Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

Previous issues

Volume 55(5); October 2017

Original Articles

Population Genetics of Plasmodium vivax in Four High Malaria Endemic Areas in Thailand: Kanungnit Congpuong, Ratawan Ubalee; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):465-472.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.465

Abstract
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Recent trends of malaria in Thailand illustrate an increasing proportion of Plasmodium vivax, indicating the importance of P. vivax as a major causative agent of malaria. P. vivax malaria is usually considered a benign disease so the knowledge of this parasite has been limited, especially the genetic diversity and genetic structure of isolates from different endemic areas. The aim of this study was to examine the population genetics and structure of P. vivax isolates from 4 provinces with different malaria endemic settings in Thailand using 6 microsatellite markers. Total 234 blood samples from P. vivax mono-infected patients were collected. Strong genetic diversity was observed across all study sites; the expected heterozygosity values ranged from 0.5871 to 0.9033. Genetic variability in this study divided P. vivax population into 3 clusters; first was P. vivax isolates from Mae Hong Son and Kanchanaburi Provinces located on the western part of Thailand; second, Yala isolates from the south; and third, Chanthaburi isolates from the east. P. vivax isolates from patients having parasite clearance time (PCT) longer than 24 hr after the first dose of chloroquine treatment had higher diversity when compared with those having PCT within 24 hr. This study revealed a clear evidence of different population structure of P. vivax from different malaria endemic areas of Thailand. The findings provide beneficial information to malaria control programme as it is a useful tool to track the source of infections and current malaria control efforts.

Citations

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Low Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Circumsporozoite Surface Protein in Clinical Isolates from Southern Thailand
Tachin Khulmanee, Thanyapit Thita, Kanyanan Kritsiriwutinan, Usa Boonyuen, Aminoh Saai, Kanjana Inkabjan, Rimi Chakrabarti, Pradipsinh K. Rathod, Srivicha Krudsood, Mathirut Mungthin, Rapatbhorn Patrapuvich
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2024; 9(5): 94. CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax populations in the western Greater Mekong Subregion evaluated using a genetic barcode
Yubing Hu, Yuling Li, Awtum M. Brashear, Weilin Zeng, Zifang Wu, Lin Wang, Haichao Wei, Myat Thu Soe, Pyae Linn Aung, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Myat Phone Kyaw, Zhaoqing Yang, Yan Zhao, Liwang Cui, Yaming Cao, Karin Kirchgatter
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2024; 18(7): e0012299. CrossRef
Extensive genetic diversity in Plasmodium vivax from Sudan and its genetic relationships with other geographical isolates
Musab M. Ali Albsheer, Alfred Hubbard, Cheikh Cambel Dieng, Eyoab Iyasu Gebremeskel, Safaa Ahmed, Virginie Rougeron, Muntaser E. Ibrahim, Eugenia Lo, Muzamil M. Abdel Hamid
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2024; 123: 105643. CrossRef
Comparison of Vector Trapping Methods for Outdoor Biting Malaria Vector Surveillance in Thailand and Vietnam
Ratchadawan Ngoenklan, Tran Thanh Duong, Vu Duc Chinh, Nguyen Quang Thieu, Jeffrey Hii, Michael J Bangs, Boonserm Aum-Aung, Wannapa Suwonkerd, Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap, Nobuko Tuno
Journal of Medical Entomology.2022; 59(6): 2139. CrossRef
Dynamics of Plasmodium vivax populations in border areas of the Greater Mekong sub-region during malaria elimination
Yuling Li, Yubing Hu, Yan Zhao, Qinghui Wang, Huguette Gaelle Ngassa Mbenda, Veerayuth Kittichai, Saranath Lawpoolsri, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Lynette Menezes, Xiaoming Liu, Liwang Cui, Yaming Cao
Malaria Journal.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Genetic Diversity and Natural Selection in 42 kDa Region of Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein-1 from China-Myanmar Endemic Border: Xia Zhou, Ernest Tambo, Jing Su, Qiang Fang, Wei Ruan, Jun-Hu Chen, Ming-Bo Yin, Xiao-Nong Zhou; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):473-480.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.473

Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-1 (PvMSP1) gene codes for a major malaria vaccine candidate antigen. However, its polymorphic nature represents an obstacle to the design of a protective vaccine. In this study, we analyzed the genetic polymorphism and natural selection of the C-terminal 42 kDa fragment within PvMSP1 gene (Pv MSP1₄₂) from 77 P. vivax isolates, collected from imported cases of China-Myanmar border (CMB) areas in Yunnan province and the inland cases from Anhui, Yunnan, and Zhejiang province in China during 2009-2012. Totally, 41 haplotypes were identified and 30 of them were new haplotypes. The differences between the rates of non-synonymous and synonymous mutations suggest that PvMSP1₄₂ has evolved under natural selection, and a high selective pressure preferentially acted on regions identified of PvMSP1₃₃. Our results also demonstrated that PvMSP1₄₂ of P. vivax isolates collected on China-Myanmar border areas display higher genetic polymorphisms than those collected from inland of China. Such results have significant implications for understanding the dynamic of the P. vivax population and may be useful information towards China malaria elimination campaign strategies.

