Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Iran"

Original Articles

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Situation and Predicting the Distribution of Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti as Vectors of Leishmaniasis in Ardabil Province, Iran: Ali Khamesipour, Soheila Molaei, Navid Babaei-Pouya, Eslam Moradi-Asl; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(3):229-236.
Published online June 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.229

Abstract
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Cutaneous leishmaniosis (CL) is the most common form of leishmaniasis.CL caused by L. major and L. tropica is endemic in 17 provinces of Iran. This study was carried out to elucidate situation of CL in Ardabil province and to predict distribution of Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus sergenti (Diptera: Psychodidae) as vectors of CL in the region. In this cross-sectional study, data on CL patients were collected from local health centers of Ardabil province, Iran during 2006-2018 to establish a geodatabase using ArcGIS10.3. A total of 20 CL cases were selected randomly and skin samples were collected and analyzed by PCR method. MaxEnt 3.3.3 model was used to determine ecologically suitable niches for the main vectors. A total, 309 CL human cases were reported and the highest incidence rate of disease was occurred in Bilasavar (37/100,000) and Germi (35/100,000). A total of 2,794 sand flies were collected during May to October 2018. The environmentally suitable habitats for P. papatasi and P. sergenti were predicted to be present in northern and central areas of Ardabil province. The most variable that contributed ratio in the modeling were Isothermality and slope factors. Ardabil province is possibly an endemic are for CL. The presence of P. papatasi and P. sergenti justifies local transmission while the vectors of CL are existing in the northern and central areas of the province.

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Association Between Wolbachia Infection and Susceptibility to Deltamethrin Insecticide in Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae), the Main Vector of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Amrollah Azarm, Mona Koosha, Abdolhossein Dalimi, Alireza Zahraie-Ramazani, Amir Ahmad Akhavan, Zahra Saeidi, Mehdi Mohebali, Kamal Azam, Hassan Vatandoost, Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2024; 24(3): 159. CrossRef
In silico prediction of CD8+ and CD4+ T cell epitopes in Leishmania major proteome: Using immunoinformatics
Mohammad Kashif, Mohd Waseem, Naidu Subbarao
Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling.2024; 129: 108759. CrossRef
Cutaneous leishmaniasis situation analysis in the Islamic Republic of Iran in preparation for an elimination plan
Iraj Sharifi, Ahmad Khosravi, Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian, Ehsan Salarkia, Mehdi Bamorovat, Ali Karamoozian, Mahmoud Nekoei Moghadam, Fatemeh Sharifi, Abbas Aghaei Afshar, Setareh Agha Kuchak Afshari, Faranak Gharachorloo, Mohammad Reza Shirzadi, Behzad Ami
Frontiers in Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Integration of machine learning algorithms and GIS-based approaches to cutaneous leishmaniasis prevalence risk mapping
Negar Shabanpour, Seyed Vahid Razavi-Termeh, Abolghasem Sadeghi-Niaraki, Soo-Mi Choi, Tamer Abuhmed
International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation.2022; 112: 102854. CrossRef
A systematic review and global analysis of the seasonal activity of Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) sergenti, the primary vectors of L. tropica
Ahmed Karmaoui, Denis Sereno, Samir El Jaafari, Lhoussain Hajji, Shan Lv
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2022; 16(12): e0010886. CrossRef
Spatio-temporal analysis and determination of the ecological niche model of Giardia Lamblia (Lambl, 1859) in Ardabil province, northwestern Iran
Hafez Mirzanejad-Asl, Afshin Karimi, Navid Babaei pouya, Eslam Moradi-Asl
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2021; 45(3): 706. CrossRef
Adjuvant effects of TLR agonist gardiquimod admixed with Leishmania vaccine in mice model of visceral leishmaniasis
Deepak Kumar Goyal, Poonam Keshav, Sukhbir Kaur
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2021; 93: 104947. CrossRef

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Epidemiological Aspects of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis during 2009-2016 in Kashan City, Central Iran: Doroodgar Moein, Doroodgar Masoud, Mahboobi Saeed, Doroodgar Abbas; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(1):21-24.
Published online February 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.1.21

Abstract
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Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) can be seen in 2 forms, zoonotic and anthroponotic, in Iran. In this study, epidemiological aspects of CL were studied during an 8-year period (2009-2016) in city of Kashan, central Iran. The demographic and epidemiological data, including age, sex, occupation, number and site of the lesions, treatment regimen, past history of CL, and season of all patients were gathered from the health centers. Descriptive statistics were used to describe features of the study data. Total 2,676 people with CL were identified. The highest annual incidence was estimated to be 182 per 100,000 population in 2009 and the least was in 2016 (47 per 100,000 population). The highest frequency affected age groups were observed in 20-29 year-old patients (20.9%). More than 51% of the patients were under 30 years old. The maximum frequency of the disease, 1,134 (43.3%), was seen in autumn. The most common location of lesions was hands (61.4%). Most of the patients (81.6%) were treated by systemic glucantime regimen. In the city of Kashan, the incidence rate of the CL disease is significantly higher than many other regions of Iran. To reduce the risk of disease, control of reservoir hosts and vectors of disease, and education of individual protection are strongly recommended.

