Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Ascaris"

Brief Communications

Three Nematode Species Recovered from Terrestrial Snakes in Republic of Korea: Seongjun Choe, Junsik Lim, Hyun Kim, Youngjun Kim, Heejong Kim, Dongmin Lee, Hansol Park, Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):205-213.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.205

Abstract
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The majority of parasitological studies of terrestrial snakes in Korea have focused on zoonotic parasites. However, in the present study, we describe 3 unrecorded nematode species recovered from 5 species of snakes (n=6) in Korea. The examined snakes, all confiscated from illegal hunters, were donated by the Chungnam Wild Animal Rescue Center and Korean Broadcasting System in July 2014 and February 2015. Light and scanning electron microscopies on the shapes of spicules that are either bent or straight (kalicephalids) and the presence of the intestinal cecum (ophidascarids) figured out 3 nematodes; Kalicephalus brachycephalus Maplestone, 1931, Kalicephalus sinensis Hs?, 1934, and Ophidascaris excavata Hs? and Hoeppli, 1934. These 3 species of nematode faunas are recorded for the first time in Korea.

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Qi Zhao, Asmaa M.I. Abuzeid, Long He, Tingting Zhuang, Xiu Li, Jumei Liu, Shilan Zhu, Xiaoyu Chen, Guoqing Li
Parasitology International.2021; 85: 102434. CrossRef
Morphologic and morphometric characteristics of ascaroid worm, Ophidascaris piscatori in Xenochrophis piscator snake in Sidoarjo, Indonesia
Lucia Tri Suwanti, Inggarsetya Syah Audini, Setiawan Koesdarto, Emmanuel Djoko Poetranto
Veterinary World.2018; 11(8): 1159. CrossRef

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Effects of Disinfectants on Larval Development of Ascaris suum Eggs: Ki-Seok Oh, Geon-Tae Kim, Kyu-Sung Ahn, Sung-Shik Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):103-107.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.103

Abstract
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The
objective
of this study was to evaluate the effects of several different commercial disinfectants on the embryogenic development of Ascaris suum eggs. A 1-ml aliquot of each disinfectant was mixed with approximately 40,000 decorticated or intact A. suum eggs in sterile tubes. After each treatment time (at 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 30, and 60 min), disinfectants were washed away, and egg suspensions were incubated at 25˚C in distilled water for development of larvae inside. At 3 weeks of incubation after exposure, ethanol, methanol, and chlorohexidin treatments did not affect the larval development of A. suum eggs, regardless of their concentration and treatment time. Among disinfectants tested in this study, 3% cresol, 0.2% sodium hypochlorite and 0.02% sodium hypochlorite delayed but not inactivated the embryonation of decorticated eggs at 3 weeks of incubation, because at 6 weeks of incubation, undeveloped eggs completed embryonation regardless of exposure time, except for 10% povidone iodine. When the albumin layer of A. suum eggs remained intact, however, even the 10% povidone iodine solution took at least 5 min to reasonably inactivate most eggs, but never completely kill them with even 60 min of exposure. This study demonstrated that the treatment of A. suum eggs with many commercially available disinfectants does not affect the embryonation. Although some disinfectants may delay or stop the embryonation of A. suum eggs, they can hardly kill them completely.

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Mihai-Horia Băieş, Călin Gherman, Zsolt Boros, Diana Olah, Ana-Maria Vlase, Anamaria Cozma-Petruț, Adriana Györke, Doina Miere, Laurian Vlase, Gianina Crișan, Marina Spînu, Vasile Cozma
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Deactivation of Ascaris suum eggs using electroporation and sequential inactivation with chemical disinfection
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The impact of certain flavourings and preservatives on the survivability of eggs of Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis
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Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Analyses of Ascaris Eggs Discovered in Coprolites from Joseon Tomb: Chang Seok Oh, Min Seo, Jong Ha Hong, Jong-Yil Chai, Seung Whan Oh, Jun Bum Park, Dong Hoon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(2):237-242.
Published online April 22, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.237

Abstract
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Analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA) extracted from Ascaris is very important for understanding the phylogenetic lineage of the parasite species. When aDNAs obtained from a Joseon tomb (SN2-19-1) coprolite in which Ascaris eggs were identified were amplified with primers for cytochrome b (cyt b) and 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene, the outcome exhibited Ascaris specific amplicon bands. By cloning, sequencing, and analysis of the amplified DNA, we obtained information valuable for comprehending genetic lineage of Ascaris prevalent among pre-modern Joseon peoples.

