Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Hyun-Ouk Song"

Brief Communications

Influence of 120 kDa Pyruvate:Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase on Pathogenicity of Trichomonas vaginalis: Hyun-Ouk Song; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):71-74.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.71

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellate protozoan parasite and commonly infected the lower genital tract in women and men. Iron is a known nutrient for growth of various pathogens, and also reported to be involved in establishment of trichomoniasis. However, the exact mechanism was not clarified. In this study, the author investigated whether the 120 kDa protein of T. vaginalis may be involved in pathogenicity of trichomonads. Antibodies against 120 kDa protein of T. vaginalis, which was identified as pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) by peptide analysis of MALDI-TOF-MS, were prepared in rabbits. Pretreatment of T. vaginalis with anti-120 kDa Ab decreased the proliferation and adherence to vaginal epithelial cells (MS74) of T. vaginalis. Subcutaneous tissue abscess in anti-120 kDa Ab-treated T. vaginalis-injected mice was smaller in size than that of untreated T. vaginalis-infected mice. Collectively, the 120 kDa protein expressed by iron may be involved in proliferation, adhesion to host cells, and abscess formation, thereby may influence on the pathogenicity of T. vaginalis.

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Antiparasitic activity of the iron-containing milk protein lactoferrin and its potential derivatives against human intestinal and blood parasites
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Genetic Variability of the Internal Transcribed Spacer and Pyruvate:Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase Partial Gene of Trichomonas vaginalis from Female Patients
Fernando Martinez-Hernandez, Fabiola Sanchez-Aguillon, Joel Martinez-Ocaña, Nelly Raquel Gonzalez-Arenas, Mirza Romero-Valdovinos, Eduardo Lopez-Escamilla, Pablo Maravilla, Guiehdani Villalobos
Microorganisms.2023; 11(9): 2240. CrossRef
Pyruvate: Ferredoxin oxidoreductase is involved in IgA-related microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation
Kairuo Wang, Yixuan Guo, Yuanyuan Liu, Xiao Cui, Xiang Gu, Lixiang Li, Yanqing Li, Ming Li
Frontiers in Immunology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Namarta Kalia, Jatinder Singh, Manpreet Kaur
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
New light on ancient enzymes – in vitro CO2 Fixation by Pyruvate Synthase of Desulfovibrio africanus and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
Andreas Witt, Roberta Pozzi, Stephan Diesch, Oliver Hädicke, Hartmut Grammel
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M. Nemati, N. Malla, M. Yadav, H. Khorramdelazad, A. Jafarzadeh
Parasite Immunology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
A Cell Surface Aggregation-Promoting Factor from Lactobacillus gasseri Contributes to Inhibition of Trichomonas vaginalis Adhesion to Human Vaginal Ectocervical Cells
Niha Phukan, Anna E. S. Brooks, Augusto Simoes-Barbosa, John H. Adams
Infection and Immunity.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Can the pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) gene be used as an additional marker to discriminate among Blastocystis strains or subtypes?
Patricia Alarcon-Valdes, Guiehdani Villalobos, Williams Arony Martinez-Flores, Eduardo Lopez-Escamilla, Nelly Raquel Gonzalez-Arenas, Mirza Romero-Valdovinos, Fernando Martinez-Hernandez, Jonnathan Guadalupe Santillan-Benitez, Pablo Maravilla
Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Clostridium acetobutylicum grows vegetatively in a biofilm rich in heteropolysaccharides and cytoplasmic proteins
Dong Liu, Zhengjiao Yang, Yong Chen, Wei Zhuang, Huanqing Niu, Jinglan Wu, Hanjie Ying
Biotechnology for Biofuels.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Parasitic Infections Based on 320 Clinical Samples Submitted to Hanyang University, Korea (2004-2011): Sung-Chul Choi, Soo-Young Lee, Hyun-Ouk Song, Jae-Sook Ryu, Myoung-Hee Ahn; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):215-220.
Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.215

