Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Gab-Man Park"

Brief Communications

Phylogenetic Characteristics of Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Lato in Uzbekistan: Hye-Jin Kim, Tai-Soon Yong, Myeong Heon Shin, Kyu-Jae Lee, Gab-Man Park, Uktamjon Suvonkulov, Dmitriy Kovalenko, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(2):205-210.
Published online April 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.205

Echinococcosis occurs mainly in areas with heavy livestock farming, such as Central Asia, America, and Australia. Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) infection causes echinococcosis in intermediate hosts, such as sheep, cattle, goats, camels, and horses. Numerous cases of echinococcosis occur in Uzbekistan as stock farming is a primary industry. Epidemiological and genetic studies of E. granulosus s.l. are very important for mitigating its impact on public health and the economy; however, there are no such studies on E. granulosus s.l. in Uzbekistan. In the present study, to determine which genotypes exist and are transmitted, we isolated Echinococcus sp. from definitive hosts (one isolate each from jackal and dog) and intermediate hosts (52 isolates from humans and 6 isolates from sheep) in Uzbekistan and analyzed the isolates by sequencing 2 mitochondrial DNA components (cox1 and nad1). The results showed that all of isolates except one belonged to the E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) G1 and G3 genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis based on cox1 sequences showed that 42 isolates from humans, 6 isolates from sheep, and one isolate from jackal were the G1 genotype, whereas the remaining 8 isolates from human and the one isolate from dog were the G3 genotype. These results suggest that the G1 and G3 genotypes of E. granulosus s.s. are predominant in Uzbekistan, and both wild animals and domestic animals are important for maintaining their life cycle. Only one isolate from human sample was confirmed to be E. eqiinus (G4 genotype), which is known to be for the first time.

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Prevalence of Intestinal Helminth Infections in Dogs and Two Species of Wild Animals from Samarkand Region of Uzbekistan: Tai-Soon Yong, Kyu-Jae Lee, Myeong Heon Shin, Hak Sun Yu, Uktamjon Suvonkulov, Turycin Bladimir Sergeevich, Azamat Shamsiev, Gab-Man Park; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(5):549-552.
Published online October 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.5.549

Abstract
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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal helminth parasitic infections and associated risk factors for the human infection among the people of Samarkand, Uzbekistan. Infection status of helminths including Echinococcus granulosus was surveyed in domestic and wild animals from 4 sites in the Samarkand region, Uzbekistan during 2015-2018. Fecal samples of each animal were examined with the formalin-ether sedimentation technique and the recovery of intestinal helminths was performed with naked eyes and a stereomicroscope in total 1,761 animals (1,755 dogs, 1 golden jackal, and 5 Corsac foxes). Total 658 adult worms of E. granulosus were detected in 28 (1.6%) dogs and 1 (100%) golden jackal. More than 6 species of helminths, i.e., Taenia hydatigena, Dipylidium caninum, Diplopylidium nolleri, Mesocestoides lineatus, Toxocara canis, and Trichuris vulpis, were found from 18 (1.0%) dogs. Six (T. hydatigena, Toxascaris leonina, Alaria alata, Uncinaria stenocephala, D. caninum, and M. lineatus) and 2 (D. nolleri and M. lineatus) species of helminths were also detected from 5 Corsac foxes and 1 golden jackal, respectively. Taeniid eggs were found in 2 (20%) out of 10 soil samples. In the present study, it was confirmed that the prevalences of helminths including E. granulosus are not so high in domestic and wild animals. Nevertheless, the awareness on the zoonotic helminth infections should be continuously maintained in Uzbekistan for the prevention of human infection.

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Practical Algorisms for PCR-RFLP-Based Genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Lato: Hye-Jin Kim, Tae-Soon Yong, Myeong Heon Shin, Kyu-Jae Lee, Gab-Man Park, Uktamjon Suvonkulov, Dmitriy Kovalenko, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(6):679-684.
Published online December 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.6.679

Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) is a causative agent of cystic echinococcosis or cystic hydatid disease in humans and domestic and wild animals. The disease is a serious health problem in countries associated with poverty and poor hygiene practices, particularly in livestock raising. We introduced a practical algorism for genotyping the parasite, which may be useful to many developing countries. To evaluate the efficiency of the algorism, we genotyped 3 unknown strains isolated from human patients. We found that unknowns 1 and 3 were included in G1, G2, and G3 genotypes group and unknown 2 was included in G4 genotype (Echinococcus equinus) according to the algorisms. We confirmed these results by sequencing the 3 unknown isolates cox1 and nad1 PCR products. In conclusion, these new algorisms are very fast genotype identification tools that are suitable for evaluating E. granulosus s.l. isolated from livestock or livestock holders, particularly in developing countries.