Citations

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Paleoparasitology research on ancient helminth eggs and larvae in the Republic of Korea
Jong-Yil Chai, Min Seo, Dong Hoon Shin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(4): 345. CrossRef
Historic and Prehistoric Epidemics: An Overview of Sources Available for the Study of Ancient Pathogens
Antoinette C. van der Kuyl
Epidemiologia.2022; 3(4): 443. CrossRef
Mummification in Korea and China: Mawangdui, Song, Ming and Joseon Dynasty Mummies
Dong Hoon Shin, Raffaella Bianucci, Hisashi Fujita, Jong Ha Hong
BioMed Research International.2018; 2018: 1. CrossRef
Estimation of parasite infection prevalence of Joseon people by paleoparasitological data updates from the ancient feces of pre-modern Korean mummies
MIN SEO, CHANG SEOK OH, JONG HA HONG, JONG-YIL CHAI, SOON CHUL CHA, YURI BANG, IN GUK CHA, YANG GUN WI, JUNG MIN PARK, DONG HOON SHIN
Anthropological Science.2017; 125(1): 9. CrossRef
A Case of Ectopic Paragonimiasis in a 17th Century Korean Mummy
D. H. Shin, Y.-S. Kim, D. S. Yoo, M. J. Kim, C. S. Oh, J. H. Hong, E. Lee, J. Y. Chai, M. Seo
Journal of Parasitology.2017; 103(4): 399. CrossRef
Paleogenetic study on the 17th century Korean mummy with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Dong Hoon Shin, Chang Seok Oh, Jong Ha Hong, Yusu Kim, Soong Deok Lee, Eunju Lee, David Caramelli
PLOS ONE.2017; 12(8): e0183098. CrossRef
Ancient Ascaris DNA Sequences of Cytochrome B, Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit 1, NADH Dehydrogenase Subunit 1, and Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 Genes from Korean Joseon Mummy Feces
Jong Ha Hong, Chang Seok Oh, Min Seo, Jong-Yil Chai, Dong Hoon Shin
Journal of Parasitology.2017; 103(6): 795. CrossRef

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V-shaped Pits in Regions of Ancient Baekje Kingdom Paleoparasitologically Confirmed as Likely Human-Waste Reservoirs: Dong Hoon Shin, Sang-Yuck Shim, Myeung Ju Kim, Chang Seok Oh, Mi-Hyun Lee, Suk Bae Jung, Geon Il Lee, Jong-Yil Chai, Min Seo; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):569-573.
Published online October 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.569

Abstract
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In a paleo-parasitological analysis of soil samples obtained from V-shaped pits dating to the ancient Baekje period in Korean history, we discovered Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and Clonorchis sinensis eggs. In light of the samples' seriously contaminated state, the V-shaped pits might have served as toilets, cesspits, or dung heaps. For a long period of time, researchers scouring archaeological sites in Korea have had difficulties locating such structures. In this context then, the present report is unique because similar kind of the ancient ruins must become an ideal resource for successful sampling in our forthcoming paleoparasitological studies.

