Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Volume 49(2); June 2011

Original Articles

Atg3-Mediated Lipidation of Atg8 Is Involved in Encystation of Acanthamoeba: Eun-Kyung Moon, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):103-108.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.103

Abstract
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Autophagy is a catabolic process involved in the degradation of a cell's own components for cell growth, development, homeostasis, and the recycling of cellular products. Autophagosome is an essential component in the protozoan parasite during differentiation and encystation. The present study identified and characterized autophagy-related protein (Atg) 3, a member of Atg8 conjugation system, in Acanthamoeba castellanii (AcAtg3). AcAtg3 encoding a 304 amino acid protein showed high similarity with the catalytic cysteine site of other E2 like enzymes of ubiquitin system. Predicted 3D structure of AcAtg3 revealed a hammer-like shape, which is the characteristic structure of E2-like enzymes. The expression level of AcAtg3 did not increase during encystation. However, the formation of mature cysts was significantly reduced in Atg3-siRNA transfected cells in which the production of Atg8-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate was inhibited. Fluorescent microscopic analysis revealed that dispersed AcAtg3-EGFP fusion protein gathered around autophagosomal membranes during encystation. These results provide important information for understanding autophagic machinery through the lipidation reaction mediated by Atg3 in Acanthamoeba.

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Encystment and Excystment Processes in Acanthamoeba castellanii: An Emphasis on Cellulose Involvement
Mathew Choaji, Ascel Samba-Louaka, Zineb Fechtali-Moute, Willy Aucher, Sébastien Pomel
Pathogens.2025; 14(3): 268. CrossRef
Ac-HSP20 regulates autophagy and promotes the encystation of Acanthamoeba castellanii by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
Siyao Guo, Di Liu, Xi Wan, Dingrui Guo, Meiyu Zheng, Wenyu Zheng, Xianmin Feng
Parasites & Vectors.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Biological characteristics and pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba
Yuehua Wang, Linzhe Jiang, Yitong Zhao, Xiaohong Ju, Le Wang, Liang Jin, Ryan D. Fine, Mingguang Li
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The roles of autophagy and mitophagy in corneal pathology: current knowledge and future perspectives
Rajalakshmy Ayilam Ramachandran, Jose Marcos Sanches, Danielle M. Robertson
Frontiers in Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Encystation and Stress Responses under the Control of Ubiquitin-like Proteins in Pathogenic Amoebae
Ascel Samba-Louaka, Elisabeth Labruyère, Mariette Matondo, Marie Locard-Paulet, Jean-Christophe Olivo-Marin, Nancy Guillen
Microorganisms.2023; 11(11): 2670. CrossRef
Curcumin effect on Acanthamoeba triangularis encystation under nutrient starvation
Rachasak Boonhok, Suthinee Sangkanu, Suganya Phumjan, Ramita Jongboonjua, Nawarat Sangnopparat, Pattamaporn Kwankaew, Aman Tedasen, Chooi Ling Lim, Maria de Lourdes Pereira, Mohammed Rahmatullah, Polrat Wilairatana, Christophe Wiart, Karma G. Dolma, Alok
PeerJ.2022; 10: e13657. CrossRef
A time-resolved multi-omics atlas of Acanthamoeba castellanii encystment
Clément Bernard, Marie Locard-Paulet, Cyril Noël, Magalie Duchateau, Quentin Giai Gianetto, Bouziane Moumen, Thomas Rattei, Yann Hechard, Lars Juhl Jensen, Mariette Matondo, Ascel Samba-Louaka
Nature Communications.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Stimulation of Acanthamoeba castellanii excystment by enzyme treatment and consequences on trophozoite growth
Zineb Fechtali-Moute, Philippe M. Loiseau, Sébastien Pomel
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Extract Induces Apoptosis-like Programmed Cell Death in Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites
Hương-Giang Lê, Ji-Su Choi, Buyng-Su Hwang, Yong-Tae Jeong, Jung-Mi Kang, Tuấn-Cường Võ, Pyo-Yun Cho, Young-Kyung Lee, Won-Gi Yoo, Yeonchul Hong, Young-Taek Oh, Byoung-Kuk Na
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Amoebicidal activity of Cassia angustifolia extract and its effect on Acanthamoeba triangularis autophagy-related gene expression at the transcriptional level
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Transcriptomic changes across the life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi II
Lissa Cruz-Saavedra, Gustavo A. Vallejo, Felipe Guhl, Juan David Ramírez
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The role of the Acanthamoeba castellanii Sir2-like protein in the growth and encystation of Acanthamoeba
So-Young Joo, Ja Moon Aung, Minsang Shin, Eun-Kyung Moon, Hyun-Hee Kong, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Apoptosis of Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites Induced by Oleic Acid
Duo Wu, Ke Qiao, Meng Feng, Yongfeng Fu, Junlong Cai, Yihong Deng, Hiroshi Tachibana, Xunjia Cheng
Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.2018; 65(2): 191. CrossRef
Identification and ultrastructural characterization of Acanthamoeba bacterial endocytobionts belonging to the Alphaproteobacteria class
Li Li Chan, Joon Wah Mak, Stephen Ambu, Pei Yee Chong, Lorenzo Brusetti
PLOS ONE.2018; 13(10): e0204732. CrossRef
Atg8 is involved in endosomal and phagosomal acidification in the parasitic protist E ntamoeba histolytica
Karina Picazarri, Kumiko Nakada‐Tsukui, Kumiko Tsuboi, Eri Miyamoto, Naoko Watanabe, Eiryo Kawakami, Tomoyoshi Nozaki
Cellular Microbiology.2015; 17(10): 1510. CrossRef
Autophagy protein 12 plays an essential role in Acanthamoeba encystation
So-Hee Kim, Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong
Experimental Parasitology.2015; 159: 46. CrossRef
Autophagy Inhibitors as a Potential Antiamoebic Treatment for Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Eun-Kyung Moon, So-Hee Kim, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Hyun-Hee Kong
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2015; 59(7): 4020. CrossRef
Chloroquine Has a Cytotoxic Effect on Acanthamoeba Encystation through Modulation of Autophagy
Bijay Kumar Jha, Hui-Jung Jung, Incheol Seo, Hyun Ah Kim, Seong-Il Suh, Min-Ho Suh, Won-Ki Baek
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2014; 58(10): 6235. CrossRef
Identification of Atg8 Isoform in Encysting Acanthamoeba
Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(5): 497. CrossRef
Cysteine protease involving in autophagosomal degradation of mitochondria during encystation of Acanthamoeba
Eun-Kyung Moon, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2012; 185(2): 121. CrossRef
Protein kinase C signaling molecules regulate encystation of Acanthamoeba
Eun-Kyung Moon, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong
Experimental Parasitology.2012; 132(4): 524. CrossRef
Microarray Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes between Cysts and Trophozoites ofAcanthamoeba castellanii
Eun-Kyung Moon, Ying-Hua Xuan, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(4): 341. CrossRef