Citations

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Lana Kourieh, Mohammad Y. Abajy, Mahasen Alkebajy, Silva Ishkhanian, Ream Nayal
Parasite Epidemiology and Control.2025; 28: e00412. CrossRef
Residential environment, human behavior and socio-economic status in transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Iran
Asieh Heidari, Nadia Mohammadi Dashtaki, Sima Mizbani, Mehri Rejali, Mohammad Reza Maracy
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Tracking of Leishmania spp. in Iranian phlebotominae, distribution and biodiversity in Jarqavieh county, central Iran
Mehdi Haddadnia, Mahsa Esmaeilifallah, Parisima Badiezadeh, Seyed Mohammad Abtahi
International Journal of Environmental Health Research.2025; : 1. CrossRef
Investigating the Effects of Demographic Factors on the Prevalence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a Focus Area of Northeastern Iran
Fateme Rajabi Gharaii, Mitra Boroomand, Amin Mohammadpour, Mohadeseh Motamed-Jahromi, Aboozar Soltani, Sumi Mukhopadhyay
Journal of Tropical Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of the biodiversity and distribution of sand flies and tracking of Leishmania major in them in central Iran
Parisima Badiezadeh, Mahsa Esmaeilifallah, Mehdi Haddadniaa, Seyed Mohammad Abtahi
International Journal of Environmental Health Research.2024; 34(9): 3245. CrossRef
A Retrospective Analysis of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Epidemiology During 2016 - 2021 in Hoveyzeh County, Khuzestan Province, Iran
Mehdi Kian, Naser Hatamzadeh, Hamid Kassiri, Abas Naboureh, Zahra Makiani, Somayeh Mirzavand
Jundishapur Journal of Health Sciences.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Educational WhatsApp-delivered intervention based on social cognitive theory to promote leishmaniosis preventive behavior of health ambassadors: a randomized controlled trial
Monireh Abdollahi, Mahmoud Fakhar, Mohammad Tajfard, Jamshid Jamali, Mehrsadat Mahdizadeh
BMC Infectious Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Kaleab Alemayehu Zewdie, Haftom Gebregergs Hailu, Muluken Altaye Ayza, Bekalu Amare Tesfaye
Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications.2022; Volume 14: 11. CrossRef
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Hassan Mohammad Tawfeeq, Shahnaz AbdulKader Ali
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Michal Solomon, Inbal Fuchs, Yael Glazer, Eli Schwartz
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2022; 7(8): 179. CrossRef
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Zahra Nasiri, Mohsen Kalantari, Jalal Mohammadi, Salman Daliri, Davood Mehrabani, Kourosh Azizi
Parasite.2022; 29: 47. CrossRef
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Based on Climate Regions in Iran (1998-2021)
Mehri Rejali, Nadia Mohammadi Dashtaki, Afshin Ebrahimi, Asieh Heidari, Mohammad Reza Maracy
Advanced Biomedical Research.2022; 11(1): 120. CrossRef
Spatiotemporal Variability of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Based on Sociodemographic Heterogeneity. The Case of Northeastern Iran, 2011–2016
Mohammad Tabasi, Ali Asghar Alesheikh
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases.2021; 74(1): 7. CrossRef
Recombinant C-Reactive Protein: A Potential Candidate for the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis of BALB/c Mice Caused by Leishmania major
Seyedeh Noushin Zahedi, Seyed Hossein Hejazi, Maryam Boshtam, Farahnaz Amini, Hossein Fazeli, Mahdieh Sarmadi, Mahsa Rahimi, Hossein Khanahmad
Acta Parasitologica.2021; 66(1): 53. CrossRef
Molecular identification of cutaneous leishmaniasis species using kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) gene in southeast of Iran
Gholamreza Motalleb, Hamid MalekRaeesi, Hadi Mirahmadi, Amir Tavakoli Kareshk, Rahmat Solgi
Gene Reports.2021; 22: 101005. CrossRef
Reemergence of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic focus, northeastern Iran
Hasan Jalali, Ahmad Ali Enayati, Mahdi Fakhar, Farzad Motevalli-Haghi, Jamshid Yazdani Charati, Omid Dehghan, Nasibeh Hosseini-Vasoukolaei
Parasite Epidemiology and Control.2021; 13: e00206. CrossRef
A Ten-Year Trend of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis at University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: 2009-2018
Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke, Adane Derso, Arega Yeshanew, Rezika Mohammed, Helina Fikre, Bernard Marchand
Journal of Parasitology Research.2021; 2021: 1. CrossRef
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Parisa Soltan-Alinejad, Aboozar Soltani
Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease.2021; 43: 102108. CrossRef
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Julie Sellau, Marie Groneberg, Hannelore Lotter
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Ryan D. Lockard, Mary E. Wilson, Nilda E. Rodríguez
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Spatial epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia: socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with a growing epidemic
Andrés M Hernández, Juan D Gutierrez, Yanyu Xiao, Adam J Branscum, Diego F Cuadros
Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2019; 113(9): 560. CrossRef
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Yazdan Hamzavi, Naser Nazari, Nahid Khademi, Keivan Hassani, Arezoo Bozorgomid
Veterinary World.2018; : 1692. CrossRef

9,329 View
157 Download
22 Web of Science
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Comparison of Placenta PCR and Maternal Serology of Aborted Women for Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Ardabil, Iran: Somaie Matin, Gholamreza Shahbazi, Shervin Tabrizian Namin, Rouhallah Moradpour, Farideh Feizi, Hadi Piri-dogahe; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(6):607-612.
Published online December 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.6.607

Abstract
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Primary maternal infection with toxoplasmosis during pregnancy is frequently associated with transplacental transmission of the parasite to the fetus. This study was conducted to test the utility of PCR assay to detect recent infections with Toxoplasma in aborted women at various gestational ages who referred to Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Alavi Hospital in Ardabil during 2014 and 2016. Two hundred women with a history of single or repeated abortion were investigated in this study. Blood samples were tested for specific anti-Toxoplasma IgM and IgG antibodies by ELISA. According to the results, 53.5% of the women under study were positive for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies: 4.0% of them had IgM, 43.0% had IgG, and 6.5% had both IgM and IgG. Subsequently, Nested-PCR analysis was used to detect T. gondii DNA in the placenta of subjects. In 10.5% of the women, the results were positive for 529 bp element of T. gondii. Among them, 5 (23.8%) cases were IgM positive, 1 (4.8%) case was IgG positive, and 11 (52.4%) were both IgM and IgG positive. In 4 (19.0%) patients, none of the antibodies were found to be positive. In total, 16 patients had positive results in both ELISA and PCR methods, and 174 cases had negative results for new infection. The findings of this study revealed that T. gondii might be one of the significant factors leading to abortion, and that the analysis of placenta can be important in order to achieve increased detection sensitivity.