Abstract
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We analyzed 320 clinical samples of parasitic infections submitted to the Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University from January 2004 to June 2011. They consisted of 211 nematode infections, 64 trematode or cestode infections, 32 protozoan infections, and 13 infections with arthropods. The nematode infections included 67 cases of trichuriasis, 62 of anisakiasis (Anisakis sp. and Pseudoterranova decipiens), 40 of enterobiasis, and 24 of ascariasis, as well as other infections including strongyloidiasis, thelaziasis, loiasis, and hookworm infecions. Among the cestode or trematode infections, we observed 27 cases of diphyllobothriasis, 14 of sparganosis, 9 of clonorchiasis, and 5 of paragonimiasis together with a few cases of taeniasis saginata, cysticercosis cellulosae, hymenolepiasis, and echinostomiasis. The protozoan infections included 14 cases of malaria, 4 of cryptosporidiosis, and 3 of trichomoniasis, in addition to infections with Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Giardia lamblia, and Toxoplasma gondii. Among the arthropods, we detected 6 cases of Ixodes sp., 5 of Phthirus pubis, 1 of Sarcoptes scabiei, and 1 of fly larva. The results revealed that trichuriasis, anisakiasis, enterobiasis, and diphyllobothriasis were the most frequently found parasitosis among the clinical samples.

Citations

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(6): 699. CrossRef
In Vivo Endoscopic Removal of Ancylostoma duodenale in a Patient with Abdominal Pain
Soo-Young Na, Heung Up Kim, Young Ree Kim, Seung Uk Jeong, Sun-Jin Boo, Hyun Joo Song, Eun Kwang Choi, Byung-Cheol Song
The Korean Journal of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research.2018; 18(1): 61. CrossRef
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Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Tae Hyo Kim, Tae-Joon Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(4): 465. CrossRef
A case report of Anisakis pegreffii (Nematoda, Anisakidae) identified from archival paraffin sections of a Croatian patient
Ivona Mladineo, Marijana Popović, Irena Drmić-Hofman, Vedran Poljak
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Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária.2015; 24(2): 209. CrossRef
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Parasitology Research.2014; 113(12): 4463. CrossRef

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Superoxide Anion Production by Human Neutrophils Activated by Trichomonas vaginalis: Hyun-Ouk Song, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):479-484.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.479

Abstract
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Neutrophils are the predominant inflammatory cells found in vaginal discharges of patients infected with Trichomonas vaginalis. In this study, we examined superoxide anion (O₂^.-) production by neutrophils activated by T. vaginalis. Human neutrophils produced superoxide anions when stimulated with either a lysate of T. vaginalis, its membrane component (MC), or excretory-secretory product (ESP). To assess the role of trichomonad protease in production of superoxide anions by neutrophils, T. vaginalis lysate, ESP, and MC were each pretreated with a protease inhibitor cocktail before incubation with neutrophils. Superoxide anion production was significantly decreased by this treatment. Trichomonad growth was inhibited by preincubation with supernatants of neutrophils incubated for 3 hr with T. vaginalis lysate. Furthermore, myeloperoxidase (MPO) production by neutrophils was stimulated by live trichomonads. These results indicate that the production of superoxide anions and MPO by neutrophils stimulated with T. vaginalis may be a part of defense mechanisms of neutrophils in trichomoniasis.

Citations

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IDO1 promotes Echinococcus multilocularis infection by regulating the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps
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Veterinary Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis triggers neutrophil extracellular traps reducing parasite integrity and growth
María G. Ramírez-Ledesma, Yordan J. Romero-Contreras, Mayra C. Rodríguez, Ruth Reyes-Cortes, Patricia Cuéllar-Mata, Eva E. Avila
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César Díaz-Godínez, Julio C. Carrero
Bioscience Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Recombinant α-actinin subunit antigens of Trichomonas vaginalis as potential vaccine candidates in protecting against trichomoniasis
Yi-Ting Xie, Jiang-Mei Gao, Ya-Ping Wu, Petrus Tang, Geoff Hide, De-Hua Lai, Zhao-Rong Lun
Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Adenosine reduces reactive oxygen species and interleukin-8 production by Trichomonas vaginalis-stimulated neutrophils
Amanda Piccoli Frasson, Camila Braz Menezes, Gustavo Krumel Goelzer, Simone Cristina Baggio Gnoatto, Solange Cristina Garcia, Tiana Tasca
Purinergic Signalling.2017; 13(4): 569. CrossRef