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Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Expression of Spleen Dendritic Cells in Mouse Toxoplasmosis: Ho-Woo Nam, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hyun-Jong Yang; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):109-114.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.109

Abstract
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Dendritic cells have been known as a member of strong innate immune cells against infectious organelles. In this study, we evaluated the cytokine expression of splenic dendritic cells in chronic mouse toxoplasmosis by tissue cyst-forming Me49 strain and demonstrated the distribution of lymphoid dendritic cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 increased rapidly at week 1 post-infection (PI) and peaked at week 3 PI. Serum IL-10 level followed the similar patterns. FACS analysis showed that the number of CD8α⁺/CD11c⁺ splenic dendritic cells increased at week 1 and peaked at week 3 PI. In conclusion, mouse splenic dendritic cells showed early and rapid cytokine changes and may have important protective roles in early phases of murine toxoplasmosis.

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Expression of cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules in the Toxoplasma gondii-infected dendritic cells of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice
Jae-Hyung Lee, Jae-Min Yuk, Guang-Ho Cha, Young-Ha Lee
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Kerrie E. Hargrave, Stuart Woods, Owain Millington, Susan Chalmers, Gareth D. Westrop, Craig W. Roberts
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Tissue Fluid Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay for Piglets Experimentally Infected with Toxoplasma gondii and Survey on Local and Imported Pork in Korean Retail Meat Markets
Won Gi Yoo, Sun-Min Kim, Eun Jeong Won, Ji-Yun Lee, Fuhong Dai, Ho Choon Woo, Ho-Woo Nam, Tae Im Kim, Jeong-Hee Han, Dongmi Kwak, Yun Sang Cho, Seung-Won Kang, Tong-Soo Kim, Xing-Quan Zhu, Chunren Wang, Heejeong Youn, Sung-Jong Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(5): 437. CrossRef
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Eva Znalesniak, Ting Fu, Franz Salm, Ulrike Händel, Werner Hoffmann
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2017; 18(6): 1245. CrossRef
Toxoplasmosis treatment with diphenyl diselenide in infected mice modulates the activity of purinergic enzymes and reduces inflammation in spleen
Pedro H. Doleski, Maura V. Ten Caten, Daniela F. Passos, Lívia G. Castilhos, Daniela B.R. Leal, Vanessa S. Machado, Nathieli B. Bottari, Fernanda F. Vogel, Ricardo E. Mendes, Aleksandro Schafer da Silva
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Dectin-1-CD37 association regulates IL-6 expression during Toxoplasma gondii infection
Junping Yan, Bin Wu, Bo Huang, Shiguang Huang, Suhua Jiang, Fangli Lu
Parasitology Research.2014; 113(8): 2851. CrossRef

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Immune Responses of Mice Intraduodenally Infected with Toxoplasma gondii KI-1 Tachyzoites: Eun-Hee Shin, Yeoun Sook Chun, Won-Hee Kim, Jae-Lip Kim, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):115-123.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.115