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Forouzan Rahmani, Shabnam Hasani, Masoumeh Sadat Mousavi, Leila Kianfard
Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Narges Arbabi, Nima Firouzeh, Seyed Ghader Azizi, Ahmad Mehravaran, Soudabeh Etemadi, Reza Shafiei, Hadi Mirahmadi
Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
IgG avidity and placenta real-time PCR in detection of active maternal toxoplasmosis: relation to pregnancy outcomes
Amal Farahat Allam, Amel Youssef Shehab, Nashwa Abdelaleem Ahmed, Amel Gaber Elshereedy, Hoda Fahmy Farag, Sarah Mohamed Abdo, Heba Said Ibrahim
Experimental Parasitology.2025; 279: 109065. CrossRef
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Raissa Cristina Ferreira Ramos, Alynne da Silva Barbosa, Ana Luisa Quintella do Couto Aleixo, Igor Falco Arruda, Maria Regina Reis Amendoeira, Khaled Abd EL-Hamid Abd EL-Razik
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(2): e0298393. CrossRef
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Naglaa Fathi Abd El-Latif, Aziza Ibrahim Salem, Nadia Aly Sadek, Sally A. M. Salah, Doaa Gaber Shalaby, Heba Elhadad
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Christen Rune Stensvold, Lone Storgaard, Lisa Leth Maroun, Jørgen Anders Lindholm Kurtzhals, Henrik Vedel Nielsen
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Ifeoma N. Nzelu, Jacob K. P. Kwaga, Junaidu Kabir, Idris A. Lawal, Christy Beazley, Laura Evans, Damer P. Blake, Arnau Casanovas-Massana
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Microbial Pathogenesis.2021; 158: 105070. CrossRef
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Salar Maani, Hassan Rezanezhad, Kavous Solhjoo, Mohsen Kalantari, Saiedeh Erfanian
Microbial Pathogenesis.2021; 161: 105217. CrossRef
Detection of Acute and Chronic Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Women with History of Abortion in the Southwest of Iran
Jasem Saki, Maryam Zamanpour, Mahin Najafian, Niloofar Mohammadpour, Masoud Foroutan, José F. Silveira
Journal of Parasitology Research.2021; 2021: 1. CrossRef
The global seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in women who had spontaneous abortion: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Tooran Nayeri, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Afsaneh Amouei, Zahra Hosseininejad, Ahmad Daryani, Maria Angeles Gómez-Morales
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2020; 14(3): e0008103. CrossRef
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Maria Tânia Silva Oliveira, Caline Novais Teixeira Oliveira, Lucas Miranda Marques, Cláudio Lima Souza, Márcio Vasconcelos Oliveira
Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil.2020; 20(2): 361. CrossRef
Molecular genotyping and serological evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii in mothers and their spontaneous aborted fetuses in Southwest of Iran
Nasir Arefkhah, Bahman Pourabbas, Qasem Asgari, Abdolali Moshfe, Fataneh Mikaeili, Gordafarin Nikbakht, Bahador Sarkari
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.2019; 66: 101342. CrossRef
Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii B1 gene in Placental Tissues of Pregnant Women with Acute Toxoplasmosis
Khosro Sardarian, Amir Hossein Maghsood, Marzieh Farimani, Mehrdad Hajiloii, Massoud Saidijam, Mahsa Rezaeepoor, Hanie Mahaki, Alireza Zamani
Advanced Biomedical Research.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Iranian Leishmania Parasites Based on HSP70 Gene PCR-RFLP and Sequence Analysis: Sara Nemati, Asghar Fazaeli, Homa Hajjaran, Ali Khamesipour, Mohsen Falahati Anbaran, Arezoo Bozorgomid, Fatah Zarei; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):367-374.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.367

Abstract
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Despite the broad distribution of leishmaniasis among Iranians and animals across the country, little is known about the genetic characteristics of the causative agents. Applying both HSP70 PCR-RFLP and sequence analyses, this study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among Leishmania spp. isolated from Iranian endemic foci and available reference strains. A total of 36 Leishmania isolates from almost all districts across the country were genetically analyzed for the HSP70 gene using both PCR-RFLP and sequence analysis. The original HSP70 gene sequences were aligned along with homologous Leishmania sequences retrieved from NCBI, and subjected to the phylogenetic analysis. Basic parameters of genetic diversity were also estimated. The HSP70 PCR-RFLP presented 3 different electrophoretic patterns, with no further intraspecific variation, corresponding to 3 Leishmania species available in the country, L. tropica, L. major, and L. infantum. Phylogenetic analyses presented 5 major clades, corresponding to 5 species complexes. Iranian lineages, including L. major, L. tropica, and L. infantum, were distributed among 3 complexes L. major, L. tropica, and L. donovani. However, within the L. major and L. donovani species complexes, the HSP70 phylogeny was not able to distinguish clearly between the L. major and L. turanica isolates, and between the L. infantum, L. donovani, and L. chagasi isolates, respectively. Our results indicated that both HSP70 PCR-RFLP and sequence analyses are medically applicable tools for identification of Leishmania species in Iranian patients. However, the reduced genetic diversity of the target gene makes it inevitable that its phylogeny only resolves the major groups, namely, the species complexes.

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Abiy Ayele Angelo, Getu Girmay, Dereje Mengesha Berta, Bisrat Birke Teketelew, Elias Chane, Negesse Cherie, Muluneh Assefa, Zufan Yiheyis Abriham, Mebratu Tamir
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Hanieh Sharifian, Anis Khalafiyan, Mahmood Fadaie, Hossein Khanahmad, Zabihollah Shahmoradi, Erfan Zaker, Parisa Mousavi, Nadia Pourmoshir, Azadeh Zolfaghari
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Genetic diversity and epidemiological insights into cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan: a comprehensive study on clinical manifestations and molecular characterization of Leishmania species
Shumaila Naz, Muhammed Nalcaci, Obaid Hayat, Seray Toz, Azhar Minhas, Shahid Waseem, Yusuf Ozbel
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Assessment of genetic markers for multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of Fasciola isolates from Iran
Naser Nazari, Mohamad Bagher Rokni, Madoka Ichikawa‐Seki, Saber Raeghi, Homa Hajjaran, Shahab Falahi, Yazdan Hamzavi, Peyman Heydarian, Afshin Davari, Keyphobad Ghadiri, Arezoo Bozorgomid
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Morteza Shams, Ayoub Rashidi, Jasem Mohamadi, Mohamad Moradi, Reza Pakzad, Razi Naserifar, Jahangir Abdi, Fariba Ghelichi, Arezoo Bozorgomid, Nahid Maspi, Azra Kenarkoohi, Yasin Mohammadi, Amir Abdoli, Shahab Falahi
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Taxonomy, Population Structure and Genetic Diversity of Iranian Leishmania Strains of Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis
Sara Nemati, Homa Hajjaran, Soudabeh Heydari, Asghar Fazaeli, Ali Khamesipour, Mohsen Falahati Anbaran, Mehdi Mohebali, Hamed Mirjalali
Acta Parasitologica.2021; 66(4): 1274. CrossRef
The Geographical Distribution of Human Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmania Species Identified by Molecular Methods in Iran: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis
Homa Hajjaran, Reza Saberi, Alireza Borjian, Mahdi Fakhar, Seyed Abdollah Hosseini, Sajjad Ghodrati, Mehdi Mohebali
Frontiers in Public Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Juan Jose Lauthier, Paula Ruybal, Paola Andrea Barroso, Yoshihisa Hashiguchi, Jorge Diego Marco, Masataka Korenaga
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Isolation and Molecular Identification of Leishmania spp. in Patients With Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Golestan Province, Iran
Ali Fattahi Bafghi, Gilda Eslami, Oghol Niazjorjani, Farzaneh Mirzaei, Javad Namrodi
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Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Qasr-e Shirin, a border area in the west of Iran
Yazdan Hamzavi, Naser Nazari, Nahid Khademi, Keivan Hassani, Arezoo Bozorgomid
Veterinary World.2018; : 1692. CrossRef

