Five cases infected with Rhabditis sp. were detected in a survey to examine the stool specimen from rural primary school children. A large number of the larvae of Rhabditis sp. detected by the direct cellophane thick smear were cultured by the filter paper method. The examination was carried out in April through June 1980 in Tangjeong-Myon, Ahsan-Gun, and in September 1983 in Sandong-Eup, Yeongwol-Gun. The results obtained in this study were as follows: Prevalence: Out of 925 children, 5(0.54 percent) children were found to be positive. The number of the detected larvae was 110/0.1 gm of feces in case 1, 35 in case 2, 130 in case 3, 86 in case 4 and 62 in case 5.
Larvae: The larvae were prepared by means of the direct fecal smear and measured by a micrometer equipped in the microscope. Twelve(12) through 15-day old larvae in culture were 197.1 micrometer long in average, and the maximum size of the matured stage larvae was 884.0 x 25.9 micrometer.
However, the length variation was ranged as 173.0 to 884.0 micrometer. Adults: The size of clubbed adult female was 1,357 micrometer(1,176-1,419) in length and 80 micrometer(79-82) in width. Length of buccal cavity was 33 micrometer. A long cylindrical esophagus (273 micrometer) of the worms with a valved posterior cardiac bulb and with median bulbar swelling was morphologically indicated.
Distance from mouth to vulva was occupied 58 percent of body length. Male worm was 1,006 micrometer (890-1,148) in length and 49 micrometer(48-49) wide. Caudal alae of bursa and spicules (75 micrometer in length) were well developed.
Eggs: The oval shaped eggs in the female uterus, when cultured, were 66 x 56 micrometer in size, and the eggs laid by the adult could not be detected. So, reproduction might be through to be ovoviviparity. The five cases were re-examined during the period from the 1st to the 3rd week after stool examinations, but Rhabditis sp. were detected again in 4 cases in 1st week. When they were examined in 3rd week, larvae could not be detected . So, it was thought that the infection of Rhabditis sp. to humans was facultative.
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In order to determine the susceptible age of Enterobius vermicularis to anthelmintics and to observe the chronologic growth of female E. vermicularis in man, experimental infections were done. About 500 eggs were challenged to 19 volunteers. After 4, 8, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 35 days of infection, each case was treated by either mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate. On the 40th day of infection all cases including control were treated again to terminate the expermental infection and to evaluate the effect of previous treatment. Each case collected 3-day stools to harvest the expelled worms. The results could be summarized as follows: The infection rates of females were in range of 0.6-13.1% in control cases. Because the collected worms showed comparable growth and development by day, the worns were concluded to be derived from experimental infection. Cases that were treated with mebendazole on 4, 8 and 16 days after infection expelled 37.5%, 2.5% and 67.5% of the number expelled by a control case on the 40th day. Cases treated thereafter expelled no worms on the 40 days. Cases that were treated with pyrantel pamoates on 4, 8, 16, 24, 28, 32 and 35 days, expelled 90.7%, 25%, 45.3%, 8%, 2.7%, 5% and 29.3% of the number collected from control cases in respect. All the worms collected were females. The total body length increased consistently and comparably from the 20th day of infection. Those collected on the 20th day were 2.5-3.0 mm long with vigina, sac-like structure and strands of ovaries; 24 day-old worms may have short uterus, 28 day-old worms had long uterus without eggs, 32 day-old worms began to produce eggs, 35 day-old worms showed wide variations in egg deposit in uterus, and 40 day-old worms had uterus filled with eggs from vulva to anal levels. From the above results, it was inferred that the life span of female Enterobius vermicularis was longer than 40 days, and the developmental stages of worms younger than 16 days resisted considerably to both mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate.
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The infection status of the loaches, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, with the metacercariae of Echinostoma hortense, was studied in Korea. A total of 154 loaches purchased at 4 local makets (Seoul, Kimhae, Naju-gun and Kangjin-gun) were examined their infection rate as well as the density and location of the metacercariae in the fish body. The results are as follews: The loaches carrying the metecercariae of E. hortense were 64 (41.6%) in total number and the metacercarial density ranged 1-29 per infected loach with an average value of 8.1. The highest infection rate and metacercarial density were obtained from the loaches purchased at Kangjin-gun, Jeonranam-do. The metacercaria of E. hortense were chiefly distributed in the distal intestinal wall and the adjacent mesentery, the perianal tissues, and the head and gill of the loaches examined. From the results, it is concluded that the loach is one of the important second intermediate hosts of E. hortense in Korea, and their infection rate and metacercarial density are considerably high.
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Studies on Echinostoma spp. in the Chungju Reservoir and upper streams of the Namhan River Y S Ryang The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1990; 28(4): 221. CrossRef
Chronological observation of intestinal lesions of rats experimentally infected with Echinostoma hortense S H Lee, T Y Noh, W M Sohn, W G Kho, S T Hong, J Y Chai The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1990; 28(1): 45. CrossRef
An epidemiological suryey of Echinostoma hortense infection in Chongsong-gun, Kyongbuk province Sang Kum Lee, Nak Seung Chung, Ill Hyang Ko, Woon Mok Sohn, Sung Tae Hong, Jong Yil Chai, Soon Hyung Lee The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1988; 26(3): 199. CrossRef
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Studies on intestinal trematodes in Korea XVII. Development of egg lying capacity of Echinostoma hortense in albino rats and human experimental infection Byong Seol Seo, Kwang Seon Chun, Jong Yil Chai, Sung Jong Hong, Soon Hyung Lee The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1985; 23(1): 24. CrossRef
Metacercariae of Echinochasmus japonicus encysted in a fresh water fish, Pseudorasbora parva, and their development in experimental mice Jong Yil Chai, Song Jong Hong, Dong Woo Son, Soon Hyung Lee, Byong Seol Seo The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1985; 23(2): 221. CrossRef
The worm development and egg laying pattern of Echinostoma hortense(Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) were studied in albino rats and the brief clinical course was observed in human volunteers. A total of 21 rats were infected with 20-69 metecercariae each and two humans were with 7 and 27 metacercariae, which were collected from loaches. For recovery of worms, the rats were sacrificed at irregular intervals from the 6th to 150th day after infection and the human volunteers were treated with praziquantel and purged with magnesium salt on the 26-27th day. The stools of the rats and humans were examined for the eggs. The results were as follows: The worm recovery rate from the rats was not affected by the increase of infection time but varied individually; 9.1-50.0% (31.1% in average). From humans, 14.3% and 37.0% (32.4% in average) of challenged were recovered. In the rats, it was revealed that the worms rapidly grew for the first 14 days to become 7.59 mm in average length and 1.17 mm in average width but the growth became much slower thereafer until the 150th day; 7.95 mm in length on the 21th day, 9.04 mm on the 28th day, 10.21 mm on the 49th day and 12.62 mm on the 150th day. During the early stage of infection, the growth of genital organs(male or female) was expressed as sigmoid curves whereas non-genital organs(such as suckers) was simply as straight lines. The prepatent period of this fluke was 10-12 days in the rats and 16-17 days in men. After the start of oviposition, the egg production by the worms remarkably increased, reached maximum on the 32-33th day, followed by decrease thereafter.
