Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"IgM"

Original Article

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii assayed using Rapid Diagnostic Tests among Residents in Three Counties Adjacent to The Demilitarized Zone, Korea: Jeehi Jung, Jinyoung Lee, Yoon Kyung Chang, Seong Kyu Ahn, Seo Hye Park, Sung-Jong Hong, Jihoo Lee, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Tong-Soo Kim, Dongjae Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(1):9-14.
Published online February 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.9

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence have been rapidly increasing in some parts of Korea. We analyzed prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies, using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT), in the sera of 552 residents in Ganghwa-gun, 661 ones in Cheorwon-gun, and 305 ones in Goseong-gun, Korea in 2019. IgG/IgM RDT mounted with recombinant fragment of major surface antigen (SAG1), glutathione-S-transferase-linker-SAG1A, were applied to the sera. IgG seroprevalence was 28.1% in Ganghwa-gun, 19.5% in Cheorwon-gun and 35.7% in Goseong-gun. Odds ratios comparing Cheorwon vs Ganghwa was 0.63 (P=0.001) and Goesong versus Ganghwa was 1.47 (P=0.01) adjusting age and sex. Goseong had highest seroprevalence among the 3 counties both in crude rates and logistic regression. Although Cheorwon and Goseong are adjacent to the demilitarized zone (DMZ) in Korea, seroprevalence rate was much higher in Goseong. Further investigation on other DMZ-closed areas is necessary whether they have high prevalence rates compared to the other areas. T. gondii prevalence in Korea is still persists; proper health policy should be established.

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Molecular survey of Toxoplasma gondii B1 gene in pigs from various localities in Korea
Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(3): 294. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among School Children in Pyin Oo Lwin and Naung Cho, Upper Myanmar: Th? Lam Th?i, Hojong Jun, Seo-Hye Park, H??ng Giang L?, Jinyoung Lee, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jung-Mi Kang, Moe Kyaw Myint, Khin Lin, Woon-Mok Sohn, Ho-Woo Nam, Byoung-Kuk Na, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(3):303-308.
Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.303

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Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite that can cause toxoplasmosis in a wide range of warm-blooded animals including humans. In this study, we analyzed seroprevalence of T. gondii among 467 school children living in the rural areas of Pyin Oo Lwin and Naung Cho, Myanmar. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii among school children was 23.5%; 22.5% of children were positive for T. gondii IgG, 0.4% of children were positive for T. gondii IgM, and 0.6% of children were positive for both T. gondii IgG and IgM. Geographical factors did not significantly affect the seroprevalence frequency between Pyin Oo Lwin and Naung Cho, Myanmar. No significant difference was found between males (22.2%) and females (25.0%). The overall seroprevalence among school children differed by ages (10 years old [13.6%], 11-12 years old [19.8%], 13-14 years old [24.6%], and 15-16 years old [28.0%]), however, the result was not significant. Polymerase chain reaction analysis for T. gondii B1 gene for IgG-positive and IgM-positive blood samples were negative, indicating no direct evidence of active infection. These results collectively suggest that T. gondii infection among school children in Myanmar was relatively high. Integrated and improved strategies including reinforced education on toxoplasmosis should be implemented to prevent and control T. gondii infection among school children in Myanmar.

