummy 1
Fasciolopsis buski Guangzhou, Guangdong Province Mummy 2
Fuqing, Fujian Province
Schistosoma japonicum Phoenix Hill, Huibei Province Mummy 2
Changsha, Huibei Province
Taenia sp. Phoenix Hill, Huibei Province Mummy 1
Xuanquanzhi, Gansu Province Latrine
Trichuris trichiura Changsha, Huibei Province Mummy 10
Phoenix Hill, Huibei Province
Jintan, Jiangsu Province
Guangzhou, Guangdong Province
Jiangling, Hubei Province
Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province
Fuqing, Fujian Province
Longyan, Fujian Province
Fuzhou, Fujian Province
Xuanquanzhi, Gansu Province Latrine
Table 1 Summary of Chinese mummies with published parasite studies, adapted from Li (1984)
Table 2 Time periods and dynasties in China

According to the Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the Shang dynasty was dated from c.1600 to c.1046 BCE. However, the chronology has been disputed by many scholars.

Table 3 Species of parasites found in samples from China

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

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