The maximum value of E.P.G./worm was 390. The major subjective symptoms in human volunteers were abdominal pain and diarrhea during the early stage of infection. The results show that human is as susceptible as the rats to E.
hortense infection and the amount of egg production in the rats is greatly affected by the age of worms.
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Studies on Echinostoma spp. in the Chungju Reservoir and upper streams of the Namhan River Y S Ryang The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1990; 28(4): 221. CrossRef
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Two cases of human Echinostoma hortense infection and their probable infection source were identified by praziqantel (Distocide) treatment of the patients and by examining two kinds of fresh water fish which were eaten raw by them. The result of the research can be summarized as follows: The patients, each aged 31 and 30, were residing in the same house in Wonju City, Kangwon Province. The first case was hospitalized due to epidemic hemorrhagic fever (E.H. fever) and the second case was healthy but had slight degree of abdominal pain and diarrhea from time to time. In the stool examination, eggs of E. hortense (114.3 x 71.0 micrometer average from the first case and 119.1 x 68.3 micrometer average from the second) were found. By administering single dose of praziquantel (10~15 mg/kg) and purgation with magnesium salt to them, six adults of E. hortense were collected from the diarrheal stools of the second case. By examining 84 Moroco oxycephalus and 20 Carassius carassius which were captured at the place where the two patients had captured and eaten the fresh water fish, the metacercariae of Echinostoma sp. were found from 3 (3.5 percent) M.
oxycephalus. After the experimental infection of 3 isolated metacercariae to one albino rat three adults of E. hortense were recovered. By the present study, the two patients revealing the echinostomatid eggs in their stools were proven to be infected with E. hortense and to be the second and third human cases of this fluke infection in Korea.
Moroco oxycephalus harboured the metacercariae of E.
hortense and appeared to be a new second intermediate host.
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Studies on Echinostoma spp. in the Chungju Reservoir and upper streams of the Namhan River Y S Ryang The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1990; 28(4): 221. CrossRef
Chronological observation of intestinal lesions of rats experimentally infected with Echinostoma hortense S H Lee, T Y Noh, W M Sohn, W G Kho, S T Hong, J Y Chai The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1990; 28(1): 45. CrossRef
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Two cases of natural human infection by Echinostoma hortense Sang Kum Lee, Nak Seung Chung, Ill Hyang Ko, Haeng Ill Ko, Jong Yil Chai The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1986; 24(1): 77. CrossRef
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Echinostoma hortense metacercariae naturally encysted in Odontobutis obscura interrupta (a freshwater fish) and experimental infection to rats Yung Kyum Ahn, Yong Suk Ryang, Pyung Rim Chung, Keun Tae Lee The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1985; 23(2): 230. CrossRef
Studies on intestinal tematodes in Korea XVI. Infection status of loaches with the metacercariae of Echinostoma hortense Jong Yil Chai, Sung Jong Hong, Woon Mok Sohn, Soon Hyung Lee, Byong Seol Seo The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1985; 23(1): 18. CrossRef
Metacercariae of Echinochasmus japonicus encysted in a fresh water fish, Pseudorasbora parva, and their development in experimental mice Jong Yil Chai, Song Jong Hong, Dong Woo Son, Soon Hyung Lee, Byong Seol Seo The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1985; 23(2): 221. CrossRef
Studies on intestinal trematodes in Korea XX. Four cases of natural human infection by Echinochasmus japonicus Byong Seol Seo, Soon Hyung Lee, Jong Yil Chai, Sung Jong Hong The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1985; 23(2): 214. CrossRef
The therapeutic effect of praziquantel on Fibricola seoulensis infection were studied by experimental infection of albino rats with the metacercariae obtained from the snakes. Total 51 albino rats were infected each with 500 or 1,000 metacercariae in number through intragastric tubes.
One or four weeks later the rats were treated with 1, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg sigle dose of praziquantel and sacrificed after 3 days or 10-120 minutes to search for the worms in their small intestine. The worms recovery rate at 3 days after the treatment was 10.7% in 1 mg/kg does group and 0.03-0.2% in 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg group, while that of untreated control was 51.3%. The minimum effective dose to treat F. seoulensis infection in the rats is considered to be 5 mg/kg in sigle dose. By observing the distribution pattern of worms in the small intestine after the treatment, dislodgment of the worms froms the duodenum, thier normal habitat, to the lower portion was recognizable within as early as 10 minutes. The majority of worms was found to have descended to the ileo-caecal portion after 60-120 minutes.