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A pre-existing Toxoplasma gondii infection exacerbates the pathophysiological response and extent of brain damage after traumatic brain injury in mice
Tamara L. Baker, David K. Wright, Alessandro D. Uboldi, Christopher J. Tonkin, Anh Vo, Trevor Wilson, Stuart J. McDonald, Richelle Mychasiuk, Bridgette D. Semple, Mujun Sun, Sandy R. Shultz
Journal of Neuroinflammation.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection among slaughterhouse workers in Yangon Region, Myanmar: A cross-sectional study
Nay Hein Sint, Ye Minn Htun, Tun Tun Win, Aye Sandar Mon, Thant Zaw Lwin, Lwin Oo Maung, Pyae Sone Win, Kaung Myat Naing, Thet Paing Zaw, Pyae Hpone Naing, Sai Nyan Lin Tun, Aung Aye Kyaw, Kyaw Wunna, Khine Khine Su, Kyaw Myo Tun, Atef Oreiby
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(4): e0284352. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii in lactating animals: potential risk to milk consuming population in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
S. Khan, K. Rafiq, M. N. Khabir, M. B. Khan, S. N. Khan, A. Khattak, S. Attaullah
Brazilian Journal of Biology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in Cats and Its Zoonotic Potential for Public Health Significance
Mian Abdul Hafeez, Muntazir Mehdi, Faiza Aslam, Kamran Ashraf, Muhammad Tahir Aleem, Abdur Rauf Khalid, Adeel Sattar, Syeda Fakhra Waheed, Abdulaziz Alouffi, Omar Obaid Alharbi, Muhammad Abu Bakr Shabbir, Umer Chaudhry, Mashal M. Almutairi
Pathogens.2022; 11(4): 437. CrossRef
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Bahman Maleki, Nayebali Ahmadi, Meysam Olfatifar, Mohammad Gorgipour, Ali Taghipour, Amir Abdoli, Ali Khorshidi, Masoud Foroutan, Aliyar Mirzapour
Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2021; 115(5): 471. CrossRef
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Jun Cai, Zhijin Sheng, Yu Jin, Yinan Du, Xinlei Yan, Yong Yao, Musa Hassan
PLOS ONE.2021; 16(3): e0241653. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in household cats in Myanmar and molecular identification of parasites using feline faecal oocysts
Saw Bawm, Aye Zar Phyu, Hla Myet Chel, Lat Lat Htun, Ryo Nakao, Ken Katakura
Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2020; 20: e00094. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among reproductive-aged women in Myanmar and evaluation of luciferase immunoprecipitation system assay
Khin Myo Aye, Eiji Nagayasu, Myat Htut Nyunt, Ni Ni Zaw, Kyaw Zin Thant, Myat Phone Kyaw, Haruhiko Maruyama
BMC Infectious Diseases.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Articles

Serologic Tests of IgG and IgM Antibodies and IgG Avidity for Diagnosis of Ocular Toxoplasmosis: Bahman Rahimi-Esboei, Mohammad Zarei, Mehdi Mohebali, Hossein Keshavarz Valian, Saeedeh Shojaee, Raziyeh Mahmoudzadeh, Mirataollah Salabati; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(2):147-152.
Published online April 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.2.147

Abstract
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This prospective study was aimed to detect acute and chronic ocular toxoplasmosis by comparison of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM and IgG antibody levels and IgG avidity test. One hundred and seventeen patients with ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) who referred to the Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran were included in this study. Of the patients, 77 cases were positive for anti-T. gondii IgG, and 8 cases were positive for anti-T. gondii IgM. IgG avidity test revealed 11, 4, and 102 cases were low, intermediate, and high, respectively, and 6.8% and 9.4% of cases were positive for IgM and IgG avidity tests, respectively (P=0.632). Agreement (Kappa value) between paired tests IgG-IgM, IgG-IgG avidity, and IgM-IgG avidity was 0.080, 0.099, and 0.721, respectively (P<0.05). This study showed that conventional serologic tests (IgM and IgG levels) and IgG avidity correlate well each other and can be used to differentiate recent infections from old OT. It seems that reactivated old infections rather than recently acquired infections are majority of Iranian OT patients.