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Genetic diversity and molecular evolution of Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein and Merozoite Surface Protein-1 in northwestern Thailand
Parsakorn Tapaopong, Gustavo da Silva, Sittinont Chainarin, Chayanut Suansomjit, Khajohnpong Manopwisedjaroen, Liwang Cui, Cristian Koepfli, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Wang Nguitragool
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2023; 113: 105467. CrossRef
Spatiotemporal Changes in Plasmodium vivax msp142 Haplotypes in Southern Mexico: From the Control to the Pre-Elimination Phase
Alejandro Flores-Alanis, Lilia González-Cerón, Frida Santillán-Valenzuela, Cecilia Ximenez, Marco A. Sandoval-Bautista, Rene Cerritos
Microorganisms.2022; 10(1): 186. CrossRef
Genetic polymorphisms in genes associated with drug resistance in Plasmodium vivax parasites from northeastern Myanmar
Fang Huang, Shigang Li, Peng Tian, Lahpai Ja Seng Pu, Yanwen Cui, Hui Liu, Lianzhi Yang, Dahidam Yaw Bi
Malaria Journal.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Diversity and natural selection of Merozoite surface Protein-1 in three species of human malaria parasites: Contribution from South-East Asian isolates
Xiang Ting Goh, Yvonne A.L. Lim, Ping Chin Lee, Veeranoot Nissapatorn, Kek Heng Chua
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2021; 244: 111390. CrossRef
Genetic diversity of Merozoite surface protein 1–42 (MSP1-42) fragment of Plasmodium vivax from Indonesian isolates: Rationale implementation of candidate MSP1 vaccine
E. Elsa Herdiana Murhandarwati, E. Henny Herningtyas, Puspawati Puspawati, Fridolina Mau, Shen-Bo Chen, Hai-Mo Shen, Jun-Hu Chen
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2020; 85: 104573. CrossRef
Exploration of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface proteins 1 and 7 genetic diversity in Brazilian Amazon and Rio de Janeiro Atlantic Forest
Natália Ketrin Almeida-de-Oliveira, Rebecca Abreu-Fernandes, Aline Rosa Lavigne, Anielle Pina-Costa, Daiana de Souza Perce-da-Silva, Marcos Catanho, Átila Duque Rossi, Patrícia Brasil, Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro, Maria de Fátima Ferreira-da-Cruz
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2020; 86: 104592. CrossRef
Genetic polymorphism and natural selection in the C-terminal 42 kDa region of merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) among Plasmodium knowlesi samples from Malaysia
Nan Jiun Yap, Indra Vythilingam, Boon Peng Hoh, Xiang Ting Goh, Azdayanti Muslim, Romano Ngui, Yamuna Rajoo, Seow Huey Choy, Timothy William, Tsin Wen Yeo, Yvonne Ai-Lian Lim
Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Hematological Changes Associated with Theileria orientalis Infection in Korean Indigenous Cattle: Suhee Kim, Do-Hyeon Yu, Sung-Woo Kang, Jeong-Byoung Chae, Kyoung-Seong Choi, Hyeon-Cheol Kim, Bae-Keun Park, Joon-Seok Chae, Jinho Park; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):481-489.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.481

Tick-borne pathogens can cause serious problems in grazing cattle. However, little information is available on tick-mediated diseases in cattle grazing on mountains. Thus, this study aimed to understand the potential problems related to tick-borne diseases in grazing cattle through the investigation of prevalent tick-transmitted infections, and their associated hematological changes, in terms of season and grazing type in Korean indigenous cattle (=Hanwoo). Hanwoo cattle from 3 regions of the Republic of Korea (=Korea) were either maintained indoors or placed on grassy mountains from spring to fall of 2014 and 2015. Cattle that grazed in mountainous areas showed a greater prevalence of tick-borne infections with an increased Theileria orientalis infection rate (54.7%) compared to that in non-grazing cattle (16.3%) (P<0.001). Accordingly, the red blood cell (RBC) count and hematocrit (HCT) values of grazing cattle were significantly lower than those of non-grazing cattle throughout the season (P<0.05). Moreover, RBC, hemoglobin (Hb), and HCT of T. orientalis-positive group were significantly lower than those of T. orientalis-negative group (P<0.05). T. orientalis is a widespread tick-borne pathogen in Korea. Grazing of cattle in mountainous areas is closely associated with an increase in T. orientalis infection (RR=3.4, P<0.001), and with consequent decreases in RBC count and HCT. Thus, these findings suggest that the Hanwoo cattle in mountainous areas of Korea are at a high risk of infection by T. orientalis, which can lead to hematological alterations. This study highlights the necessity of preventive strategies that target T. orientalis infection.