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Molecular Phylogenetics of Trichostrongylus Species (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) from Humans of Mazandaran Province, Iran: Meysam Sharifdini, Zahra Heidari, Zahra Hesari, Sajad Vatandoost, Eshrat Beigom Kia; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):279-285.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.279

Abstract
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The present study was performed to analyze molecularly the phylogenetic positions of human-infecting Trichostrongylus species in Mazandaran Province, Iran, which is an endemic area for trichostrongyliasis. DNA from 7 Trichostrongylus infected stool samples were extracted by using in-house (IH) method. PCR amplification of ITS2-rDNA region was performed, and products were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence data was performed using MEGA 5.0 software. Six out of 7 isolates had high similarity with Trichostrongylus colubriformis, while the other one showed high homology with Trichostrongylus axei registered in GenBank reference sequences. Intra-specific variations within isolates of T. colubriformis and T. axei amounted to 0-1.8% and 0-0.6%, respectively. Trichostrongylus species obtained in the present study were in a cluster with the relevant reference sequences from previous studies. BLAST analysis indicated that there was 100% homology among all 6 ITS2 sequences of T. colubriformis in the present study and most previously registered sequences of T. colubriformis from human, sheep, and goat isolates from Iran and also human isolates from Laos, Thailand, and France. The ITS2 sequence of T. axei exhibited 99.4% homology with the human isolate of T. axei from Thailand, sheep isolates from New Zealand and Iran, and cattle isolate from USA.

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Rana Elseadawy, Ibrahim Abbas, Moustafa Al-Araby, Salah Abu-Elwafa
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2021; 45(1): 218. CrossRef
Strongyloides stercoralis and other intestinal parasites in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs in northern Iran: a closer look at risk factors
Leila Mirzaei, Keyhan Ashrafi, Zahra Atrkar Roushan, Mohammad Reza Mahmoudi, Irandokht Shenavar Masooleh, Behnaz Rahmati, Farshid Saadat, Hamed Mirjalali, Meysam Sharifdini
Epidemiology and Health.2021; 43: e2021009. CrossRef
Comparison of Molecular and Parasitological Methods for Diagnosis of Human Trichostrongylosis
Mehdi Pandi, Meysam Sharifdini, Keyhan Ashrafi, Zahra Atrkar Roushan, Behnaz Rahmati, Nayereh Hajipour
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Trichostrongyloid nematodes in ruminants of northern Iran: prevalence and molecular analysis
Hedayat Hosseinnezhad, Meysam Sharifdini, Keyhan Ashrafi, Zahra Atrkar Roushan, Hamed Mirjalali, Behnaz Rahmati
BMC Veterinary Research.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence and risk factors of intestinal parasite infections in Mazandaran province, North of Iran
Zeinab Gholipoor, Hooshang Khazan, Eznoallah Azargashb, Mohammad Reza Youssefi, Ali Rostami
Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health.2020; 8(1): 17. CrossRef
Zoonotic transmission of Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus species in Guilan province, northern Iran: molecular and morphological characterizations
Keyhan Ashrafi, Meysam Sharifdini, Zahra Heidari, Behnaz Rahmati, Eshrat Beigom Kia
BMC Infectious Diseases.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular detection of Trichostrongylus species through PCR followed by high resolution melt analysis of ITS-2 rDNA sequences
Mohsen Arbabi, Hossein Hooshyar, Majid Lotfinia, Mohamad Ali Bakhshi
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2020; 236: 111260. CrossRef
Phylogenetic analysis of Trichostrongylus vitrinus isolates from southwest Iran
Mohammad Amin Ghatee, Seyed Ali Asghar Malek Hosseini, Masoud Marashifard, Mehdi Karamian, Walter Robert Taylor, Ali Jamshidi, Iraj Mobedi, Hasan Azarmehr
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical and haematological characteristics of human trichostrongyliasis
L. Ghanbarzadeh, M. Saraei, E.B. Kia, F. Amini, M. Sharifdini
Journal of Helminthology.2019; 93(2): 149. CrossRef
Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of gastrointestinal helminths (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) in ruminant livestock of northwest Iran
Tahereh BARGHANDAN, Elham HAJİALİLO, Meysam SHARİFDİNİ, Amir JAVADİ
Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi.2019; 67(1): 65. CrossRef
Gastrointestinal helminths in farmers and their ruminant livestock from the Coastal Savannah zone of Ghana
Sylvia Afriyie Squire, Rongchang Yang, Ian Robertson, Irene Ayi, Daniel Sai Squire, Una Ryan
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Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in an unconscious diabetic patient with dermatomyositis
Meysam Sharifdini, Aniseh Hesari, SeifAli Mahdavi, Akram Alipour, EshratBeigom Kia
Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology.2018; 61(1): 109. CrossRef
Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of human Trichostrongylus species from an endemic area of Iran
Meysam Sharifdini, Sedigheh Derakhshani, Safar Ali Alizadeh, Laleh Ghanbarzadeh, Hamed Mirjalali, Iraj Mobedi, Mehrzad Saraei
Acta Tropica.2017; 176: 293. CrossRef

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First Paleoparasitological Report on the Animal Feces of Bronze Age Excavated from Shahr-e Sukhteh, Iran: Mahsasadat Makki, Jean Dupouy-Camet, Seyed Mansour Seyed Sajjadi, Saied Reza Naddaf, Iraj Mobedi, Mostafa Rezaeian, Mehdi Mohebali, Gholamreza Mowlavi; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):197-201.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.197

Abstract
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Shahr-e Sukhteh (meaning burnt city in Persian) in Iran is an archeological site dated back to around 3,2001,800 BC. It is located in Sistan and Baluchistan Province of Iran and known as the junction of Bronze Age trade routes crossing the Iranian plateau. It was appointed as current study area for paleoparasitological investigations. Excavations at this site have revealed various archeological materials since 1967. In the present study, sheep and carnivore coprolites excavated from this site were analyzed by means of rehydration technique using TSP solution for finding helminth eggs. Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Capillaria sp., and Taenia sp. eggs were identified, while some other objects similar to Anoplocephalidae and Toxocara spp. eggs were also retrieved from the samples but their measured parameters did not match those of these species. The present paper illustrates the first paleoparasitological findings of Bronze Age in eastern Iran supporting the economic activities, peopling, and communication as well as the appropriate condition for zoonotic helminthiasis life cycle in Shahr-e Sukhteh archeological site.