Citations

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Paleoparasitology research on ancient helminth eggs and larvae in the Republic of Korea
Jong-Yil Chai, Min Seo, Dong Hoon Shin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(4): 345. CrossRef
Helminth Eggs Detected in Soil Samples of a Possible Toilet Structure Found at the Capital Area of Ancient Baekje Kingdom of Korea
Chang Seok Oh, Sang-Yuck Shim, Yongjun Kim, Jong Ha Hong, Jong-Yil Chai, Hisashi Fujita, Min Seo, Dong Hoon Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(4): 393. CrossRef
Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis
Byoung-Kuk Na, Jhang Ho Pak, Sung-Jong Hong
Acta Tropica.2020; 203: 105309. CrossRef
Metagenomics and microscope revealed T. trichiura and other intestinal parasites in a cesspit of an Italian nineteenth century aristocratic palace
Daniela Chessa, Manuela Murgia, Emanuela Sias, Massimo Deligios, Vittorio Mazzarello, Maura Fiamma, Daniela Rovina, Gabriele Carenti, Giulia Ganau, Elisabetta Pintore, Mauro Fiori, Gemma L. Kay, Alessandro Ponzeletti, Piero Cappuccinelli, David J. Kelvin,
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Archaeoparasitological Strategy Based on the Microscopic Examinations of Prehistoric Samples and the Recent Report on the Difference in the Prevalence of Soil Transmitted Helminthic Infections in the Indian Subcontinent
Dong Hoon Shin, Yong Jun Kim, Ravindra Singh Bisht, Vivek Dangi, Prabodh Shirvalkar, Nilesh Jadhav, Chang Seok Oh, Jong Ha Hong, Jong Yil Chai, Min Seo, Vasant Shinde
Ancient Asia.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Estimation of parasite infection prevalence of Joseon people by paleoparasitological data updates from the ancient feces of pre-modern Korean mummies
MIN SEO, CHANG SEOK OH, JONG HA HONG, JONG-YIL CHAI, SOON CHUL CHA, YURI BANG, IN GUK CHA, YANG GUN WI, JUNG MIN PARK, DONG HOON SHIN
Anthropological Science.2017; 125(1): 9. CrossRef
Discovery of Parasite Eggs in Archeological Residence during the 15th Century in Seoul, Korea
Pyo Yeon Cho, Jung-Min Park, Myeong-Ki Hwang, Seo Hye Park, Yun-Kyu Park, Bo-Young Jeon, Tong-Soo Kim, Hyeong-Woo Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(3): 357. CrossRef

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Effects of Some Pesticides on Development of Ascaris suum Eggs: Yong-Man Yu, Jin-Won Kim, Won-Seok Na, Young-Nam Youn, In-Wook Choi, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(1):111-115.
Published online February 19, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.111

Abstract
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To evaluate the effects of pesticides to parasite eggs, Ascaris suum eggs were incubated with 5 different pesticides (1:1,500-1:2,000 dilutions of 2% emamectin benzoate, 5% spinetoram, 5% indoxacarb, 1% deltamethrin, and 5% flufenoxuron; all v/v) at 20℃ for 6 weeks, and microscopically evaluated the egg survival and development on a weekly basis. The survival rate of A. suum eggs incubated in normal saline (control eggs) was 90±3% at 6 weeks. However, the survival rates of eggs treated with pesticides were 75-85% at this time, thus significantly lower than the control value. Larval development in control eggs commenced at 3 weeks, and 73±3% of eggs had internal larvae at 6 weeks. Larvae were evident in pesticide-treated eggs at 3-4 weeks, and the proportions of eggs carrying larvae at 6 weeks (36±3%-54±3%) were significantly lower than that of the control group. Thus, pesticides tested at levels similar to those used in agricultural practices exhibited low-level ovicidal activity and delayed embryogenesis of A. suum eggs, although some differences were evident among the tested pesticides.