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Pathogen Profiling and Molecular Evaluation Along With In Silico Modeling of Voltage‐Gated Sodium Channel Gene in Deltamethrin Exposed Haemaphysalis longicornis Ticks
Muhammad Kashif Obaid, Qiaoyun Ren, Xiaoqing Zan, Jin Luo, Jehan Zeb, Muhammad Rashid, Guangyuan Liu, Laikang Yang, Xiujun Yun, Lijun Ma, Peng Ma, Changchun Ma, Xiaomei Yang, Hong Yin, Guiquan Guan
The FASEB Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of haematological parameters in haemolytic anaemia caused by tick‐borne pathogens in grazing cattle
Youngjun Kim, Ji‐Young Ku, Youngwoo Jung, Young‐Hwan Lim, Min‐Jeong Ji, Yu‐Jin Park, Hyung‐Chul Cho, Kyoung‐Seong Choi, Jinho Park
Veterinary Medicine and Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification of hemolytic anemia in Korean indigenous cattle with a criteria value of reticulocyte count, indirect bilirubin, and L-lactate concentration
Youngwoo Jung, Ji-Yeong Ku, Youngjun Kim, WooChan Kim, Hyungjae So, Lianfu Piao, Ji-Seon Yoon, Jinho Park
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular epidemiology of Theileria species in ticks and its potential threat to livestock in the Republic of Korea
Badriah Alkathiri, KyuSung Ahn, Haeseung Lee, Yun Sang Cho, So Youn Youn, Min-Goo Seo, Dongmi Kwak, SungShik Shin, Seung-Hun Lee
Acta Tropica.2023; 238: 106780. CrossRef
Emergence of Theileria species in ticks from free-ranging domestic animals in Raymond Mhlaba local municipality, South Africa
Benson Chuks Iweriebor, Kayode Olayinka Afolabi, Ayabulela Nqoro, Larry Chikwelu Obi
Heliyon.2022; 8(3): e09085. CrossRef
The role of sheep (Ovis aries) in maintaining Theileria orientalis Ikeda type infection
K.E. Lawrence, K. Gedye, R. Hickson, B. Wang, L. Carvalho, Y. Zhao, W.E. Pomroy
Veterinary Parasitology.2021; 291: 109391. CrossRef
A clinical case of bovine anemia due to Theileria orientalis group in a non-grazed dairy cow in the upper part of South Korea
Hector M. Espiritu, Hee-Woon Lee, Sang-Suk Lee, Yong-Il Cho
Korean Journal of Veterinary Research.2021; 61(4): e33. CrossRef
A genetic and immunological comparison of tick-resistance in beef cattle following artificial infestation with Rhipicephalus ticks
J. K. Marima, C. L. Nel, M. C. Marufu, N. N. Jonsson, B. Dube, K. Dzama
Experimental and Applied Acarology.2020; 80(4): 569. CrossRef
Genotypic Analysis of Piroplasms and Associated Pathogens from Ticks Infesting Cattle in Korea
Min-Goo Seo, Oh-Deog Kwon, Dongmi Kwak
Microorganisms.2020; 8(5): 728. CrossRef
Clinical Pathology, Immunopathology and Advanced Vaccine Technology in Bovine Theileriosis: A Review
Onyinyechukwu Ada Agina, Mohd Rosly Shaari, Nur Mahiza Md Isa, Mokrish Ajat, Mohd Zamri-Saad, Hazilawati Hamzah
Pathogens.2020; 9(9): 697. CrossRef
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Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo
Pathogens.2020; 9(9): 768. CrossRef
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N. Aziz, M. Maksudi, Y. A. Prakoso
Veterinary World.2019; 12(9): 1358. CrossRef

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Suppressors for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 (HER2/4): A New Family of Anti-Toxoplasmic Agents in ARPE-19 Cells: Yeong Hoon Kim, Lokraj Bhatt, Hye-Jin Ahn, Zhaoshou Yang, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):491-503.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.491

Abstract
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The effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were evaluated on growth inhibition of intracellular Toxoplasma gondii in host ARPE-19 cells. The number of tachyzoites per parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) was counted after treatment with TKIs. T. gondii protein expression was assessed by western blot. Immunofluorescence assay was performed using Programmed Cell Death 4 (PDCD4) and T. gondii GRA3 antibodies. The TKIs were divided into 3 groups; non-epidermal growth factor receptor (non-EGFR), anti-human EGFR 2 (anti-HER2), and anti-HER2/4 TKIs, respectively. Group I TKIs (nintedanib, AZD9291, and sunitinib) were unable to inhibit proliferation without destroying host cells. Group II TKIs (lapatinib, gefitinib, erlotinib, and AG1478) inhibited proliferation up to 98% equivalent to control pyrimethamine (5 ?M) at 20 μM and higher, without affecting host cells. Group III TKIs (neratinib, dacomitinib, afatinib, and pelitinib) inhibited proliferation up to 98% equivalent to pyrimethamine at 1-5 μM, but host cells were destroyed at 10-20 ?M. In Group I, TgHSP90 and SAG1 inhibitions were weak, and GRA3 expression was moderately inhibited. In Group II, TgHSP90 and SAG1 expressions seemed to be slightly enhanced, while GRA3 showed none to mild inhibition; however, AG1478 inhibited all proteins moderately. Protein expression was blocked in Group III, comparable to pyrimethamine. PDCD4 and GRA3 were well localized inside the nuclei in Group I, mildly disrupted in Group II, and were completely disrupted in Group III. This study suggests the possibility of a vital T. gondii TK having potential HER2/4 properties, thus anti-HER2/4 TKIs may inhibit intracellular parasite proliferation with minimal adverse effects on host cells.

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Yeong Hoon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hwa Sun Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
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Tirosh Shapira, Matthew Christofferson, Yossef Av-Gay
International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents.2024; 63(5): 107138. CrossRef
Novel therapeutic opportunities for Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Giardia intestinalis infections
Francesca Arrighi, Arianna Granese, Paola Chimenti, Paolo Guglielmi
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Latent Toxoplasmosis among Breast Cancer Patients in Jahrom, South of Iran
Marzeieh Haghbin, Salar Maani, Mohammad Aref Bagherzadeh, Ahmadreza Bazmjoo, Heshmatollah Shakeri, Ali Taghipour, Shahab Falahi, Azra Kenarkoohi, Milad Badri, Amir Abdoli, Mubashir Javed Mintoo
International Journal of Breast Cancer.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef
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Qidong Tang, Ting Peng, Jie Hu, Tao Zhang, Pengqin Chen, Daoxing Chen, Yunjie Wang, Lingfeng Chen, Linjiang Tong, Yi Chen, Hua Xie, Guang Liang
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.2022; 233: 114249. CrossRef
Secretome Analysis of Host Cells Infected with Toxoplasma gondii after Treatment of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 Inhibitors
Hye-Jung Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hyeweon Kang, Jaehui Park, Seul gi Oh, Saehae Choi, Won-Kyu Lee, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(3): 249. CrossRef