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Primary cerebral cystic echinococcosis in a child from Roman countryside: Source attribution and scoping review of cases from the literature
Adriano Casulli, Stefania Pane, Franco Randi, Paola Scaramozzino, Andrea Carvelli, Carlo Efisio Marras, Andrea Carai, Azzurra Santoro, Federica Santolamazza, Francesca Tamarozzi, Lorenza Putignani, Solange Bresson-Hadni
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2023; 17(9): e0011612. CrossRef
A validated method to identify Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato at species level
F. Santolamazza, A. Santoro, A. Possenti, S.M. Cacciò, A. Casulli
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A pilot comparative study between serological and genetic investigations in relationship to clinical outcomes on patients with cystic echinococcosis
Nu. Altintas, S. A. Karamil, O. Turkum, M. Akil, A. Sakarya, H. Bozkaya, J. Šoltys, Na. Altintas
Helminthologia.2020; 57(2): 91. CrossRef
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Jamal Zaini, Elisna Syahruddin, Muhammad Yunus, Sita Laksmi Andarini, Achmad Hudoyo, Najmiatul Masykura, Refniwita Yasril, Asep Ridwanuloh, Heriawaty Hidajat, Fariz Nurwidya, Sony Suharsono, Ahmad R.H. Utomo
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Antimalarial Activity of C-10 Substituted Triazolyl Artemisinin: Gab-Man Park, Hyun Park, Sangtae Oh, Seokjoon Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(6):661-665.
Published online December 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.6.661

Abstract
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We synthesized C-10 substituted triazolyl artemisinins by the Huisgen cycloaddition reaction between dihydroartemisinins (2) and variously substituted 1, 2, 3-triazoles (8a-8h). The antimalarial activities of 32 novel artemisinin derivatives were screened against a chloroquine-resistant parasite. Among them, triazolyl artemisinins with electron-withdrawing groups showed stronger antimalarial activities than those shown by the derivatives having electron-donating groups. In particularly, m-chlorotriazolyl artemisinin (9d-12d) showed antimalarial activity equivalent to that of artemisinin and could be a strong drug candidate.

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European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.2025; 281: 117032. CrossRef
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Fasciola hepatica: Infection Status of Freshwater Snails Collected from Gangwon-do (Province), Korea: Jae-Hyung Lee, Juan-Hua Quan, In-Wook Choi, Gab-Man Park, Guang-Ho Cha, Hyun-Ju Kim, Jae-Min Yuk, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(1):95-98.
Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.1.95

Abstract
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Fasciola hepatica is a trematode that causes zoonosis, mainly in cattle and sheep, and occasionally in humans. Few recent studies have determined the infection status of this fluke in Korea. In August 2015, we collected 402 samples of freshwater snails at Hoenggye-ri (upper stream) and Suha-ri (lower stream) of Song-cheon (stream) in Daegwalnyeong-myeon, Pyeongchang-gun in Gangwon-do (Province) near many large cattle or sheep farms. F. hepatica infection was determined using PCR on the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2). Among the 402 samples, F. hepatica 1TS-2 marker was detected in 6 freshwater snails; thus, the overall prevalence in freshwater snails was 1.5%. The prevalence varied between collection areas, ranging from 0.0% at Hoenggye-ri to 2.9% at Suha-ri. However, F. gigantica ITS-2 was not detected in the 6 F. hepatica-positive samples by PCR. The nucleotide sequences of the 6 F. hepatica ITS-2 PCR-positive samples were 99.4% identical to the F. hepatica ITS-2 sequences in GenBank, whereas they were 98.4% similar to F. gigantica ITS-2 sequences. These results indicated that the prevalence of F. hepatica in snail intermediate hosts was 1.5% in Gangwon-do, Korea; however the prevalence varied between collection areas. These results may help us to understand F. hepatica infection status in natural environments.

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Antimalarial activity of thiophenyl- and benzenesulfonyl-dihydroartemisinin: Seokjoon Lee, Sangtae Oh, Gab-Man Park, Tong-Soo Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu, Han-Kyu Choi; Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(3):123-126.
Published online September 20, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.3.123

Abstract
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Each diastereomer of 10-thiophenyl- and 10-benzenesulfonyl-dihydroartemisinin was synthesized from artemisinin in three steps, and screened against chloroquine-resistance and chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum. Three of the four tested compounds were found to be effective. Especially, 10β-benzenesulfonyl-dihydroartemisinin showed stronger antimalarial activity than artemisinin.