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii Korean isolate (KI-1) tachyzoites were inoculated intraduodenally to BALB/c mice using a silicon tube, and the course of infection and immune responses of mice were studied. Whereas control mice, that were infected intraperitoneally, died within day 7 post-infection (PI), the intraduodenally infected mice survived until day 9 PI (infection with 1×10⁵ tachyzoites) or day 11 PI (with 1×10⁶ tachyzoites). Based on histopathologic (Giemsa stain) and PCR (B1 gene) studies, it was suggested that tachyzoites, after entering the small intestine, invaded into endothelial cells, divided there, and propagated to other organs. PCR appeared to be more sensitive than histopathology to detect infected organs and tissues. The organisms spread over multiple organs by day 6 PI. However, proliferative responses of splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells in response to con A or Toxoplasma lysate antigen decreased significantly, suggesting immunosuppression. Splenic CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-lymphocytes showed decreases in number until day 9 PI, whereas IFN-γ and IL-10 decreased slightly at day 6 PI and returned to normal levels by day 9 PI. No TNF-α was detected throughout the experimental period. The results showed that intraduodenal infection with KI-1 tachyzoites was successful but did not elicit significant mucosal immunity in mice and allowed dissemination of T. gondii organisms to systemic organs. The immunosuppression of mice included reduced lymphoproliferative responses to splenocytes and MLN cells to mitogen and low production of cytokines, such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10, in response to T. gondii infection.

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Saumya Srivastava, Anil Kumar Gupta, Amit Singh, Sudip Kumar Datta, Sarman Singh
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Chanjin Yoon, Hyo Keun Kim, Yu Seong Ham, Woo Jin Gil, Seok-Jun Mun, Euni Cho, Jae-Min Yuk, Chul-Su Yang
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Sang‐Gyun Kim, Seung‐Hwan Seo, Ji‐Hun Shin, Jung‐Pyo Yang, Sang Hyung Lee, Eun‐Hee Shin
Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.2019; 23(5): 3234. CrossRef
Kinetics of acute infection with Toxoplasma gondii and histopathological changes in the duodenum of rats
Aline Rosa Trevizan, Suellen Laís Vicentino-Vieira, Paulo da Silva Watanabe, Marcelo Biondaro Góis, Gessilda de Alcântara Nogueira de Melo, João Luiz Garcia, Eduardo José de Almeida Araújo, Débora de Mello Gonçales Sant'Ana
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In vitro inhibition of Toxoplasma gondii by the anti-malarial candidate, 6-(1,2,6,7-tetraoxaspiro[7.11]nonadec-4-yl)hexan-1-ol
Chun-Feng Xin, Hye-Sook Kim, Akira Sato, Hak-Jae Lee, You-Won Lee, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Eun-Hee Shin
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(3): 303. CrossRef

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Plasmodium vivax dhfr Mutations among Isolates from Malarious Areas of Iran: Jalal Zaman, Abbas Shahbazi, Mohammad Asgharzadeh; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):125-131.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.125

Abstract
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The use of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine (SP) for treatment of vivax malaria is uncommon in most malarious areas, but Plasmodium vivax isolates are exposed to SP because of mixed infections with other Plasmodium species. As P. vivax is the most prevalent species of human malaria parasites in Iran, monitoring of resistance of the parasite against the drug is necessary. In the present study, 50 blood samples of symptomatic patients were collected from 4 separated geographical regions of south-east Iran. Point mutations at residues 57, 58, 61, and 117 were detected by the PCR-RFLP method. Polymorphism at positions 58R, 117N, and 117T of P. vivax dihydrofolate reductase (Pvdhfr) gene has been found in 12%, 34%, and 2% of isolates, respectively. Mutation at residues F57 and T61 was not detected. Five distinct haplotypes of the Pvdhfr gene were demonstrated. The 2 most prevalent haplotypes were F57S58T61S117 (62%) and F57S58T61N117 (24%). Haplotypes with 3 and 4 point mutations were not found. The present study suggested that P. vivax in Iran is under the pressure of SP and the sensitivity level of the parasite to SP is diminishing and this fact must be considered in development of malaria control programs.

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Molecular evaluation of pvdhfr and pvmdr-1 mutants in Plasmodium vivax isolates after treatment with sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine and chloroquine in Iran during 2001–2016
Mahdi Parsaei, Ahmad Raeisi, Adel Spotin, Abbas Shahbazi, Mahmoud Mahami-Oskouei, Teimour Hazratian, Alireza Salimi Khorashad, Jalal Zaman, Ahad Bazmani, Sedighe Sarafraz
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2018; 64: 70. CrossRef
Mutational Analysis of Plasmodium vivax dhfr Gene Among Cases in South East of Iran
Hadi Mirahmadi, Maryam Rafee, Jalal Zaman, Ahmad Mehravaran, Reza Shafiei
Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
MOLECULAR SURVEILLANCE OF Plasmodium vivax AND Plasmodium falciparum DHFR MUTATIONS IN ISOLATES FROM SOUTHERN IRAN
Khojasteh SHARIFI-SARASIABI, Ali HAGHIGHI, Bahram KAZEMI, Niloofar TAGHIPOUR, Ehsan Nazemalhosseini MOJARAD, Latif GACHKAR
Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo.2016;[Epub] CrossRef

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Hematological and Serum Biochemical Analyses in Experimental Caprine Besnoitiosis: Saeed Nazifi, Ahmad Oryan, Fatemeh Namazi; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):133-138.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.133

