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Brief Communication

Infection Status of Freshwater Crabs and Crayfish with Metacercariae of Paragonimus westermani in Korea

The Korean Journal of Parasitology 2009;47(4):425-426.
Published online: December 2, 2009

1Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea.

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Corresponding author (hst@snu.ac.kr)
• Received: August 18, 2009   • Revised: September 17, 2009   • Accepted: September 28, 2009

Copyright © 2009 by The Korean Society for Parasitology

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  • The present study investigated the infection status of Paragonimus westermani metacercariae in freshwater crabs (n = 363) and crayfish (n = 31) from October 2007 to October 2008 using the crush method. All of the freshwater crabs, Eriocheir japonicus, were negative for P. westermani metacercariae while 10 (32.3%) of the 31 examined crayfish were positive. The 10 positive crayfish were caught in Haenam, Jeollanam-do, and there were 8-59 (mean 28.4) metacrcariae per infected crayfish. These results suggest that P. westermani metacerariae are still transmitted by crayfish enzootically in southern Korea, and that freshwater crabs may transmit metacercariae only on rare occasions.
Since the 1970s, the population density and the infection rate of crayfish and freshwater crabs with metacercariae of P. westermani have decreased drastically and continuously in many endemic areas. However, paragonimiasis patients still appear in Korea, and the major source of infection is presumed eating soybean sauced freshwater crabs (Kejang). Infection status of freshwater crab and crayfish with metacercariae of P. westermani is an important epidemiological index which represents the status of human infection sources [1-3]. It is required to estimate the importance of freshwater crabs as an infection source of human paragonimiasis in Korea to manage the disease.
In order to estimate the current status of P. westermani transmission by the crabs or crayfish in Korea, we examined the intermediate hosts for the metacercariae from October 2007 to October 2008. A total of 363 freshwater crabs (Eriocheir japonicus) from 10 localities and 31 crayfish (Cambaroides similis) from 6 localities were collected. The collection sites were selected according to geographical distribution (Fig. 1). The freshwater crabs and crayfish were brought to the laboratory and were examined for the metacercariae under a stereomicroscope using the crush method.
All of the 363 freshwater crabs were negative for P. westermani metacercariae (Table 1) which suggests that transmission of the metacercariae by freshwater crabs is rare and that a larger sample size is needed to detect metacercaria carrying crabs. In 1990, 11.8% of crabs purchased at markets in Seoul were positive with a mean of 2.1 metacercariae per positive crab [3]. In the markets, wild and aquacultured crabs are sold together but wild crabs have more risk of the transmission than aquacultured ones do because they have more chances of contact with the first intermediate host. Wild crabs are now produced more than before because of improved preservation of the environment in Korea. However, it is now becoming difficult to detect infected crabs in markets as is observed in this study. This finding suggests that transmission of Paragonimus by freshwater crabs is very rare in Korea compared to that in 1990s [3]. Nonetheless, scores of new paragonimiasis patients appear over the country every year and, therefore, there must be infected crabs at a very low frequency. In this context, further studies employing large number of wild crabs are necessary.
The crayfish collected at Haenam, Jeollanam-do were positive for metacercariae (Table 2; Fig. 1). The number of the metacercariae per crayfish ranged from 8 to 59, with a mean of 28.4. For years, transmission of P. westermani metacercariae by crayfish has only been observed at this locality [4-6]. The life cycle maintenance by crayfish may be enzootic rather than endemic.
In conclusion, P. westermani metacerariae are still transmitted by crayfish enzootically in southern Korea, and freshwater crabs may transmit the metacercariae on rare occasions.
This study was supported by a research grant from the Korea Association of Health Promotion (2008).
  • 1. Rim HJ, Lee JS, Chung HS, Hyun IL, Jung KH. Epidemiological change on paragonimiasis in Kang Hwa Gun. Korean J Parasitol 1975;13:139-151.
  • 2. Hong YA, Joo CY, Pyun YS. Infestation status of Paragonimus wetermani metacercariae in the second intermediate host in Ulchin county, Kyungpook Province. Korean J Parasitol 1986;24:194-200.
  • 3. Cho SY, Kang SY, Kong Y, Yang HJ. Metacercarial infection of Paragonimus westermani in freshwater crabs sold in markers in Seoul. Korean J Parasitol 1991;29:189-191.
  • 4. Shin MH, Min DY. Infection status of Paragonimus westermani metacercariae in crayfish (Cambaroides similis) collected from Bogildo (Islet), Wando-gun, Chollanam-do, Korea. Korean J Parasitol 1999;37:55-57.
  • 5. Ahn YK, Han JK, Chung JH. Epidemiological survey on Paragonimus infection in Wando and Bogil islet, Wando-Gun (Cheon-nam Province, Korea). New Med J 1979;22:1051-1056.
  • 6. Kim JJ, Chang JK, Chung PR, Soh CT. A study on the intermediate hosts of Paragonimus westermani in Bogil-islet, Chonranam-Do, Korea. Korean J Malacol 1985;1:19-23.
Fig. 1
Surveyed areas of the Republic of Korea to collect the second intermediate hosts of P. westermani. Open circles (○), areas of negative freshwater crabs; open triangles (△), areas of negative crayfish; closed triangle (▲), area of positive crayfish.
kjp-47-425-g001.jpg
Table 1.
Examination findings of freshwater crabs for P. westermani metacercariae by localities
Table 1.
Localities of collection (month/year) No. of examined Length (cm)
Weight (g)
No. of positive
Range Average Range Average
Paju, Gyeonggi-do (Oct/2007) 47 12-18 15 75-89 83.0 0
Paju, Gyeonggi-do (Oct/2008) 113 21-35 26.2 55-249 98.9 0
Buyeo, Chungnam (Oct/2007) 22 17-30 22.9 34.2-157.6 80.3 0
Buyeo, Chungnam (Oct/2008) 54 7.5-29 21.6 26.1-119.3 63.0 0
Iksan, Jeonbuk (Oct/2008) 10 21-25 22.9 52-83.9 67.6 0
Gurye, Jeonnam (Nov/2007) 7 12-18 15.0 69-86 79.5 0
Gokseong, Jeonnam (Oct/2008) 29 25-31 28.0 86.4-194.6 133.8 0
Hadong, Gyeongnam (Sep/2008) 19 Not measured Not measured 0
Noryangjin Fisheries Market, Seoul (Oct/2007) 14 12-18 15.0 75-89 83.0 0
Noryangjin Fisheries Market, Seoul (Oct/2008) 48 25-30.5 27.3 78.6-114.8 94.0 0
Total 363 0
Table 2.
Infection status of crayfish with P. westermani metacercariae (MC) by localities
Table 2.
Localities of collection (Month/year) No. of examined Length (cm)
Weight (g)
No. of Positive Mean (range) No. of MC/crayfish
Range Mean Range Mean
Hadong, Gyeongnam (May/2008) 4 5.2-10 7.8 1.9-11.7 6.28 0 0
Miryang, Gyeongnam (May/2008) 6 3.8-7.5 5.6 0.6-7 2.98 0 0
Gochang, Jeonbuk (May/2008) 4 6-8.5 7 2.9-9.8 5.7 0 0
Gwangyang, Jeonnam (May/2008) 3 6.7-7.8 7.2 3.6-6.3 4.7 0 0
Boseong, Jeonnam (May/2008) 4 6.5-9.5 7.75 3.6-12.1 6.95 0 0
Haenam, Jeonnam (Jun/2008) 10 5.2-7.2 5.77 1.8-5.4 2.890 10 28.4 (8-59)
Total 31 10 28.4 (8-59)

