Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Dirofilaria immitis"

Original Articles

Finding Wolbachia in Filarial larvae and Culicidae Mosquitoes in Upper Egypt Governorate: Ahmed K. Dyab, Lamia A. Galal, Abeer E. Mahmoud, Yasser Mokhtar; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(3):265-272.
Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.265

Abstract
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Wolbachia is an obligatory intracellular endosymbiotic bacterium, present in over 20% of all insects altering insect reproductive capabilities and in a wide range of filarial worms which is essential for worm survival and reproduction. In Egypt, no available data were found about Wolbachia searching for it in either mosquitoes or filarial worms. Thus, we aimed to identify the possible concurrent presence of Wolbachia within different mosquitoes and filarial parasites, in Assiut Governorate, Egypt using multiplex PCR. Initially, 6 pools were detected positive for Wolbachia by single PCR. The simultaneous detection of Wolbachia and filarial parasites (Wuchereria bancrofti, Dirofilaria immitis, and Dirofilaria repens) by multiplex PCR was spotted in 5 out of 6 pools, with an overall estimated rate of infection (ERI) of 0.24%. Unexpectedly, the highest ERI (0.53%) was for Anopheles pharoensis with related Wolbachia and W. bancrofti, followed by Aedes (0.42%) and Culex (0.26%). We also observed that Wolbachia altered Culex spp. as a primary vector for W. bancrofti to be replaced by Anopheles sp. Wolbachia within filaria-infected mosquitoes in our locality gives a hope to use bacteria as a new control trend simultaneously targeting the vector and filarial parasites.

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Mitochondrial and microbial diversity of the invasive mosquito vector species Culex tritaeniorhynchus across its extensive inter-continental geographic range
Claire L. Jeffries, Luciano M Tantely, Perparim Kadriaj, Marcus S C Blagrove, Ioanna Lytra, James Orsborne, Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin, Abdul Rahim Mohammed, Mohammad Shafiul Alam, Romain Girod, Yaw A Afrane, Silvia Bino, Vincent Robert, Sebastien Boyer, Matt
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Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Wolbachia infection in West Nile Virus vectors of northwest Iran
Faramarz Bozorg-Omid, Mohammad Ali Oshaghi, Mozaffar Vahedi, Fateh Karimian, Seyyed Javad Seyyed-Zadeh, Ali Reza Chavshin
Applied Entomology and Zoology.2020; 55(1): 105. CrossRef
Dirofilaria and Wolbachia in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in central European Russia and on the Black Sea coast
Elena Shaikevich, Anna Bogacheva, Ludmila Ganushkina
Parasite.2019; 26: 2. CrossRef

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Xenomonitoring of Different Filarial Nematodes Using Single and Multiplex PCR in Mosquitoes from Assiut Governorate, Egypt: Ahmed Kamal Dyab, Lamia Ahmed Galal, Abeer El-Sayed Mahmoud, Yasser Mokhtar; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(1):77-83.
Published online February 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.77

Abstract
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Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria immitis, and Dirofilaria repens are filarial nematodes transmitted by mosquitoes belonging to Culex, Aedes, and Anopheles genera. Screening by vector dissection is a tiresome technique. We aimed to screen filarial parasites in their vectors by single and multiplex PCR and evaluate the usefulness of multiplex PCR as a rapid xenomonitoring and simultaneous differentiation tool, in area where 3 filarial parasites are coexisting. Female mosquitoes were collected from 7 localities in Assiut Governorate, were microscopically identified and divided into pools according to their species and collection site. Detection of W. bancrofti, D. immitis, and D. repens using single PCR was reached followed by multiplex PCR. Usefulness of multiplex PCR was evaluated by testing mosquito pools to know which genera and species are used by filarial parasites as a vector. An overall estimated rate of infection (ERI) in mosquitoes was 0.6%; the highest was Culex spp. (0.47%). W. bancrofti, D. immitis, and D. repens could be simultaneously and differentially detected in infected vectors by using multiplex PCR. Out of 100 mosquito pools, 8 were positive for W. bancrofti (ERI of 0.33%) and 3 pools each were positive for D. immitis and D. repens (ERI 0.12%). The technique showed 100% sensitivity and 98% specificity. El-Nikhila, El-Matiaa villages, and Sahel Seleem district in Assiut Governorate, Egypt are still endemic foci for filarial parasites. Multiplex PCR offers a reliable procedure for molecular xenomonitoring of filariasis within their respective vectors in endemic areas. Therefore, it is recommended for evaluation of mosquito infection after lymphatic filariasis eradication programs.