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Original Articles

Phylogenetic relationship of ribosomal ITS2 and mitochondrial COI among diploid and triploid Paragonimus westermani isolates: Gab-Man Park, Kyung-Il Im, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(1):47-55.
Published online March 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1.47

Abstract
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We compared patterns of intraspecific polymorphism of two markers with contrasting modes of evolution, nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), in the lung fluke, diploid and triploid Paragonimus westermani from three geographical regions of Korea. The genetic distances between three populations of Korean diploid and triploid P. westermani showed no significant difference in the nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) and ribosomaal second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) genes. A highly resolved strict-consensus tree was obtained that illustrated phylogenetically useful information of the ITS2 and mtCOI sequences from diploid and triploid P. westermani.

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Effects of gamma-irradiation on the infectivity and chromosome aberration of Clonorchis sinensis: Gab-Man Park, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(1):41-45.
Published online March 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1.41

Abstract
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Effects of gamma irradiation on the worm survival and chromosomal aberration of Clonorchis sinensis were studied. The metacercariae irradiated with various amounts of gamma radiation (ranging from 5 Gy to 50 Gy) were fed to rats, and the effects were compared with those of non-irradiated controls. Recovery rates of adult worms in irradiated groups were reduced gradually as increasing of the irradiation doses. No worm was recovered from rats which were fed with 50 Gy irradiated metacercariae. The chromosome number was 2n = 56 in all worms from all experimental groups. However, the groups irradiated with 20 Gy, 25 Gy or 30 Gy showed variations in the chromosome number, depending on different cells in the same individual. Radiation doses used in this study did not appear to induce chromosome aberrations, however, irradiation with 30 Gy showed slightly reduced chromosome size.

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Chromosomes of the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis: Gab-Man Park, Kyung-il Im, Sun Huh, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(3):201-206.
Published online September 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.3.201

Abstract
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A karyological study was carried out in order to compared the chromosome numbers, chromosome morphologies and karyotypes of the oriental liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis (Trematoda: Opisthorchiidae), collected from Korea and China. Chromosome preparations were made by means of air-drying method. The chromosome number was 2n=56 in both Korean and Chinese flukes, and chromosomes were divided into two groups based on this size; consisting of 8 pairs of large and 20 pairs of small chromosomes. However, the karyotypes showed some differences between Korean and Chinese flukes. The karyotype of liver flukes from Korea consisted of three metacentric pairs, one meta-/submetacentric pair, 16 submetacentric pairs and eight subtelocentric pairs of chromosomes. On the other hand, liver flukes from China consisted of two metacentric pairs, two meta-/submetacentric pairs, 16 submetacentric pairs and eight subtelocentric pairs of chromosomes.

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Genetic comparison of liver flukes, Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini, based on rDNA and mtDNA gene sequences
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Brief Communications

Intestinal parasite infections at an institution for the handicapped in Korea: Jongweon Lee, Gab-Man Park, Du-Ho Lee, Soon-Jung Park, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(3):179-181.
Published online September 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.3.179

Abstract
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Stool and cellotape anal swab examinations were carried out in August 1997 on handicapped people at an institution located in Chorwon-gun, Kangwon-do, Korea. A total of 112 stool samples (78 males and 34 females) revealed three cases of Trichuris trichiura infection and one case of Enterobius vermicularis infection. Other helminth eggs were not detected. The overall prevalence rate was 35.7% (38.5% for males and 29.4% for females). More than two different kinds of parasites were found in 42.0% of the positive stool samples (17 cases). The infection rates for protozoan cysts are as follow: Entamoeba coli (25.0%), E. histolytica (1.8%), Endolimax nana (21.4%), Iodoamoeba b?tschlii (1.8%) and Giardia lamblia (0.9%). In cellotape anal swab examinations (165 samples), the prevalence rate of E. vermicularis was 20.6% (25.7% of males and 9.6% of females). In conclusion, the handicapped people in the institution showed higher infection rates of protozoan parasites and E. vermicularis, possibly due to more accessibility to the infection.