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Original Article

Proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii Suppresses Host Cell Autophagy: Youn-Jin Lee, Hyun-Ouk Song, Young-Ha Lee, Jae-Sook Ryu, Myoung-Hee Ahn; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):279-287.
Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.279

Abstract
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Autophagy is a process of cytoplasmic degradation of endogenous proteins and organelles. Although its primary role is protective, it can also contribute to cell death. Recently, autophagy was found to play a role in the activation of host defense against intracellular pathogens. The aims of our study was to investigate whether host cell autophagy influences Toxoplasma gondii proliferation and whether autophagy inhibitors modulate cell survival. HeLa cells were infected with T. gondii with and without rapamycin treatment to induce autophagy. Lactate dehydrogenase assays showed that cell death was extensive at 36-48 hr after infection in cells treated with T. gondii with or without rapamycin. The autophagic markers, LC3 II and Beclin 1, were strongly expressed at 18-24 hr after exposure as shown by Western blotting and RT-PCR. However, the subsequent T. gondii proliferation suppressed autophagy at 36 hr post-infection. Pre-treatment with the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), down-regulated LC3 II and Beclin 1. The latter was also down-regulated by calpeptin, a calpain inhibitor. Monodansyl cadaverine (MDC) staining detected numerous autophagic vacuoles (AVs) at 18 hr post-infection. Ultrastructural observations showed T. gondii proliferation in parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs) coinciding with a decline in the numbers of AVs by 18 hr. FACS analysis failed to confirm the presence of cell apoptosis after exposure to T. gondii and rapamycin. We concluded that T. gondii proliferation may inhibit host cell autophagy and has an impact on cell survival.

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Myrislignan Induces Redox Imbalance and Activates Autophagy in Toxoplasma gondii
Jili Zhang, Jia Chen, Kun Lv, Bing Li, Biqing Yan, Lei Gai, Chaolu Shi, Xinnian Wang, Hongfei Si, Jiyu Zhang
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Restricts the Intracellular Growth of Toxoplasma gondii by Inducing SIRT1-Mediated Autophagy in Macrophages
Jina lee, Jae-Won Choi, Hye Young Han, Woo Sik Kim, Ha-Yeon Song, Eui-Baek Byun, Eui-Hong Byun, Young-Ha Lee, Jae-Min Yuk
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(1): 7. CrossRef
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H. B. Ranjitha, Veena Ammanathan, Neha Guleria, Madhusudan Hosamani, B. P. Sreenivasa, V. V. Dhanesh, Rashmi Santhoshkumar, B. K. Chandrasekhar Sagar, B. P. Mishra, R. K. Singh, Aniket Sanyal, Ravi Manjithaya, Suresh H. Basagoudanavar
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Host-Toxoplasma gondii Coadaptation Leads to Fine Tuning of the Immune Response
Thaís Rigueti Brasil, Celio Geraldo Freire-de-Lima, Alexandre Morrot, Andrea Cristina Vetö Arnholdt
Frontiers in Immunology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Anti-Toxoplasmosis Effect of the Herbal Extracts Plantago asiatica L.
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Korean Journal of Plant Resources.2016; 29(1): 26. CrossRef
Autophagy activated by Toxoplasma gondii infection in turn facilitates Toxoplasma gondii proliferation
Dongmei Gao, Jing Zhang, Jun Zhao, He Wen, Jiwen Pan, Shouzhu Zhang, Yong Fang, Xiuyi Li, Yu Cai, Xuelong Wang, Shiping Wang
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Brief Communication

The Dimension of Trichomonas vaginalis as Measured by Scanning Electron Microscopy: Sang-Hoon Cheon, Seung Ryong Kim, Hyun-Ouk Song, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(2):243-246.
Published online April 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.243