Citations

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Current Gaps in Survey Design and Analysis for Molecular Xenomonitoring of Vector‐Borne Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Systematic Review
Angus McLure, Tilahun Alamnia, Zhiwei Xu, Colleen L. Lau, Helen J. Mayfield
Tropical Medicine & International Health.2025; 30(9): 893. CrossRef
Synthesis, larvicidal efficiency and molecular docking studies of novel annulated pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles against Culex pipiens L. and Musca domestica L. larvae
Mahmoud K.F. El-Sayed, Manal M. El-Shahawi, Yasmeen M. Ali, Doaa R. Abdel-Haleem, Fatma S.M. Abu El-Azm
Bioorganic Chemistry.2023; 130: 106258. CrossRef
Mosquito Vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) and Mosquito-Borne Diseases in North Africa
Amira Nebbak, Lionel Almeras, Philippe Parola, Idir Bitam
Insects.2022; 13(10): 962. CrossRef
The use of molecular xenomonitoring for surveillance of mosquito-borne diseases
Mary M. Cameron, Anita Ramesh
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.2021; 376(1818): 20190816. CrossRef
Bancroftian Filariasis Still Endemic in Some Foci in Sohag Governorate, Upper Egypt
Refaat MA Khalifa, Amal M Ahmed, Mohamed AA Taha, Nasr Eldeen MM Ali, Haitham KA Abd El Samea, Dabbu Jaijyan
Journal of Parasite Research.2019; 1(1): 1. CrossRef
Comparative evaluation of dry and liquid RIME LAMP in detecting trypanosomes in dead tsetse flies
Peter Nambala, Janelisa Musaya, Kyoko Hayashida, Emmanuel Maganga, Edward Senga, Kelita Kamoto, John Chisi, Chihiro Sugimoto
Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Implementing a community vector collection strategy using xenomonitoring for the endgame of lymphatic filariasis elimination
Sellase Pi-Bansa, Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei, Joannitta Joannides, Maame Esi Woode, David Agyemang, Elizabeth Elhassan, Samuel Kweku Dadzie, Maxwell Alexander Appawu, Michael David Wilson, Benjamin Guibehi Koudou, Dziedzom Komi de Souza, Jürg Utzinger, Dan
Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Finding Wolbachia in Filarial larvae and Culicidae Mosquitoes in Upper Egypt Governorate
Ahmed K. Dyab, Lamia A. Galal, Abeer E. Mahmoud, Yasser Mokhtar
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(3): 265. CrossRef
Trypanosome infection rates in tsetse flies in the “silent” sleeping sickness focus of Bafia in the Centre Region in Cameroon
Gustave Simo, Pierre Fongho, Oumarou Farikou, Prosper Innocent Ndjeuto Ndjeuto-Tchouli, Judith Tchouomene-Labou, Flobert Njiokou, Tazoacha Asonganyi
Parasites & Vectors.2015;[Epub] CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis Infection in Stray Cats by Nested PCR in Korea: Hyung-Jin Park, Sang-Eun Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Jung-Hyun Oh, Easwaran Maheswaran, Kyoung-Won Seo, Kun-Ho Song; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(6):691-694.
Published online December 23, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.691

Abstract
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The purpose of this study was to conduct a survey of Dirofilaria immitis infection among stray cats in Korea using nested PCR. We included 235 stray cats (121 females and 114 males) and evaluated each for the presence of feline heartworm infection. Blood samples were collected from 135 cats in Daejeon, 50 cats in Seoul, and 50 cats from Gyeonggi-do (Province). Of the 235 DNA samples, 14 (6.0%) were positive for D. immitis. The prevalence of infection in male cats (8/114, 7.0%) tended to be higher than that in female cats (6/121, 5.0%), but the difference was not statistically significant. In each location, 8, 2, and 4 cats were positive for infection, respectively, based on DNA testing. No significant differences in the prevalence were observed among the geographic regions, although the rate of infection was higher in Gyeonggi-do (8.0%) than Daejeon (5.9%) and Seoul (4.0%). We submitted 7 of the 14 D. immitis DNA-positive samples for sequencing analysis. All samples corresponded to partial D. immitis cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences with 99% homology to the D. immitis sequence deposited in GenBank (accession no. FN391553). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first survey using nested PCR to analyze the prevalence of D. immitis in stray cats in Korea.