Abstract
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This study was undertaken to investigate the hematological and biochemical changes in experimentally infected goats with Besnoitia caprae from the time of infection till 360 days post-infection (PI). Six male goats were inoculated subcutaneously with 13×10⁷ bradyzoites of B. caprae, and blood samples were collected from the jugular vein. The total erythrocyte and total leukocyte counts, hematocrit value, and differential leukocyte counts were determined. Serum biochemical analysis, including the total protein, albumin, total globulin, cholesterol, triglyceride, chloride, testosterone, calcium (Ca²⁺), inorganic phosphorus, sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), iron (Fe²⁺), glucose, serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), fibrinogen, ceruloplasmin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase, was undertaken. Skin biopsy from the limbs were collected at weekly intervals and histologically examined for Besnoitia cysts. Cysts were present in the skin biopsies of the leg of the infected goats from day 28 PI. There were variations in hematological analyses, but no significant difference was seen. From day 30 to 360 PI, results showed that SAA, Hp, fibrinogen, and ceruloplasmin concentrations increased, whereas testosterone concentrations decreased. Infected goats exhibited decrease of albumin and increase of serum total protein and globulin concentrations. By contrast, there were no significant differences in the remained analyses concentrations.

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Umit Karademir, Ibrahim Akin, Hasan Erdogan, Kerem Ural, Gamze Sevri Ekren Asici
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Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Anisakis simplex Larvae among Health-Examined Residents in Three Hospitals of Southern Parts of Korea: Jung Kim, Jin Ok Jo, Seon Hee Choi, Min Kyoung Cho, Hak Sun Yu, Hee Jae Cha, Meesun Ock; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):139-144.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.139

Abstract
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The present study was performed to estimate the seroprevalence of larval Anisakis simplex infection among the residents health-examined in 3 hospitals in southern parts of Korea. A total of 498 serum samples (1 serum per person) were collected in 3 hospitals in Busan Metropolitan city, Masan city, and Geoje city in Gyeongsangnam-do (Province) and were examined by IgE-ELISA and IgE-western blotting with larval A. simplex crude extract and excretory-secretory products (ESP). The prevalence of antibody positivity was 5.0% and 6.6% with ELISA against crude extracts and ESP, respectively. It was also revealed that infection occurred throughout all age groups and higher in females than in males. A specific protein band of 130 kDa was detected from 10 patients with western blot analysis against crude extract and ESP among those who showed positive results by ELISA. Our study showed for the first time the seroprevalence of anisakiasis in Korea. The allergen of 130 kDa can be a candidate for serologic diagnosis of anisakiasis.

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Comparative Efficacy of Ivermectin and Levamisole for Reduction of Migrating and Encapsulated Larvae of Baylisascaris transfuga in Mice: Yan Fu, Hua-Ming Nie, Li-Li Niu, Yue Xie, Jia-Bo Deng, Qiang Wang, Guang-You Yang, Xiao-Bin Gu, Shu-Xian Wang; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):145-151.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.145

Abstract
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The comparative efficacy of 2 anthelmintics (ivermectin and levamisole) against Baylisascaris transfuga migrating and encapsulated larvae was studied in mice. A total of 60 BALB/c mice inoculated each with about 1,000 embryonated B. transfuga eggs were equally divided into 6 groups (A-F) randomly. Mice of groups A and B were treated with ivermectin and levamisole, respectively, on day 3 post-infection (PI). Mice of groups A-C were killed on day 13 PI. Similarly, groups D and E were treated with ivermectin and levamisole, respectively, on day 14 PI, and all mice of groups D-F were treated on day 24 PI. The groups C and F were controls. Microexamination was conducted to count the larvae recovering from each mouse. The percentages of reduction in the number of migrating larvae recovered from group A (ivermectin) and B (levamisole) were 88.3% and 81.1%, respectively. In addition, the reduction in encapsulated larvae counts achieved by ivermectin (group D) and levamisole (group E) was 75.0% and 49.2%, respectively. The results suggested that, to a certain extent, both anthelmintics appeared to be more effective against migrating larvae than encapsulated larvae. However, in the incipient stage of infection, ivermectin may be more competent than levamisole as a larvicidal drug for B. transfuga.

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Food Bioscience.2023; 56: 103152. CrossRef
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Ursus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Chromosome‐scale assembly and whole‐genome sequencing of 266 giant panda roundworms provide insights into their evolution, adaptation and potential drug targets
Lei Han, Tianming Lan, Desheng Li, Haimeng Li, Linhua Deng, Zhiwei Peng, Shaowen He, Yanqiang Zhou, Ruobing Han, Lingling Li, Yaxian Lu, Haorong Lu, Qing Wang, Shangchen Yang, Yixin Zhu, Yunting Huang, Xiaofang Cheng, Jieyao Yu, Yulong Wang, Heting Sun, H
Molecular Ecology Resources.2022; 22(2): 768. CrossRef
Beyond the raccoon roundworm: The natural history of non-raccoon Baylisascaris species in the New World
Sarah G.H. Sapp, Pooja Gupta, Melissa K. Martin, Maureen H. Murray, Kevin D. Niedringhaus, Madeleine A. Pfaff, Michael J. Yabsley
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2017; 6(2): 85. CrossRef
Update on Baylisascariasis, a Highly Pathogenic Zoonotic Infection
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Cloning and characterization of a novel sigma-like glutathione S-transferase from the giant panda parasitic nematode, Baylisascaris schroederi
Yue Xie, Xuan Zhou, Lin Chen, Zhihe Zhang, Chengdong Wang, Xiaobin Gu, Tao Wang, Xuerong Peng, Guangyou Yang
Parasites & Vectors.2015;[Epub] CrossRef