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DNA Vaccines Encoding Toxoplasma gondii Cathepsin C 1 Induce Protection against Toxoplasmosis in Mice: Yali Han, Aihua Zhou, Gang Lu, Guanghui Zhao, Wenchao Sha, Lin Wang, Jingjing Guo, Jian Zhou, Huaiyu Zhou, Hua Cong, Shenyi He; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):505-512.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.505

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii cathepsin C proteases (TgCPC1, 2, and 3) are important for the growth and survival of T. gondii. In the present study, B-cell and T-cell epitopes of TgCPC1 were predicted using DNAstar and the Immune Epitope Database. A TgCPC1 DNA vaccine was constructed, and its ability to induce protective immune responses against toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice was evaluated in the presence or absence of the adjuvant α-GalCer. As results, TgCPC1 DNA vaccine with or without adjuvant α-GalCer showed higher levels of IgG and IgG2a in the serum, as well as IL-2 and IFN-γ in the spleen compared to controls (PBS, pEGFP-C1, and α-Galcer). Upon challenge infection with tachyzoites of T. gondii (RH), pCPC1/α-Galcer immunized mice showed the longest survival among all the groups. Mice vaccinated with DNA vaccine without adjuvant (pCPC1) showed better protective immunity compared to other controls (PBS, pEGFP-C1, and α-Galcer). These results indicate that a DNA vaccine encoding TgCPC1 is a potential vaccine candidate against toxoplasmosis.

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Modest Protective Immune Responses Induced by a DNA Vaccine Expressing IMP1 of Toxoplasma gondii in BALB/c Mice
Farid Alizadeh, Maryam Hataminejad, Hajar Yaghoobi, Hakim Azizi
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Sajad Rashidi, Javier Sánchez-Montejo, Reza Mansouri, Mohammad Ali-Hassanzadeh, Amir Savardashtaki, Mohammad Saleh Bahreini, Mohammadreza Karimazar, Raúl Manzano-Román, Paul Nguewa
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Lamei Wu, Huijian Yang, Jianglin Wang, Xiuwen Yu, Yanhong He, Shenxia Chen
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Review of DNA Vaccine Approaches Against the Parasite Toxoplasma gondii
Rosalie C. Warner, Ryan C. Chapman, Brianna N. Davis, Paul H. Davis
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Carlos J. Ramírez-Flores, Rosalba Cruz-Mirón, Rossana Arroyo, Mónica E. Mondragón-Castelán, Tais Nopal-Guerrero, Sirenia González-Pozos, Emmanuel Ríos-Castro, Ricardo Mondragón-Flores
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High Frequency of Enteric Protozoan, Viral, and Bacterial Potential Pathogens in Community-Acquired Acute Diarrheal Episodes: Evidence Based on Results of Luminex Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel Assay: Yousry A. Hawash, Khadiga A. Ismail, Mazen Almehmadi; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):513-521.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.513

Abstract
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Infectious diarrhea is endemic in most developing countries. We aimed to investigate the protozoan, viral, and bacterial causes of acute diarrhea in Taif, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional prospective 1-year study was conducted on 163 diarrheal patients of various ages. Stool samples were collected, 1 per patient, and tested for 3 protozoa, 3 viruses, and 9 bacteria with the Luminex Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel. Overall, 53.4% (87/163) of samples were positives (20.8% protozoa, 19.6% viruses, 2.8% bacteria, and 9.8% mixed). Rotavirus (19.6%), Giardia duodenalis (16.5%), and Cryptosporidium spp. (8.5%) were the mostly detected pathogens. Adenovirus 40/41 (4.2%), Salmonella (3%), Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (3%), and Entamoeba histolytica (2.4%) were also detected. Norovirus GI/II, Vibrio cholerae, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Clostridium difficile toxin A/B were not detected in any patients. All pathogens were involved in coinfections except E. histolytica. Giardia (5.5%) and rotavirus (3%) were the most commonly detected in co-infections. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (2.4%), Campylobacter spp. (2.4%), E. coli 0157 (1.8%), and Shigella spp. (1.2%) were detected in patients only as co-infections. Infections were more in children 0-4 years, less in adults <40 years, and least >40 years, with statistically significant differences in risk across age groups observed with rotavirus (P<0.001), Giardia (P=0.006), and Cryptosporidium (P=0.036) infections. Lastly, infections were not significantly more in the spring. This report demonstrates the high burden of various enteropathogens in the setting. Further studies are needed to define the impact of these findings on the clinical course of the disease.

