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Original Article

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and the Relationship between Protozoa and Water Quality Indicators in Swimming Pools

Shumin Xiao1,2,*, Pengna Yin1, Yan Zhang1, Sike Hu3,*
The Korean Journal of Parasitology 2017;55(2):129-135.
Published online: April 30, 2017

1School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, P. R. 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*Corresponding author (xiaoshumin@tcu.edu.cn; husike@126.com)
• Received: January 17, 2017   • Revised: February 24, 2017   • Accepted: March 11, 2017

Copyright © 2017 by The Korean Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and the Relationship between Protozoa and Water Quality Indicators in Swimming Pools
Korean J Parasitol. 2017;55(2):129-135.   Published online April 30, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.129
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Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and the Relationship between Protozoa and Water Quality Indicators in Swimming Pools
Korean J Parasitol. 2017;55(2):129-135.   Published online April 30, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.129
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Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and the Relationship between Protozoa and Water Quality Indicators in Swimming Pools
Image
Fig. 1 Percentage of quality indicator in the swimming pool waters complying with the Chinese Hygienic Standard for Swimming Place recommended limits.

Fig. 1

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and the Relationship between Protozoa and Water Quality Indicators in Swimming Pools

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in water samples collected from swimming pools in Beijing, China

No. of sample Cryptosporidium (no. of oocysts/10 L) Giardia (no. of cysts/10 L)
No. of positive (%) Mean±SD Min.–Max. 95% UCLa No. of positive (%) Mean±SD Min.–Max. 95% UCLa
Time of sampling
 May 2015 27 2 (7.4) 0.07±0.27 0–1 0.20 4 (14.8) 0.22±0.64 0–3 0.50
 August 2015 33 8 (24.2) 0.48±1.00 0–4 0.85 5 (15.2) 0.30±0.77 0–3 0.58
Pool type
 Outdoor pool 5 2 (40.0) 0.60±0.89 0–2 1.50 2 (40.0) 0.80±1.30 0–3 2.00
 School pool 12 4 (33.3) 0.58±1.00 0–3 1.17 2 (16.7) 0.25±0.62 0–2 0.67
 Community pool 9 1 (11.1) 0.22±0.67 0–2 0.80 2 (22.2) 0.33±0.71 0–2 0.88
 Hotel pool 13 1 (7.7) 0.15±0.38 0–1 0.38 1 (7.7) 0.23±0.83 0–3 0.75
 Bath pool 12 0 (0.0) 0.00±0.00 0–0 0.00 0 (0.0) 0.00±0.00 0–0 0.00
 Commercial pool 9 2 (22.2) 0.44±1.33 0–4 1.45 2 (22.2) 0.33±0.71 0–2 0.80
Total 60 10 (16.7) 0.30±0.79 0–4 0.50 9 (15.0) 0.27±0.71 0–3 0.45

aUCL, upper confidence limit which was calculated based on 1,000 bootstrap samples using PASW statistics 18 software.

Distribution of Cryptosporidium species and Giardia assemblage in water samples collected from swimming pools in August 2015

Sample location Detection rate Type of parasites (no. of samples)
Outdoor pool 2/5 C. parvum (1); Giardia assemblage A (1)
School pool 3/6 C. hominis and Giardia assemblage A (1); C. hominis (2)
Community pool 2/4 C. hominis (1); Giardia assemblage B (1)
Hotel pool 1/6 C. hominis (1)
Bath pool 0/6
Commercial pool 2/6 C. hominis (1); Giardia assemblage A (1)
Total 10/33 C. parvum (1); C. hominis (6); Giardia assemblage A (3) and B (1)

Fecal indicator bacteria and physical-chemical parameters of water samples collected from swimming pools in Beijing, China