Citations

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Status of selected feline infectious diseases in Gwangju, Korea
Juyeon Choi, Kyu-Sung Ahn, Ah-Jin Ahn, SungShik Shin
Korean Journal of Veterinary Research.2023; 63(4): e31. CrossRef
Evidence of Dirofilaria immitis in Felids in North-Eastern Italy
Marika Grillini, Antonio Frangipane di Regalbono, Cinzia Tessarin, Paola Beraldo, Rudi Cassini, Erica Marchiori, Giulia Simonato
Pathogens.2022; 11(10): 1216. CrossRef
Prevalence of infection with Dirofilaria immitis in cats in Townsville, Australia
Carl Adagra, Richard Squires, Angela Adagra, Jennifer Elliman, Constantin Constantinoiu
Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2021; 24: 100580. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in Cats from Liaoning Province, Northeastern China
Honglie Hou, Lili Cao, Wenzhi Ren, Dansheng Wang, He Ding, Juan You, Xinhua Yao, Hang Dong, Yanbing Guo, Shuxian Yuan, Xichen Zhang, Pengtao Gong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(6): 673. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii, Dirofilaria immitis, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infections in stray and pet cats (Felis catus) in northwest China: co-infections and risk factors
Wei Cong, Qing-Feng Meng, Radu Blaga, Isabelle Villena, Xing-Quan Zhu, Ai-Dong Qian
Parasitology Research.2016; 115(1): 217. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Expression of Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP) Gene of Dirofilaria immitis Guided by Transcriptomic Screening: Yan Fu, Jingchao Lan, Xuhang Wu, Deying Yang, Zhihe Zhang, Huaming Nie, Rong Hou, Runhui Zhang, Wanpeng Zheng, Yue Xie, Ning Yan, Zhi Yang, Chengdong Wang, Li Luo, Li Liu, Xiaobin Gu, Shuxian Wang, Xuerong Peng, Guangyou Yang; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(1):21-26.
Published online February 19, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.21

Abstract
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Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm) infections affect domestic dogs, cats, and various wild mammals with increasing incidence in temperate and tropical areas. More sensitive antibody detection methodologies are required to diagnose asymptomatic dirofilariasis with low worm burdens. Applying current transcriptomic technologies would be useful to discover potential diagnostic markers for D. immitis infection. A filarial homologue of the mammalian translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) was initially identified by screening the assembled transcriptome of D. immitis (DiTCTP). A BLAST analysis suggested that the DiTCTP gene shared the highest similarity with TCTP from Loa loa at protein level (97%). A histidine-tagged recombinant DiTCTP protein (rDiTCTP) of 40 kDa expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) showed immunoreactivity with serum from a dog experimentally infected with heartworms. Localization studies illustrated the ubiquitous presence of rDiTCTP protein in the lateral hypodermal chords, dorsal hypodermal chord, muscle, intestine, and uterus in female adult worms. Further studies on D. immitis-derived TCTP are warranted to assess whether this filarial protein could be used for a diagnostic purpose.

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Molecular Discovery of Filarial Nematode DNA in an Endangered Wild Pinniped (Galapagos Sea Lion, Zalophus wollebaeki)
Isabella G. Livingston, Taylor M. Gregory, Eleanor C. Hawkins, Ashley Cave, Andrea Loyola, Shelly L. Vaden, Diane Deresienski, Marjorie Riofrío‐Lazo, Gregory A. Lewbart, Diego Páez‐Rosas, Matthew Breen
Ecology and Evolution.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Development of TaqMan Quantitative PCR Assays for Duplex Detection of Dirofilaria immitis COI and Dog GAPDH from Infected Dog Blood
In Young Oh, Kyung Tae Kim, Sun-Yeong Gwon, Ho Joong Sung
The Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2019; 51(1): 64. CrossRef
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Toxins.2019; 11(6): 355. CrossRef
Development of Real-time PCR Assays for Detection ofDirofilaria immitisfrom Infected Dog Blood
In Young Oh, Kyung Tae Kim, Jin Hyun Jun, Jae-Ho Shin, Ho Joong Sung
Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2016; 48(2): 88. CrossRef

