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Volume 46(4); December 2008

Original Articles

A monoclonal antibody against Toxoplasma gondii of Tg556 clone (Tg556) blotted a 29 kDa protein, which was localized in the dense granules of tachyzoites and secreted into the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) after infection to host cells. A cDNA fragment encoding the protein was obtained by screening a T. gondii cDNA expression library with Tg556, and the full-length was completed by 5'-RACE of 2,086 bp containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 669 bp. The ORF encoded a polypeptide of 222 amino acids homologous to the revised GRA3 but not to the first reported one. The polypeptide has 3 hydrophobic moieties of an N-terminal stop transfer sequence and 2 transmembrane domains (TMD) in posterior half of the sequence, a cytoplasmic localization motif after the second TMD and an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retrival motif in the C-terminal end, which suggests GRA3 as a type III transmembrane protein. With the ORF of GRA3, yeast two-hybrid assay was performed in HeLa cDNA expression library, which resulted in the interaction of GRA3 with calcium modulating ligand (CAMLG), a type II transmembrane protein of ER. The specific binding of GRA3 and CAMLG was confirmed by glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down and immunoprecipitation assays. The localities of fluorescence transfectionally expressed from GRA3 and CAMLG plasmids were overlapped completely in HeLa cell cytoplasm. In immunofluorescence assay, GRA3 and CAMLG were shown to be co-localized in the PVM of host cells. Structural binding of PVM-inserted GRA3 to CAMLG of ER suggested the receptor-ligand of ER recruitment to PVM during the parasitism of T. gondii.

Citations

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    Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2023; 8(3): 143.     CrossRef
  • Intracellular life of protozoan Toxoplasma gondii: Parasitophorous vacuole establishment and survival strategies
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  • Apicomplexans pulling the strings: manipulation of the host cell cytoskeleton dynamics
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  • Variation detection based on next-generation sequencing of type Chinese 1 strains of Toxoplasma gondii with different virulence from China
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  • 112 Download
  • Crossref
Contact-Independent Cell Death of Human Microglial Cells due to Pathogenic Naegleria fowleri Trophozoites
Jong-Hyun Kim, Daesik Kim, Ho-Joon Shin
Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):217-221.
Published online December 20, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.217

Free-living Naegleria fowleri leads to a fatal infection known as primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans. Previously, the target cell death could be induced by phagocytic activity of N. fowleri as a contact-dependent mechanism. However, in this study we investigated the target cell death under a non-contact system using a tissue-culture insert. The human microglial cells, U87MG cells, co-cultured with N. fowleri trophozoites for 30 min in a non-contact system showed morphological changes such as the cell membrane destruction and a reduction in the number. By fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis, U87MG cells co-cultured with N. fowleri trophozoites in a non-contact system showed a significant increasse of apoptotic cells (16%) in comparison with that of the control or N. fowleri lysate. When U87MG cells were co-cultured with N. fowleri trophozoites in a non-contact system for 30 min, 2 hr, and 4 hr, the cytotoxicity of amebae against target cells was 40.5, 44.2, and 45.6%, respectively. By contrast, the cytotoxicity of non-pathogenic N. gruberi trophozoites was 10.2, 12.4, and 13.2%, respectively. These results suggest that the molecules released from N. fowleri in a contact-independent manner as well as phagocytosis in a contact-dependent manner may induce the host cell death.