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Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Environmental Water Contamination in a Rural Village of Northern Lao PDR: Alexis Ribas, Chlo? Jollivet, Serge Morand, Boupha Thongmalayvong, Silaphet Somphavong, Chern-Chiang Siew, Pei-Jun Ting, Saipin Suputtamongkol, Viengsaene Saensombath, Surapol Sanguankiat, Boon-Huan Tan, Phimpha Paboriboune, Kongsap Akkhavong, Kittipong Chaisiri; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):523-532.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.523

Abstract
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A field survey studying intestinal parasites in humans and microbial pathogen contamination at environment was performed in a Laotian rural village to identify potential risks for disease outbreaks. A parasitological investigation was conducted in Ban Lak Sip village, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR involving fecal samples from 305 inhabitants as well as water samples taken from 3 sites of the local stream. Water analysis indicated the presence of several enteric pathogens, i.e., Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., E. coli H7, E. coli O157: H7, verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC), Shigella spp., and enteric adenovirus. The level of microbial pathogens contamination was associated with human activity, with greater levels of contamination found at the downstream site compared to the site at the village and upstream, respectively. Regarding intestinal parasites, the prevalence of helminth and protozoan infections were 68.9% and 27.2%, respectively. Eight helminth taxa were identified in fecal samples, i.e., 2 tapeworm species (Taenia sp. and Hymenolepis diminuta), 1 trematode (Opisthorchis sp.), and 5 nematodes (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis, trichostrongylids, and hookworms). Six species of intestinal protists were identified, i.e., Blastocystis hominis, Cyclospora spp., Endolimax nana, Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, Entamoeba coli, and Giardia lamblia. Questionnaires and interviews were also conducted to determine risk factors of infection. These analyses together with a prevailing infection level suggested that most of villagers were exposed to parasites in a similar degree due to limited socio-economic differences and sharing of similar practices. Limited access to effective public health facilities is also a significant contributing factor.

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Schistosoma mansoni Infection and Its Related Morbidity among Adults Living in Selected Villages of Mara Region, North-Western Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Exploratory Study: Humphrey D. Mazigo, Fred Nuwaha, David W. Dunne, Godfrey M. Kaatano, Tekla Angelo, Stella Kepha, Safari M. Kinung’hi; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):533-540.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.533

Abstract
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Schistosoma mansoni is highly endemic in Tanzania and affects all age groups at different degrees. However, its control approach does not include adult individuals who are equally at risk and infected. To justify the inclusion of adult individuals in MDA programs in Tanzania, the present study focused on determining the prevalence of S. mansoni infection and its related morbidities among adult individuals. This was a cross sectional study conducted among 412 adult individuals aged 18-89 years living in selected villages of Rorya and Butiama districts located along the shoreline of the Lake Victoria. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and socio-economic information of participants. Ultrasonographic examinations were conducted for all study participants using the Niamey protocol. A single stool sample was obtained from all study participants and examined for S. mansoni using the Kato-Katz technique. The study revealed a high prevalence of S. mansoni (56.3%), and the majority of infected individuals had a light intensity of infection. Ultrasonographic findings revealed that 22.4% of adult individuals had periportal fibrosis (PPF) (grade C-F), with 18.4% having grade C and D and 4% having grade E and F. Males had the highest prevalence of PPF (31.7% vs 10.8%, P<0.001). Organomegaly was common with 28.5% and 29.6% having splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, respectively. S. mansoni infection and its related morbidities included PPF, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly were common among adult individuals. To reduce the level of transmission of S. mansoni infection, planned mass drug administration campaigns should include adult individuals living in these villages.

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Association of current Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum, and Schistosoma mekongi infection status and intensity with periportal fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Adanna Ewuzie, Lauren Wilburn, Dixa B Thakrar, Huike Cheng, Fabian Reitzug, Nia Roberts, Reem Malouf, Goylette F Chami
The Lancet Global Health.2025; 13(1): e69. CrossRef
Parasites of the liver: A global problem?
Vladislav V Tsukanov, Alexander V Vasyutin, Julia L Tonkikh
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Nicolaus Omari Mbugi, Hudson Laizer, Musa Chacha, Ernest Mbega, Uwem Friday Ekpo
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Echinostoma macrorchis (Digenea: Echinostomatidae): Metacercariae in Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata Snails and Adults from Experimental Rats in Korea: Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):541-548.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.541

Abstract
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A survey was performed to know the infection status of echinostome metacercariae in Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata snails from Korea. Total 75 snails collected in 5 localities, i.e., Imsil-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Hwasun-gun and Shinan-gun (Aphae and Jido), Jeollanam-do, and Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, were examined for metacercariae by the artificial digestion method. Infection rates of metacercariae were 80.0%, 66.7%, 100%, 60.0%, and 73.3%, and their densities were 39, 32, 183, 19, and 30 per snail infected, respectively. The metacercariae were round, 105-118×105-118 μm in size, with a thin cyst wall, collar spines on the head collar, and excretory granules in 2 canals of excretory tube. Adult flukes were elongated, ventrally curved, and 5,167×939 μm in average size. Head collar distinct, bearing 45 collar spines with 5 end groups on each side. Oral sucker subterminal, pharynx well developed, and esophagus somewhat short. Cirrus sac well developed, with a saccular seminal vesicle, and ventral sucker very large. Ovary elliptical and on the median line of the body. Testes tandem and slightly lobed. Eggs operculated, elliptical, and 90-103×55-60 μm in size. By scanning electron microscopy, the head collar was prominent with 45 collar spines resembling horns of younger stags. Scale-like tegumental spines were densely distributed on the body surface between the head collar and ventral sucker. Conclusively, it has been first confirmed that the life cycle of E. macrorchis is indigenously maintained in Korea, and C. chinensis malleata snails are popularly infected with the metacercariae of this echinostome.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(6): 657. CrossRef