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Observation of mucosal pathology after praziquantel treatment in experimental Fibricola seoulensis infection in rats S H Lee, B I Kim, S T Hong, W M Sohn, J Y Chai The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1989; 27(1): 35. CrossRef
Studies on intestinal trematodes in Korea XIX. Light and scanning electron microscopy of Fibricola seoulensis collected from albino rats treated with praziquantel Byong Seol Seo, In June Cha, Jong Yil Chai, Sung Jong Hong, Soon Hyung Lee The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1985; 23(1): 47. CrossRef
An experimental study was performed to observe the in vivo effects of praziquantel on the light and scanning electron microscopic morphology of Fibricola seoulensis. The metacercariae were obtained from the snakes and 1,000 in each number was orally given to total 15 albino rats; 5 controls and 10 treatment group. Seven days later the 10 rats were treated with 10 mg/kg praziquantel and sacrificed 1-24 hours later to search for the worms from their small intestines. The major light microscopic changes in the drug-exposed worms were early contraction followed by relaxation of especially their forebody, vacuolization of the tegument and subtegumental parechymal layers, and narrowing of the intestinal lumens. The scanning electron microscopic findings were characterized by formation of numerous blebs followed by rupture and subsequent destruction of their whole tegument. These results show that the change in worm body is not confined to the tegument but extends to deeper parechymal portions and also occurs in their intestines. It is suggested that the drug uptake by the worms should be either through their tegument or through the digestive tract.
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Effect of Praziquantel on the Tegument and Digestive Epithelium Ultrastructure ofBrachylaimasp. Metacercariae Parasitizing the Edible Land SnailCornu aspersum Laia Gállego, Mercedes Gracenea Journal of Parasitology.2016; 102(5): 520. CrossRef
Praziquantel Treatment in Trematode and Cestode Infections: An Update Jong-Yil Chai Infection & Chemotherapy.2013; 45(1): 32. CrossRef
Collection of Clonorchis sinensis adult worms from infected humans after praziquantel treatment Chenghua Shen, Jae-hwan Kim, Jeong-Keun Lee, Young Mee Bae, Min-Ho Choi, Jin-Kyoung Oh, Min Kyung Lim, Hai-Rim Shin, Sung-Tae Hong The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2007; 45(2): 149. CrossRef
The life cycle and larval development of Fibricola seoulensis (Trematoda: Diplostomatidae) Byong Seol Seo, Soon Hyung Lee, Jong Yil Chai, Sung Jong Hong, Sung Tae Hong The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1988; 26(3): 179. CrossRef
In vitro effect of praziquantel on Paragonimus westermani by light and scanning electron microscopic observation Soon Hyung Lee, Ho Jin Park, Sung Jong Hong, Jong Yil Chai, Sung Tae Hong The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1987; 25(1): 24. CrossRef
Studies on intestinal trematodes in Korea XX. Four cases of natural human infection by Echinochasmus japonicus Byong Seol Seo, Soon Hyung Lee, Jong Yil Chai, Sung Jong Hong The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1985; 23(2): 214. CrossRef
A histopathological study was carried out on the duodenum of mice and rats experimentally infected by F. seoulensis. Each mouse was infected wit 500 metacercariae and killed after 1, 2, 3 days, 1 and 2 weeks from infection. Each rat was given 1,000 metacercariae and was examined after 1, 2, and 4 weeks from infection. The duodenal tissue sections of mice and rats were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and PAS stained for the rats of 1 week group. The pathological findings are summarized as below. There were no differences in mucosal findings between the mice and the rats, adn between the location of duodenum, 1 and 5 cm distal to the pylorus. Each worm embraced a villus exclusively with its foliate forebody which was inserted into the intervillous spaces. The fluke pinched villous epithelia using its oral and ventral suckers. The tribocytic organ destroyed the villous epithelia deeply up to the stroma after 3 days from infection. Apparent villous changes were observed in the mice after 3 days from infection. Villous changes were shortening, widening, blunting or fusion. The villous stroma showed edema, microscopic hemorrhage, capillary congestion, dilatation of lymphatics and inflammatory cell infiltration.
The cells were lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils and giant cells. Rarely submucosal and transmural inflammation was encountered.
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Apodemus agrarius as a new definitive host for Neodiplostomum seoulense Jong-Yil Chai, Jae-Hwan Park, Sang-Mee Guk, Jae-Lip Kim, Hyo-Jin Kim, Won-Hee Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Terry A. Klein, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Jin-Won Song, Luck-Ju Baek The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2007; 45(2): 157. CrossRef
T-HELPER-1 AND T-HELPER-2 IMMUNE RESPONSES IN MICE INFECTED WITH THE INTESTINAL FLUKE NEODIPLOSTOMUM SEOULENSE: THEIR POSSIBLE ROLES IN WORM EXPULSION AND HOST FATALITY Eun-Hee Shin, Sang-Hyup Lee, Jae-Lip Kim, Yun-Kyu Park, Jong-Yil Chai Journal of Parasitology.2007; 93(5): 1036. CrossRef
MIGRATION OF NEODIPLOSTOMUM LEEI (DIGENEA: NEODIPLOSTOMIDAE) NEODIPLOSTOMULA TO THE LIVERS OF VARIOUS MAMMALS Eun-Hee Shin, Il-Myung Kim, Jae-Lip Kim, Eun-Taek Han, Yun-Kyu Park, Yukifumi Nawa, Jina Kook, Soon-Hyung Lee, Jong-Yil Chai Journal of Parasitology.2006; 92(2): 223. CrossRef
Effects of anti-allergic drugs on intestinal mastocytosis and worm expulsion of rats infected with Neodiplostomum seoulense Eun-Hee Shin, Tae-Heung Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Jae-Hwan Park, Sang-Mee Guk, Jong-Yil Chai The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2003; 41(2): 81. CrossRef
Food-borne intestinal trematode infections in the Republic of Korea Jong-Yil Chai, Soon-Hyung Lee Parasitology International.2002; 51(2): 129. CrossRef