Citations

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  • Cloning of nf-profilin and intercellular interaction with nf-actin in Naegleria fowleri cysts
    Hae-Jin Sohn, A-Jeong Ham, A-Young Park, Jeong-Heon Lee, Sun Park, Ho-Joon Shin, Jong-Hyun Kim
    Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Advances in the study of extracellular vesicles of Naegleria fowleri and their role in contact-independent pathogenic mechanisms
    Ismael Castelan-Ramírez, Catalina Flores-Maldonado, Dolores Hernández-Martínez, Lizbeth Salazar-Villatoro, Alberto Daniel Saucedo-Campos, David Segura-Cobos, Adolfo René Méndez-Cruz, Maritza Omaña-Molina
    Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • A comprehensive review on the neurological impact of parasitic infections
    Firooz Shahrivar, Ata Moghimi, Ramin Hosseinzadeh, Mohammad Hasan Kohansal, Ali Mortazavi, Tahereh Mikaeili Galeh, Ehsan Ahmadpour
    Microbial Pathogenesis.2025; 206: 107762.     CrossRef
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    N. Datta
    The Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Series "Biology".2024; (42): 22.     CrossRef
  • Extracellular Vesicles from Naegleria fowleri Induce IL-8 Response in THP-1 Macrophage
    Sakaorat Lertjuthaporn, Jinjuta Somkird, Kittima Lekmanee, Anyapat Atipimonpat, Kasama Sukapirom, Hathai Sawasdipokin, Supathra Tiewcharoen, Kovit Pattanapanyasat, Ladawan Khowawisetsut
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    Aitor Rizo-Liendo, Ines Sifaoui, María Reyes-Batlle, Olfa Chiboub, Rubén L. Rodríguez-Expósito, Carlos J. Bethencourt-Estrella, Desirée San Nicolás-Hernández, Edyta B. Hendiger, Atteneri López-Arencibia, Pedro Rocha-Cabrera, José E. Piñero, Jacob Lorenzo-
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    Gi-Sang Seong, Hae-Jin Sohn, Heekyoung Kang, Ga-Eun Seo, Jong-Hyun Kim, Ho-Joon Shin
    Experimental Parasitology.2017; 183: 171.     CrossRef
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    Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Ibne Karim M. Ali, Jennifer R. Cope, Naveed Ahmed Khan
    Acta Tropica.2016; 164: 375.     CrossRef
  • Naegleria fowleri after 50 years: is it a neglected pathogen?
    Moisés Martínez-Castillo, Roberto Cárdenas-Zúñiga, Daniel Coronado-Velázquez, Anjan Debnath, Jesús Serrano-Luna, Mineko Shibayama
    Journal of Medical Microbiology.2016; 65(9): 885.     CrossRef
  • NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in THP-1 Target Cells Triggered by Pathogenic Naegleria fowleri
    Jong-Hyun Kim, Hae-Jin Sohn, Jong-Kyun Yoo, Heekyoung Kang, Gi-Sang Seong, Yong-Joon Chwae, Kyongmin Kim, Sun Park, Ho-Joon Shin, J. A. Appleton
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  • Novel cathepsin B and cathepsin B-like cysteine protease of Naegleria fowleri excretory–secretory proteins and their biochemical properties
    Jinyoung Lee, Jong-Hyun Kim, Hae-Jin Sohn, Hee-Jong Yang, Byoung-Kuk Na, Yong-Joon Chwae, Sun Park, Kyongmin Kim, Ho-Joon Shin
    Parasitology Research.2014; 113(8): 2765.     CrossRef
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    Yang-Jin Lee, Chang-Eun Park, Jong-Hyun Kim, Hae-Jin Sohn, Jinyoung Lee, Suk-Yul Jung, Ho-Joon Shin
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(3): 285.     CrossRef
  • Screening of Swiss hot spring resorts for potentially pathogenic free-living amoebae
    Christian Gianinazzi, Marc Schild, Beatrice Zumkehr, Fritz Wüthrich, Irina Nüesch, Regula Ryter, Nadia Schürch, Bruno Gottstein, Norbert Müller
    Experimental Parasitology.2010; 126(1): 45.     CrossRef
  • Immunodominant antigens in Naegleria fowleri excretory–secretory proteins were potential pathogenic factors
    Jong-Hyun Kim, Ae-Hee Yang, Hae-Jin Sohn, Daesik Kim, Kyoung-Ju Song, Ho-Joon Shin
    Parasitology Research.2009; 105(6): 1675.     CrossRef
  • 9,549 View
  • 90 Download
  • Crossref
Biochemical, Hematological, and Electrocardiographic Changes in Buffaloes Naturally Infected with Theileria annulata
A. Hasanpour, G. A. Moghaddam, Ahmad Nematollahi
Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):223-227.
Published online December 20, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.223