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Serum Concentrations of Th1, Th2 and Treg‐Associated Cytokines in Patients With Ocular Toxoplasmosis
Ovi Sofia, Rahajeng Anugrahing Saldianovitta, I. Nyoman Surya Ari Wahyudi, Loeki Enggar Fitri, Hani Susianti, Seskoati Prayitnaningsih, Hidayat Sujuti
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Pratik Lakhmawar, Anup Kelgaonkar, Anamika Patel, Ashish Khalsa, Soumyava Basu
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Efficacy of amniotic fluid, blood and urine samples for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women candidates for amniocentesis using serological and molecular techniques
Rohallah Abedian, Bahman Rahimi Esboei, Shirafkan Kordi, Hadi Shokrollahnia Roshan, Hajar Ziaei Hezarjaribi, Zahra Rahmani, Mahbobeh Montazeri, Mahdi Fakhar
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Clinical and Serological Characteristics of Ocular Toxoplasmosis in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Nadine Nsiangani Lusambo, Dieudonné Kaimbo Wa Kaimbo, Dieudonné Mumba Ngoyi, Janvier Kilangalanga Ngoy, Marie-Thérèse Ngoyi Bambi, Théodore Kadima Mutombo, Guy Kintoki Makela, Lady Ngandowe Nzamokili, Alejandra de-la-Torre
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V. V. Neroev, E. K. Eliseeva, G. I. Krichevskaya, G. A. Davydova, M. N. Zakharova
Russian Ophthalmological Journal.2023; 16(3): 54. CrossRef
Ocular toxoplasmosis, an overview focusing on clinical aspects
Silvia Fabiani, Claudio Caroselli, Martina Menchini, Giovanna Gabbriellini, Marco Falcone, Fabrizio Bruschi
Acta Tropica.2022; 225: 106180. CrossRef
Diagnostic Dilemma and Therapeutic Challenges in Managing an Atypical Presentation of an Ocular Toxoplasmosis Patient With Myasthenia Gravis: Literature Review
Zen Kuang Tham, Pooi Wah Lott, Chye Li Ee, Norlina Ramli, Tajunisah Iqbal
Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Utility of blood as the clinical specimen for the diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis using uracil DNA glycosylase-supplemented loop-mediated isothermal amplification and real-time polymerase chain reaction assays based on REP-529 sequence and B1 gene
Bahman Rahimi Esboei, Shirzad Fallahi, Mohammad Zarei, Bahram Kazemi, Mehdi Mohebali, Saeedeh Shojaee, Parisa Mousavi, Aref Teimouri, Raziyeh Mahmoudzadeh, Mirataollah Salabati, Hossein Keshavarz Valian
BMC Infectious Diseases.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Ocular toxoplasmosis: phenotype differences between toxoplasma IgM positive and IgM negative patients in a large cohort
Sofia Ajamil-Rodanes, Joshua Luis, Rabia Bourkiza, Benedict Girling, Angela Rees, Catherine Cosgrove, Carlos Pavesio, Mark Westcott
British Journal of Ophthalmology.2021; 105(2): 210. CrossRef
Study of toxoplasmosis and toxocariasis in patients suffering from ophthalmic disorders using serological and molecular methods
Jasem Saki, Elham Eskandari, Mostafa Feghhi
International Ophthalmology.2020; 40(9): 2151. CrossRef
Duffy blood group system and ocular toxoplasmosis
Ana Iara Costa Ferreira, Cinara Cássia Brandão de Mattos, Fábio Batista Frederico, Cássia Rúbia Bernardo, Gildásio Castelo de Almeida Junior, Rubens Camargo Siqueira, Cristina Silva Meira-Strejevitch, Vera Lucia Pereira-Chioccola, Luiz Carlos de Mattos
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Genotyping and phylogenic study of Acanthamoeba isolates from human keratitis and swimming pool water samples in Iran
Bahman Rahimi Esboei, Mahdi Fakhar, Reza Saberi, Mohammad Barati, Masoumeh Moslemi, Hadi Hassannia, Yousef Dadimoghadam, Nahid Jalallou
Parasite Epidemiology and Control.2020; 11: e00164. CrossRef
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Vanessa Sandri, Itamar Luís Gonçalves, Gustavo Machado das Neves, Marisa Lucia Romani Paraboni
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2020; 44(4): 785. CrossRef
Evaluation of RE and B1 Genes as Targets for Detection of Toxoplasma gondii by Nested PCR in Blood Samples of Patients with Ocular Toxoplasmosis
Bahman Rahimi Esboei, Bahram Kazemi, Mohammad Zarei, Mehdi Mohebali, Hossein Keshavarz Valian, Saeedeh Shojaee, Fatemeh Zahedipour, Shirzad Fallahi, Parisa Mousavi, Raziyeh Mahmoudzadeh, Mirataollah Salabati
Acta Parasitologica.2019; 64(2): 384. CrossRef