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Analysis of Lethality in Echinococcal Disease: Anna S. Khachatryan; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):549-553.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.549

Abstract
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The information on mortality from echinococcosis is important not only for a better understanding of the severity of the disease, but also for evaluating the effectiveness of public health interventions. The aim of this research was to study the causes of mortality from echinococcosis. We have collected and analyzed the materials of 1,470 patients in 10 age - groups in the Republic of Armenia (from 2000 to 2016). To find out the causes of mortality from echinococcosis, we have analyzed the medical histories and protocols of postmortem examinations of 19 deaths from echinococcosis and 17 deaths due to other indirect causes not associated with the parasite. The average annual death rate from echinococcosis is 0.007 per 10,000 population, and the mortality is 1.29 (per 100 patients). The highest mortality occurs in people aged 70-79. Mortality from echinococcosis is also recorded among the unoperated children. The rupture of the parasitic cyst and hepatic insufficiency are major among the direct causes of mortality. Sometimes the hydatid cysts unrecognized during the life were first diagnosed at autopsy. Insufficient qualification of doctors in the field of helminthology, as well as the latent course of the disease or manifestation of minor symptoms in echinococcosis over a long period often led to medical errors. Further decline in mortality can be achieved by early diagnosis, timely hospitalization and treatment before the development of severe complications worsening the prognosis and outcomes of surgical intervention.

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Chigger Mite (Acari: Trombiculidae) Survey of Rodents in Shandong Province, Northern China: Xiao-Dan Huang, Peng Cheng, Yu-Qiang Zhao, Wen-Juan Li, Jiu-Xu Zhao, Hong-Mei Liu, Jing-Xuan Kou, Mao-Qing Gong; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):555-559.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.555

Abstract
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Chigger mites are parasites of rodents and other vertebrates, invertebrates, and other arthropods, and are the only vectors of scrub typhus, in addition to other zoonoses. Therefore, investigating their distribution, diversity, and seasonal abundance is important for public health. Rodent surveillance was conducted at 6 districts in Shandong Province, northern China (114-112°E, 34-38°N), from January to December 2011. Overall, 225/286 (78.7%) rodents captured were infested with chigger mites. A total of 451 chigger mites were identified as belonging to 5 most commonly collected species and 3 genera in 1 family. Leptotrombidium scutellare and Leptotrombidium intermedia were the most commonly collected chigger mites. L. scutellare (66.2%, 36.7%, and 49.0%) was the most frequently collected chigger mite from Apodemus agrarius, Rattus norvegicus, and Microtus fortis, respectively, whereas L. intermedia (61.5% and 63.2%) was the most frequently collected chigger mite from Cricetulus triton and Mus musculus, respectively. This study demonstrated a relatively high prevalence of chigger mites that varied seasonally in Shandong Province, China.

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Variation in Small Mammal Species Composition and the Occurrence of Parasitic Mites in Two Landscapes in a Scrub Typhus Endemic Region of Western Yunnan Province, China
Yun‐Yan Luo, Jia‐Xiang Yin, Zong‐Ti Shao, Zeng‐Kan Liu, Shou‐Qin Yin, Jiang‐Li Lu, Jin‐Chun Li, Rong Wei, Alan Frederick Geater
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Yan-Ling Chen, Xian-Guo Guo, Wen-Yu Song, Tian-Guang Ren, Lei Zhang, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Wen-Ge Dong, Xiao-Bin Huang
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Ivo Elliott, Neeranuch Thangnimitchok, Kittipong Chaisiri, Tri Wangrangsimakul, Piangnet Jaiboon, Nicholas P. J. Day, Daniel H. Paris, Paul N. Newton, Serge Morand
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Case Reports

First Case of Canine Infection with Hepatozoon canis (Apicomplexa: Haemogregarinidae) in the Republic of Korea: Seung-Joo Kwon, Yoon-Hee Kim, Hyun-Hee Oh, Ul-Soo Choi; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):561-564.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.561

Abstract
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This report describes a dog infected with Hepatozoon canis, the first canine infection in the Republic of Korea. A 2-year-old intact male Maltese dog presented with anorexia and depression. Physical examinations revealed mild dehydration and hyperthermia (39.8°C), and blood analysis showed pancytopenia. Diff-Quik staining of blood smear specimens showed the presence of ellipsoidal shaped structures (gamonts of H. canis) within a small number of neutrophils. Real-time PCR analysis using whole blood confirmed infection by H. canis. The clinical condition of the dog improved after symptomatic treatment and administration of doxycycline. Although a molecular epidemiologic survey in Korea showed H. canis infection of dogs, to our knowledge this is the first report of a dog infection in Korea molecularly shown to be H. canis.