Abstract
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It is known that physicochemical conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, and ionic strength) affect the size of trichomonads. In this study, the sizes of 4 isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis cultured for more than a year (called "old T") and 3 isolates freshly isolated from vaginitis cases (called "fresh T") were compared by scanning electron microscopy. Although the fresh T had shorter body length, body width, and flagellar length than old T, total length (about 26 ?m), including body length, flagella length, and axostyle length was almost the same in the 2 groups. A striking difference was observed between the axostyles of the 2 groups; the axostyle length of the fresh T (8.2 ?m) was more than twice as long as that of the old T (4.0 ?m). However, in several parasitology textbooks, the length of T. vaginalis is said to vary widely from 7 to 32 ?m, and its undulating membrane is said to extend about half way (53.5%) to the posterior end of the body. On the other hand, in our study, the undulating membrane was observed to extend more than 3/4 of the body length (72.1%) in old T, whereas in fresh T it could not be measured. Taken together, we suggest that T. vaginalis averages 26 (21-32) ?m in total length, with 9.5 (7.4-11.4) ?m of body length and 6.8 (5.3-7.7) ?m of width, and its undulating membrane extending 3/4 of its body length. Therefore, these findings may provide useful information for morphological characteristics of T. vaginalis.

Citations

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In vitro co-culture model of Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, and Lactobacillus crispatus: a system for assessing antimicrobial activity and microorganism interactions in vaginitis
Fernanda Gomes Cardoso, Luisa Trindade dos Santos, Saulo Almeida Menezes, Graziela Vargas Rigo, Tiana Tasca
Frontiers in Parasitology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Inflammatory response to Trichomonas vaginalis in the pathogenesis of prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia
Ik-Hwan Han, Jung-Hyun Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(1): 2. CrossRef
Neutrophil interactions with the sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis: implications for immunity and pathogenesis
Suhani B. Bhakta, Jose A. Moran, Frances Mercer
Open Biology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Neutrophils kill the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis using trogocytosis
Frances Mercer, Shek Hang Ng, Taylor M. Brown, Grace Boatman, Patricia J. Johnson, Fred Hughson
PLOS Biology.2018; 16(2): e2003885. CrossRef
Prostatic Disease Associated withTrichomonas vaginalis
Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation.2014; 9(2): 61. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Delayed Human Neutrophil Apoptosis by Trichomonas vaginalis Lysate: Hyun-Ouk Song, Young-Su Lim, Sun-Joo Moon, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(1):1-7.
Published online March 17, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.1

Abstract
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Neutrophils play an important role in the human immune system for protection against such microorganisms as a protozoan parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis; however, the precise role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of trichomoniasis is still unknown. Moreover, it is thought that trichomonal lysates and excretory-secretory products (ESP), as well as live T. vaginalis, could possibly interact with neutrophils in local tissues, including areas of inflammation induced by T. vaginalis in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of T. vaginalis lysate on the fate of neutrophils. We found that T. vaginalis lysate inhibits apoptosis of human neutrophils as revealed by Giemsa stain. Less altered mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and surface CD16 receptor expression also supported the idea that neutrophil apoptosis is delayed after T. vaginalis lysate stimulation. In contrast, ESP stimulated-neutrophils were similar in apoptotic features of untreated neutrophils. Maintained caspase-3 and myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) in neutrophils co-cultured with trichomonad lysate suggest that an intrinsic mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis was involved in T. vaginalis lysate-induced delayed neutrophil apoptosis; this phenomenon may contribute to local inflammation in trichomoniasis.