Changes in selected blood and serum components and electrocardiography (ECG) were investigated in 20 adults (13 females and 7 males) of water buffaloes suffering from severe theileriosis. The age of all animals used in this study ranged 1.5-5 yr. Theileriosis was diagnosed by observation of parasites in the peripheral blood and the presence of schizonts in lymphocytes that were provided from swollen lymph nodes. Statistically significant decreases were observed in the means of RBC, WBC, and packed cell volume (PCV) in blood of infected animals. The means levels of sodium, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium of infected animals were lower than healthy animals, but only the decrease of potassium was significant. The mean serum activities of aspartate transferase and alanine aminotransfrase were significantly higher than in uninfected animals. Three cases had atrial premature beat, 2 cases had sinus tachycardia, 2 had sinus arrhythmia, and 1 had first degree of atrioventricular block in ECG. The present study showed that T. annulata infection in cattle is associated with hematological and biochemical, and ECG changes.

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    Microbial Pathogenesis.2021; 161: 105275.     CrossRef
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    Naeim Molayi-Jabdaragi, Bijan Esmaeilnejad, Vahid Mohammadi
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Sarcocystis and Its Complications in Camels (Camelus dromedarius) of Eastern Provinces of Iran
Akbar Valinezhad, Ahmad Oryan, Nasrollah Ahmadi
Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):229-234.
Published online December 20, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.229

The prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. was investigated by gross and histopathological examinations in 250 camels (Camelus dromedarius) slaughtered from 2002 to 2005 in the Mashhad Slaughterhouse, eastern Iran. Samples were taken from the diaphragm, heart, tongue, esophagus and masseter muscles for histopathological studies. No macroscopic sarcocysts were found in the samples at gross inspection. Sarcocysts were detected in 209 of 250 (83.6%) examined camels at histopathological level. The infection rate of the esophagus, heart, masseter muscles, diaphragm, and tongue was 58.8%, 48.0%, 46.8%, 41.6%, and 28.0%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the rate of infection between male (85.8%) and female (81.0%) camels. The tissue response to vital cysts was minimal; however, reaction to the degenerating cysts was severe and caused tissue damages resulting in hyperemia, hemorrhages, mononuclear cell infiltration, necrotic changes, and fibrosis. The wild and domestic carnivores especially dogs may be the final hosts of Sarcocystis spp. in this area.

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Sympatric Distribution of Three Human Taenia Tapeworms Collected between 1935 and 2005 in Korea
Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Kyu-Heon Kim, Jong-Yil Chai, Hyun-Jong Yang, Han-Jong Rim, Keeseon S Eom
Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):235-241.
Published online December 20, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.235

Taeniasis has been known as one of the prevalent parasitic infections in Korea. Until recently, Taenia saginata had long been considered a dominant, and widely distributed species but epidemiological profiles of human Taenia species in Korea still remain unclear. In order to better understand distribution patterns of human Taenia tapeworms in Korea, partial nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial cox1 and ITS2 (internal transcribed spacer 2) were determined, along with morphological examinations, on 68 Taenia specimens obtained from university museum collections deposited since 1935. Genomic DNA was extracted from formalin-preserved specimens. Phylogenetic relationships among the genotypes (cox1 haplotype) detected in this study were inferred using the neighbor-joining method as a tree building method. Morphological and genetic analyses identified 3 specimens as T. solium, 51 specimens as T. asiatica, and 14 specimens as T. saginata. Our results indicate that all 3 Taenia tapeworms are sympatrically distributed in Korea with T. asiatica dominating over T. saginata and T. solium.