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First molecular data on the human roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides species complex from the Bronze and Iron Age in Hallstatt, Austria
Elisabeth Barsch, Kerstin Kowarik, Katharina Rodler, Christoph Hörweg, Hans Reschreiter, Helmut Sattmann, Julia Walochnik
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Gastrointestinal parasites of domestic sheep from Patagonia throughout historical times: A paleoparasitological approach
María Ornela Beltrame, Gloria Sofía Moviglia, Daniela De Tommaso, Silvina Quintana
Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2023; 44: 100915. CrossRef
Paleoparasitology research on ancient helminth eggs and larvae in the Republic of Korea
Jong-Yil Chai, Min Seo, Dong Hoon Shin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(4): 345. CrossRef
Paleoparasitology and archaeoparasitology in Iran: A retrospective in differential diagnosis
Alireza Sazmand
International Journal of Paleopathology.2021; 32: 50. CrossRef
Worldwide paleodistribution of capillariid parasites: Paleoparasitology, current status of phylogeny and taxonomic perspectives
Victor Hugo Borba, José Roberto Machado-Silva, Matthieu Le Bailly, Alena Mayo Iñiguez, Ben J Mans
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(4): e0216150. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among HIV Patients in Jahrom, Southern Iran: Hassan Rezanezhad, Fateme Sayadi, Enayatollah Shadmand, Seyed Dawood Mousavi Nasab, Hadi Rezaei Yazdi, Kavous Solhjoo, Akbar Kazemi, Monireh Maleki, Abbas Ahmadi Vasmehjani; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(1):99-103.
Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.1.99

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an important opportunistic agent especially in immunocompromised hosts and can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Hence, detection and monitoring of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies are of a great interest in HIV-infected patients. A study on the prevalence of toxoplasmosis and associated risk factors was carried out among HIV-infected patients in Jahrom, southern Iran. The prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies was 21.1% in HIV-infected patients by ELISA. PCR was performed on all of the samples, and 1 of the blood samples was positively detected. Among the HIV patients, anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies were significantly higher in age group of 30-39 years old (P=0.05). The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in patients with CD4+<100 cells/μl was 33.3% that was significantly higher than the other groups (P=0.042) with or without IgG antibodies. The CD4+ count mean of seropositive patients was lower than that of seronegative patients. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy was significantly less than patients without therapy (P=0.02). In conclusion, this study showed low seroprevalence of latent toxoplasmosis among HIV-infected patients in the region and confirmed the need for intensifying prevention efforts among this high-risk population and also the risk of toxoplasmosis reactivation which could be important among this population.

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Maryam Nejabat, Mohammadreza Heydari, Mohammad Motamedifar, Zohre Foroozanfar, Saeid Amirizadeh Fard, Ava Hashempour, Nazani Nazari, Esmaeil Rezaei, Zahra Heydari
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Mengchen Wu, Haiyan Wu, Xueqiu Chen, Fei Wu, Guangxu Ma, Aifang Du, Yi Yang
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Toxoplasma gondii, HBV, and HCV co‐infection and their correlation with CD4 cells among Iranian HIV‐positive patients
Ahmadreza Bazmjoo, Mohammad Aref Bagherzadeh, Rahim Raoofi, Ali Taghipour, Samaneh Mazaherifar, Hojatallah Sotoodeh, Zahra Ostadi, Enayat Shadmand, Mirza Ali Mofazzal Jahromi, Amir Abdoli
Immunity, Inflammation and Disease.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in HIV-Infected Individuals in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Pegah Shakib, Masoud Behzadifar, Hossein Mahmoudvand, Sara Larki, Hamed Kalani, Masoomeh Zivdari, Omid Mardanshah, Kourosh Cheraghipour
Current HIV Research.2023; 21(4): 221. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in people at an increased risk of HIV infection – a pilot study
Małgorzata Smoguła, Marta Pawłowska, Roland Wesołowski, Karolina Szewczyk-Golec, Celestyna Mila-Kierzenkowska
Diagnostyka Laboratoryjna.2022; 58(1): 9. CrossRef
Serological Evaluation of Toxoplasmosis and Related Risk Factors Among HIV+/AIDS Patients in Northern Iran
Hasan Rafati-Sajedi, Bijan Majidi-Shad, Reza Jafari-Shakib, Zahra Atrkar-Roshan, Mohammad Reza Mahmoudi, Seyed Mahmood Rezvani
Acta Parasitologica.2021; 66(4): 1417. CrossRef
Investigating the risk factors for seroprevalence and the correlation between CD4+ T-cell count and humoral antibody responses to Toxoplasma gondii infection amongst HIV patients in the Bamenda Health District, Cameroon
Eugene Enah Fang, Raymond Babila Nyasa, Emmanuel Menang Ndi, Denis Zofou, Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti, Edith Pafoule Lepezeu, Vincent P. K. Titanji, Roland N. Ndip, Mohammed Abdelfatah Mosa Alhoot
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Pinar ERGEN, Fatma YILMAZ-KARADAĞ, Özlem AYDIN
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Sero-molecular evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii infection among HIV-positive patients
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Nasir Arefkha, Bahador Sarkari, Masood Afrashteh, Zahra Rezaei, Mona Dehghani
Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Case Report

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis of the Eyelids: A Case Series with Molecular Identification and Literature Review: Iraj Mohammadpour, Mohammad Hossein Motazedian, Farhad Handjani, Gholam Reza Hatam; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(6):787-792.
Published online December 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.6.787

Abstract
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Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a protozoan disease which is endemic in Iran. It is transmitted by the Phlebotomus sand fly. The eyelid is rarely involved possibly because the movement of the lids impedes the sand fly from biting the skin in this region. Here, we report 6 rare cases of eyelid CL. The patients were diagnosed by skin scraping, culture, and PCR from the lesions. Skin scraping examination showed Leishmania spp. amastigotes in the cytoplasm of macrophages. Culture examination was positive for Leishmania spp. PCR was positive for Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica. The lesions were disguised as basal cell carcinoma, chalazion, hordeolum, and impetigo. The patients were treated with intramuscular meglumine antimoniate (20 mg/kg/day) for at least 3 weeks. They showed a dramatic response, and the lesions almost completely disappeared. We emphasized the importance of clinical and diagnostic features of lesions, characterized the phylogenetic relationship of isolated parasites, and reviewed the literature on ocular leishmaniasis.