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Assessment of Loiasis and Outcomes of Ivermectin Masstreatment in Ijebu-North, Nigeria: A. A. Hassan, B. Akinsanya, N. Iyase, F. O. Owagboriaye; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):153-159.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.153

Abstract
PDF

A total of 286 individuals from 3 selected communities (Areedi-Aje, Ipakodo/Ojokodo, and Ijebu-Igbo) of Ijebu-North, southwestern Nigeria were examined for Loa loa microfilaremia using finger prick blood smear, between December 2008 and March 2009. Rapid assessment procedure for loiasis (RAPLOA) was used to obtain information, from 187 Ijebu-Igbo residents, on adverse reactions experienced from retrospective treatments with ivermectin and history of eye worm. Only 33.9% of the respondents reported having had a history of eye worm while 33.2% had microfilaremia. The demographic factor of gender was not significant determinants of the prevalence (P>0.05) while age was significant (P<0.05). The highest prevalence of eye worm history and microfilaremia were recorded in 61-70 and 15-20 years of age categories, respectively. Ijebu-Igbo had 27.3% eye worm history, 32.1% microfilaremia, and the highest intensity of 140 microfilariae (mf)/ml. Ipakodo area had the highest eye worm history of 54.4% and the highest intensity of 420 mf/ml. Areedi-Aje had the highest occurrence of 45.2% microfilaremia and the highest intensity of 460 mf/ml. Predictably, Areedi-Aje and Ipakodo areas were high risk communities. The low intensity of L. loa infection with an insignificant (2.1%; P>0.05) adverse reactions from 187 subjects involved in the retrospective ivermectin administration confirmed that ivermectin delivery may be considered safe. The community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) programme was most probably responsible for the low prevalence and intensity.

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In Southern Nigeria Loa loa Blood Microfilaria Density is Very Low Even in Areas with High Prevalence of Loiasis: Results of a Survey Using the New LoaScope Technology
Emmanuel Emukah, Lindsay J. Rakers, Barminas Kahansim, Emmanuel S. Miri, Bertram E. B. Nwoke, Emily Griswold, Yisa Saka, Ifeoma Anagbogu, Emmanuel Davies, Cephas Ityonzughul, Michael D’Ambrosio, Matthew Bakalar, Daniel A. Fletcher, Thomas Nutman, Joseph K
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2018; 99(1): 116. CrossRef
A Case of Loiasis in a Patient Returning to China Diagnosed by Nested PCR Using DNA Extracted From Tissue
Xiaohui Wang, Xiaoke Zhang, Zhiyong Zong
Journal of Travel Medicine.2012; 19(5): 314. CrossRef

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Prevalence of Metagonimus Metacercariae in Sweetfish, Plecoglossus altivelis, from Eastern and Southern Coastal Areas in Korea: Shin-Hyeong Cho, Tong-Soo Kim, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):161-165.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.161

Abstract
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The present study was performed to determine the current infecion status of Metagonimus yokogawai metacercariae in sweetfish, Plecoglossus altivelis, collected from several streams in eastern and southern coastal areas of Korea. The sweetfish collected were artificially digested with pepsin-HCl solution and examined under a stereomicroscope in August and September, 2007. Out of 145 sweetfish collected from 10 streams in eastern coasts (Gangwon-do and Gye-ongsangbuk-do), 88 (60.7%) were infected with Metagonimus metacercariae. The average metacercarial density was 61 per infected fish. Among 141 sweetfish collected from 10 streams in southern coasts (Gyeongsangnam-do, Ulsan Metropolitan city, and Jeollanam-do), 140 (99.3%) were infected with Metagonimus metacercariae, and their average density was 949 per infected fish. The present study confirmed that M. yokogawai metacercariae are still prevalent in the sweetfish from several eastern and southern coastal localities. The prevalence and metacercarial density were much higher in the sweetfish from streams of southern coasts than in those of eastern coasts. Therefore, attention should be paid to this small fluke infection, and consumption of raw sweetfish naturally produced in these areas should be prohibited.

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Woon-Mok Sohn
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Infection Status with Metagonimus spp. Metacercariae in Fishes from Seomjin-gang and Tamjin-gang in Republic of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jung-Won Ju, Cheon-Hyeon Kim, Ki-Bok Yoon
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(4): 351. CrossRef
Infection Status with Clonorchis sinensis Metacercariae in Fish from Tamjin-gang (River) in Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
Ki-Bok Yoon, Hyun-Cheol Lim, Doo Young Jeon, Sook Park, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jung-Won Ju, Sung-Shik Shin, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(2): 183. CrossRef
Trematode Metacercariae in Freshwater Fish from Water Systems of Hantangang and Imjingang in Republic of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Soon-Won Lee, Seung-Bong Choi, Won-Seok Seok
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(3): 289. CrossRef
Prevalence of Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Freshwater Fish from Gangwon-do, Korea
Shin-Hyeong Cho, Won-Ja Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Won-Seok Seok, Taejoon Lee, Kyungjin Jeong, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(4): 399. CrossRef
Effect of citric acid on the acidification of artificial pepsin solution for metacercariae isolation from fish
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Veterinary Parasitology.2013; 198(1-2): 111. CrossRef