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Investigating cement-based surfaces as a sustainable flooring solution to improve Ascaris Suum egg removal and inactivation in low-resource settings
Claire E. Anderson, Suhi Hanif, Jason Hernandez, Yoshika Crider, Michael Lepech, Sarah L. Billington, Alexandria B. Boehm, Jade Benjamin-Chung, Vito Colella,
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2025; 19(10): e0012919. CrossRef
Emamectin benzoate exposure impaired porcine oocyte maturation
Xin Wang, Mengya Zhang, Danruo Zhang, Yelian Yan, Qiuchen Liu, Changzhi Xu, Zhihua Zhu, Sucheng Wu, Yanfeng Zong, Zubing Cao, Yunhai Zhang
Theriogenology.2023; 206: 123. CrossRef
Study of disinvasive properties of innovative aldehyde disinfectant
A. P. Paliy, N. V. Sumakova, A. M. Mashkey, V. V. Gontar, A. P. Palii, D. A. Yurchenko
Journal for Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnology and Biosafety.2020; 6(2): 32. CrossRef
Assessment of the inhibitory effects of disinfectants on the embryonation of Ascaridia columbae eggs
Mohamed Bessat, Amira Dewair, Raffi V. Aroian
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(5): e0217551. CrossRef

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Alteration of Cytokine Production during Visceral Larva Migrans by Toxascaris leonina in Mice: Shin Ae Kang, Mi-Kyung Park, Min Kyoung Cho, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):583-588.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.583

Abstract
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To determine alteration of immune responses during visceral larva migrans (VLM) caused by Toxascaris leonina at several time points, we experimentally infected mice with embryonated eggs of T. leonina and measured T-helper (Th) cell-related serial cytokine production after infection. At day 5 post infection (PI), most larvae were detected from the lungs, spleen, intestine, and muscle. Expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and CCL11 (eotaxin) showed a significant increase in most infected organs, except the intestine. However, expression of the CXCL1 (Gro-α) gene was most highly enhanced in the intestine at day 14 PI. Th1-related cytokine secretion of splenocytes showed increases at day 28 PI, and the level showed a decrease at day 42 PI. Th2-related cytokine secretion of splenocytes also showed an increase after infection; in particular, IL-5 level showed a significant increase at day 14 PI, and the level showed a decrease at day 28 PI. However, levels of Th17-related cytokines, IL-6 and IL-17A, showed gradual increases until day 42 PI. In conclusion, Th1, Th2, and Th17-related cytokine production might be important in immune responses against T. leonina VLM in experimental mice.

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Histopathological lesions caused by experimental Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina infections in farm mink (Neovison vison)
Maciej Klockiewicz, Małgorzata Sobczak-Filipiak, Tadeusz Jakubowski, Ewa Długosz
Journal of Veterinary Research.2019; 63(2): 205. CrossRef
Experimental infection with T. canis and T. leonina in farm mink (Neovison vison)
Maciej Klockiewicz, Tadeusz Jakubowski, Małgorzata Sobczak-Filipiak, Justyna Bartosik, Ewa Długosz
Journal of Veterinary Research.2019; 63(2): 197. CrossRef

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Original Article

Comparison of Functional Gene Annotation of Toxascaris leonina and Toxocara canis using CLC Genomics Workbench: Ki Uk Kim, Sang Kyun Park, Shin Ae Kang, Mi Kyung Park, Min Kyoung Cho, Ho-jin Jung, Kyung-Yun Kim, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):525-530.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.525

The ascarids, Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina, are probably the most common gastrointestinal helminths encountered in dogs. In order to understand biological differences of 2 ascarids, we analyzed gene expression profiles of female adults of T. canis and T. leonina using CLC Genomics Workbench, and the results were compared with those of free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. A total of 2,880 and 7,949 ESTs were collected from T. leonina and T. canis, respectively. The length of ESTs ranged from 106 to 4,637 bp with an average insert size of 820 bp. Overall, our results showed that most functional gene annotations of 2 ascarids were quite similar to each other in 3 major categories, i.e., cellular component, biological process, and molecular function. Although some different transcript expression categories were found, the distance was short and it was not enough to explain their different lifestyles. However, we found distinguished transcript differences between ascarid parasites and free-living nematodes. Understanding evolutionary genetic changes might be helpful for studies of the lifestyle and evolution of parasites.