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Maryna Galat, Diana Gliga, Vladyslava Storozhuk, Oleksandr Paraska, Olena Semenko, Sergii Honcharov, Hans-Peter Fuehrer, Gaston Moré, Walter Basso, Britta Lundström-Stadelmann, Caroline F. Frey
Parasitology International.2026; 110: 103125. CrossRef
First description of Hepatozoon canis in raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides)
Itainara Taili, Jongseung Kim, Sungryong Kim, Dong-Hyuk Jeong, Ki-Jeong Na
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Hepatozoon infections in domestic and wild Carnivora: etiology, prevalence, clinical disease, diagnosis and treatment, and redescription of Hepatozoon silvestris, H. martis, and H. ursi
Jitender P. Dubey, Amer Alić, Adnan Hodžić, Jocelyn Lopez-Flores, Gad Baneth
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Genetic characterization and pathogenic effects of Hepatozoon canis infection in police dogs in Egypt
Olfat A. Mahdy, Marwa M. Khalifa, Ahmed A. Zaki, Asmaa K. Al-Mokaddem, Marwa M. Attia
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Kyoo-Tae Kim, Min-Goo Seo
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José Juan Lira-Amaya, Johnatan A. Ruíz-Ramírez, Kattia Miranda-de la Mora, Grecia Martínez-García, Montserrat Santamaria-Espinosa, Luis J. García-Márquez, Ramón Cernas-Mirada, Francisco Vanegas-Soriano, Julio Vicente Figueroa-Millán
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Adama Zan Diarra, Patrick Kelly, Bernard Davoust, Philippe Parola
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Marwa M. Khalifa, Marwa M. Attia
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Potential Role of Hepatozoon canis in a Fatal Systemic Disease in a Puppy
Andrea De Bonis, Mariasole Colombo, Rossella Terragni, Barbara Bacci, Simone Morelli, Marika Grillini, Massimo Vignoli
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Min-Goo Seo, Oh-Deog Kwon, Dongmi Kwak
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Molecular detection of Hepatozoon canis in dogs and ticks in Shaanxi province, China
Wen-Ping Guo, Guang-Cheng Xie, Zhong-Qiang Xue, Jiao-Jiao Yu, Rui Jian, Luan-Ying Du, Ya-Ning Li
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.2020; 72: 101514. CrossRef

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A Case of Engorged Female Hard Tick in the External Auditory Canal of an Infant: Woo-Jung Sung, Yee-Hyuk Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):565-568.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.565

Abstract
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An oval-shaped mass with a smooth surface was found in the ear canal of a 22-month-old male infant. Although the mass appeared to be almost entirely blocking the ear canal, it was successfully removed under a surgical microscope without general anesthesia at the outpatient department. Under an optical microscope with hematoxylin and eosin staining, the specimen was observed to have a cuticle with a serrated surface and a pore canal, as well as parts of the capitulum, salivary glands, muscles, midgut, and the legs. The specimen was identified as a hard tick of the family Ixodidae, based on gross and histological findings. This paper is the first report in Korea on the diagnosis and treatment of a tick bite in the ear canal.

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Four Cases of Ticks in the External Auditory Canal
Sato Ichihashi, Yosuke Nakamura, Kenichiro Nakajima, Kazuyuki Ito
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K. O. Bandaranayaka, S. A. M. Kularatne, R. P. V. J. Rajapakse, U. B. Abeysundara, R. M. M. A. Rajapaksha, R. S. Rajakaruna
Acta Parasitologica.2021; 66(4): 1326. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Status and Risk Factors of Strongyloides stercoralis Infection in Rural Communities of Xayaburi Province, Lao PDR: Phasouk Senephansiri, Porntip Laummaunwai, Sakorn Laymanivong, Thidarut Boonmar; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):569-573.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.569

Abstract
PDF

The present study was performed to reveal the current status and risk factors of Strongyloides stercoralis infections in the villages of Kenethao district, Xayaburi Province, Lao PDR. Fecal specimens were collected and examined for S. stercoralis using Koga-agar plate culture technique. Among 516 individuals, the prevalence of S. stercoralis and hookworm infection was 44.2% and 17.1%, respectively. Co-infection was detected in 13.2% of the cases. The prevalence did not significantly differ between males and females (P=0.193). However, the prevalence of S. stercoralis infection increased significantly with age (P=0.041). Of the risk factors examined, both performing farming activities (P=0.001) and walking barefoot when going outside of the house (P=0.003) showed significant correlations with S. stercoralis infections. Our results suggest that S. stercoralis is highly endemic in this area. The National Helminth Control Program of Lao PDR should take actions to control S. stercoralis infection. In addition, provision of health education about the benefits of wearing shoes would be important for reducing infection in the study area. Moreover, the application of high-sensitivity diagnostic approaches is needed to obtain the true impact of S. stercoralis infections in all rural communities in order to provide surveillance activities in Lao PDR.

