Researches in veterinary protozoology until the end of World War II were carried out entirely by Japanese workers such as Danagga, Yamada, Yuhoba and Isshiki. After the Korean war, investigations have been made by several Korean researchers such as Lee's, Son, Joen and Jang. The total species and genera of veterinary protozoa reported by authors up to date were 19 genera and 59 species except the commensal ciliates.
Incidence of the protozoa were carried out for 4 years(1972-l975) by examining fecal samples and vaginal swabs in order to know the parasitic status of the domestic animals and poultry. The results are shown as followings. In dairy cattle: Entamoeba bovis 41.4 per cent , Eimeria spp.
5.6-15.0 per cent. In native cattle: Entamoeba bovis 47.6 per cent, Tritrichomonas foetus 8.5 per cent. In native horse: Eimeria sp. 10.0 per cent. In goat: Eimeria spp. 100 per cent. In swine: Entamoeba spp. 55.44 per cent, Eimeria spp. 20 per cent, Balantidium coli 66.58 per cent. In dog: Isospora bigemina(Large type) 8.7 per cent, Giardia canis 4.4 per cent. In cat: Isospora spp. 12.8 per cent. In hare: Entamoeba cuniculi 12.0 per cent, Eimeria spp. 20.0 per cent, Chilomastix cuniculi 12.0 per cent , Giardia cuniculi 4.0 per cent. In turkey: Eimeria spp. 33.3 per cent, Hexamita meleagriais 8.3 per cent. In chicken: Eimeria spp.
26.8 per cent. The main protozoan diseases of the domestic animals and poultry in Korea may be summarized from the data reported and surveyed as followings. Coccidiosis; poultry, hare, goat, cattle, swine. Theileriasis; cattle. Babesiasis; cattle, dog. Anaplasmosis; cattle, goat. Eperythrozoonosis; cattle, swine. Leucocytozoonosis; chicken. Histomoniasis; chicken. Toxoplasmosis; swine, cat. Balantidiasis; swine.
Besnoitiosis; native cattle. Amoebiasis; swine, cattle.
Sarcosporidiosis; Cattle, swine.
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Serological studies on toxoplasmosis were conducted with rabbits sera that were immunized with RH strain or infected with Beverley strain of Toxoplasma gondii. Complement fixation tests, agar-gel double diffusion tests and agar-gel immunoelectrophoresis were performed. Toxoplasma crude antigen was prepared from the organisms in mice peritoneal fluids, which were infected with RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii. The organisms were suspended in saline volume originally exudated and counted in hemocytometer for purity of the organisms over 99 per cent. These suspended organisms were prepared by sonication, and the solution was centrifuged for 30 min. at 10,000 rpm in 4C. These supernatant fluids were used as crude antigen. On the other hand, purified antigens were fractionated on Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. A Sephadex G-200 column, 80 by 4 cm, equilibrated with Tris-HCl-(0.1 M)-NaCl (1.0 M) buffer, pH 8.0 was used. The eluate fractions were collected in 3 ml per hour and the absorbance at 280 nm was measured with a Beckman Du-2 spectrophotometer. Each tube is pooled into 6 fractions by protein density graph. For immunization of rabbits, crude antigen of RH strain was emulsified with an equal amount of incomplete Freund's adjuvant and l ml of mixture was injected subcutaneously into them once a week for 5 successive weeks. Antisera were obtained at an interval of a week, beginning the first week after the last immunization, while several rabbits were infected with Beverley strain of Toxoplasma gondii by inoculating about 200 cysts and antisera were obtained from them serially at a week interval. The results were as follows: The sera from the rabbits immunized with the RH strain or infected with Beverley strain of Toxoplasma gondii againist the crude antigen showed the first positive reactions in 2 or 3 weeks after the administration or immunization in complement fixation tests. Maximum titers appeared in 4 or 5 weeks after immunization with RH strain and in 7 or 9 weeks after infection with Beverley strain respectively. Complement fixation tests showed the positive reactions in the rabbits sera immunized with RH strain against the purified antigens II, III, IV, V and VI: moreover, antigen IV fraction showed the highest titer. On the other hand in the rabbits sera infected with Beverley strain against the purifed antigens II, III and IV fractions showed the positive reaction; especially, antigen fraction IV showed the highest titer. In immuno-diffusion tests, the sera from the rabbits immunized with RH strain and infected with Beverley strain, against the crude antigen appeared the precipitin bands 2 weeks after the immunization or infection. And the former showed the 2 or 5 precipitin bands after 5-8 weeks and the latter showed the l or 2 precipitin bands after 6 weeks. The sera from the rabbits immunized with RH strain against the purified antigens II, III, IV,V and VI showed the precipitin bands, and the sera from the rabbits infected with Beverley strain against the purified antigens II, III and IV showed the precipitin bands in the immuno-diffusion tests.