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Bahareh Abtahi‐Naeini, Seyed Naser Emadi, Zabihollah Shahmoradi, Mahsa Pourmahdi‐Boroujeni, Ali Saffaei, Fereshte Rastegarnasab
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Homa Hajjaran, Reza Saberi, Alireza Borjian, Mahdi Fakhar, Seyed Abdollah Hosseini, Sajjad Ghodrati, Mehdi Mohebali
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International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2020; 21(5): 1684. CrossRef
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Original Articles

Isolation and Genotyping of Acanthamoeba spp. as Neglected Parasites in North of Iran: Azar Shokri, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Ahmad Daryani, Mehdi Sharif; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(4):447-453.
Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.447

Abstract
PDF

Acanthamoeba, a free-living amoeba, is widely distributed in the environment, water sources, soil, dust, and air. It can cause keratitis in contact lens wearers with poor hygiene and also fatal granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) in immunocompromised hosts. The aim of this study was to gain some insights into the distribution and genotypes of the potentially pathogenic species of Acanthamoeba present in water sources in north of Iran. Total 43 Acanthamoeba species were isolated from 77 water samples taken from different water sources within the Mazandaran province in Northern Iran (Sari city and suburbs). Isolates were identified based on cyst and trophozoite morphological characteristics as well genetics. PCR fragments corresponding to the small-subunit 18S rRNA gene were sequenced for 20 of 43 positive isolates. The results revealed that 83.3% of sequenced isolates belonged to the T4 genotype and the rest belonged to the T2 genotype. Our results indicated that Acanthamoeba is widely distributed in Sari city. As the incidence in Iran of amoebic keratitis has increased in recent years, the exact estimation of the prevalence of this amoeba and its predominant genotype may play a crucial role in prevention of the disease. Sari city has several rivers, seashores, and natural recreational amenities, which attract visitors during the year. This is the first report of Acanthamoeba genotypes from water sources in Sari city, Mazandaran province of Iran, and the results suggest that more attention is needed to protect the visiting population and immunocompromised individuals.

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Molecular Identification of Pathogenic Free-Living Amoeba from Household Biofilm Samples in Iran: A Risk Factor for Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Maryam Norouzi, Reza Saberi, Maryam Niyyati, Jacob Lorenzo-Morales, Hamed Mirjalali, Marziye Fatemi, Ehsan Javanmard, Seyed Ahmad Karamati
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Swasthikka Roshni Prithiviraj, Siva Ganesa Karthikeyan Rajapandian, Hariharan Gnanam, Rameshkumar Gunasekaran, Ponlakshmi Mariappan, Sharma Sankalp Singh, Lalitha Prajna
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Mohammad Hossein Feiz Haddad, Habib Habibpour, Mohammad Reza Mahmoudi
Journal of Water and Health.2020; 18(1): 60. CrossRef
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Binod Rayamajhee, Dinesh Subedi, Seoyoung Won, Jamie (Jung Yun) Kim, Ajay Vijay, Jacqueline Tan, Fiona L. Henriquez, Mark Willcox, Nicole A. Carnt
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Hadi Mirahmadi, Maryam Mansouri Nia, Adel Ebrahimzadeh, Ahmad Mehravaran, Reza Shafiei, Mohammad Taghi Rahimi, Reza Zolfaghari Emameh, Harlan R. Barker
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MohammadHossein Feiz Haddad, Azar Shokri, Habib Habibpour, SeyedeManizhe Heidar Neiadi
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Samira Dodangeh, Elham Kialashaki, Ahmad Daryani, Mehdi Sharif, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Yusef Dadi Moghaddam, Seyed Abdollah Hosseini
Journal of Water and Health.2018; 16(5): 807. CrossRef
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Shiva Ghaderifar, Ali Asghar Najafpoor, Hossein Zarrinfar, Habibollah Esmaily, Elham Hajialilo
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Meixu Wang, Guangxu Sun, Yangkai Sun, Xiaomin You, Xiaoxue Li, Yang Cheng, Yinghua Xuan
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Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2017; 41(4): 919. CrossRef

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Genotype and Phenotype of Echinococcus granulosus Derived from Wild Sheep (Ovis orientalis) in Iran: Ali Eslami, Behnam Meshgi, Fatemeh Jalousian, Shima Rahmani, Mohammad Ali Salari; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):55-60.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.55

Abstract
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The aim of the present study is to determine the characteristics of genotype and phenotype of Echinococcus granulosus derived from wild sheep and to compare them with the strains of E. granulosus sensu stricto (sheep-dog) and E. granulosus camel strain (camel-dog) in Iran. In Khojir National Park, near Tehran, Iran, a fertile hydatid cyst was recently found in the liver of a dead wild sheep (Ovis orientalis). The number of protoscolices (n=6,000) proved enough for an experimental infection in a dog. The characteristics of large and small hooks of metacestode were statistically determined as the sensu stricto strain but not the camel strain (P=0.5). To determine E. granulosus genotype, 20 adult worms of this type were collected from the infected dog. The second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and cytochrome c oxidase 1 subunit (COX1) of the mitochondrial DNA were amplified from individual adult worm by PCR. Subsequently, the PCR product was sequenced by Sanger method. The lengths of ITS2 and COX1 sequences were 378 and 857 bp, respectively, for all the sequenced samples. The amplified DNA sequences from both ribosomal and mitochondrial genes were highly similar (99% and 98%, respectively) to that of the ovine strain in the GenBank database. The results of the present study indicate that the morpho-molecular features and characteristics of E. granulosus in the Iranian wild sheep are the same as those of the sheep-dog E. granulosus sensu stricto strain.