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Reactivity of German Cockroach Allergen, Bla g 2, Peptide Fragments to IgE Antibodies in Patients' Sera
Haeseok Lee, Kyoung Yong Jeong, Kwang Hyun Shin, Myung-hee Yi, Darambazar Gantulaga, Chein-Soo Hong, Tai-Soon Yong
Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):243-246.
Published online December 20, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.243

Bla g 2 is a cockroach allergen of great importance. This study was conducted to identify IgE-binding epitope(s) of Bla g 2 using the recombinant protein technique. Approximately 50% of tested sera showed IgE reactivity to Pichia-expressed Bla g 2 (PrBla g 2) and E. coli-expressed Bla g 2 (ErBla g 2). Only 5.3% of serum samples showed stronger reactivity to PrBla g 2 than ErBla g 2, indicating that serum was reactive to conformational or carbohydrate epitopes. The full-length and 5 peptide fragments of Bla g 2 were produced in E. coli. All fragments showed IgE-binding activity to the cockroach-allergy patients' sera. Specifically, peptide fragments of amino acid residue 1-75 and 146-225 appeared to be important for IgE-binding. The information about the IgE-binding epitope of Bla g 2 can aid in the diagnosis and treatment for cockroach allergies.

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Infection Status of Freshwater Fish with Metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis in Korea
Eun-Min Kim, Jae-Lip Kim, Sung Yil Choi, Jae-Whan Kim, Siwon Kim, Min-Ho Choi, Young Mee Bae, Soon-Hyung Lee, Sung-Tae Hong
Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):247-251.
Published online December 20, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.247

This study investigated freshwater fish for their current infection status with metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis in Korea. Twenty-one species of freshwater fish (n = 677) were collected from 34 regions nationwidely from February 2007 to June 2008. They were individually examined by digestion technique. Eight species of freshwater fish from 17 different regions were recognized positive for the metacercariae of C. sinensis. The positive rates (range of metacercariae number per fish) of fish by the species were as follows: 48% (1-1,142) in Pseudorasbora parva, 60% (1-412) in Pungtungia herzi, 15.7% (1-23) in Pseudogobio esocinus, 29% (1-7) in Acheilognathus intermedia, 21% (1-4) in Odontobutis interrupta, 33% (1-6) in Zacco temmincki, 3.6% (1-4) in Zacco platypus, and 26.3% (1) in Hemibarbus labeo. The two species, P. parva and P. herzi, are able to be the index fish for estimation of C. sinensis transmission in a certain locality. Still several species of freshwater fish are briskly transmitting C. sinensis infection in many riverside areas of southern Korea.

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Fishborne Trematode Metacercariae Detected in Freshwater Fish from Vientiane Municipality and Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR
Han-Jong Rim, Woon-Mok Sohn, Tai-Soon Yong, Keeseon S. Eom, Jong-Yil Chai, Duk-Young Min, Soon-Hyung Lee, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Bounlay Phommasack, Sithat Insisengmay
Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):253-260.
Published online December 20, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.253

Freshwater fish from Vientiane Municipality and Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR were examined by the muscle compression and artificial digestion methods to know the infection status with trematode metacercariae. In the fish from Savannakhet, 2 species of metacercariae, Opisthorchis viverrini and Haplorchis taichui, were detected. O. viverrini metacercariae were found in 6 species of fish, Puntius brevis, Hampala dispar, Esomus metallicus, Mystacoleucus marginatus, Puntioplites falcifer, and Cyclocheilichthys armatus. H. taichui metacercariae were detected in 3 species of fish, P. brevis, P. falcifer, and M. marginatus. In the fish from Vientiane, 4 species of metacercariae, O. viverrini, H. taichui, Haplorchis yokogawai, and Centrocestus formosanus, were detected. Among them, O. viverrini metacercariae were found in 7 species of fish, Onychostoma elongatum, C. armatus, H. dispar, P. brevis, Cyclocheilichthys repasson, Osteochilus hasseltii, and Hypsibarbus lagleri. The metacercariae of H. taichui were detected in 6 species of fish, C. repasson, O. elongatum, C. armatus, H. dispar, Labiobarbus leptocheila, and Cirrhinus molitorella. The metacercariae of H. yokogawai were found in 9 species of fish, C. repasson, O. elongatum, C. armatus, H. dispar, Labiobarbus leptocheila, O. hasseltii. C. molitorella, Hypsibarbus wetmorei, and H. lagleri. The metacercariae of C. formosanus were detected in 4 species of fish, C. repasson, P. brevis, O. hasseltii, and C. molitorella. From these results, it is confirmed that fishborne trematode metacercariae, i.e. O. viverrini, H. taichui, H. yokogawai and C. formosanus, are prevalent in various species of freshwater fish from Savannakhet Province and Vientiane Municipality, Lao PDR.