Citations

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The role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnant women: A review
Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Gideon Ikechukwu Okoroiwu, Nwanganga Ihuoma Ubosi, Getrude Uzoma Obeagu, Ebere Emilia Ayogu, Elham Elamin
Medicine.2025; 104(41): e45063. CrossRef
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Zhenchao Zhang, Fakun Li, Yangyang Deng, Yuhua Li, Wanxin Sheng, Xiaowei Tian, Zhenke Yang, Shuai Wang, Lihua Guo, Lixia Hao, Xuefang Mei
Acta Tropica.2023; 238: 106794. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis triggers neutrophil extracellular traps reducing parasite integrity and growth
María G. Ramírez-Ledesma, Yordan J. Romero-Contreras, Mayra C. Rodríguez, Ruth Reyes-Cortes, Patricia Cuéllar-Mata, Eva E. Avila
Parasitology Research.2022; 121(5): 1355. CrossRef
Immune cell arrival kinetics to peritoneum and role during murine-experimental trichomoniasis
F. J. Rangel-Mata, E. E. Ávila-Muro, J. E. Reyes-Martínez, L. M. Olmos-Ortiz, M. E. Brunck, L. A. Arriaga-Pizano, P. Cuéllar-Mata
Parasitology.2021; 148(13): 1624. CrossRef
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Fei Fei Gao, Juan-Hua Quan, Min A. Lee, Wei Ye, Jae-Min Yuk, Guang-Ho Cha, In-Wook Choi, Young-Ha Lee
Parasites & Vectors.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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H R J Al-abodi, K T M Al-Shaibani, E M Shaker
Journal of Physics: Conference Series.2019; 1234(1): 012078. CrossRef
Amaurocine: Anti- Trichomonas vaginalis protein produced by the basidiomycete Amauroderma camerarium
Mariana Duarte, Adriana Seixas, Maira Peres de Carvalho, Tiana Tasca, Alexandre José Macedo
Experimental Parasitology.2016; 161: 6. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis induces cytopathic effect on human lung alveolar basal carcinoma epithelial cell line A549
Daile Meek C. Salvador-Membreve, Sonia D. Jacinto, Windell L. Rivera
Experimental Parasitology.2014; 147: 33. CrossRef
Trichonomas vaginalis Metalloproteinase Induces Apoptosis of SiHa Cells through Disrupting the Mcl-1/Bim and Bcl-xL/Bim Complexes
Juan-Hua Quan, Byung-Hun Kang, Guang-Ho Cha, Wei Zhou, Young-Bok Koh, Jung-Bo Yang, Heon-Jong Yoo, Min-A Lee, Jae-Sook Ryu, Heung-Tae Noh, Jaeyul Kwon, Young-Ha Lee, A. R. M. Ruhul Amin
PLoS ONE.2014; 9(10): e110659. CrossRef
Altered CD16 expression on vaginal neutrophils from women with vaginitis
Joziani Beghini, Paulo C. Giraldo, Ruth Riboldi, Rose L.G. Amaral, José Eleutério, Steven S. Witkin, Fernando Guimarães
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology.2013; 167(1): 96. CrossRef
Leukotriene B4 receptors BLT1 and BLT2 are involved in interleukin-8 production in human neutrophils induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products
Young Hee Nam, Arim Min, Seong Hoon Kim, Young Ah Lee, Kyeong Ah Kim, Kyoung-Ju Song, Myeong Heon Shin
Inflammation Research.2012; 61(2): 97. CrossRef
NF-κB and CREB Are Involved in IL-8 Production of Human Neutrophils Induced byTrichomonas vaginalis-Derived Secretory Products
Young Hee Nam, Deulle Min, Soon-Jung Park, Kyeong Ah Kim, Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(3): 291. CrossRef
Trichomoniasis
Jae-Sook Ryu
Hanyang Medical Reviews.2010; 30(3): 213. CrossRef

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Indochinamon ou (Crustacea: Potamidae) as a New Second Intermediate Host for Paragonimus harinasutai in Luang Prabang Province, Lao PDR: Woon-Mok Sohn, Jae-Sook Ryu, Duk-Young Min, Hyun-Ouk Song, Han-Jong Rim, Youthanavanh Vonghachack, Daluny Bouakhasith, Virasack Banouvong; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(1):25-29.
Published online March 12, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.1.25

Abstract
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Paragonimus harinasutai metacercariae were found in a species of freshwater crab, Indochinamon ou, collected in a small stream of Namback District, Luang Prabang Province, Lao PDR. Adult flukes were recovered after experimental infection of the metacercariae to dogs. Metacercariae were round or slightly elliptical, 0.666 × 0.626 mm in average size, and had a thin cyst wall of about 20 ?m in thickness, a black excretory bladder, convoluted ceca, and some pinkish materials in the body. Adults were somewhat elongated, 95.2 × 36.5 mm in average size, covered with single-tipped tegumental spines, had a smaller oral sucker than the ventral sucker, a moderately branched ovary, and 5-6 lobulated testes. Eggs were ovoid and bilaterally symmetrical in shape, 79 × 45 ?m in average size, and had a uniformly thickened shell. By the present study, it has been confirmed that I. ou is a new second intermediate host for P. harinasutai.

