Abstract
Horace N. Allen, an American physician, was a Presbyterian missionary to Korea. In 1886, he wrote the annual report of the Korean government hospital, summarizing patient statistics according to outpatient and inpatient classification for the first ever in Korean history. In the report, he speculated that hemoptysis cases of outpatient might have been mainly caused by distoma. Allen’s conjecture was noteworthy because only a few years lapsed since the first scientific report of paragonimiasis. However, he was not sure of his assumption either because it was not evidently supported by proper microscopic or post-mortem examinations. In this letter, we thus revisit his assumption with our parasitological data recently obtained from Joseon period mummies.
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Key words: Paragonimus spp., Hemoptysis, Joseon Dynasty, Korean mummy, Horace Allen
Horace N. Allen (1858–1932) was born in Delaware, Ohio. After graduated from Miami Medical College, he volunteered to Korea (Joseon Kingdom) in 1884 as a Presbyterian missionary. During his stay in Korea, as a physician, he was involved in the establishment and maintenance of Gwanghyewon, the first Western medicine hospital in Korean history [
1]. After running the hospital for a year, he wrote “the First Annual Report of the Korean Government Hospital, Seoul” in 1886 [
2] (
Fig. 1), mentioning about the medical situation of Joseon Kingdom, the status of the government hospital, and summarizing patient statistics according to outpatient (n=10,460) and inpatient (n=265) classification with brief notes on specific cases [
1].
In the report, he classified the outpatients into 18 different signs or diseases: fever, diseases of the digestive system, circulatory system, respiratory system, nervous system, lymphatic system, genito-urinary diseases & syphilis, general diseases, new diseases, eye diseases, diseases of the ear, tumors, diseases of bones, joints, and tendons, wounds and injuries, malformations, diseases of the connective tissue, skin diseases, diseases of women, and unclassified. Among the diseases of respiratory system, he identified 6 different signs and diseases: arteritis, aneurism finger, aneurism popliteal, epistaxis, hemoptysis, and mitral insufficiency [
1].
As for hemoptysis, he reported 92 outpatient cases for a year. According to his report, “The 92 cases of Haemoptysis under Class III, doubtless include a number of cases of distoma, but as we have not a microscope nor the privilege of making post mortem examinations, we cannot be sure concerning it.” On the hemoptysis, he commented in another report, Dr. H.N. Allen’s Report on the Health of Seoul (Corea) [
3], as follows: There are many cases of chronic blood-spitting, not connected with the physical signs of lung destruction. These cases, which are treated with dilute sulphuric acid and alum, seem to be of the same nature as the distoma pulmonale, discovered recently, and said to have been found in the person of Corean official resident for a short time at Tokio. Of course, postmortems are as yet out of the question here; and as a microscope has not until very recently been at hand, it has been impossible to say positively what the trouble is by examining the sputa.
As we can see, Allen strongly presumed that paragonimiasis could be the major etiology of hemoptysis encountered in the late 19th century Joseon. Allen’s such a conjecture is noteworthy in several respects. First, human paragonimiasis was only reported by the discovery of the parasite in the lung (by B.S. Ringer in 1879) as well as the eggs in the sputum from human beings (by P. Manson and E. Baelz in 1880) [
4]. When he suspected a paragonimiasis in Korea, only a few years lapsed since the first report on the paragonimiasis from humans; and what is also surprising was that there were no reports about human paragonimiasis from Joseon society yet. Allen’s conjecture about
P. westermani as a prime etiology of Joseon people’s hemoptysis is therefore noteworthy.
However, as seen in his report, he seems not have been completely convinced of his own assumption either because proper microscopic or post mortem examination was not performed to show the authenticity of his diagnosis. This is also the same for us. In general, modern physicians think of pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, bronchitis, pneumonia, lung cancer, and lung abscesses for the common etiologies of patient’s hemoptysis. paragonimiasis could not be considered as the most likely cause of hemoptysis though it could be also regarded as one of the etiologies [
5]. In this regard, Allen’s speculation on whether the hemoptysis of the 19th century Joseon people was mainly due to paragonimiasis became completely inconclusive.
Meanwhile, the archaeoparasitological research in Korea conducted over the past decade has provided some meaningful implications to this century-old Allen’s query. As we reported before, paleoparasitological surveys were done on mummies discovered at Joseon period tombs. The ancient parasite eggs identified in the mummy feces specimens (n=25) were
Ascaris,
Trichuris,
Paragonimus,
Clonorchis, and
Metagonimus etc., all of which were evidenced by microscopic or molecular techniques [
6–
8] (
Fig. 2). Using the data, we could estimate paragonimiasis prevalence among Joseon people.