Pool type Statistics HPCa (CFU/ml) TCb (MPN/L) Urea (mg/L) Turbidity (NTU) pH Free chlorine (mg/L)
Outdoor pool Mean±SD 232.0±228.0 3.0±4.1 3.7±3.3 0.3±0.1 7.3±0.2 0.4±0.1
Median 140.0 3.5 3.7 0.3 7.4 0.4
Range 50–600 <3–8 0.3–7.5 0.2–0.4 7.1–7.5 0.3–0.5
School pool Mean±SD 90.8±199.7 2.5±3.8 2.0±1.6 0.3±0.1 7.2±0.2 0.5±0.1
Median 8.6 1.9 1.1 0.3 7.2 0.5
Range <1–700 <3–12 0.4–4.3 0.2–0.6 7.0–7.4 0.3–0.8
Community pool Mean±SD 13.3±40.0 0.3±1.0 2.6±2.4 0.4±0.2 7.2±0.1 0.8±0.3
Median 13.3 0.3 1.6 0.5 7.1 0.6
Range <1–120 <3–3 0.2–6.5 0.1–0.8 7.1–7.4 0.5–1.5
Hotel pool Mean±SD 197.7±356.1 4.6±7.5 1.7±1.6 0.3±0.2 7.2±0.2 0.4±0.2
Median 30.0 3.0 1.4 0.3 7.2 0.4
Range <1–1,100 <3–27 0.1–4.3 0.1–0.6 7.0–7.6 <0.02–0.6
Bath pool Mean±SD 63.3±119.9 0.9±1.7 2.3±1.8 0.3±0.2 7.2±0.1 0.7±0.4
Median 35.6 0.9 2.8 0.3 7.1 0.6
Range <1–400 <3–4 0.3–5.7 0.1–0.7 7.0–7.4 0.3–1.3
Commercial pool Mean±SD 297.8±517.3 5.0±9.8 2.4±2.1 0.4±0.2 7.2±0.2 0.4±0.2
Median 80.0 2.0 0.9 0.4 7.2 0.5
Range <1–1500 <3–30 0.4–5.8 0.1–0.7 7.0–7.6 <0.02–0.7
All types Mean±SD 139.7±292.1 2.7±5.7 2.3±2.0 0.3±0.2 7.2±0.2 0.6±0.3
Median 9.4 1.5 1.5 0.3 7.2 0.5
Range <1–1,500 <3–30 0.1–7.5 0.1–0.8 7.0–7.6 <0.02–1.5

aHPC, heterotrophic plate count.

bTC, total coliform.

Correlations between parasitic pathogens, bacterial indicators, and physical-chemical parameters in water from different type of swimming pools in Beijing, China

Crypto- sporidium Giardia HPCa TCb Urea Turbidity pH Free chlorine
Crypto-sporidium - 0.282c 0.163 0.184 0.569d −0.139 0.080 −0.124
Giardia 0.282c - 0.012 0.009 0.343d 0.060 −0.072 0.029
HPCa 0.163 0.012 - 0.829d 0.251 0.039 0.642d −0.859d
TCb 0.184 0.009 0.829d - 0.223 0.034 0.603d −0.759d
Urea 0.569d 0.343d 0.251 0.223 - 0.104 0.109 −0.138
Turbidity −0.139 0.060 0.039 0.034 0.104 - 0.009 0.110
pH 0.080 −0.072 0.642d 0.603d 0.109 0.009 - 0.157
Free chlorine −0.124 0.029 −0.859d −0.759d −0.138 0.110 0.157 -

aHPC, heterotrophic plate count.

bTC, total coliform.

cP<0.05 and

dP<0.01 by Spearman’s correlation coefficient (2-tailed test).

Table 1 Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in water samples collected from swimming pools in Beijing, China

UCL, upper confidence limit which was calculated based on 1,000 bootstrap samples using PASW statistics 18 software.

Table 2 Distribution of Cryptosporidium species and Giardia assemblage in water samples collected from swimming pools in August 2015
Table 3 Fecal indicator bacteria and physical-chemical parameters of water samples collected from swimming pools in Beijing, China

HPC, heterotrophic plate count.

TC, total coliform.

Table 4 Correlations between parasitic pathogens, bacterial indicators, and physical-chemical parameters in water from different type of swimming pools in Beijing, China

HPC, heterotrophic plate count.

TC, total coliform.

P<0.05 and

P<0.01 by Spearman’s correlation coefficient (2-tailed test).

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

PHD : Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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