Especially antigen IV was the strongest reaction against the sera from RH strain and Beverley strain. In agar-gel immunoelectrophoresis, the immunized sera against the crude antigen showed 8 arcs. But the infected sera against the crude antigen showed 4 or 5 arcs. The immunized sera against the fractionated antigens II, III, IV, V, VI showed arcs, but against the fractionated antigen IV showed 6 arcs and in the antigens II, III, V, VI showed l or 2 arcs only. On the other hand, the infected sera against the fractionated antigens IV showed 4 arcs, II and III showed the l arcs, which was the most weak of all.
A total of 100 hookworm infested patients were divided into two groups. One group of 49 received pyrantel embonate in a single oral dose of 10 mg as the base per kg body weight and the other group of 51 a single oral dose of 5.0 gm bephenium hydroxynaphthoate for a comparison of efficacy on hookworm infestation and other intestinal helminths. Forty-two(85.7%) cases of hookworm treated with pyrantel embonate were cured and there was a 99.9 per cent mean reduction in fecal egg count. Of the 51 patients who received bephenium hydroxynaphthoate complete cure occurred in 76.5 per cent and the mean reduction in fecal egg count was 91.8 per cent.
These results plus the lower incidence of side effects recorded in the pyrnatel group suggest that pyrantel embonate is the more desirable trestment. Pyrantel embonate was highly effective against Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichostrongylus orientalis and both drugs were moderately effective against Trichuris trichiura. During the course of the study measurements of hematology, biochemistry and examinations of urine specimens were carried out. All values were normal throughout the study and no significant difference was observed between pyrantel embonate and bephenium hydroxynaphthoate treated subjects. Side effects were more common in the bephenium hydroxynaphthoate treated group.
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The amount of labelled glucose incorporated into glycogen is 6 times as much as that of labelled mannose by the female worms. They excreted lactate of labelled glucose-origin 3-4 times as much as that of labelled mannose-origin. The amount of labelled glucose incorprated in worm bodies is about 3 times as much as that of labelled mannose. Male worms absorbed a half amount of glucose by female worms.
Paralelled with radioactivity studies mentioned above, chemical determinations of sugars, lactate, and glycogen were performed on the media prior and posterior to incubation and the worms. The results obtained from chemical determinations fairly agreed with those on lactate production and sugar consumption from radioactivity studies, but not on glycogen content of worms after incubation.
Chemical determination shows no glycogen synthesis in worms incubated in mannose media while the radioactivity of labelled mannose was detected, though it is very low in activity, from glycogen of worms in the media. Coupled with previously reported findings, results from the present study show mannose to be far less significant in the carbohydrate metabolism of Angiostrongylus cantonensis as compared with glucose.
Cytochemical demonstrations of lipase and nucleic acid in Trichomonas vaginalis were attempted. Modified Gomori tween method for lipase and acridine orange method for nucleic acid was applied. Trichomonas vaginalis incubated in the isolation mediurn (C.P.L.M.) were pooled and fixed using 0.1 N McIlvaine buffer saline and cold acetone for lipase and Walpole acetate buffer saline and acetic alcohol for nucleic acid. The results were obtained as follows: Activity of lipase and nucleic acid were recognized in the cytoplasm of T. vaginalis as scattered positive granules stained in blue yellow-green bright reddish color respectively. However these reactions were not shown in nucleus, nuclear membrane, undulating membrane etc. Present authos believe the negative finding of acridine orange staining in nucleus should be studied further.
A Study on glutamic pyruvic and oxaloacetic transaminase of different organs(e.g intestine, seminal vesicle, reticular tissue, uterus, ovary, testes) in Ascaris lumbricoides suis have been investigated. The activity of transaminase were determined on the whole homogenates and subcellular fractions separated by differential centrifugation. The activity of glutamic pyruvic and oxaloacetic were assayed by colorimetric method of Reitman-Frankel. The results were obtained as follows: About ninty percent of the glutamic pyruvic and oxaloacetic transaminase in different organs was found to be localized in the supernatant fraction with the separation of differential centrifugation. And it was found that ten percent of glutamic pyruvic and oxaloacetic transaminase exists in the mitochondrial fraction. The specific activity of glutamic oxaloacetic transnaminase in different organs was relatively higher than the glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity.
Human sparganosis in Korea was discussed on the bases of five human cases experienced by the present authors and 58 case records already reported by many previous authors, in aspects of epidemiology and clinical features. Sparganosis is not infrequent tissue helminthiasis now in Korea and the incidence has been evidently increased during past 10 years.
It might be interpreted that improved medical delivery system and health care exposed the hidden but prevalent disease. The distribution of sparganosis in Korea is apparently subdivided into three major endemic areas; Kyunggi Do, Kyungsang Do and Hamkyung Nam Do. Although scanty in other areas of Korea, the distribution of this disease is presumably throughout the whole peninsula of Korea except Cheju Do. The majority of human cases of sparganosis in Korea has revealed raw consuming of snakes for treatment of tuberculosis, syphilis and joint pain, for tonics and for the belief of special nutrition among very limited group of Korean population. Because of this kinds of mode of infection, comprising four fifths of all cases, the majority of cases detected were male adult consisting of about 70% of total cases. And drinking of untreated water in rural area where no protective, sanitary measures for water sources were provided in the past, seems another important causes of infection especially in women and children in Korea. Thus it may be concluded that sparganosis in Korea is concluded by eating of infective stages per os voluntarily or involuntarily, but not through the direct invasion.