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Case Reports

A Case of Fatal Strongyloidiasis in a Patient with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Molecular Characterization of the Isolate
Eshrat Beigom Kia, Hamid Reza Rahimi, Hossein Mirhendi, Mohammad Reza Nilforoushan, Ardeshir Talebi, Farzaneh Zahabiun, Hamid Kazemzadeh, Ahmad Reza Meamar
Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):261-263.
Published online December 20, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.261

Strongyloides stercoralis is a human intestinal parasite which may lead to complicated strongyloidiasis in immunocompromised. Here, a case of complicated strongyloidiasis in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia is reported. Presence of numerous S. stercoralis larvae in feces and sputum confirmed the diagnosis of hyperinfection syndrome in this patient. Following recovery of filariform larvae from agar plate culture of the stool, the isolate was characterized for the ITS1 region of ribosomal DNA gene by nested-PCR and sequencing. Albendazole therapy did not have cure effects; and just at the beginning of taking ivermectin, the patient died. The most important clue to prevent such fatal consequences is early diagnosis and proper treatment.

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Periocular Dirofilariasis in a Young Woman: A Case Report
Amir Jamshidi, Mahin Jamshidi, Iraj Mobedi, Mandana Khosroara
Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):265-267.
Published online December 20, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.265

A case of periocular dirofilariasis has been diagnosed in Iran. A 27-yr old female referred with a history of edema and redness in the left eye since 2 wk ago. On slit lamp examination, a moving thread-like worm was seen in the subconjunctival area. Two days later, a 126 mm long, live filaria worm was extracted from the lower lid subcutaneous tissue. The worm was diagnosed as, likelihood, Dirofilaria immitis on microscopic examinations. The present case suggests that D. immitis can cause periocular infections.

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    Razieh Parsa, Ali Sedighi, Iraj Sharifi, Mehdi Bamorovat, Saeid Nasibi
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  • Orbital Dirofilariasis in Iran: A Case Report
    Sepideh Tavakolizadeh, Iraj Mobedi
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Reemergence of the bedbug Cimex lectularius in Seoul, Korea
In-Yong Lee, Han-Il Ree, Song-Jun An, John Alderman Linton, Tai-Soon Yong
Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):269-271.
Published online December 20, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.269

A healthy 30-yr-old woman carrying an insect that had been caught in her living room visited the International Clinic at Severance Hospital, Seoul, in December 2007. The insect she brought was identified to be a nymph of a bedbug, Cimex lectularius, and her skin rashes looked typical bedbug's bites. Her apartment was investigated, and a dead body of a bedbug, cast skins, and hatched eggs were found in her rooms and neighbors' rooms in the same building. She was living in that apartment in Seoul for 9 months since she had moved from New Jersey, USA. We assume that the bedbugs were introduced from abroad, since there had been no report on bedbugs in Seoul for more than 2 decades at least. This is a report of a reemergence of the common bedbug, C. lectularius in Seoul, Korea.