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Case Reports

Clinical Features of Ocular Toxoplasmosis in Korean Patients: Young-Hoon Park, Jae-Hyung Han, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):167-171.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.167

Abstract
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We report here the records of 10 consecutive Korean patients (10 eyes) with ocular toxoplasmosis which showed the typical clinical manifestations with seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii specific IgG antibodies by micro-ELISA between 2006 and 2010. Nine patients were males and 1 was female; their age was 50.5±13.8 years. The most common accompanying signs were vitritis (100%), anterior uveitis (70%), and scattered white deposit (80%). Pre-existing retinochoroidal scar was found in 1 (10%) patient. All patients received antiparasitic chemotherapy and systemic corticosteroid treatment, which resolved the presenting attack and recovered the visual acuity better than initial one in 9 patients and worse in 1. Optic atrophy, cataract, and retinal neovascularization were observed during the follow-up period and recurrence was detected in 3 eyes (30%) 6 to 20 months after the initial attack. In Korea, although rarely detected and reported, ocular toxoplasmosis needs more attention in clinical field of retinal diseases.

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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii assayed using Rapid Diagnostic Tests among Residents in Three Counties Adjacent to The Demilitarized Zone, Korea
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Hosuck Yeom, Seung Hun Park, Heeyoon Cho, Yong Un Shin
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Sung-Tae Hong, Tai-Soon Yong
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Mirinae Kim, Seung Yong Choi, Jae Yon Won, Young-Hoon Park
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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis with ELISA and Rapid Diagnostic Test among Residents in Gyodong-do, Inchon city, Korea: A Four-Year Follow-up
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Yeong Hoon Kim, Jihoo Lee, Young-Eun Kim, Seongkyu Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam
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Mehdi Sharif, Ahmad Daryani, Zahra Ebrahimnejad, Shirzad Gholami, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Samaneh Borhani, Narges Lamsechi
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Nicoletta Formenti, Alessandra Gaffuri, Tiziana Trogu, Roberto Viganò, Nicola Ferrari, Paolo Lanfranchi
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Ocular Inflammation Associated with Systemic Infection
Byung Gil Moon, Joo Yong Lee
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Gefitinib Inhibits the Growth ofToxoplasma gondii in HeLa Cells
Zhaoshou Yang, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam
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High Expression of Water-Soluble Recombinant Antigenic Domains ofToxoplasma gondii Secretory Organelles
Zhaoshou Yang, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam
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Young-Hoon Park, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(4): 393. CrossRef
A Surge in the Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis among the Residents of Islands in Gangwha-gun, Incheon, Korea
Zhaoshou Yang, Pyo Yun Cho, Seong Kyu Ahn, Hye-Jin Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim, Chom-Kyu Chong, Sung-Jong Hong, Seok Ho Cha, Ho-Woo Nam
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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in the Residents of Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea
Hye-Jin Ahn, Pyo Yun Cho, Seong Kyu Ahn, Tong-Soo Kim, Chom-Kyu Chong, Sung-Jong Hong, Seok Ho Cha, Ho-Woo Nam
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Sang-Eun Lee, Sung-Hee Hong, Seong-Ho Lee, Young-Il Jeong, Su Jin Lim, Oh Woong Kwon, Sun Hyun Kim, Young Sung You, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Won-Ja Lee
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Maintained Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis among the Residents of Jeju Island, Korea
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(3): 309. CrossRef

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Ophthalmomyiasis Caused by a Phormia sp. (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Larva in an Enucleated Patient: Jae-Soo Kim, Jong-Wan Kim, Hye-Jung Lee, In-Yong Lee, Sang-Ah Oh, Min Seo; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):173-175.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.173

Abstract
PDF

Ophthalmomyiasis rarely occurs worldwide, and has not been reported in Korea. We present here a case of ophthalmomyiasis caused by Phormia sp. fly larva in an enucleated eye of a patient. In June 2010, a 50-year-old man was admitted to Dankook University Hospital for surgical excision of a malignant melanoma located in the right auricular area. He had a clinical history of enucleation of his right eye due to squamous cell carcinoma 5 years ago. During hospitalization, foreign body sensation developed in his right eye, and close examination revealed a fly larva inside the eye, which was evacuated. The larva was proved to be Phormia sp. based on the morphology of the posterior spiracle. Subsequently, no larva was found, and the postoperative course was uneventful without any complaints of further myiasis. This is the first case of ophthalmomyiasis among the literature in Korea, and also the first myiasis case caused by Phormia sp. in Korea.