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Isolation and Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii Strains in Ovine Aborted Fetuses in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran: Leila Danehchin, Gholamreza Razmi, Abolghasem Naghibi; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):15-20.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.15

Abstract
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Toxoplasmosis is an important zoonotic disease that can cause abortion in humans and animals. The aim of this study was isolation and subsequent genotyping of Toxolasma gondii isolates in ovine aborted fetuses. During 2012-2013, 39 ovine aborted fetuses were collected from sheep flocks in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. The brain samples were screened for detection of the parasite DNA by nested PCR. The positive brain samples were bioassayed in Webster Swiss mice. The serum samples of mice were examined for T. gondii antibodies by IFAT at 6 weeks post inoculation, and T. gondii cysts were searched in brain tissue samples of seropositive mice. The positive samples were genotyped by using a PCR-RLFP method. Subsequently, GRA6 sequences of isolates were analyzed using a phylogenetic method. The results revealed that T. gondii DNA was detected in 54% (20/37, 95% CI 38.4-69.0%) brain samples of ovine aborted fetuses. In bioassay of mice, only 2 samples were virulent and the mice were killed at 30 days post inoculation, while the others were non-virulent to mice. The size of cysts ranged 7-22 ?m. Complete genotyping data for GRA6 locus were observed in 5 of the 20 samples. PCR-RLFP results and phylogenetic analysis revealed that all of the isolated samples were closely related to type I. For the first time, we could genotype and report T. gondii isolates from ovine aborted fetuses in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. The results indicate that the T. gondii isolates are genetically related to type I, although most of them were non-virulent for mice.

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Visceral Leishmaniasis in Rural Areas of Alborz Province of Iran and Implication to Health Policy: Aliehsan Heidari, Mehdi Mohebali, Kourosh Kabir, Hojatallah Barati, Yousef Soultani, Hossein Keshavarz, Behnaz Akhoundi, Homa Hajjaran, Hosein Reisi; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):379-383.
Published online August 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.379

Abstract
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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar mainly affects children in endemic areas. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of VL using direct agglutination test (DAT) in children living in rural districts of Alborz Province located 30 km from Tehran capital city of Iran. Multi-stage cluster random sampling was applied. Blood samples were randomly collected from 1,007 children under 10 years of age in the clusters. A total of 37 (3.7%) of the studied population showed anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies with titers of ≥1:800. There was a significant association between positive sera and various parts of the rural areas of Alborz Province (P<0.002). Two children with anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies titers of ≥1:3,200 indicated kala-azar clinical features and treated with anti-leishmaniasis drugs in pediatric hospital. The findings of this study indicated that Leishmania infection is prevalent in rural areas of Alborz Province. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the awareness and alertness among physicians and public health managers, particularly in high-risk rural areas of the province in Iran.

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Brief Communication

Evaluation of Anti-Toxoplasma IgG, IgM, and IgA in Mothers with Spontaneous Abortion in Zanjan, Northwest Iran: Abbas Amin, S. Mazloomzadeh, A. Haniloo, F. Mohammadian, Asghar Fazaeli; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):371-374.
Published online November 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.371

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is one of the major agents of infectious abortions and due to its worldwide distribution can threat healthy pregnant women who had no previous exposure to this parasite. The present study was designed to investigate the contribution of T. gondii to spontaneous abortions in Zanjan, Northwest of Iran, using ELISA method. Blood Samples were collected from 264 mothers referred to the provincial hospitals of Zanjan due to spontaneous abortion. The sera were isolated and subjected to evaluate the anti-Toxoplasma IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies. The results showed IgG positive (IgG⁺) in 99 cases (37.5%). A total of 68 women (25.8%) showed seroconversion with IgM or IgA or both IgM and IgA. They included: IgM⁺ in 21 (8.0%), IgA⁺ in 23 (8.7%) and both IgM⁺ and IgA⁺ in 24 (9.1%) subjects. In 23 cases, positive titers of IgM and IgG were accompanied. In general, the analysis of anti-Toxoplasma antibody patterns, showed that about 17% of the spontaneous abortions were associated with serological patterns of acute infection. According to these findings, a considerable proportion of spontaneous abortions can be attributed to T. gondii in the study area.

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Screening for the Detection of Toxoplasma gondii IgG, IgM and IgA in Females of Reproductive Age from Western Romania
Alin Gabriel Mihu, Maria Alina Lupu, Alexandru Nesiu, Daniela Teodora Marti, Tudor Rares Olariu
Life.2022; 12(11): 1771. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii infection and spontaneous abortion: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Narges Kalantari, Tahmineh Gorgani-Firouzjaee, Zahra Moulana, Mohammad Chehrazi, Salman Ghaffari
Microbial Pathogenesis.2021; 158: 105070. CrossRef
The global seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in women who had spontaneous abortion: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Tooran Nayeri, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Afsaneh Amouei, Zahra Hosseininejad, Ahmad Daryani, Maria Angeles Gómez-Morales
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2020; 14(3): e0008103. CrossRef
Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Pregnant Women from Western Romania
Tudor Rares Olariu, Sorin Ursoniu, Ionela Hotea, Victor Dumitrascu, Doru Anastasiu, Maria Alina Lupu
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2020; 20(10): 763. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii Elongation Factor 1-Alpha (TgEF-1α) Is a Novel Vaccine Candidate Antigen against Toxoplasmosis
Shuai Wang, Zhenchao Zhang, Yujian Wang, Javaid A. Gadahi, Lixin Xu, Ruofeng Yan, Xiaokai Song, Xiangrui Li
Frontiers in Microbiology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Serological study of toxoplasmosis in women with previous history of abortion at Hamedan’s medical centers during 2012–2013
M. Abedi, H. Heidari, Z. Sadeghi Dehkordi, M. R. Youssefi
Comparative Clinical Pathology.2015; 24(3): 589. CrossRef
Sequence Diversity in MIC6 Gene among Toxoplasma gondii Isolates from Different Hosts and Geographical Locations
Zhong-Yuan Li, Hui-Qun Song, Jia Chen, Xing-Quan Zhu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(3): 341. CrossRef
Protective immunity against acute toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice induced by a DNA vaccine encoding Toxoplasma gondii 10kDa excretory–secretory antigen (TgESA10)
Shuai Wang, Yujian Wang, Xiaoni Sun, Zhenchao Zhang, Tingqi Liu, Javaid Ali Gadahi, Lixin Xu, Ruofeng Yan, Xiaokai Song, Xiangrui Li
Veterinary Parasitology.2015; 214(1-2): 40. CrossRef
Protective immunity against acute toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice induced by a DNA vaccine encoding Toxoplasma gondii elongation factor 1-alpha
Shuai Wang, YuJian Wang, XiaoNi Sun, ZhenChao Zhang, TingQi Liu, Javaid Ali Gadahi, Ibrahim Adam Hassan, LiXin Xu, RuoFeng Yan, XiaoKai Song, XiangRui Li
BMC Infectious Diseases.2015;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Articles