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The First Outbreak of Chorioptes texanus (Acari: Psoroptidae) Infestation in a Cattle Farm in Korea
Guk-Hyun Suh, Tai-Young Hur, Sun Lim, Sang-Min Shin, Jungkee Kwon, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Chai-Yong Lee, Sung-Shik Shin
Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):273-278.
Published online December 20, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.273

Mites in the genus Chorioptes cause a mild form of skin disease in both domestic and wild ruminants. In July 2006, dermatitis characterized by alopecia, marked lichenification, accumulation of crust, and fissuring was recognized in 14 out of 200 Holstein dairy cattle raised in the cattle farm of the National Institute of Animal Science in Cheonan, Republic of Korea. Skin lesions were distributed mainly over the tail base, and sacral and perineal regions. Microscopic examinations of skin scraping samples from severely affected areas revealed numerous mites of all developmental stages. Morphologically, pedicels of the mites were short and unjointed. The tarsal suckers occurred on the pedicels of all the legs in the male worm and on the first, second, and fourth pair of legs in the adult female worm. A single long seta at the tarsus of legs III and the length of legs II being about twice as long as legs IV in adult male mites were observed. Arising anterior to the inner-most spatulate seta was a short seta with an average of 26.4 ± 5.8 ?m in length. Also, the length of setae #4 on the opisthosomal lobes was relatively short. Based on these observations, the mites were identified as Choriptes texanus. Although the chorioptic mange may not influence the mortality rate in the affected farm, reports indicate that a decline in milk production can be observed. This is the first report of chorioptic infestation in a cattle farm from Korea.

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    V. Melnychuk, S. Kovalenko
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  • Use of a mechanical brush by dairy cows with chorioptic mange
    Ana C. Moncada, Heather W. Neave, Marina A.G. von Keyserlingk, Daniel M. Weary
    Applied Animal Behaviour Science.2020; 223: 104925.     CrossRef
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    Ran He, Xiao-Bin Gu, Yue Xie, Xue-Rong Peng, Christiana Angel, Guang-You Yang
    Parasites & Vectors.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Andre V. Bochkov, Pavel B. Klimov, Gete Hestvik, Alexander P. Saveljev
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  • Acaricidal activity of petroleum ether extracts from Eupatorium adenophorum against the ectoparasitic cattle mite, Chorioptes texanus
    Xiang Nong, Shu-Hua Li, Jia-Hai Wang, Yue Xie, Feng-Zheng Chen, Tian-Fei Liu, Ran He, Xiao-Bin Gu, Xue-Rong Peng, Guang-You Yang
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Brief Communications
Antibody Responses in Sera of Different Mouse Strains Experimentally Infected with Neodiplostomum seoulense
Eun-Taek Han, Jun-Hu Chen, Jong-Yil Chai
Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):279-283.
Published online December 20, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.279

To examine humoral immune responses in the host, we measured serum antibody levels in different strains of mice (ICR, BALB/c, and C3H) experimentally infected with Neodiplostomum seoulense. Specific IgG antibody levels were increased remarkably with little difference among 3 strains of mice infected with N. seoulense from day 7 to 35 post-infection. More target proteins of adult parasites reacted with IgG at the time when the worm recovery decreased compared with other times. More than 20 protein bands, from 14 kDa to 94 kDa in size, were separated from the crude antigen of N. seoulense adults by SDS-PAGE, and among them 26, 30, 35, 43, 54, 67, and 94 kDa proteins were the major antigenic proteins. The results suggest that significant IgG antibody responses occur against N. seoulense in mice and this may be related with expulsion of worms.