According to recent studies on Joeseon mummies, the prevalence of paragonimiasis among Joseon mummies reached as high as 36% (9/25) (
Table 1) [
7]. The prevalence of Korean people was still high at 9.4% (16,866 out of 180,351) in the Japanese colonial era, while it was only 0.1% among Japanese (10 out of 1,154) [
9]. In 1971, it was revealed that the prevalence of paragonimiasis has dramatically decreased to 0.09% [
7].
In other words, unlike in the recent years when
P. westermani is not a major cause of hemoptysis, many Joseon patients might have suffered from paragonimiasis-induced hemoptysis. We also consider the ectopic paragonimiasis among Joseon mummies.
Paragonimus spp. sometimes migrates to extra-pulmonary organs such as the brain, muscle, omentum, and liver etc. [
8]. As seen our previous reports, ancient
Paragonimus sp. eggs were identified in the liver parenchyme (hepatic paragonimiasis) of 2 different Joseon mummies [
8,
10] (
Table 1). We note that hepatic paragonimiasis has been very rarely reported from clinical fields [
11]. The repeated reports of hepatic paragonimiasis in Korean mummy cases might have related to the strong-infectivity-enhancing high prevalence of paragonimiasis among the Joseon people [
8]. All these findings highly suggest that Dr. Allen might make a sound presumption for
P. westermani as the most common cause of the hemoptysis at the time.
Of course, we should admit our Joseon period data’s limitations from statistical perspectives. Parasitological analysis on Joseon mummies does not represent the infection prevalence of entire Korean population at the time because they were of high social status people in Joseon society. In addition, we must also consider the number of Korean mummies used for parasitological examination being too insufficient to deduce sound conclusions [
7]. Even so, it could be deduced that some portion of hemoptysis patients in Korea might have been resulted from paragonimiasis at the end of the 19th century. Of course, further parasitological studies on archaeological specimens should be required for confirming Allen’s report on hemoptysis and paragonimiasis.
Notes
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CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest related to this study.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (NRF-2016R1A2B4015669; NRF-2019R1H1A2080094).
Fig. 1Dr. Allen’s “the First Annual Report of the Korean Government Hospital, Seoul.” It was reproduced based on the plate published in Yeo [
1] under a CC BY-NC 4.0 (
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) license. We abided by the copyright terms and conditions, obtaining the mandatory permit from the original copyright holder (Yeo IS).
Fig. 2
Paragonimus sp. eggs found in the feces of Korean mummy (Hadong-2).
Table 1Prevalences of paragonimiasis in the Joseon mummies previously reported by Seo et al. [
7] and Shin et al. [
8]
Table 1
|
Case ID |
Locality |
Estimated Date |
Paragonimus spp. |
Ectopic paragonimiasis |
|
Yongin |
Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do |
15–16C |
○ |
|
|
Jinju |
Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do |
15–16C |
○ |
|
|
Sapgyo |
Sapgyo-eup, Yesan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do |
16C |
|
|
|
Hadong-2 |
Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do |
16–17C |
○ |
○ |
|
Hadong-1 |
Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do |
17C |
|
|
|
Sacheon |
Sacheon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do |
1620–1630 |
|
|
|
Gangneung |
Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do |
1622 |
|
|
|
Dangjin |
Dangjin-si, Chungcheongnam-do |
1633 |
○ |
|
|
Mungyeong |
Mungyeong-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do |
1647 |
|
|
|
Waegwan |
Waegwan-eup, Chilgok-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do |
1685 |
|
|
|
PJ SMa
|
Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do |
1699 |
|
|
|
Seocheon |
Seocheon-gun Chungcheongnam-do |
17C |
|
|
|
Yangju |
Yangju-si, Gyeonggi-do |
1640–1700 |
|
|
|
SNb1-2 |
Sinnae-dong, Seoul |
1605–1733 |
|
|
|
SN3-7-1 |
Sinnae-dong, Seoul |
16–17C |
|
|
|
SN2-19-1 |
Sinnae-dong, Seoul |
1765±10 |
|
|
|
SN2-19-2 |
Sinnae-dong, Seoul |
1755±10 |
|
|
|
GJc1-2 |
Gongju-si Chungcheongnam-do |
17–18C |
○ |
|
|
Hwasung |
Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do |
18C |
○ |
|
|
Andong |
Andong-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do |
1571 ca. |
|
|
|
YGd2-4 |
Yeonggwang-gun, Jeollanam-do |
15–16C |
○ |
|
|
YG2-6 |
Yeonggwang-gun, Jeollanam-do |
15–16C |
○ |
|
|
Dalsung |
Dalseong-gun, Daegu |
16–17C |
|
|
|
Junggye |
Junggye-dong, Seoul |
16–17C |
|
|
|
Cheongdo |
Cheongdo-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do |
1642 |
○ |
○ |
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Citations
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