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Immune Correlates of Resistance to Trichinella spiralis Reinfection in Mice: Ki-Back Chu, Sang-Soo Kim, Su-Hwa Lee, Dong-Hun Lee, Ah-Ra Kim, Fu-Shi Quan; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(5):637-643.
Published online October 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.5.637

Abstract
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The immune correlate of host resistance induced by reinfection of Trichinella spiralis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated immune correlates between the resistance and serum IgG antibody level, CD23⁺ IgM⁺ B cells, and eosinophil responses induced by T. spiralis reinfection. Mice were primarily infected with 10 or 100 T. spiralis larvae (10 TS, 100 TS), respectively, and after 4 weeks, they were challenge infected with 100 T. spiralis larvae (10-100 TS, 100-100 TS). Upon challenge infections, 10-100 TS mice induced significantly higher levels of T. spiralis-specific total IgG antibody responses in sera and antibody secreting cell responses in spleens compared to 100-100 TS mice, resulting in significantly reduced worm burdens in 10-100 TS mice (60% and 70% reductions for adult and larvae, respectively). Higher levels of eosinophils were found in mice primarily infected with 10 TS compared to those of 100 TS at week 8 upon challenge. CD23⁺ IgM⁺ B cells were found to be increased significantly in mice primarily infected with 10 TS. These results indicate that primary infection of 10 larvae of T. spiralis, rather than 100 larvae, induces significant resistance against reinfection which closely correlated with T. spiralis-specific IgG, eosinophil, and CD23⁺ IgM⁺ B cell responses.

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Virus-like particles expressing microneme-associated antigen of Plasmodium berghei confer better protection than those expressing apical membrane antigen 1
Min-Ju Kim, Ki Back Chu, Keon-Woong Yoon, Hae-Ji Kang, Dong-Hun Lee, Eun-Kyung Moon, Fu-Shi Quan
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(2): 193. CrossRef
Retrospective Survey of Human Trichinellosis in a Romanian Infectious Diseases Hospital over a Thirty-Year Interval—The Never-Ending Story
Mihaela Lupșe, Angela Monica Ionică, Mirela Flonta, Mihai Aronel Rus, Violeta Briciu
Pathogens.2023; 12(3): 369. CrossRef
Real-time PCR versus traditional and Nano-based ELISA in early detection of murine trichinellosis
S. M. Mohammad, L. A. Hegazy, R. S. Abdel Hady, M. A. Salama, S. K. Hammad, S. M. Ibrahim
Journal of Helminthology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Trichinella infectivity and antibody response in experimentally infected pigs
Nan Wang, Xue Bai, Jing Ding, Jiaojiao Lin, Hongfei Zhu, Xuenong Luo, Zhiqiang Fu, Chuangang Zhu, Hong Jia, Mingyuan Liu, Xiaolei Liu
Veterinary Parasitology.2021; 297: 109111. CrossRef
Immunoprotective effects of invasive Lactobacillus plantarum delivered nucleic acid vaccine coexpressing Trichinella spiralis CPF1 and murine interleukin-4
Ying Xue, Bo Zhang, Hai-Bin Huang, Jun-Yi Li, Tian-Xu Pan, Yue Tang, Chun-Wei Shi, Hong-Liang Chen, Nan Wang, Gui-Lian Yang, Chun-Feng Wang
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Immune responses induced by co-infection withCapillaria hepaticainClonorchis sinensis-infected rats
E.-K. Moon, S.-H. Lee, T.W. Goo, F.-S. Quan
Journal of Helminthology.2018; 92(4): 395. CrossRef
Correlates of Immune Response in Trichinella spiralis Infection
Eun-Kyung Moon, Su-Hwa Lee, Yunsoo Soh, Yuan-Ri Guo, Ying Piao, Fu-Shi Quan
Immunological Investigations.2018; 47(6): 605. CrossRef