A review of Gymnophalloides seoi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) and human infections in the Republic of Korea Soon-Hyung Lee, Jong-Yil Chai The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2001; 39(2): 85. CrossRef
Intestinal histopathology and in situ postures of Gymnophalloides seoi in experimentally infected mice Jong-Yil Chai, Hong-Soon Lee, Sung-Jong Hong, Jae Hyung Yoo, Sang-Mee Guk, Min Seo, Min-Ho Choi, Soon-Hyung Lee The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2001; 39(1): 31. CrossRef
Genetic Difference in Susceptibility and Fatality of Three Strains of Mice Experimentally Infected withNeodiplostomum seoulense J-Y. Chai, E-H. Shin, E-T. Han, S-M. Guk, M-H. Choi, S-H. Lee Journal of Parasitology.2000; 86(5): 1140. CrossRef
IgA response in mice infected with Neodiplostomum seoulensis S Huh, S U Lee, M H Won, Y G Jeong, Y H Kwon, C S Choi The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1995; 33(1): 55. CrossRef
The effect of reinfection with Neodiplostomum seoulensis on the histopathology and activities of brush border membrane bound enzymes in the rat small intestine J R Yu, S T Hong, J Y Chai, S H Lee The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1995; 33(1): 37. CrossRef
Worm recovery rate and small intestinal lesions of albino rats coinfected with Fibricola seoulensis and Metagonimus yokogawai S J Hong, H C Woo, S Y Lee, J H Ahn, C K Park, J Y Chai, S H Lee The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1993; 31(2): 109. CrossRef
Transmission electron microscopic findings of the tribocytic organ of Fibricola seoulensis S Huh, H B Song The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1993; 31(4): 315. CrossRef
Histochemical findings of the tribocytic organ and tegument of Fibricola seoulensis S Huh, S H Lee, B S Seo The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1990; 28(3): 155. CrossRef
Chronological observation of intestinal lesions of rats experimentally infected with Echinostoma hortense S H Lee, T Y Noh, W M Sohn, W G Kho, S T Hong, J Y Chai The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1990; 28(1): 45. CrossRef
Experimental human infection with Fibricola cratera (Trematoda: Neodiplostomidae) W L Shoop The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1989; 27(4): 249. CrossRef
Comparative growth and development of the metacercariae of Fibricola seoulensis (Trematoda: Diplostomidae) in vitro, in vivo and on the chick chorioallantois B S Seo The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1989; 27(4): 231. CrossRef
Observation of mucosal pathology after praziquantel treatment in experimental Fibricola seoulensis infection in rats S H Lee, B I Kim, S T Hong, W M Sohn, J Y Chai The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1989; 27(1): 35. CrossRef
Clinical and histopathological findings in mice heavily infected with Fibricola seoulensis Sun Huh, Jong Yil Chai, Sung Tae Hong, Soon Hyung Lee The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1988; 26(1): 45. CrossRef
Intestinal helminthiases and human health: Recent advances and future needs Zbigniew S. Pawlowski International Journal for Parasitology.1987; 17(1): 159. CrossRef
Studies on intestinal trematodes in Korea XVIII. Effects of praziquantel in the treatment of Fibricola seoulensis infection in albino rats Soon Hyung Lee, Jong Yil Chai, Byoug Seol Seo The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1985; 23(1): 41. CrossRef
A total of 220 tadpoles was captured in 6 areas and total 117 frogs, Rana nigromaculata, were collected in 11 areas in Korea. They were examined for their infecion status by the metacercariae of Fibricola seoulensis by peptic digestion technique and by histological observation with hematoxylin-eosin staining. This study was carried out from August 1983 to September 1984. Followings are the results.
The tadpoles of R. nigromaculata were positive for the metacercariae from 3.3 percent to 100 percent by area. The number of metacercariae per infected tadpole ranged from 1 to 584, and the mean number per tadpole ranged from 7.6 to 221 by area. The metacercariae from 16 tadpoles were counted by the body portion. A great majority of the metacercariae was collected from abdominal cavity, 98.3 percent of 484 counted larvae. And 6(1.2 percent) larvae were from proximal tail and 2(0.4 percent) from trunk. Histological sections of tadpoles showed many metacercariae in abdominal cavity but none in other parts. The larvae were free in the spaces among intestinal loops or around primitive liver. A few larvae were in duct-like tissues near trunk wall. There was little infiltration of inflammatory cells. The metacercarial infection rates of frogs ranged from 0 percent to 100 percent by area. The larval burden was 1 to 470 by infected frogs, and mean number ranged from 1 to 175.6 by area. By above results, it is suggested that the cercariae of F.
seoulensis may infect R. nigromaculata already in the stage of tadpole. Almost all of the metacercariae were concentrated in abdominal cavity of tadpoles. According to the infection status of frogs, this fluke is prevalent almost nation-widely in rice paddies in Korea.
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The life cycle and larval development of Fibricola seoulensis (Trematoda: Diplostomatidae) Byong Seol Seo, Soon Hyung Lee, Jong Yil Chai, Sung Jong Hong, Sung Tae Hong The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1988; 26(3): 179. CrossRef
Growth and development of Fibricola seoulensis metacercariae in tadpoles Soon Hyung Lee, Shon Moon Shin, Sung Tae Hong, Woon Mok Sohn, Jong Yil Chai, Byong Seol Seo The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1986; 24(2): 109. CrossRef
The effect of temperature and salinity on maturation and hatching of Fibricola seoulensis eggs Soon Hyung Lee, Ho Jin Lee, Sung Tae Hong, Sun Huh, Byong Seol Seo The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1986; 24(2): 115. CrossRef
In order to judge appropriately the suitability as the second intermediate host of Clonorchis sinensis, the present experiments were proposed to survey the metacercaria of C.