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Brief Communications

Paleoparasitological Surveys for Detection of Helminth Eggs in Archaeological Sites of Jeolla-do and Jeju-do: Myeong-Ju Kim, Dong Hoon Shin, Mi-Jin Song, Hye-Young Song, Min Seo; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):489-492.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.489

Abstract
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A paleoparasitological survey to detect helminth eggs was performed in archaeological sites of Jeolla-do and Jeju-do, the Republic of Korea. Total 593 soil samples were collected in 12 sites of Jeolla-do and 5 sites of Jeju-do from April to November 2011, and examined by the methods of Pike and coworkers. A total of 4 helminth eggs, 2 eggs each for Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris sp., were found in soil samples from 1 site, in Hyangyang-ri, Jangheung-eup, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanam-do. The egg-recovery layer was presumed to represent a 19th century farm, which fact suggested the use of human manures. This is the third archaeological discovery of parasite eggs in Jeolla-do. Additionally, no helminth eggs in archaeological sites of Jeju-do is an interesting problem to be solved in the further investigations.

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Paleoparasitology research on ancient helminth eggs and larvae in the Republic of Korea
Jong-Yil Chai, Min Seo, Dong Hoon Shin
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Discovery of Parasite Eggs in Archeological Residence during the 15th Century in Seoul, Korea
Pyo Yeon Cho, Jung-Min Park, Myeong-Ki Hwang, Seo Hye Park, Yun-Kyu Park, Bo-Young Jeon, Tong-Soo Kim, Hyeong-Woo Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(3): 357. CrossRef
Paleoparasitological study on the soil sediment samples from archaeological sites of ancient Silla Kingdom in Korean peninsula
Myeung Ju Kim, Min Seo, Chang Seok Oh, Jong-Yil Chai, Jinju Lee, Gab-jin Kim, Won Young Ma, Soon Jo Choi, Karl Reinhard, Adauto Araujo, Dong Hoon Shin
Quaternary International.2016; 405: 80. CrossRef

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Quantitative Evaluation of Viability- and Apoptosis-Related Genes in Ascaris suum Eggs under Different Culture-Temperature Conditions: Yong-Man Yu, You-Hang Cho, Young-Nam Youn, Juan Hua Quan, In-Wook Choi, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):243-247.
Published online August 13, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.243

Abstract
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Ascaris suum eggs are inactivated by composting conditions; however, it is difficult to find functional changes in heat-treated A. suum eggs. Here, unembryonated A. suum eggs were incubated at 20℃, 50℃, and 70℃ in vitro, and the gene expression levels related to viability, such as eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (IF4E), phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1), and thioredoxin 1 (TRX1), and to apoptosis, such as apoptosis-inducing factor 1 (AIF1) and cell death protein 6 (CDP6), were evaluated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. No prominent morphological alterations were noted in the eggs at 20℃ until day 10. In contrast, the eggs developed rapidly, and embryonated eggs and hatched larvae began to die, starting on day 2 at 50℃ and day 1 at 70℃. At 20℃, IF4E, PFK1, and TRX1 mRNA expression was significantly increased from days 2-4; however, AIF1 and CDP6 mRNA expression was not changed significantly. IF4E, PFK1, and TRX1 mRNA expression was markedly decreased from day 2 at 50℃ and 70℃, whereas AIF1 and CDP6 mRNA expression was significantly increased. The expressions of HSP70 and HSP90 were detected for 9-10 days at 20℃, for 3-5 days at 50℃, and for 2 days at 70℃. Taken together, incremental heat increases were associated with the rapid development of A. suum eggs, decreased expression of genes related to viability, and earlier expression of apoptosis-related genes, and finally these changes of viability- and apoptosis-related genes of A. suum eggs were associated with survival of the eggs under temperature stress.