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Hemozoin Pigment: An Important Tool for Low Parasitemic Malarial Diagnosis: Sarita Mohapatra, Arnab Ghosh, Ruchi Singh, Dhirendra Pratap Singh, Bhawna Sharma, Jyotish Chandra Samantaray, Manorama Deb, Rajni Gaind; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(4):393-397.
Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.393

Abstract
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Low parasitemic condition in malaria remains a diagnostic challenge; as the available diagnostic methods failed to detect. Currently, hemozoin (Hz) pigment is gaining attention in the diagnosis of malaria. The major drawback is ease of detection of Hz in routine practice. A pilot study was conducted to evaluate the role of Hz pigment and to compare the performance of quantitative buffy coat assay (QBC) and PCR in such conditions. Clinically suspected cases of malaria were examined by both Giemsa stain and immunochromatographic test (ICT). Samples positive by ICT and negative by Giemsa stain were further examined by nested PCR targeting 18S rRNA and QBC for the presence of malaria parasites and pigments. Thirty blood samples fulfilled the inclusion criteria out of which 23 were Plasmodium vivax (Pv), 4 Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), and 3 mixed (Pv and Pf) by immunochromatographic test. Twenty-one out of 30 (70%) were positive by nested PCR in comparison to 25/30 (83%) by QBC. Samples containing both malaria parasites and Hz pigment by QBC completely showed concordance with the PCR result. However, 61% of total samples containing only Hz pigment were observed positive by PCR. Hz pigment remains an important tool for malaria diagnosis. Identification of leukocytes containing pigments by QBC not only indicates recent malarial infections but also puts light on severity of the disease. QBC assay is a rapid, highly sensitive, and cost-effective method to detect malaria parasites and Hz pigment especially in low parasitemic conditions.

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Adriana Calderaro, Giovanna Piccolo, Carlo Chezzi
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Priyadarshi Sahoo, Nitesh Kumar Pathak, D. Scott Bohle, Erin L. Dodd, Umakanta Tripathy
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Aayire C. Yadem, Jillian N. Armstrong, Mustafa Sarimollaoglu, Civian Kiki Massa, Jean-Michel Ndifo, Yulian A. Menyaev, Anastasie Mbe, Kacey Richards, Martina Wade, Yushun Zeng, Ruimin Chen, Qifa Zhou, Elvis Meten, Rodrigue Ntone, Yves Le Grand Napa Tchued
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Zondi Nate, Atal A.S. Gill, Ruchika Chauhan, Rajshekhar Karpoormath
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Vitória Baptista, Weng Kung Peng, Graça Minas, Maria Isabel Veiga, Susana O. Catarino
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Smitha Surendran Thamarath, Aoli Xiong, Po-Han Lin, Peter Rainer Preiser, Jongyoon Han
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Brief Communication

Intestinal Nematodes from Small Mammals Captured near the Demilitarized Zone, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea: Deok-Gyu Kim, Jae-Hwan Park, Jae-Lip Kim, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sarah Jiyoun Jeon, Hyemi Lim, Mi Youn Lee, Eun-Hee Shin, Terry A. Klein, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Jin-Won Song, Luck-Ju Baek, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(1):135-139.
Published online February 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.135