sinensis in the fish host, Cultriculus eigenmanni, in the field, and to observe, by experimental infection of the fish with Clonorchis cercaria, the penetrating ability of the cercaria, maturity, the process of degeneration and extinction, and infectivity of the metacercaria. The following is a brief summary of the leading facts gained through the experiments. All the ten fish (mean body weight 13.4 +/- 3.43 g) which were caught in Ok-ku irrigation reservoir were infected with the metacercariae and the average number of the metacercariae found in the fish body/gram was 4.55. The fish was easily subject to invasion of the cercaria, and the examination of the cercariae after having the fish infected disclosed that 24 hours after the infection, all of the cercariae formed their cysts in muscle and the metacercariae kept growing, that 7 days later the metacercariae were found folding their bodies twice, and that in 15 days the characteristic structure of the metacercariae was complete and made a vigorous rotary movement intermittently. In the case of control fish, Pseudorasbora parva, both penetrating ability of the cercariae and the infective degree of the metacercariae to control host were stronger as compared with the fish host because that the control fish had higher suceptibility to C.
sinensis. Afterwards, the metacercariae in the fish host came to a state of maturity and beyond this stage some metacercariae started the process of degeneration and extinction in as early as 30 days, and as more days elapsed, mortality of the metacercariae was not uniformly increased but difference of mortality appeared to be according to the individual of fish host. That is, in 390, 540 and 586 days, all of the metacercariae in the fish hosts became dead, meanwhile almost all of those found in the fish host of 596 days after the infection survived (mortality; 8.51 percent).
Percentage of orally administered metacercariae developing to maturity in rabbit is 10.46 percent in the last case. As the days were progressed the shapes of the metacercariae in the fish host tended to change from ellipsoid to almost round shapes, the length became shorter while the width was wider. The results shown above revealed that C. eigenmanni was, though it could not be proper host than P. parva, suitable as the second intermediate host in addition to our previous observation results.
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Korean molluscs as auxiliary hosts for parasites: A study of implications for pathogen transmission in a changing climate Gab-Man Park The Korean Journal of Malacology.2012; 28(1): 13. CrossRef
The seasonal variations of the rate and intensity of metacercarial infection of C. sinensis in P. parva were observed. The fish were collected at Sun-Am river which located in Kim-Hae City, Kyong-Sang-Nam Do(=Province), Korea, from March 1983 to February 1984 every month. A total of 788 fish was examined. The number of metacercariae in each fish was individually counted after the individual digestion by artificial gastric juice. The result was as follows: During one year, 513(65.1%) out of 788 fish were infected with metacercariae. In May, June, July and September, the infection rates ranged from 82. 0 % to 98. 6% whereas the rates was relatively low in March, April, November and February raning from 11. 4% to 64.7%. The intensity of infection was similar with those of infection rates. The mean intensity per infected fish was 103.0 and standard deviation was 118.9 throughout one year. The highest mean intenstiy was in June(294. 8) and the lowest in Novebmver(11.1). The observed frequency of fish with certain intensities of metcercariae were fitted to theoretical equations derived from negative binomial distribution in March, April, November and February(p>0.05). Meanwhile, the equation of lognormal distribution were fitted with the observed frequencies in May, June, July and September(p>0.05, p>0.75). The variance/mean ratio varied by month. The value was the highest in July(814.3) and the lowest in November(158.8). Unlike our hypothesis, the metacercarial density of Clonorchis sinensis in its the most favourable fish host, Pseudorasbora parva showed considerable seasonal variations in the hyperendemic area.
The possible factors were discussed.
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Fascioliasis in cattle is one of the most common and very serious trematode diseases in Korea. In the present study, the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied in the diagnosis of fascioliasis using antigen of Fasciola hepatica, peroxidase of conjugate anti-cattle IgG and orthophenylenediamine as a substrate by micro-method technique of Voller et al. (1976b) and MacLaren (1978) with a slight modification. Results obtained from the present study are as follows: In assay for optimal dilution of stock antigen, the antigen (protein contents; 0.8 mg/ml) was diluted from 1/50 to 1/600 with carbonate buffer (pH 9.6), and then absorbance values were measured with 1/100 diluted sera. The regression equations between the OD values of ELISA and dilution of antigen were log Y=-0.181-0.00127X in infected sera, and log Y= -0.578- 0.000879X in normal sera.
The significantly higher (p<0.05) OD value was observed in the former. In assay for optimal dilution of sera, the sera were diluted from 1/25 to 1/400 with in PBS/ Tween 20(pH 7.4), and absorbance values were measured with 1/200 diluted antigen. The regression equation between the OD values of ELISA and dilution of sera were log Y=-0.1540-0.0007238X in infected sera and log Y=-0.4834-0.00116X in normal sera. The former was higher than the latter (p<0.05). In the 27 cases of negative intradermal test, OD values of the ELISA are 0.447 +/- 0.144, the 95 percent confidence interval (Mean+2 x SD) of the values was 0.735, and there was no case over the values. Therefore, the sensitivity of the antigen to diagnose fascioliasis was 100 percent in the negative case.
The OD value 0.7 which is designed as a criterion (detection level of positive one) is useful for the performance of the ELISA in fascioliasis. According to the OD value of criterion in the regression equations, the optimal dilutions of stock antigen and serum were 1/250 and 1/100, respectively. In the 58 cases of fascioliasis from which the adult could be found in the bile ducts, the OD value was 0.846+0.224(-0.224). The 75 percent (44 cattle) among them had higher value with compared to the criterion, and the 60 percent (20 cattle) of the cases of proliferative cholangitis of 33 cattle which had been infected previousely with Fasciola sp. is higher than the criterion. Prevalence of fascioliasis was 43.4 percent in the application of the ELISA to 272 cattle which were reared in Jeonbug district.
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Fractionation of antigen for ELISA of bovine fascioliasis Jae Ku Rhee, Byeong Kirl Baek, John Hwa Lee The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1986; 24(2): 171. CrossRef
In order to determine the epidemiological pattern of the Paragonimus westermani, the infestation rates of the cercarial and metacercarial larvae of digenetic trematodes in the snail and crayfish host, and the prevalence of Paragonimus westermani among the residents in the vicinity of the stream Namdae, Wyangpi, and Kwang, in the Ulchin county, Kyungpook province were studied from March to October in 1984. The population density of the snails per square meter of the habitats ranged form 5 to 25, with average of 15. Among the seven habitats, one, Ducheon, had snails infested with the cercariae of Paragonimus westermani, and the proportion of infested snails was very low, the average being 0.152 per thousand. Of six hundred and four crayfish examined, 113 or 18.7 per cent harboured the encysted larvae of Paragonimus westermani. A high infestation rate for the metacercariae in the crayfish was found in two habitats; 39.0 per cent in the Ducheon and 21.6 per cent in the Sokwang. The prevalence of Paragonimus westermani among the residents in Ulchin county was relatively high, 25.8 per cent by the Paragonimus intradermal tests and the difference in the rate of infection between males and females was found to be significant(t>2). The results obtained in this study indicate that endemic foci of Paragonimus westermani exist in Ulchin county and the prevalence of this lung fluke among the residents is relatviely high.