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Tadesse Hailu, Endalkachew Nibret, Arancha Amor, Abaineh Munshea, Melaku Anegagrie
Acta Tropica.2022; 226: 106280. CrossRef
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Tadesse Hailu Jember, Arancha Amor, Endalkachew Nibret, Abaineh Munshea, Maria Flores-Chavez, Thuy-Huong Ta-Tang, Jose M Saugar, Agustín Benito, Melaku Anegagrie, Neil D. Young
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Laiz C. Tavore, Maria Teresa Silva Bispo, Loyane Almeida Gama, Vitor Mati, Luana Anjos-Ramos
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Cesar G. Berto, Christina M. Coyle, Lianna Friedman, Patricia F. Walker
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Toni Wandra, Dewi Masyithah Darlan, Hemma Yulfi, Ivan Elisabeth Purba, Marcello Otake Sato, Christine M Budke, Akira Ito
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Matthew Paltridge, Simon Smith, Aileen Traves, Robyn McDermott, Xin Fang, Chris Blake, Brad Milligan, Andrew D’Addona, Josh Hanson
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2020; 102(2): 339. CrossRef
Current status of Opisthorchis viverrini, minute intestinal fluke and Taenia spp. infections among inhabitants in the Kenethao district of northern Lao PDR
Phasouk Senephansiri, Thaksaporn Thongseesuksai, Phaviny Sithay, Sakhone Laymanivong, Thidarut Boonmar, Porntip Laummaunwai
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Hiroshi Ikuno, Takashi Ishikawa, Kazumi Norose
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2020; 103(2): 727. CrossRef
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Somaphone Chankongsin, Rahel Wampfler, Marie-Therese Ruf, Peter Odermatt, Hanspeter Marti, Beatrice Nickel, Valy Keoluangkhot, Andreas Neumayr
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Marcello Otake Sato, Poom Adsakwattana, Ian Kendrich C. Fontanilla, Jun Kobayashi, Megumi Sato, Tiengkhan Pongvongsa, Raffy Jay C. Fornillos, Jitra Waikagul
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Alejandro Krolewiecki, Thomas B. Nutman
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Maria Luisa Morales, Martha Lopez, Priscilla Ly, Seher Anjum, Martha Vanessa Fernandez-Baca, Angela Maria Valdivia-Rodriguez, Frecia Maribel Mamani-Licona, Benicia Baca-Turpo, Nedhy Farfan-Gonzales, Yeshica Chaman-Illanes, Miguel Mauricio Cabada
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Soraya J Kaewpitoon, Wararat Sangwalee, Jirawoot Kujapun, Jun Norkaew, Jirayut Chuatanam, Sukanya Ponphimai, Wasugree Chavengkun, Natnapa Padchasuwan, Thirayu Meererksom, Taweesak Tongtawee, Likit Matrakool, Sukij Panpimanmas, Parichart Wakkhuwatapong, Na
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Tropical Medicine and Health.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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New Record of Aspidogaster ijimai Kawamura, 1913 (Trematoda: Aspidogastridae) from Cyprinus carpio in Korea: Dongmin Lee, Hansol Park, Seongjun Choe, Yeseul Kang, Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):575-578.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.575

Abstract
PDF

Aspidogastrid trematodes (Subclass Aspidogastrea) are a relatively small group with a characteristic adhesive disc and parasitize in a variety of cold-blooded hosts. Until now, only 2 species in the genus Cotylaspis, i.e., C. coreensis and C. sinensis, have been reported as the aspidogastrid trematode in the Republic of Korea (=Korea). In the present study, we intended to describe a species of aspidogastrids collected from the small intestine of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, in a faunistic point of view. Total 51 specimens were collected from a carp caught in Nakdong-gang (River) on May 2015. Some of them were prepared as the specimens for light microscopic observations, and some others were prepared for SEM. They were slightly elongated without head lobes, 2,432×840 μm in average size, and had characteristic adhesive discs with 4 rows and 46 alveoli in average. The ovary was reniform and was located in the posterior-upper part of the body. The single testis was larger than the ovary and was located below the ovary. The uterus was coiled containing numerous eggs and distributed in the posterior 2/3 of the body. The vitellaria were follicular, and distributed from the mid-level of testis to near the posterior end. The morphological characters with dimensions of our specimens were closely identical with those of Aspidogaster ijimai previously described. A new aspidogastrid is added among the Korean trematode fauna by the present study.

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The complete mitochondrial genome of Aspidogaster ijimai (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda: Aspidogastrea): gene content and phylogenetic inference
D. A. Solodovnik, D. M. Atopkin, A. A. Semenchenko, M. Urabe, S. G. Sokolov
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Jaydipbhai Suthar, Sarah Al-Jufaili, Rodney A. Bray, Marcus Frank, Stefan Theisen, Harry W. Palm
Parasitology Research.2021; 120(10): 3405. CrossRef
Redescription and supplementary molecular characteristics of Aspidogaster ijimai Kawamura, 1915 (Trematoda, Aspidogastrea, Aspidogastridae), a parasite of Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 s. lato (Actinopterygii) and freshwater bivalves in East Asia
S.G. Sokolov, D.M. Atopkin, M. Urabe
Parasitology International.2019; 71: 167. CrossRef

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157 Download
2 Web of Science
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Intestinal Parasite Infections among Inhabitants in Yanbian Prefecture, Jilin Province, China: Myoung-Ro Lee, Hee-Eun Shin, Byung-Suk Chung, Sang-Eun Lee, Jung-Won Ju, Liji Xu, Chen Long Nan, Mi-Yeoun Park, Shin-Hyeong Cho; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):579-582.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.579

Abstract
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To investigate the prevalence of intestinal parasite infections in Yanbian Prefecture, Jilin Province, China, epidemiological surveys were conducted on a collaboration basis between the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Yanbian Center for Disease Control and Prevention. A total of 8,396 (males 3,737 and females 4,659) stool samples were collected from 8 localities and examined with the formalin-ether sedimentation technique, and additionally examined with the cellotape anal swab to detect Enterobius vermicularis eggs. The overall rate of intestinal parasites was 1.57%. The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides was the highest (0.80%), followed by Entamoeba spp. (0.23%), heterophyid flukes (0.15%), Clonorchis sinensis (0.08%), Enterobius vermicularis (0.07%), hookworms (0.06%), Trichostrongylus spp. (0.06%), Giardia lamblia (0.04%), Paragonimus spp. (0.02%), Diphyllobothrium spp. (0.02%), Trichuris trichiura (0.02%). The prevalence by sex was similar, 1.58% (n=59) in males and 1.57% (n=73) in females. By the present study, it is partly revealed that the prevalences of intestinal parasite infections are relatively low among the inhabitants of Yanbian Prefecture, Jilin Province, China.

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