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Imported parasitic diseases in the Republic of Korea: status and issues
Jong-Yil Chai
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2025; 68(1): 52. CrossRef
Cutaneous myiasis in skin cancer and malignant wounds: a systematic review
Daniel Cuestas, John Pedraza, Hugo Herrera, Adriana Motta, Andrés Cuestas, Yency Forero, Ricardo Porras, Fernando Urrea, Dany Galvis, Ingrid Galvis, Maria‐Alejandra Bernal, Maria‐Victoria Alvarado, Rosa Bula, Oscar Velasquez, Dennys Villalba, Sergio Lamus
International Journal of Dermatology.2021; 60(12): 1529. CrossRef
Oftalmomiasis intraocular postraumática por Phormia sp.
F. Munayco-Guillén, P.A. Muro-Mansilla, L.S. Marroquín-Loayza, J.A. Zavala-Loayza, R.R. Cámara-Reyes, A. Verástegui-Díaz
Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología.2019; 94(3): 145. CrossRef
Post-traumatic intraocular ophthalmomyasis due to Phormia sp.
F. Munayco-Guillén, P.A. Muro-Mansilla, L.S. Marroquín-Loayza, J.A. Zavala-Loayza, R.R. Cámara-Reyes, A. Verástegui-Díaz
Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (English Edition).2019; 94(3): 145. CrossRef
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Yung Hui Kim, Kyung Chul Yoon, Won Choi
Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society.2016; 57(4): 657. CrossRef
Canine Wound Myiasis Caused by Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Korea
Seongjun Choe, Dongmin Lee, Hansol Park, Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Hakhyun Kim, Ji-Houn Kang, Cha-Ho Jee, Keeseon S. Eom
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(5): 667. CrossRef
First report of external ophthalmomyiasis caused by Lucilia sericata Meigen in a healthy patient without predisposing risk factors
Won Choi, Ga Eon Kim, Seong Hwan Park, Sang Eon Shin, Ji Hye Park, Kyung Chul Yoon
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Human wound myiasis caused by Phormia regina and Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis in Minia Governorate, Egypt
Ekhlas H. Abdel-Hafeez, Rabie M. Mohamed, Usama S. Belal, Ahmed M. Atiya, Masaya Takamoto, Fumie Aosai
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Incidence of myiasis among humans—a review
Amandeep Singh, Zorawar Singh
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Laboratory Identification of Arthropod Ectoparasites
Blaine A. Mathison, Bobbi S. Pritt
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Sung Jae Heo, Mi Jin Lee, Chang Mook Park, Jung Soo Kim
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A Case of Oral Myiasis Caused by Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Korea
Mun Jang, Seung-Min Ryu, Sang-Chang Kwon, Jun-Ouk Ha, Young-Hoon Kim, Dong-Hyun Kim, Soon-Myung Jung, Soon-Il Lee, Woon-Mok Sohn, Hee-Jae Cha, Meesun Ock
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(1): 119. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Calpains are Involved in Entamoeba histolytica-Induced Death of HT-29 Colonic Epithelial Cells: Yun Soo Jang, Kyoung-Ju Song, Ju Young Kim, Young Ah Lee, Kyeong Ah Kim, Sang Kyou Lee, Myeong Heon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):177-180.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.177

Abstract
PDF

Entamoeba histolytica is an enteric tissue-invading protozoan parasite that can cause amebic colitis and liver abscess in humans. E. histolytica has the capability to kill colon epithelial cells in vitro; however, information regarding the role of calpain in colon cell death induced by ameba is limited. In this study, we investigated whether calpains are involved in the E. histolytica-induced cell death of HT-29 colonic epithelial cells. When HT-29 cells were co-incubated with E. histolytica, the propidium iodide stained dead cells markedly increased compared to that in HT-29 cells incubated with medium alone. This pro-death effect induced by ameba was effectively blocked by pretreatment of HT-29 cells with the calpain inhibitor, calpeptin. Moreover, knockdown of m- and ?-calpain by siRNA significantly reduced E. histolytica-induced HT-29 cell death. These results suggest that m- and ?-calpain may be involved in colon epithelial cell death induced by E. histolytica.

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Involvement of NOX2-derived ROS in human hepatoma HepG2 cell death induced by Entamoeba histolytica
Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(4): 388. CrossRef
Signaling Role of NADPH Oxidases in ROS-Dependent Host Cell Death Induced by Pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica
Young Ah Lee, Seobo Sim, Kyeong Ah Kim, Myeong Heon Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(3): 155. CrossRef
Infection Strategies of Intestinal Parasite Pathogens and Host Cell Responses
Bruno M. Di Genova, Renata R. Tonelli
Frontiers in Microbiology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Degradation of the Transcription Factors NF-κB, STAT3, and STAT5 Is Involved in Entamoeba histolytica-Induced Cell Death in Caco-2 Colonic Epithelial Cells
Kyeong Ah Kim, Arim Min, Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(5): 459. CrossRef
Entamoeba histolytica Induces Cell Death of HT29 Colonic Epithelial Cells via NOX1-Derived ROS
Kyeong Ah Kim, Ju Young Kim, Young Ah Lee, Arim Min, Young Yil Bahk, Myeong Heon Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(1): 61. CrossRef
Mechanisms of Adherence, Cytotoxicity and Phagocytosis Modulate the Pathogenesis of Entamoeba Histolytica
Nathaniel CV Christy, William A Petri
Future Microbiology.2011; 6(12): 1501. CrossRef

7,571 View
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Prevalence of Toxocara canis in Dogs, North West Bank of Palestine: Rateb Aref Othman; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):181-182.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.181

Abstract
PDF

This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of Toxocara canis in local districts in North West Bank of Palestine. Fecal samples from 132 dogs were collected in Nablus, Tulkarm, and Jenin cities from September 2008 to April 2009 and examined for T. canis eggs with the floating technique. The overall infection rate of toxocariasis in dogs was 36.4%. The dogs less than 6 months old showed higher infection rates than those older than 12 months (P=0.04). Vigorous interventions are necessary, such as routine coprological examinations of dogs and prescription of anthelmintics to infected dogs.