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The present study was performed to observe the ultrastructure of the integument of adult Paragonimus westermani. Dogs experimentally infected with 60 metacercariae of P. westermani were autopsied 4 months after the infection. Adult P. westermani were extracted from the dogs and the fine structure was studied by means of scanning and transmission electron microscope. The findings are as follows: Scanning electron microscopic findings showed that the spines and the papillae are distributed at whole body surface but the well developed spines or papaillae are shown around the oral suckrer and ventral sucker. At the end of the body, excretory pore was found, the shape was irregular.
Transmission electron microscopic findings showed that plasma membrane, tegument, basal lamina, connective tissue, circular muscle layer, longitudinal muscle layer, nerve axon and tegumental cell were observed. In higher magnification, plasma membrane and bar-shaped granules were found at the outer surface of the tegument.
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Paragonimus and paragonimiasis in Korea D W Choi The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1990; 28(Suppl): 79. CrossRef
Tegumental ultrastructures of Paragonimus iloktsuenensis according to the developmental stages S H Lee, S J Kim, J Y Chai, W M Sohn The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1989; 27(1): 57. CrossRef
Ultrastructural studies on the surface of Paragonimus westermani metacercaria Kyong Min Kim, Myoung Hee Ahn, Duk Young Min The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1987; 25(2): 129. CrossRef
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The present survey was undertaken to observe the geographical distribution of metacercaria among the sweetfish, Plecoglossus altivelis, the most important second intermediate host of Metagonimus yokogawai, which were collected during the period from 1983 to 1984 in south-eastern coastal areas of Korea. The results obtained were summarized as follows: A total of 668 sweetfish collected from 70 chons (=streams) in the above coasta1 areas was examined for the metacercariae, and 432(64.7 percent) among them were infected with metacercariae of M.
yokogawai. The mean number of metacercariae in a fish was in the range from 0 to 29,604 and the mean number of the metacercariae in a fish was 640.3. It was observed that the mean infection rate showed 46.4 percent in Gangweon-Do (=province). The infection rates varied from stream to stream showing 100 percent in Namdae stream(Gangnun-city), Obsib-stream(Samchok-gun) and Dongmak, 95.0 percent in Hosan stream, 90.0 percent in Gungchon stream, and Namdae stream (Yangyang-up), 80.0 percent in Hwasang stream, 50.0 percent in Daebong stream, 45.0 percent in Yonghwa stream, 30.0 percent in Sangchon stream and Sachon stream, 20.0 percent in Munam stream and Okgyoe stream, 15.0 percent in Imweon stream, 10.0 percent in Namchon stream. And no metacercarial infections in their fish host were found in the areas of Mulchi stream, Sangun stream, Gosamun stream, Jonchon stream snd Gagok stream. It was observed that the mean infection rate showed 50.9 percent in Kyongsangbuk-Do(=province). The infection rates also varied from stream to stream showing 100 percent in Songchon stream, Osib stream (Yongdok-gun) and Daejong stream, 60.0 percent in Pyonghae stream snd Gunmu stream, 50.0 percent in Buhwung stream, 25.0 percent in Nagok stream, 20.0 percent in Oangbi stream, 10.0 percent in Namhodong stream. And no metacercarial infections in their fish host were found in the areas of Namdae stream (Uljinup) and Choksan stream. It was observed that the mean infection rate showed 67.6 percent in Kyongsangnam-Do(=province). The infection rates varied from stream to stream showing 100 percent in Taehwa river, Hwiya river, Inchon stream, Miryang river, Nam river, Hwagae stream, Koha stream, Sosang stream, and Tongchon stream, 90.9 percent in Yoncho stream, 90.0 percent in Hoihwa stream, 80.0 percent in Chindong stream, 66.7 percent in Chingyo stream, 40.0 percent in Hoyam river. And no metacercarial infections in their fish host were found in the areas of Chinjon stream, Sanchon stream and Jukchon stream. It was observed that the mean infection rate showed 94.6 percent in Chollanam-Do(=province). The infection rates varied from stream to stream showing 100 percent in Dongchon stream, Isachon stream, Somjin river (Goksong-gun), Somjin river (Kurye-gun), Sosi stream, Gokchon stream, Kohung stream, Kwansan stream, Youi stream, Unjon stream and Apnae stream, 92.3 percent in Tamjin river, 90.9 percent in Okkok stream, 84.6 percent in Songgun stream. And no metacercarial infections in their fish host were found in the area of Yongok stream. On the other hand, the infection rate showed 100 percent in Inchon river of Chollabuk-Do (=province) and Kangon stream of Cheju-Do (=province).