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Rapid Detection and Identification of Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, B. pahangi, and Dirofilaria immitis in Mosquito Vectors and Blood Samples by High Resolution Melting Real-Time P: Tongjit Thanchomnang, Pewpan M. Intapan, Chairat Tantrawatpan, Viraphong Lulitanond, Sudchit Chungpivat, Piyanan Taweethavonsawat, Worasak Kaewkong, Oranuch Sanpool, Penchom Janwan, Wej Choochote, Wanchai Maleewong; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):645-650.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.645

Abstract
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A simple, rapid, and high-throughput method for detection and identification of Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Brugia pahangi, and Dirofilaria immitis in mosquito vectors and blood samples was developed using a real-time PCR combined with high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis. Amplicons of the 4 filarial species were generated from 5S rRNA and spliced leader sequences by the real-time PCR and their melting temperatures were determined by the HRM method. Melting of amplicons from W. bancrofti, B. malayi, D. immitis, and B. pahangi peaked at 81.5±0.2℃, 79.0±0.3℃, 76.8±0.1℃, and 79.9±0.1℃, respectively. This assay is relatively cheap since it does not require synthesis of hybridization probes. Its sensitivity and specificity were 100%. It is a rapid and technically simple approach, and an important tool for population surveys as well as molecular xenomonitoring of parasites in vectors.

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Damian Pietrzak, Julia Weronika Łuczak, Marcin Wiśniewski
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IDENTIFICATION OF MICROFILARIAE USING CONVENTIONAL POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND QPCR-HRM
Bagus Muhammad Ihsan, Widyana Lakshmi Puspita, Linda Triana, Wahdaniah, Khayan, Cecep Dani Sucipto
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Arumugam Bhuvaneswari, Ananganallur Nagarajan Shriram, Kishan Hari K. Raju, Ashwani Kumar
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Microfilaria Positification Test Using Real-Time PCR Technique with HRM (High-Resolution Melting)
Bagus Muhammad Ihsan, Afiat Berbudi, Ridad Agoes, Muhammad Ifham Hanif
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Collection and DNA Detection of Dirofilaria immitis (Rhabditida Onchocercidae), Using a Novel Primer Set, in Wild-Caught Mosquitoes From Gainesville, FL
Chris Holderman, Nicole O Abruzzo, Noor A Abdelsamad, Phillip E Kaufman, Peter M DiGennaro, Stephen Rich
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Mary M. Cameron, Anita Ramesh
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Viet-Linh Nguyen, Filipe Dantas-Torres, Domenico Otranto
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Karin Sonnberger, Hans-Peter Fuehrer, Bernhard Werner Sonnberger, Michael Leschnik
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Detection and quantification of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi DNA in blood samples and mosquitoes using duplex droplet digital polymerase chain reaction
Jurairat Jongthawin, Pewpan M. Intapan, Viraphong Lulitanond, Oranuch Sanpool, Tongjit Thanchomnang, Lakkhana Sadaow, Wanchai Maleewong
Parasitology Research.2016; 115(8): 2967. CrossRef
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Case Report

A Case of Human Pulmonary Dirofilariasis in a 48-Year-Old Korean Man: Hyo Jae Kang, Young Sik Park, Chang-Hoon Lee, Sang-Min Lee, Jae-Joon Yim, Chul-Gyu Yoo, Young Whan Kim, Sung Koo Han, Jong-Yil Chai, Jinwoo Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):569-572.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.569

Abstract
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Dirofilariasis is a rare disease in humans. We report here a case of a 48-year-old male who was diagnosed with pulmonary dirofilariasis in Korea. On chest radiographs, a coin lesion of 1 cm in diameter was shown. Although it looked like a benign inflammatory nodule, malignancy could not be excluded. So, the nodule was resected by video-assisted thoracic surgery. Pathologically, chronic granulomatous inflammation composed of coagulation necrosis with rim of fibrous tissues and granulations was seen. In the center of the necrotic nodules, a degenerating parasitic organism was found. The parasite had prominent internal cuticular ridges and thick cuticle, a well-developed muscle layer, an intestinal tube, and uterine tubules. The parasite was diagnosed as an immature female worm of Dirofilaria immitis. This is the second reported case of human pulmonary dirofilariasis in Korea.