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Zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of shelter dogs in Israel
H. Salant, D. Yasur-Landau, S.-L. Siboni, Y. Nachum Biala, G. Baneth
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The state of the system of antioxidant protection of the body of dogs during toxocariasis invasion
I. V. Tokar, V. V. Stybel, B. V. Gutyj, O. L. Honcharov
Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences.2024; 7(2): 60. CrossRef

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Prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis among Preschool Children in Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea: Sang-Eun Lee, Jin-Hee Lee, Jung-Won Ju, Won-Ja Lee, Shin-Hyeong Cho; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):183-185.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.183

Abstract
PDF

The present study was performed to determine the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis among preschool children in Gimhae-si, Korea. A total of 6,921 preschool children in 76 kindergartens were examined using the cellotape perianal swab method. The overall egg positive rate (EPR) was 10.5%. The EPR in boys was higher than that in girls (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.5, P<0.001), and it was higher in rural than in urban children (AOR: 1.2, P=0.022). The present study confirmed that the prevalence of E. vermicularis infection is fairly high among preschool children in Gimhae-si. Therefore, systematic control and preventive measures should be adopted to reduce morbidity associated with this nematode infection.

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Positive rates for Enterobius vermicularis eggs among preschool children in Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do, Korea (2017-2021)
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Echinostoma ilocanum Infection in Oddar Meanchey Province, Cambodia: Woon-Mok Sohn, Hyeong-Jin Kim, Tai-Soon Yong, Keeseon S. Eom, Hoo-Gn Jeong, Jae-Kwang Kim, A-Reum Kang, Mok-Ryun Kim, Jung-Mi Park, Soo-Hyeon Ji, Muth Sinuon, Duong Socheat, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):187-190.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.187

Abstract
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Fecal examinations using the Kato Katz technique were performed on a total of 1,287 villagers (945 students and 342 general inhabitants) of Oddar Meanchey Province, Cambodia in May 2007 and November 2009. The overall intestinal helminth egg positive rate was 23.9%, and the most prevalent helminth species was hookworms (21.6%). Other helminth eggs detected included echinostomes (1.0%), Enterobius vermicularis (0.8%), small trematode eggs (0.7%), which may include Opisthorchis viverrini and Haplorchis spp., and Hymenolepis nana (0.4%). In order to recover adult echinostomes, we treated 2 patients with 10-15 mg/kg praziquantel and purged. Total 14 adult echinostomes, 1 and 13 worms from each patient, were collected. The echinostomes characteristically had 49-51 collar spines and 2 round or slightly lobated testes. They were identified as Echinostoma ilocanum (Garrison, 1908) Odhner, 1911. So far as literature are concerned, this is the first record on the discovery of human E. ilocanum infection in Cambodia.

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Expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in Splenic Dendritic Cells and Their Serum Levels in Mouse Sparganosis: Hyun-Jong Yang; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):191-194.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.191

Abstract
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Sparganosis is a tissue invading helminthiasis infecting intermediate hosts, including humans. Strong immune responses are expected to occur in early phases of infection. Thus, we investigated cytokine expressions in splenic dendritic cells and in sera after experimental infection of mice. In splenic dendritic cells, TNF-α and IL-1β expression peaked at week 1 and week 3 post-infection (PI), respectively, and also early phase (week 2 PI) depressed cytokine expression was noticed. Serum IL-1β concentration increased significantly at week 2 PI and peaked at week 6 PI, and that of TNF-α peaked at week 6 PI. These results showed that pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1β, are chronologically regulated in mouse sparganosis.

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Molecular Identification of Taenia Tapeworms by Cox1 Gene in Koh Kong, Cambodia: Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Tai-Soon Yong, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jong-Yil Chai, Sung-Jong Hong, Eun-Taek Han, Hoo-Gn Jeong, Tep Chhakda, Muth Sinuon, Duong Socheat, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):195-197.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.195

Abstract
PDF

We collected fecal samples from 21 individuals infected with Taenia tapeworms in Koh Kong Province, Cambodia, and performed nucleotide sequencing of the cox1 gene and multiplex PCR on the eggs for DNA differential diagnosis of human Taenia tapeworms. Genomic DNA was extracted from the eggs of a minimum number of 10 isolated from fecal samples. Using oligonucleotide primers Ta7126F, Ts7313F, Tso7466F, and Rev7915, the multiplex PCR assay proved useful for differentially diagnosing Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, and Taenia asiatica based on 706, 629, and 474 bp bands, respectively. All of the Taenia specimens from Kho Kong, Cambodia, were identified as either T. saginata (n=19) or T. solium (n=2) by cox1 sequencing and multiplex PCR.

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