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Prevalence ofMetagonimusMetacercariae in Sweetfish,Plecoglossus altivelis, from Eastern and Southern Coastal Areas in Korea Shin-Hyeong Cho, Tong-Soo Kim, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(2): 161. CrossRef
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Decrease of Metagonimus yokogawai Endemicity along the Tamjin River Basin Jin-Ju Lee, Hyo-Jin Kim, Min-Jae Kim, Jo Woon Yi Lee, Bong-Kwang Jung, Ji-Youn Lee, Eun-Hee Shin, Jae-Lip Kim, Jong-Yil Chai The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2008; 46(4): 289. CrossRef
A survey of Heterophyes nocens and Pygidiopsis summa metacercariae in mullets and gobies along the coastal areas of the Republic of Korea Sang-Mee Guk, Eun-Hee Shin, Jae-Lip Kim, Woon-Mok Sohn, Kwang-Sun Hong, Cheong-Ha Yoon, Soon-Hyung Lee, Han-Jong Rim, Jong-Yil Chai The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2007; 45(3): 205. CrossRef
Food-borne intestinal trematode infections in the Republic of Korea Jong-Yil Chai, Soon-Hyung Lee Parasitology International.2002; 51(2): 129. CrossRef
High endemicity of Metagonimus yokogawai infection among residents of Samchok-shi, Kangwon-do Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Taek Han, Yun-Kyu Park, Sang-Mee Guk, Jae-Lip Kim, Soon-Hyung Lee The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2000; 38(1): 33. CrossRef
Two endemic foci of heterophyids and other intestinal fluke infections in southern and western coastal areas in Korea JY Chai, TE Song, ET Han, SM Guk, YK Park, MH Choi, SH Lee The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1998; 36(3): 155. CrossRef
Classification and host specificity of Metagonimus spp. from Korean freshwater fish H J Rim, K H Kim, K H Joo The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1996; 34(1): 7. CrossRef
Invasion of Metagonimus yokogawai into the submucosal layer of the small intestine of immunosuppressed mice J Y Chai, J Kim, S H Lee The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1995; 33(4): 313. CrossRef
An epidemiological study of metagonimiasis along the upper reaches of the Namhan River J Y Chai, S Huh, J R Yu, J Kook, K C Jung, E C Park, W M Sohn, S T Hong, S H Lee The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1993; 31(2): 99. CrossRef
Three morphological types of the genus Metagonimus encysted in the dace, Tribolodon taczanowskii, caught from the Sumjin River J Y Chai, W M Sohn, M H Kim, S T Hong, S H Lee The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1991; 29(3): 217. CrossRef
Infection status of sweetfish from Kwangjung-stream and Namdae-stream in Yangyang-gun, Kangwon-do with the metacercariae ofMetagonimus yokogawai W M Sohn, S T Hong, J Y Chai, S H Lee The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1990; 28(4): 253. CrossRef
Intestinal trematodes of humans in Korea: Metagonimus, heterophyids and echinostomes J Y Chai, S H Lee The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1990; 28(Suppl): s103. CrossRef
Epidemiological survey on Metagonimus yokogawai infection in the eastern coast area of Kangwon-province, Korea Yung Kyum Ahn, Pyung Rim Chung, Keun Tae Lee, Chin Thack Soh The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1987; 25(1): 59. CrossRef
Studies on the Metagonimus fluke in the Daecheong reservoir and the upper stream of Geum river, Korea Chong Hwan Kim, Nam Man Kim, Chan Hyun Lee, Jin Suk Park The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1987; 25(1): 69. CrossRef
In order to determine the seasonal prevalence and population density of vector mosquitoes in Kyungpook province, a survey based on average number of female mosquito per trap-night, were carried out during the period from May to November in 1984. Among the 34,571 mosquitoes collected in Kyungsan county in animal shelters and human dwellings by light traps, approximately 45.0 % were Culex tritaeniorhynchus, 34. 0 % per cent Culex pipiens pallens, and 19.0 per cent Anopheles sinensis. By comparison, distribution of mosquito species in Ankang town, in which Japanese encephalitis had been reported in the past, were quite different and A.
sinensis was the most abundant species, being constituted in 75.8 per cent, followed by C. tritaeniorhynchus(23. 2 percent), and C. pipiens pallens(0. 6 per cent). In the general patten of seasonal prevalence, C. tritaeniorhynchus first appeared in mid-June, and trapped in large numbers during the periods from mid-August to early September, showing a simple sharply pointed one-peaked curve, while C.
pipiens pallens was found to be active through almost the entire season showing irregular curves with several peaks.
The trend of seasonal distribution of A. sinensis was similar to that of C. tritaeniorhynchus, but the earliest dates of appearance and disappearance different form that of C. tritaeniorhynchus. The results of hourly catches of mosquitoes by human baited traps have clearly shown the differences in the biting rhythm among the vector mosquitoes of this province, such as the facts that C.
tritaeniorhynchus and A. sinensis are rather constantly active all through a night with more or less inconspicuous peaks twice a night, while C. pipiens pallens exhibits an irregular curve, and the numbers of A. vexans nipponii, C.
vagans and Armigeres subalbatus are very small and are not sufficient for estimating the biting rhythm. Four genera and fourteen species of larval mosquitoes collected from eighteen kinds of habitats which classified according to the categories followed by Bates(1949). The main breeding sites contributing to peak C. tritaeniorhynchus adult densities in this surveyed areas were evidently ricefields, ground pools, puddles and swamps and marshes, etc. Summarizing the results, this study indicated that the highest population density of C. tritaeniorhynchus was encountered in late August and early September, showing simple sharply pointed one-peaked curve.