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Alongkorn Nonthapa, Rutchanee Rodpai, Tongjit Thanchomnang, Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew, Lakkhana Sadaow, David Blair, Pewpan M. Intapan, Wanchai Maleewong, Virasack Banouvong, Sakhone Laymanivong, Oranuch Sanpool
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Parasitology International.2015; 64(6): 513. CrossRef

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Skin Test for Paragonimiasis among Schoolchildren and Villagers in Namback District, Luangprabang Province, Lao PDR: Hyun-Ouk Song, Duk-Young Min, Han-Jong Rim, Vonghachack Youthanavanh, Bouakhasith Daluny, Vongsouvan Sengdara, Banouvong Virasack, Phommasak Bounlay; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(3):179-182.
Published online September 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.3.179

Abstract
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As a part of a broader effort to determine the status of Paragonimus species infection in Lao PDR, an epidemiological survey was conducted on villagers and schoolchildren in Namback District between 2003 and 2005. Among 308 villagers and 633 primary and secondary schoolchildren, 156 villagers and 92 children evidenced a positive reaction on a Paragonimus skin test. Only 4 schoolchildren out of 128 skin test-positive cases had Paragonimus sp. eggs in their sputum, all of which was collected on 1 day. Several types of crabs, which were identified as the second intermediate host of the Paragonimus species, were collected from markets and streams in a paragonimiasis endemic area for the inspection of metacercariae. Among the examined crabs, only "rock crabs" (Indochinamon ou) harbored Paragonimus sp. metacercariae, and it is speculated that the life cycle of Paragonimus sp. was maintained via rock crabs in Namback District, Lao PDR.

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Ayako Yoshida, Pham Ngoc Doanh, Haruhiko Maruyama
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Parasite Epidemiology and Control.2017; 2(1): 1. CrossRef

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Original Article

Suppressed Production of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines by LPS-Activated Macrophages after Treatment with Toxoplasma gondii Lysate: Eun-Jung Lee, Yoo-Mi Heo, Jong-Hak Choi, Hyun-Ouk Song, Jae-Sook Ryu, Myoung-Hee Ahn; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(3):145-151.
Published online September 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.3.145

Abstract
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During Toxoplasma gondii infection, macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils are important sources of pro-inflammatory cytokines from the host. To counteract the pro-inflammatory activities, T. gondii is known to have several mechanisms inducing down-regulation of the host immunity. In the present study, we analyzed the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines from a human myelomonocytic cell line, THP-1 cells, in response to treatment with T. gondii lysate or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Treatment of THP-1 cells with LPS induced production of IL-12, TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-10. Co-treatment of THP-1 cells with T. gondii lysate inhibited the LPS-induced IL-12, IL-8 and TNF-α expression, but increased the level of IL-10 synergistically. IL-12 and IL-10 production was down-regulated by anti-human toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR4 antibodies. T. gondii lysate triggered nuclear factor (NF)-κB-dependent IL-8 expression in HEK293 cells transfected with TLR2. It is suggested that immunosuppression induced by T. gondii lysate treatment might occur via TLR2-mediated NF-κB activation.

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Eun-Ah Park, Ik-Hwan Han, Jung-Hyun Kim, Soon-Jung Park, Jae-Sook Ryu, Myoung-Hee Ahn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(2): 201. CrossRef
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(3): 205. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Hydrogenosomal activity of Trichomonas vaginalis cultivated under different iron conditions: Yong-Seok Kim, Hyun-Ouk Song, Ik-Hwa Choi, Soon-Jung Park, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):373-378.
Published online December 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.373

Abstract
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To evaluate whether iron concentration in TYM medium influence on hydrogenosomal enzyme gene expression and hydrogenosomal membrane potential of Trichomonas vaginalis, trophozoites were cultivated in iron-depleted, normal and iron-supplemented TYM media. The mRNA of hydrogenosomal enzymes, such as pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR), hydrogenase, ferredoxin and malic enzyme, was increased with iron concentrations in T. vaginalis culture media, measured by RT-PCR. Hydrogenosomal membrane potentials measured with DiOC₆ also showed similar tendency, e.g. T. vaginalis cultivated in iron-depleted and iron-supplemented media for 3 days showed a significantly reduced and enhanced hydrogenosomal membrane potential compared with that of normal TYM media, respectively. Therefore, it is suggested that iron may regulate hydrogenosomal activity through hydrogenosomal enzyme expression and hydrogenosomal membrane potential.