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Human Pulmonary Dirofilariasis: A Review for the Clinicians
Biplab K Saha, Alyssa Bonnier, Woon Hean Chong, Hau Chieng, Adam Austin, Kurt Hu, Boris Shkolnik
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Brief Communication

Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in Dogs in Shenyang, Northeastern China: Chengwu Liu, Na Yang, Jianbin He, Min Yang, Ming Sun; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):375-377.
Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.375

Abstract
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In the present study, we first report the seroprevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in Shenyang, northeastern China. Sera from 528 randomly selected dogs were examined for D. immitis antigen using SNAP®4Dx test kit; 12.7% tested showed seropositive. No significant difference of infection was observed in different genders and breeds (P>0.05), but the difference was significant in different age groups and rearing conditions (P<0.05). The result suggested that the risk of exposure to D. immitis in dogs is high in Shenyang, and should be given attention.

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Case Reports

Periocular Dirofilariasis in a Young Woman: A Case Report: Amir Jamshidi, Mahin Jamshidi, Iraj Mobedi, Mandana Khosroara; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):265-267.
Published online December 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.265

Abstract
PDF

A case of periocular dirofilariasis has been diagnosed in Iran. A 27-yr old female referred with a history of edema and redness in the left eye since 2 wk ago. On slit lamp examination, a moving thread-like worm was seen in the subconjunctival area. Two days later, a 126 mm long, live filaria worm was extracted from the lower lid subcutaneous tissue. The worm was diagnosed as, likelihood, Dirofilaria immitis on microscopic examinations. The present case suggests that D. immitis can cause periocular infections.

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Ectopic Migration of an Adult Heartworm in a Dog with Dirofilariasis: Hyun-Wook Oh, Hyung-Kyou Jun, Myung-Jo You, Mineo Hayasaki, Kun-Ho Song; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(3):171-173.
Published online September 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.3.171

Abstract
PDF

A 3-yr-old female mongrel dog was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Chungnam National University in the Republic of Korea. An adult heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, was found in the abdominal cavity of the dog during spaying. Dirofilariasis in this dog was also diagnosed by modified Knott's test, ELISA test, and PCR analysis. The present case is the first report on the migration of an adult dog heartworm to the abdominal cavity of a dog in the Republic of Korea.

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Original Article

A serological survey of Dirofilaria immitis infection in pet dogs of Busan, Korea, and effects of chemoprophylaxis: Kang Hyun Byeon, Bong Jin Kim, Sun-Mi Kim, Hak Sun Yu, Hae Jin Jeong, Mee-Sun Ock; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(1):27-32.
Published online March 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.1.27

Abstract
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The status of Dirofilaria immitis infection was assessed in pet dogs of Busan, Korea, and chemoprophylactic effects of microfilaricidal medication were evaluated. A total of 294 pet dogs older than 6 mo were examined, 217 of which had been maintained indoors, and 77 had been kept outdoors. The Snap^R kit and direct microscopic examinations of the peripheral blood were used. The mean overall parasite positive rates were 10.2% and 6.5%, respectively. Outdoor dogs evidenced adult worm infection rate of 31.2% and microfilaria infection rate of 18.2%. The indoor dogs, however, evidenced adult worm infection rate of 2.8% and microfilaria infection rate of 2.3%. The prevalence in males was more than 2 times that of females. The changing pattern of infection rates by age evidenced a gradual increase, from 2- to 6-year-old dogs, after which, a decrease in infection rates was noted. With regard to chemoprophylaxis, the infection rates of complete and incomplete chemoprophylaxis groups were found to be 2-3 times lower than that of the non-chemoprophylaxis group. The results of the present study indicate that the risk of exposure to D. immitis in pet dogs is quite high, particularly in male outdoor dogs, and chemoprophylactic measures were quite effective.

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Sandani S. Thilakarathne, Nayana Wijayawardhane, Piyumali K. Perera, Chandima Mallawa, Rupika S. Rajakaruna
Parasitology Research.2023; 122(2): 461. CrossRef
Molecular detection of Dirofilaria immitis and its Wolbachia endosymbionts in dogs from Myanmar
Saw Bawm, Yadanar Khaing, Hla Myet Chel, Myint Myint Hmoon, Shwe Yee Win, Min Bo, Tint Naing, Lat Lat Htun
Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases.2023; 4: 100148. CrossRef
Detection of Dirofilaria immitis using microscopic, serological and molecular techniques among dogs in Cabo Frio, RJ, Brazil
Taíssa Angélica Lemos Trancoso, Nathália da Conceição Lima, Alynne Silva Barbosa, Daniela Leles, Ana Beatriz Monteiro Fonseca, Norma Vollmer Labarthe, Otilio Machado Pereira Bastos, Claudia Maria Antunes Uchôa
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The global status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on published articles
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Brief Communications