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Isozyme electrophoresis patterns of the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis from Kimhae, Korea and from Shenyang, China: Gab-Man Park, Tai-Soon Yong, Kyung-il Im, Kyu-Je Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(1):45-48.
Published online March 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.1.45

Abstract
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An enzyme analysis of the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis from Kimhae, Korea and from Shenyang, China was conducted using a horizontal starch gel electrophoresis in order to elucidate their genetic relationships. A total of eight enzymes was employed from two different kinds of buffer systems. Two loci from each enzyme of aconitase and esterase (α-Na and β-Na); and only one locus each from six enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPD), 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) were detected. Most of loci in two populations of C. sinensis showed homozygous monomorphic banding patterns and one of them, GPD was specific as genetic markers between two different populations. However, esterase (α-Na), GPD, HBDH and PGI loci showed polymorphic banding patterns. Two populations of C. sinensis were more closely clustered within the range of genetic identity value of 0.998-1.0. In summarizing the above results, two populations of C. sinensis employed in this study showed mostly monomorphic enzyme protein banding patterns, and genetic differences specific between two populations.

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Tae Im Kim, Byoung-Kuk Na, Sung-Jong Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(Suppl): S59. CrossRef
Genetic variation at three enzyme loci within a Thailand population of Opisthorchis viverrini
Weerachai Saijuntha, Paiboon Sithithaworn, Sopit Wongkham, Thewarach Laha, Rojchai Satrawaha, Neil B. Chilton, Trevor N. Petney, Ross H. Andrews
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Acta Tropica.2008; 107(2): 213. CrossRef
Genetic comparison of liver flukes, Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini, based on rDNA and mtDNA gene sequences
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Genetic markers for the identification and characterization of Opisthorchis viverrini, a medically important food borne trematode in Southeast Asia
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Original Articles

A cytogenetic study on human intestinal trematodes of the genus Metagonimus (Digenea: Heterophyidae) in Korea: Soo-Ung Lee, Sun Huh, Gab-Man Park, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(4):237-241.
Published online December 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.4.237

Abstract
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In order to analyze chromosome numbers and karyotypes of intestinal trematodes belonging to the genus, Metagonimus, the gonad tissues of M. takahashii, M. miyatai, and M. yokogawai were prepared and examined. The number of bivalents in the first meiotic division of M. takahashii was nine (n=9). The diploid number of M. miyatai was observed to be eighteen (2n=18) and their chromosomes consisted of one pair of metacentric, 7 pairs of submetacentric, and one pair of telocentric chromosomes. The diploid number of M. yokogawai was thirty-two (2n=32) and the chromosome complements were composed of two pairs of metacentric, 11 pairs of submetacentric, and three pairs of subtelocentric chromosomes. These results could be a supporting evidence for the validity of the new species, M. miyatai, distinct from M. yokogawai

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Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2017; 8-9: 33. CrossRef
Geant4.10 simulation of geometric model for metaphase chromosome
L. Rafat-Motavalli, H. Miri-Hakimabad, E. Bakhtiyari
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Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin, Soon-Hyung Lee, Han-Jong Rim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(Suppl): S69. CrossRef
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF INBRED MOUSE STRAINS TO INFECTION WITH THREE SPECIES OF METAGONIMUS PREVALENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Sang-Mee Guk, Jin-Young Park, Min Seo, Eun-Taek Han, Jae-Lip Kim, Jong-Yil Chai
Journal of Parasitology.2005; 91(1): 12. CrossRef
Sequence comparisons of 28S ribosomal DNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I of Metagonimus yokogawai, M. takahashii and M. miyatai
Soo-Ung Lee, Sun Huh, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2004; 42(3): 129. CrossRef
Food-borne intestinal trematode infections in the Republic of Korea
Jong-Yil Chai, Soon-Hyung Lee
Parasitology International.2002; 51(2): 129. CrossRef

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Identification of Chironomus kiiensis allergens, a dominant species of non-biting midges in Korea: Tai-Soon Yong, Jong-Seok Lee, In-Yong Lee, Soon-Jung Park, Gab-Man Park, Han-Il Ree, Jung-Won Park, Chein-Soo Hong, Hae-Sim Park; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(3):171-179.
Published online September 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.3.171

Abstract
PDF

Non-biting midges are known to contain potent inhalant allergens. IgE antibody responses to the crude extract of Chironomus kiiensis adults, a dominant chironomid species in Korea, were examined. With the IgE-ELISA or passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions, increased levels of chironomid-specific IgE were detected in the skin test positive human sera, or immunized BALB/c mouse sera with the crude extract adsorbed to alum. IgE-immunoblot analysis showed major IgE-reacting protein band patterns, which reacted with more than 50% of the skin test positive human sera, at 110, 80, 73, 46, 40, 37, 34, and 31 kDa. The reactive band patterns were largely similar between skin test positive humans and immune BALB/c mice. However, the bands of 55, 31, 27, 26, 24, and 23 kDa were found only in sensitized humans, but not in immunized mice.