Abstract
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A total of 1,708 small mammals (1,617 rodents and 91 soricomorphs), including Apodemus agrarius (n = 1,400), Microtus fortis (167), Crocidura lasiura (91), Mus musculus (32), Myodes (= Eothenomys) regulus (9), Micromys minutus (6), and Tscherskia (= Cricetulus) triton (3), were live-trapped at US/Republic of Korea (ROK) military training sites near the demilitarized zone (DMZ) of Paju, Pocheon, and Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi Province from December 2004 to December 2009. Small mammals were examined for their intestinal nematodes by necropsy. A total of 1,617 rodents (100%) and 91 (100%) soricomorphs were infected with at least 1 nematode species, including Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Syphacia obvelata, Heterakis spumosa, Protospirura muris, Capillaria spp., Trichuris muris, Rictularia affinis, and an unidentified species. N. brasiliensis was the most common species infecting small mammals (1,060; 62.1%) followed by H. polygyrus (617; 36.1%), S. obvelata (370; 21.7%), H. spumosa (314; 18.4%), P. muris (123; 7.2%), and Capillaria spp. (59; 3.5%). Low infection rates (0.1-0.8%) were observed for T. muris, R. affinis, and an unidentified species. The number of recovered worms was highest for N. brasiliensis (21,623 worms; mean 20.4 worms/infected specimen) followed by S. obvelata (9,235; 25.0 worms), H. polygyrus (4,122; 6.7 worms), and H. spumosa (1,160; 3.7 worms). A. agrarius demonstrated the highest prevalence for N. brasiliensis (70.9%), followed by M. minutus (50.0%), T. triton (33.3%), M. fortis (28.1%), M. musculus (15.6%), C. lasiura (13.2%), and M. regulus (0%). This is the first report of nematode infections in small mammals captured near the DMZ in ROK.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(4): 385. CrossRef

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Original Article

IgG Avidity ELISA Test for Diagnosis of Acute Toxoplasmosis in Humans: Amir Hossien Rahbari, Hossien Keshavarz, Saeedeh Shojaee, Mehdi Mohebali, Mostafa Rezaeian; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):99-102.
Published online May 24, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.99

Abstract
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Serum samples, 100 in the total number, were collected from different laboratories in Tehran, Iran and tested for anti-Toxoplasma specific IgG and IgM antibodies using indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Using the IgG (chronic) and IgM (acute) positive samples, the IgG avidity test was performed by ELISA in duplicate rows of 96-well microtiter plates. One row was washed with 6 M urea and the other with PBS (pH 7.2), then the avidity index (AI) was calculated. Sixteen out of 18 (88.9%) sera with acute toxoplasmosis showed low avidity levels (AI≤50), and 76 out of 82 (92.7%) sera in chronic phase of infection showed high avidity index (AI>60). Six sera had borderline ranges of AI. The results showed that the IgG avidity test by ELISA could distinguish the acute and chronic stages of toxoplasmosis in humans.

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Brief Communication

Time gap between oocyst shedding and antibody responses in mice infected with Cryptosporidium parvum: Jae-Ran Yu, Soo-Ung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(3):225-228.
Published online September 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.3.225

Abstract
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We observed the time gap between oocyst shedding and antibody responses in mice (3-week-old C57BL/6J females) infected with Cryptosporidium parvum. Oocyst shedding was verified by modified acid-fast staining. The individually collected mouse sera were assessed for C. parvum IgM and IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from 5 to 25 weeks after infection. The results showed that C. parvum oocysts were shed from day 5 to 51 post-infection (PI). The IgM antibody titers to C. parvum peaked at week 5 PI, whereas the IgG antibody titers achieved maximum levels at week 25 PI. The results revealed that IgM responses to C. parvum infection occurred during the early stage of infection and overlapped with the oocyst shedding period, whereas IgG responses occurred during the late stage and was not correlated with oocyst shedding. Hence, IgM antibody detection may prove helpful for the diagnosis of acute cryptosporidiosis, and IgG antibody detection may prove effective for the detection of past infection and endemicity.

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