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  • Foodborne Intestinal Flukes in Southeast Asia
    Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin, Soon-Hyung Lee, Han-Jong Rim
    The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(Suppl): S69.     CrossRef
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Detection of Gnathostoma spinigerum Third-Stage Larvae in Snakeheads Purchased from a Central Part of Myanmar
Bong-Kwang Jung, Jin-Ju Lee, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Hyeong-Jin Kim, Hoo-Gn Jeong, Cheong-Ha Yoon, Soon-Hyung Lee, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):285-288.
Published online December 20, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.285

To examine the infection status of freshwater fish with Gnathostoma spp. larvae in Myanmar, we purchased 15 snakeheads, Channa striatus, from a local market in a suburban area of Naypyidaw, the new capital city. Two larval gnathostomes were collected using an artificial digestion technique, and observed by a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The size of an intact larva was 2.65 mm long and 0.32 mm wide. The characteristic morphology of the larvae included the presence of a long esophagus (0.80 mm long), 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.43 mm long), and a characteristic head bulb with 4 rows of hooklets. The number of hooklets in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th row was 45, 48, 50, and 52, respectively. Based on these morphological characters, the larvae were identified as the advanced 3rd-stage larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum. This is the first report of detection of G. spinigerum 3rd-stage larvae in the central part of Myanmar. Our study suggests that intake of raw meat of snakehead fish in Myanmar may result in human gnathostomiasis.

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    Woon-Mok Sohn, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Seungwan Ryoo, Keon Hoon Lee, Virak Khieu, Jong-Yil Chai
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Decrease of Metagonimus yokogawai Endemicity along the Tamjin River Basin
Jin-Ju Lee, Hyo-Jin Kim, Min-Jae Kim, Jo Woon Yi Lee, Bong-Kwang Jung, Ji-Youn Lee, Eun-Hee Shin, Jae-Lip Kim, Jong-Yil Chai
Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):289-291.
Published online December 20, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.289

The Tamjin River which flows from Jangheung-gun via Gangjin-gun to the South Sea was reported to be a highly endemic area of Metagonimus yokogawai infection in 1977 and 1985. However, there were no recent studies demonstrating how much change occurred in the endemicity, in terms of prevalence and worm burden, of metagonimiasis in this river basin. Thus, a small-scale epidemiological survey was carried out on some residents along the Tamjin River basin in order to determine the current status of M. yokogawai infection. A total of 48 fecal samples were collected and examined by the Kato-Katz thick smear and formalin-ether sedimentation techniques. The egg positive rate of all helminths was 50.0%, and that of M. yokogawai was 37.5%, followed by C. sinensis 22.9% and G. seoi 4.2%. To obtain the adult flukes of M. yokogawai, 6 egg positive cases were treated with praziquantel 10 mg/kg in a single dose and purged with magnesium sulfate. A total of 5,225 adult flukes (average 871 specimens per person) of M. yokogawai were collected from their diarrheic stools. Compared with the data reported in 1977 and 1985, the individual worm burdens appeared to have decreased remarkably, although the prevalence did not decrease at all. It is suggested that the endemicity of M. yokogawai infection along the Tamjin River has been reduced. To confirm this suggestion, the status of infection in snail and fish intermediate hosts should be investigated.

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Malondialdehyde, Glutathione, and Nitric Oxide Levels in Toxoplasma gondii Seropositive Patients
Ulku Karaman, Tuncay ?elik, Tugba Raika Kiran, Cemil Colak, Nilgun Ulfet Daldal
Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):293-295.
Published online December 20, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.293

The aim of this study was to investigate the difference in the serum malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and nitric oxide (NO) levels between normal and T. gondii-infected patients. To this end, MDA, GSH, and NO levels in the sera of 37 seropositive patients and 40 participants in the control group were evaluated. In Toxoplasma ELISA, IgG results of the patient group were 1,013.0 ± 543.8 in optical density (mean ± SD). A statistically significant difference was found between patients and the control group in terms of MDA, GSH, and NO levels. A decrease in GSH activity was detected, while MDA and NO levels increased significantly. Consequently, it is suggested that the use of antioxidant vitamins in addition to a parasite treatment shall prove useful. The high infection vs control ratio of MDA and NO levels probably suggests the occurrence as a mechanism of tissue damage in cases of chronic toxoplasmosis. Moreover, it is recommended that the patient levels of MDA, GSH, and NO should be evaluated in toxoplasmosis.

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