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Effect of Temperature on Embryonation of Ascaris suum Eggs in an Environmental Chamber: Min-Ki Kim, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Young-Sang Hwang, Ki Hwan Park, In Gyun Hwang, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):239-242.
Published online August 13, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.239

Abstract
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The influence of temperature on the development and embryonation of Ascaris suum eggs was studied using coarse sand medium in an environmental chamber with 50% humidity. The time required for development and embryonation of eggs was examined under 3 different temperature conditions, 5℃, 25℃, and 35℃. A. suum eggs did not develop over 1 month at the temperature of 5℃. However, other temperature conditions, 25℃ and 35℃, induced egg development to the 8-cell-stage at days 5-6 after incubation. All eggs examined developed to the 8-cell stage at day 6 after incubation in the sand medium at 25℃. The higher temperature, 35℃, slightly accelerated the A. suum egg development compared to 25℃, and the development to the 8-cell stage occurred within day 5 after incubation. The formation of larvae in A. suum eggs at temperatures of 35℃ and 25℃ appeared at days 17 and 19 after incubation, respectively. These findings show that 35℃ condition shortens the time for the development of A. suum eggs to the 8-cell-stage in comparison to 25℃, and suggest the possibility of accelerated transmission of this parasite, resulting from global warming and ecosystem changes.

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Effects of Kimchi Extract and Temperature on Embryostasis of Ascaris suum Eggs: Jin-Sung Kim, Dae-Sung Oh, Kyu-Sung Ahn, Sung-Shik Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(1):83-87.
Published online March 6, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.83

Abstract
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To determine the effects of kimchi extracts at different temperatures on larval development, Ascaris suum eggs were mixed with soluble part of 7 different brands of commercially available kimchi and preserved at either 5℃ or 25℃ for up to 60 days. A. suum eggs incubated at 25℃ showed marked differences in larval development between kimchi extract and control group. While all eggs in the control group completed embryonation by day 21, only 30% of the eggs in the kimchi extract group became embryonated by day 36 and about 25% never became larvated even at day 60. At 5℃, however, none of the eggs showed larval development regardless of the incubation period or type of mixture group. To determine the survival rate of A. suum eggs that showed no embryonation after being preserved at 5℃, eggs preserved in kimchi extracts for 14, 28, and 60 at 5℃ were re-incubated at 25℃ for 3 weeks in distilled water. While all eggs in the control group became larvated, eggs in the kimchi extract group showed differences in their embryonation rates by the incubation period; 87.4 % and 41.7% of the eggs became embryonated after being refrigerated for 14 days and 28 days, respectively. When refrigerated for 60 days, however, no eggs mixed in kimchi extract showed larval development. Our results indicate that embryogenesis of A. suum eggs in kimchi extract was affected by duration of refrigeration, and that all eggs stopped larval development completely in kimchi kept at 5℃ for up to 60 days.

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Inactivation of Ascaris suum eggs
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Original Article

Comparative Efficacy of Ivermectin and Levamisole for Reduction of Migrating and Encapsulated Larvae of Baylisascaris transfuga in Mice: Yan Fu, Hua-Ming Nie, Li-Li Niu, Yue Xie, Jia-Bo Deng, Qiang Wang, Guang-You Yang, Xiao-Bin Gu, Shu-Xian Wang; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):145-151.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.145

Abstract
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The comparative efficacy of 2 anthelmintics (ivermectin and levamisole) against Baylisascaris transfuga migrating and encapsulated larvae was studied in mice. A total of 60 BALB/c mice inoculated each with about 1,000 embryonated B. transfuga eggs were equally divided into 6 groups (A-F) randomly. Mice of groups A and B were treated with ivermectin and levamisole, respectively, on day 3 post-infection (PI). Mice of groups A-C were killed on day 13 PI. Similarly, groups D and E were treated with ivermectin and levamisole, respectively, on day 14 PI, and all mice of groups D-F were treated on day 24 PI. The groups C and F were controls. Microexamination was conducted to count the larvae recovering from each mouse. The percentages of reduction in the number of migrating larvae recovered from group A (ivermectin) and B (levamisole) were 88.3% and 81.1%, respectively. In addition, the reduction in encapsulated larvae counts achieved by ivermectin (group D) and levamisole (group E) was 75.0% and 49.2%, respectively. The results suggested that, to a certain extent, both anthelmintics appeared to be more effective against migrating larvae than encapsulated larvae. However, in the incipient stage of infection, ivermectin may be more competent than levamisole as a larvicidal drug for B. transfuga.