Clinically, subcutaneous mass or lump was the most frequent problem in those patients and those masses were associated with inflammatory signs. By the anatomical location of the lesion, some peculiar manifestations could be developed as in orbital, abdominal, urethral, ureteral and vertebral cases. And the lesions could be complicated by haemorrhage or abscess formations. The larval worms hitherto collected in Korea has been identified tentatively as Sparganum mansoni because neither branched larvae nor Sparganum proliferum were ever reported.
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Cerebral sparganosis: analysis of 34 cases with emphasis on CT features K. H. Chang, J. G. Chi, S. Y. Cho, M. H. Han, D. H. Han, M. C. Han Neuroradiology.1992; 34(1): 1. CrossRef
Sparganosis in the spinal canal with partial block: an uncommon infection Y. D. Cho, J. D. Huh, Y. S. Hwang, H. K. Kim Neuroradiology.1992; 34(3): 241. CrossRef
Cerebral sparganosis caused by Spirometra mansonoides Arturo Landero, Fortino Hernandez, Mario A. Abasolo, D. Antonio Rechy, Patricia Nuñez Journal of Neurosurgery.1991; 75(3): 472. CrossRef
Single step purification of potent antigenic protein from sparganum by gelatin-affinity chromatography Y Kong, S Y Kang, S Y Cho The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1991; 29(1): 1. CrossRef
Immunohistochemical observation on the antigens inducing IgG and IgM antibodies against sparganum C H Kim, W S Choi The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1991; 29(4): 339. CrossRef
Parasitic Diseases of the Central Nervous System Kee Hyun Chang, Seung Yull Cho, John R. Hesselink, Moon Hee Han, Man Chung Han Neuroimaging Clinics of North America.1991; 1(1): 159. CrossRef
Cestode infections in Korea D Y Min The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1990; 28(Suppl): 123. CrossRef
The fate of spargana inoculated into the cat brain and sequential changes of anti-sparganum IgG antibody levels in the cerebrospinal fluid K C Wang, S Huh, S T Hong, J Y Chai, K S Choi, S H Lee The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1990; 28(1): 1. CrossRef
Experimental life history of Spirometra erinacei S H Lee, J S We, W M Sohn, S T Hong, J Y Chai The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1990; 28(3): 161. CrossRef
The changes of histopathology and serum anti-sparganum IgG in experimental sparganosis of mice S T Hong, K J Kim, S Huh, Y S Lee, J Y Chai, S H Lee, Y S Lee The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1989; 27(4): 261. CrossRef
Sparganosis of the spinal cord C. F. Fung, Thomas H. K. Ng, W. T. Wong Journal of Neurosurgery.1989; 71(2): 290. CrossRef
Clinical Sparganosis in Hong Kong Thomas H.K. Ng, W.T. Wong, C.F. Fung, C.Y. Leung Journal of the Royal Society of Health.1989; 109(4): 138. CrossRef
Sparganosis of the brain Sze-Tong Chan, C. H. Tse, Y. S. Chan, Dawson Fong Journal of Neurosurgery.1987; 67(6): 931. CrossRef
Serological diagnosis of human sparganosis by means of micro-ELISA Hyuck Kim, Suk Il Kim, Seung Yull Cho The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1984; 22(2): 222. CrossRef
Two cases of human infection by adult of Spirometra erinacei Soon Hyung Lee, Jong Yil Chai, Byong Seol Seo, Seung Yull Cho The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1984; 22(1): 66. CrossRef
Intracranial sparganosis: an uncommon infection Karl Anders, Kevin Foley, W. Eugene Stern, W. Jann Brown Journal of Neurosurgery.1984; 60(6): 1282. CrossRef
An epidemiological study on zoonoses in Korea Hong Ki Min The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1981; 19(1): 60. CrossRef
Histopathologic study on human sparganosis Je Geun Chi, Hyun Sook Chi, Soon Hyung Lee The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1980; 18(1): 15. CrossRef
Sparganosis of the brain Katsuyoshi Mineura, Teruaki Mori Journal of Neurosurgery.1980; 52(4): 588. CrossRef
Intestinal perforation due to infection of Sparganum mansoni Hong Ki Min, Sang Ho Han, Sei Ok Yoon, Chang Hyun Oh The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1976; 14(1): 61. CrossRef
Studies on the inducing possibility of human visceral larva migrans associated with eating habit of raw liver of domestic animals Keun Tae Lee, Hong Ki Min, Pyung Rim Chung, Jae Kyung Chang The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1976; 14(1): 51. CrossRef
Prevalence of sparganum of frogs (Rana nigromaculata) in Dae-jeon area, Chung-nam, Korea Chong Hwan Kim, Dae Whan Shin The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1975; 13(2): 159. CrossRef
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