Prevalence of Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina and Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in Chuncheon, Korea (2004): Yong-Hun Kim, Sun Huh; Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(2):65-67.
Published online June 20, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.2.65

Abstract
PDF

The intestines and hearts of dogs were examined for Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, and Dirofilaria immitis, after necropsy between June 26 and September 29, 2004 in Chuncheon, Korea. Of the 662 dogs examined, 6 were infected with T. canis (0.9%), 86 with T. leonina (13.0%). Fifty dogs were infected with D. immitis among 500 dogs examined (10.0%). Five were co-infected with T. canis and T. leonina, and three were co-infected with T. leonina and D. immitis. The cumulative positive infection rate for three species was 134/662(20.2%). Considering previously reported seropositive rates of T. canis excretory-secretory antigen, i.e., 5% in the adult population in Korea, the possibility of toxocariasis caused by T. leonina should be reevaluated.

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The global status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on published articles
Davood Anvari, Elahe Narouei, Ahmad Daryani, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Hajar Ziaei Hezarjaribi, Mohammad Reza Narouei, Shirzad Gholami
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Cross-reactivity of Toxocariasis with Crude Antigen ofToxascaris leoninaLarvae by ELISA
Yan Jin, Chenghua Shen, Sun Huh, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2015; 30(5): 549. CrossRef
Significance of Serum Antibody Test for Toxocariasis in Healthy Healthcare Examinees with Eosinophilia in Seoul and Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
Hong Seok Kim, Yan Jin, Min-Ho Choi, Jae-Hwan Kim, Young Ha Lee, Cheong Ha Yoon, Eui-Hyuk Hwang, Hun Kang, Sang-Yong Ahn, Gi Jin Kim, Sung-Tae Hong
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Cross-reactivity between sera from dogs experimentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis and crude extract of Toxocara canis: Kun-Ho Song, Mineo Hayasaki, Kyu-Woan Cho, Sang-Eun Lee, Duck-Hwan Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(4):195-198.
Published online December 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.4.195

Abstract
PDF

This study was performed to investigate whethere there is cross-reactivity between Dirofilaria immitis and three intestinal nematodes of dogs. In ELISA, D. immitis-infected dog sera obtained at the 4th molting stage (9-11 weeks) and microfilaremic stage (25-30 weeks) were shown to be highly reactive with crude extract of T. canis. In immunoblotting, some antigenic fractions, 44, 57, 88, 100 kDa of crude extract of T. canis, were found to be positive reaction with sera of dogs infected with D. immitis. However, little or no cross-reaction were observed between sera of D. immitis-infected dogs and crude extract antigen of T. vulpis or A. caninum. These result suggest that there are partial cross reaction between sera of D. immitis-infected dogs and the antigen of T. canis.

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Heat treatment and false-positive heartworm antigen testing in ex vivo parasites and dogs naturally infected by Dirofilaria repens and Angiostrongylus vasorum
Luigi Venco, Simone Manzocchi, Marco Genchi, Laura H. Kramer
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Moncef Belhassen-García, Javier Pardo-Lledías, Luis Pérez del Villar, Antonio Muro, Virginia Velasco-Tirado, Ana Blázquez de Castro, Belen Vicente, M Inmaculada García García, Juan Luis Muñoz Bellido, Miguel Cordero-Sánchez
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Original Article

Periodicity exhibited by Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae identified in dogs of Korea: Jae Ku Rhee, Sam Sung Yang, Hyeon Cheol Kim; Korean J Parasitol 1998;36(4):235-239.
Published online December 20, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.4.235

Abstract
PDF

Microfilarial periodicity of Dirofilaria immitis (the dog heartworm) was determined at two hr intervals for 72 consecutive hrs in 10 naturally infected war dogs, 3-9 years old, in Korea to facilitate harvest of the microfilariae for possible use in laboratory works and to elucidate further the periodicity of the microfilaria depending on geographic location. Although the periodicity had been observed as being low-grade nocturnal, maximal microfilarial counts were found at 21:00 hr and minimal at 11:00 hr, giving rise to an evident peak in fluctuation of the larval counts. This is the first record of the periodicity of the microfilariae identified as D. immitis in Korea.

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