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Brief Communications

Identification of parasite DNA in common bile duct stones by PCR and DNA sequencing: Ji Sun Jang, Kyung Ho Kim, Jae-Ran Yu, Soo-Ung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(4):301-306.
Published online December 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.4.301

Abstract
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We attempted to identify parasite DNA in the biliary stones of humans via PCR and DNA sequencing. Genomic DNA was isolated from each of 15 common bile duct (CBD) stones and 5 gallbladder (GB) stones. The patients who had the CBD stones suffered from cholangitis, and the patients with GB stones showed acute cholecystitis, respectively. The 28S and 18S rDNA genes were amplified successfully from 3 and/or 1 common bile duct stone samples, and then cloned and sequenced. The 28S and 18S rDNA sequences were highly conserved among isolates. Identity of the obtained 28S D1 rDNA with that of Clonorchis sinensis was higher than 97.6%, and identity of the 18S rDNA with that of other Ascarididae was 97.9%. Almost no intra-specific variations were detected in the 28S and 18S rDNA with the exception of a few nucleotide variations, i.e., substitution and deletion. These findings suggest that C. sinensis and Ascaris lumbricoides may be related with the biliary stone formation and development.

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Intestinal helminthiases and schistosomiasis among school children in an urban center and some rural communities in southwest Nigeria: Olufemi Moses Agbolade, Ndubuisi Chinweike Agu, Oluseyi Olusegun Adesanya, Adedayo Olugbenga Odejayi, Aliu Adekunle Adigun, Emmanuel Babatunde Adesanlu, Flourish George Ogunleye, Adetoun Omolayo Sodimu, Stella Ajoke Adeshina, Ganiyat Olusola Bisiriyu, Oluwatosin Ibiyemi Omotoso, Karen Mfon Udia; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(3):233-238.
Published online September 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.3.233

Abstract
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Intestinal helminths and schistosomiasis among school children were investigated in an urban and some rural communities of Ogun State, southwest Nigeria. Fecal samples of 1,059 subjects (524 males, 535 females) aged 3-18 years were examined using direct smear and brine concentration methods between June 2005 and November 2006. The pooled prevalence of infection was 66.2%. Ascaris lumbricoides showed the highest prevalence (53.4%) (P < 0.001) followed by hookworms (17.8%), Trichuris trichiura (10.4%), Taenia sp. (9.6%), Schistosoma mansoni (2.3%), Strongyloides stercoralis (0.7%), Schistosoma haematobium (0.6%), and Enterobius vermicularis (0.3%). The prevalences of A. lumbricoides, hookworms, Taenia sp., S. mansoni, and S. stercoralis in the urban centre were similar (P > 0.05) to those in the rural communities. The fertile and infertile egg ratios of A. lumbricoides in the urban centre and the rural communities were 13: 1 and 3.7: 1, respectively. Each helminth had similar prevalences among both genders (P > 0.05). The prevalence of A. lumbricoides increased significantly with age (P < 0.001). The commonest double infections were Ascaris and hookworms, while the commonest triple infections were Ascaris, hookworms, and Trichuris. The study demonstrates the need for urgent intervention programmes against intestinal helminthiases and schistosomiasis in the study area.

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Status of intestinal helminthic infections of borderline residents in North Korea: Shunyu Li, Chenghua Shen, Min-Ho Choi, Young Mee Bae, Hiwon Yoon, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(3):265-268.
Published online September 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.3.265

Abstract
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The present authors investigated intestinal parasitic infections among North Korean residents and refugees in China in 2003. The Kato-Katz method was applied to 236 residents and soldiers in a town on the North Korea-China border and to 46 people at a refugee camp in China. Only eggs of Ascaris and Trichuris were detected, with egg positive rates of 41.1% and 37.6%, respectively. The total egg positive rate was 55.0% and most of those who were egg positive were only lightly infected. Women of 61.2% and men of 53.1% were egg positive. The refugees from rural areas showed higher egg positive rates than those from urban areas. The present investigation confirmed high prevalence of soil-transmitted intestinal helminths in rural borderline areas of North Korea.