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Infection Status of Freshwater Crabs and Crayfish with Metacercariae of Paragonimus westermani in Korea
Korean J Parasitol. 2009;47(4):425-426.   Published online December 2, 2009
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Infection Status of Freshwater Crabs and Crayfish with Metacercariae of Paragonimus westermani in Korea
Korean J Parasitol. 2009;47(4):425-426.   Published online December 2, 2009
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Infection Status of Freshwater Crabs and Crayfish with Metacercariae of Paragonimus westermani in Korea
Image
Fig. 1 Surveyed areas of the Republic of Korea to collect the second intermediate hosts of P. westermani. Open circles (○), areas of negative freshwater crabs; open triangles (△), areas of negative crayfish; closed triangle (▲), area of positive crayfish.
Infection Status of Freshwater Crabs and Crayfish with Metacercariae of Paragonimus westermani in Korea
Localities of collection (month/year) No. of examined Length (cm)
Weight (g)
No. of positive Range Average Range Average Paju, Gyeonggi-do (Oct/2007) 47 12-18 15 75-89 83.0 0 Paju, Gyeonggi-do (Oct/2008) 113 21-35 26.2 55-249 98.9 0 Buyeo, Chungnam (Oct/2007) 22 17-30 22.9 34.2-157.6 80.3 0 Buyeo, Chungnam (Oct/2008) 54 7.5-29 21.6 26.1-119.3 63.0 0 Iksan, Jeonbuk (Oct/2008) 10 21-25 22.9 52-83.9 67.6 0 Gurye, Jeonnam (Nov/2007) 7 12-18 15.0 69-86 79.5 0 Gokseong, Jeonnam (Oct/2008) 29 25-31 28.0 86.4-194.6 133.8 0 Hadong, Gyeongnam (Sep/2008) 19 Not measured Not measured 0 Noryangjin Fisheries Market, Seoul (Oct/2007) 14 12-18 15.0 75-89 83.0 0 Noryangjin Fisheries Market, Seoul (Oct/2008) 48 25-30.5 27.3 78.6-114.8 94.0 0 Total 363 0 Localities of collection (Month/year) No. of examined Length (cm)
Weight (g)
No. of Positive Mean (range) No. of MC/crayfish Range Mean Range Mean Hadong, Gyeongnam (May/2008) 4 5.2-10 7.8 1.9-11.7 6.28 0 0 Miryang, Gyeongnam (May/2008) 6 3.8-7.5 5.6 0.6-7 2.98 0 0 Gochang, Jeonbuk (May/2008) 4 6-8.5 7 2.9-9.8 5.7 0 0 Gwangyang, Jeonnam (May/2008) 3 6.7-7.8 7.2 3.6-6.3 4.7 0 0 Boseong, Jeonnam (May/2008) 4 6.5-9.5 7.75 3.6-12.1 6.95 0 0 Haenam, Jeonnam (Jun/2008) 10 5.2-7.2 5.77 1.8-5.4 2.890 10 28.4 (8-59) Total 31 10 28.4 (8-59)
Table 1. Examination findings of freshwater crabs for P. westermani metacercariae by localities
Table 2. Infection status of crayfish with P. westermani metacercariae (MC) by localities