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Natalia Mallo, Jesús Lamas, Rosa Ana Sueiro, José Manuel Leiro
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Influence of 120 kDa Pyruvate:Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase on Pathogenicity of Trichomonas vaginalis
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Nitric oxide maintains cell survival of Trichomonas vaginalis upon iron depletion
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Odelta dos Santos, Graziela de Vargas Rigo, Amanda Piccoli Frasson, Alexandre José Macedo, Tiana Tasca, Robert W Dettman
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Original Articles

Involvement of MAPK activation in chemokine or COX-2 productions by Toxoplasma gondii: Ji-Young Kim, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Hyun-Ouk Song, Jong-Hak Choi, Jae-Sook Ryu, Duk-Young Min, Myung-Hwan Cho; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(3):197-207.
Published online September 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.3.197

Abstract
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This experiment focused on MAPK activation in host cell invasion and replication of T. gondii, as well as the expression of CC chemokines, MCP-1 and MIP-1α, and enzyme, COX-2/prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) in infected cells via western blot, [³H]-uracil incorporation assay, ELISA and RT-PCR. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 in infected HeLa cells was detected at 1 hr and/or 6 hr postinfection (PI). Tachyzoite proliferation was reduced by p38 or JNK MAPK inhibitors. MCP-1 secretion was enhanced in infected peritoneal macrophages at 6 hr PI. MIP-1α mRNA was increased in macrophages at 18 hr PI. MCP-1 and MIP-1α were reduced after treatment with inhibitors of ERK1/2 and JNK MAPKs. COX-2 mRNA gradually increased in infected RAW 264.7 cells and the secretion of COX-2 peaked at 6 hr PI. The inhibitor of JNK suppressed COX-2 expression. PGE₂ from infected RAW 264.7 cells was increased and synthesis was suppressed by PD98059, SB203580, and SP600125. In this study, the activation of p38, JNK and/or ERK1/2 MAPKs occurred during the invasion and proliferation of T. gondii tachyzoites in HeLa cells. Also, increased secretion and expression of MCP-1, MIP-1α, COX-2 and PGE₂ were detected in infected macrophages, and appeared to occur via MAPK signaling pathways.

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Influence of calcium ion on host cell invasion and intracellular replication by Toxoplasma gondii: Hyun-Ouk Song, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu, Duk-Young Min, Kyoung-Hwan Joo, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(4):185-193.
Published online December 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.4.185

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, which invades a wide range of hosts including humans. The exact mechanisms involved in its invasion are not fully understood. This study focused on the roles of Ca²⁺ in host cell invasion and in T. gondii replication. We examined the invasion and replication of T. gondii pretreated with several calcium modulators, the conoid extrusion of tachyzoites. Calmodulin localization in T. gondii were observed using the immunogold method, and Ca²⁺ levels in tachyzoites by confocal microscopy. In light microscopic observation, tachyzoites co-treated with A23187 and EGTA showed that host cell invasion and intracellular replication were decreased. The invasion of tachyzoites was slightly inhibited by the Ca²⁺ channel blockers, bepridiland verapamil, and by the calmodulin antagonist, calmidazolium. We observed that calcium saline containing A23187 induced the extrusion of tachyzoite conoid. By immunoelectron microscopy, gold particles bound to anti-calmodulin or anti-actin mAb, were found to be localized on the anterior portion of tachyzoites. Remarkably reduced intracellular Ca²⁺ was observed in tachyzoites treated with BAPTA/AM by confocal microscopy. These results suggest that host cell invasion and the intracellular replication of T. gondii tachyzoites are inhibited by the calcium ionophore, A23187, and by the extracellular calcium chelator, EGTA.

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