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Mini Review

A successful experience of soil-transmitted helminth control in the Republic of Korea: Sung-Tae Hong, Jong-Yil Chai, Min-Ho Choi, Sun Huh, Han-Jong Rim, Soon-Hyung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(3):177-185.
Published online September 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.3.177

Abstract
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Soil-transmitted helminths (STH), namely Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworms (Ancylostoma and Necator), present a global health problem to about a half of the earth's population. In the Republic of Korea, STH were highly prevalent and were considered a high priority target for national control. To promote the control, a non-governmental organization named Korea Association for Parasite Eradication (currently Korea Association of Health Promotion) was founded in 1964, and mass fecal examination followed by selective mass chemotherapy with anthelmintics was performed twice a year from 1969 to 1995 targeting whole nationwide schoolchildren. Meanwhile, decreasing patterns of national STH infections have been monitored by 7 times' quinquennial national surveys targeting general population. In 1971, the overall intestinal helminth egg positive rate was 84.3% (Ascaris 58.2%, Trichuris 65.4%, and hookworms 10.7%), which became 63.2% in 1976, 41.1% in 1981, 12.9% in 1986, 3.8% in 1992, 2.4% in 1997, and 4.3% (Ascaris 0.03%, Trichuris 0.02%, and hookworms 0%) in 2004. During the control period, national economy rapidly developed, and living standards including environment, sanitation, and agricultural technology greatly improved, which undoubtedly boosted the STH control effects. Our experience indicates that social driving force to establish an eligible national control system to conduct repeated mass chemotherapy, together with improvement of environment and sanitation, is important for initiating and achieving STH control in a developing community.

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Brief Communications

Prevalence of Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina and Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in Chuncheon, Korea (2004): Yong-Hun Kim, Sun Huh; Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(2):65-67.
Published online June 20, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.2.65

Abstract
PDF

The intestines and hearts of dogs were examined for Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, and Dirofilaria immitis, after necropsy between June 26 and September 29, 2004 in Chuncheon, Korea. Of the 662 dogs examined, 6 were infected with T. canis (0.9%), 86 with T. leonina (13.0%). Fifty dogs were infected with D. immitis among 500 dogs examined (10.0%). Five were co-infected with T. canis and T. leonina, and three were co-infected with T. leonina and D. immitis. The cumulative positive infection rate for three species was 134/662(20.2%). Considering previously reported seropositive rates of T. canis excretory-secretory antigen, i.e., 5% in the adult population in Korea, the possibility of toxocariasis caused by T. leonina should be reevaluated.

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Intestinal Helminthic Infections Diagnosed by Colonoscopy in a Regional Hospital during 2001-2008: Do, Kyong Rock , Cho, Young Seok , Kim, Hyung Keun , Hwang, Byung Hee , Shin, Eun Jung , Jeong, Hae Bin , Kim, Sung Soo , Chae, Hiun Suk , Choi, Myung Gyu; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(1):75-78.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.75

Abstract
PDF

The present study investigated characteristics of 24 parasite infection cases detected during colonoscopy in a regional hospital from January 2001 to December 2008. Sixteen patients were confirmed with Trichuris trichiura infection, 6 patients were with Ascaris lumbricoides infection, 1 patient with Enterobius vermicularis infection, and 1 patient with Anisakis infection. Among them, 7 patients (43.8%) were asymptomatic. Colonoscopy findings were normal in 18 patients (75.0%). Among the patients with T. trichiura infection, colonoscopy showed several erosions in 2 patients (8.3%) and non-specific inflammation of the affected segment of the colon in 3 patients (12.5%). In 1 patient with anisakiasis, colonoscopy revealed a markedly swollen colonic wall. Stool examinations were performed before treatment in 7 patients (29.2%) and were all negative for parasite eggs or worms. These results suggest that colonoscopy is a useful diagnostic approach for parasitic infections even for asymptomatic patients and for patients with negative stool examinations.

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