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Juan González-Fernández, Alvaro Daschner, Natalie E. Nieuwenhuizen, Andreas L. Lopata, Consolación De Frutos, Ana Valls, Carmen Cuéllar
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Gizelle Amora, Neusa Hamada, Lívia Maria Fusari, Vanderly Andrade-Souza
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Tai-Soon Yong, Kyoung Yong Jeong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(Suppl): S143. CrossRef
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Tropomyosin, a Major Allergen of Chironomus kiiensis , a Dominant Species of Nonbiting Midges in Korea
Kyoung Yong Jeong, Hye-Yung Yum, In-Yong Lee, Han-Il Ree, Chein-Soo Hong, Dong Soo Kim, Tai-Soon Yong
Clinical and Vaccine Immunology.2004; 11(2): 320. CrossRef

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Monoclonal antibodies to recombinant Der p 2, a major house dust mite allergen: specificity, epitope analysis and development of two-site capture ELISA: Tai-Soon Yong, Sang-Mi Lee, Gab-Man Park, In-Yong Lee, Han-Il Ree, Kyung-Sup Kim, Sang-Hwan Oh, Jung-Won Park, Chein-Soo Hong; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(3):163-169.
Published online September 20, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.3.163

Abstract
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House dust mite allergens have been well established as sensitizing agents that are important in the induction of allergic diseases. In order to analyze epitopes of the allergen and to develop a quantitative method of the allergen exposure, monoclonal antibodies against a recombinant Der p 2 (rDer p 2), one of the major allergens of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, were produced. Four monoclonal antibodies produced were species-specific and did not cross-react to the D. farinae crude extract. Two of the monoclonal antibodies were found to be IgG1 and the others were IgM. For the analysis of epitopes, a Der p 2 cDNA encoding 126 amino acids (aa) was dissected into three fragments with several overlapping peptides, A (aa residues 1-49), B (44-93), and C fragment (84-126). Three monoclonal antibodies showed reactivities to the recombinant B fragment and to the full-length rDer p 2, but one monoclonal antibody reacted only with the full-length rDer p 2. Two-site capture ELISA was developed using two different monoclonal antibodies for quantitating Der p 2 in house dust. The sensitivity limit was 4 ng/ml with rDer p 2 and 8 ?g/ml with the D. pteronyssinus crude extract. The result suggested that the assay using monoclonal antibodies against rDer p 2 could be useful for the environmental studies and for the standardization of mite allergen extracts.

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Karyotypes on three species of Chinese mesogastropod snails, Semisulcospira libertina, S. dolichostoma and Viviparus rivularis: Gab-Man Park, Jae-Jin Kim, Pyung-Rim Chung, Yong Wang, Duk-Young Min; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(1):5-11.
Published online March 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.1.5

Abstract
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Three species of the families Viviparidae and Pleuroceridae, the first intermediate host of paragonimiasis, metagonimiasis and echinostomiasis were studied cytologically. The observed diploid chromosome number was as follows: Semisulcospira libertina 36, S. dolichostoma 34, and Viviparus rivularis 64. The mitotic chromosome complement of S. libertina has nine metacentric pairs and nine submetacentric pairs, and S. dolichostoma has three metacentric pairs and 14 submetacentric pairs of chromosomes. Viviparus rivularis showed two metacentric pairs and 30 submetacentric pairs of chromosomes.

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Folia Malacologica.2014;[Epub] CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Karyotype analysis of Neodiplostomum seoulense: Gab-Man Park, Soo-Ung Lee, Hyun-Young Park, Sun Huh; Korean J Parasitol 1998;36(4):277-279.
Published online December 20, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.4.277

Abstract
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A karyotype analysis of the chromosome of Neodiplostomum seoulense, one of causative agents of human intestinal trematodiasis, was done from the gonad tissue by the squashing method. The chromosome number was n = 10 and 2n = 20. Chromosome length was 1.30-4.0 ?m. Chromosome pairs in the complement consisted of two pairs of metacentric, five pairs of submetacentrics/subtelocentric and three pairs of telocentric chromosomes. These data were comparable with those of other intestinal trematodes.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.1999; 37(4): 237. CrossRef