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Morphological and Genetic Differences between Mosquitoes Culex vagans Wiedemann, 1828 and Culex torrentium Martini, 1925 (Diptera, Culicidae) M. V. Fedorova, E. V. Shaikevich, K. A. Sycheva, A. V. Khalin, I. M. Makhinova, L. A. Ganushkina Entomological Review.2021; 101(6): 767. CrossRef
Late season commercial mosquito trap and host seeking activity evaluation against mosquitoes in a malarious area of the Republic of Korea Douglas A. Burkett, Won-Ja Lee, Kwan-Woo Lee, Heung-Chul Kim, Hee-Il Lee, Jong-Soo Lee, E-Hyun Shin, Robert A. Wirtz, Hae-Wol Cho, David M. Claborn, Russel E. Coleman, Wan Y Kim, Terry A. Klein The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2002; 40(1): 45. CrossRef
Epidemio-entomological survey on malarial vector mosquitoes in Kyongbuk, Korea C Y Joo, G T Kang The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1992; 30(4): 329. CrossRef
Epidemio-entomological survey of Japanese encephalitis in Korea D H Baik, C Y Joo The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1991; 29(1): 67. CrossRef
Epidemiological studies on malayan filariasis in an inland area in Kyungpook, Korea 3. Ecological survey of vector mosquitoes of Brugia malayi Hewng Il Lee, Dong Wik Choi, Doo Hyun Baik, Chong Yoon Joo The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1986; 24(1): 15. CrossRef
Female BALB/c mice weighing 18-20 g were immunized by three injections of 1 x 10(6) Naegleria fowleri trophozoites intraperitoneally at the interval of one week 6 times for the pregnant mice and 3 times for the offspring mice. One week after immunization the mice were challenged intranasally with N. fowleri trophozoites 5 x 10(4) under secobarbital anesthesia. Experimental primary amoebic meningoencephalitis developed between day 7 and 16 after infection. All mice were dead due to amoebic meningoencephalitis in all experimental groups except in the offspring born to non-immune mothers. Mean of survival time, which is the duration of survival of mice from infection to death, was delayed in the groups of mice born to immune mothers, immune mice born to immune mothers. Active or passive protective immunity against N. fowleri infection was demonstrated in the immunized mice and mice born to immune mothers. But the effectiveness of immunization was greatly impaired in terms of mortality in the immune mice born to immune mothers when N. fowleri was infected intranasally.
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Organotypic slice cultures from rat brain tissue: a new approach forNaegleria fowleriCNS infectionin vitro C. GIANINAZZI, M. SCHILD, N. MÜLLER, S. L. LEIB, F. SIMON, S. NUÑEZ, P. JOSS, B. GOTTSTEIN Parasitology.2005; 132(6): 797. CrossRef
The effect of active immunization with Acanthamoeba culbertsoni in mice born to immune mother H H Kong, S A Seo, C O Shin, K I Im The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1993; 31(2): 157. CrossRef
Pathogenic free-living amoebae K I Im The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1990; 28(Suppl): 29. CrossRef
Cell-mediated immunity in experimental amoebic meningoencephalitis K I Im, P R Chung, T U Kim The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1989; 27(2): 73. CrossRef
Passive immunity by splenocyte transfer against amebic meningoencephalitis in mice Kyung Il Im, Jae Sook Ryu The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1988; 26(3): 169. CrossRef
To elucidate the effect of splenectomy on the development of experimental primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in mice, the death rate and survival time of mice infected intranasally with Naegleria fowleri trophozoites 5 x 10(4) cultivated in CGVS medium were compared according to the age when splenectomy was done, and post-operation until experimental infection. Immunodiffusion was undergone to detect the presence of serum antibody due to N. fowleri infection in mice. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was done to compare the protein fractions of mouse serum in each experimental groups. In experiment I, splenectomy was done 3 weeks and infection 4 weeks after birth, the death rate of control, sham operated and splenectomized group were 100 percent, 85 percent and 95 percent, and the mean survival time after infection 7.3 days, 7.5 days and 7.8 days, respectively. In experiment II, splenectomy was undergone 3 weeks and infection 6 weeks after birth, the death rate of control, sham operated and splenectomized group were 95 percent, 95 percent and 95 percent , and the mean survival time after infection 12.1 days, 11.5 days and 11.5 days, respectively. In experiment III, splenectomy was done 5 weeks and infection 6 weeks after birth, the death rate of control, sham operated and splenectomized group were 95 percent, 90 percent and 95 percent, and the mean survival time after infection 8.1 days, 8.3 days and 8.5 days, respectively. By Ouchterlony immunodiffusion, anti-N.
fowleri antibody in the serum of mouse with primary amoebic meningoencephalitis was detected against a N. fowleri antigen, which was prepared by ultrasonication of N. fowleri trophozoites, each reacting two lines of precipitation. The patterns of serum fractions by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were different between control and sham operated groups from splenectomized group in fraction II, III and V, the sera of which were collected after N. fowleri infection. This results may be summarized as that splenectomy has no effect on the development of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in mice.
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Pathogenic free-living amoebae K I Im The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1990; 28(Suppl): 29. CrossRef
Immunization effect on Naegleria fowleri infection in splenectomized mice Kwang Hyub Han, Myoung Hee Ahn, Duk Young Min The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1988; 26(1): 39. CrossRef
Present study aimed to elucidate the immunosuppressive effect of prednisolone on Naegleria fowleri infection in mice. N. fowleri was cultured in CGVS medium (Willert and Le Ray, 1973). White female mice, weighing about 18 g, used for experiments were divided into five groups; untreated control group, prednisolone treated groups (before, during and after infection), and only prednisolone treated group. In the prednisolone treated group, the hormone was injected intramuscularly 5 doses of 10 mg/kg every other day.
According to designated time of treatment, each mouse was challenged with 1 x 10(5) N. fowleri intranasally. Changes of body weights, clinical manifestations and number of dead mouse were observed. Brain and lung tissues of dead mice were cultured in the non-nutrient agar (Kasprzak and Mazur, 1972), or stained with hematoxylin-eosin for the examination of histopathological changes. Results of the experiment are summarized as follows: Mortality among the prednisolone treated groups was higher than that in untreated control group, and among the treated groups, the pretreated group showed shorter survival time. Body weights among untreated control mice showed no significant increase, however, treated groups of mice showed the decrease during the administration and recovery of the weights were observed at 2 to 3 days after the completion of treatment. In the treated control groups, the infected mice began to show the pathologic findings 5 days after infection while the untreated mice began to show the findings 8 days after infection. Tissue damages in brain and lung occurred due to virulence of amoeba were more severe among treated mice than that in untreated control group. The above mentioned results suggest that the treatment with prednisolone weaken the resistance of mice against N. fowleri infection, and probably induce more severe primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. Especially severe pathological findings were shown in pre-treated group, compared with untreated group.
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Pathogenic free-living amoebae K I Im The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1990; 28(Suppl): 29. CrossRef
P. altivelis from Korea republic is recorded as a new host for H. continua which is described and figured.
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