A Recombinant Plasmodium vivax Apical Membrane Antigen-1 to Detect Human Infection in Iran: Afsaneh Motevalli Haghi, Mohammad Reza Khoramizade, Mehdi Nateghpour, Mehdi Mohebali, Gholam Hossein Edrissian, Mohammad Reza Eshraghian, Zargham Sepehrizadeh; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(1):15-21.
Published online March 6, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.15

Abstract
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In Iran, Plasmodium vivax is responsible for more than 80% of the infected cases of malaria per year. Control interventions for vivax malaria in humans rely mainly on developed diagnostic methods. Recombinant P. vivax apical membrane antigen-1 (rPvAMA-1) has been reported to achieve designing rapid, sensitive, and specific molecular diagnosis. This study aimed to perform isolation and expression of a rPvAMA-1, derived from Iranian patients residing in an endemic area. Then, the diagnostic efficiency of the characterized Iranian PvAMA-1 was assessed using an indirect ELISA method. For this purpose, a partial region of AMA-1 gene was amplified, cloned, and expressed in pET32a plasmid. The recombinant His-tagged protein was purified and used to coat the ELISA plate. Antibody detection was assessed by indirect ELISA using rPvAMA-1. The validity of the ELISA method for detection of anti-P. vivax antibodies in the field was compared to light microscopy on 84 confirmed P. vivax patients and compared to 84 non-P. vivax infected individuals. The ELISA cut-off value was calculated as the mean+2SD of OD values of the people living in malaria endemic areas from a south part of Iran. We found a cut-off point of OD=0.311 that showed the best correlation between the sera confirmed with P. vivax infection and healthy control sera. A sensitivity of 81.0% and specificity of 84.5% were found at this cut off titer. A good degree of statistical agreement was found between ELISA using rPvAMA-1 and light microscopy (0.827) by Kappa analysis.

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Immunogenic and diagnostic potential of recombinant apical membrane antigen-1 from Plasmodium malariae
Moyan Li, Tingting Liu, Yuerong Wang, Luwen Zhang, Fanbo Lu, Jinxing Xia, Meijuan Zheng, Min Zhang, Bo Wang, Yuanhong Xu
Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease.2024; 110(3): 116480. CrossRef
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Seda Yerlikaya, Ewurama D A Owusu, Augustina Frimpong, Robert Kirk DeLisle, Xavier C Ding
Clinical Infectious Diseases.2022; 74(1): 40. CrossRef
Structure-genetic diversity and recombinant protein of circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of vivax malaria antigen: A potential malaria vaccine candidate
Vahid Raissi, Soudabeh Etemadi, Muhammad Ibrahim Getso, Ahmad Mehravaran, Omid Raiesi
Gene Reports.2021; 23: 101132. CrossRef
Serological responses to a soluble recombinant circumsporozoite protein-VK210 of Plasmodium vivax (rPvCSP-VK210) among Iranian malaria patients
Mehdi Nateghpour, Soudabeh Etemadi, Afsaneh Motevalli Haghi, Hamid Eslami, Mehdi Mohebali, Leila Farivar
European Journal of Medical Research.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
The immunology of Plasmodium vivax malaria
Lis R. Antonelli, Caroline Junqueira, Joseph M Vinetz, Douglas T. Golenbock, Marcelo U. Ferreira, Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
Immunological Reviews.2020; 293(1): 163. CrossRef
Blood-stage Plasmodium vivax antibody dynamics in a low transmission setting: A nine year follow-up study in the Amazon region
Camilla V. Pires, Jessica R. S. Alves, Barbara A. S. Lima, Ruth B. Paula, Helena L. Costa, Leticia M. Torres, Taís N. Sousa, Irene S. Soares, Bruno A. M. Sanchez, Cor J. F. Fontes, Francis B. Ntumngia, John H. Adams, Flora S. Kano, Luzia H. Carvalho, Gerh
PLOS ONE.2018; 13(11): e0207244. CrossRef
What Is Known about the Immune Response Induced by Plasmodium vivax Malaria Vaccine Candidates?
Carolina López, Yoelis Yepes-Pérez, Natalia Hincapié-Escobar, Diana Díaz-Arévalo, Manuel A. Patarroyo
Frontiers in Immunology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Detection of human malaria using recombinant Plasmodium knowlesi merozoire surface protein-1 (MSP-119) expressed in Escherichia coli
Parthasarathy Sonaimuthu, Fei Wen Cheong, Lit Chein Chin, Rohela Mahmud, Mun Yik Fong, Yee Ling Lau
Experimental Parasitology.2015; 153: 118. CrossRef
Immunogenicity of bacterial-expressed recombinant Plasmodium knowlesi merozoite surface protein-142 (MSP-142)
Fei Wen Cheong, Mun Yik Fong, Yee Ling Lau, Rohela Mahmud
Malaria Journal.2013;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of Recombinant Plasmodium knowlesi Merozoite Surface Protein-133 for Detection of Human Malaria
Yee Ling Lau, Fei Wen Cheong, Rohela Mahmud, Mun Yik Fong
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2013; 88(5): 835. CrossRef

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Plasmodium vivax dhfr Mutations among Isolates from Malarious Areas of Iran: Jalal Zaman, Abbas Shahbazi, Mohammad Asgharzadeh; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):125-131.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.125

Abstract
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The use of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine (SP) for treatment of vivax malaria is uncommon in most malarious areas, but Plasmodium vivax isolates are exposed to SP because of mixed infections with other Plasmodium species. As P. vivax is the most prevalent species of human malaria parasites in Iran, monitoring of resistance of the parasite against the drug is necessary. In the present study, 50 blood samples of symptomatic patients were collected from 4 separated geographical regions of south-east Iran. Point mutations at residues 57, 58, 61, and 117 were detected by the PCR-RFLP method. Polymorphism at positions 58R, 117N, and 117T of P. vivax dihydrofolate reductase (Pvdhfr) gene has been found in 12%, 34%, and 2% of isolates, respectively. Mutation at residues F57 and T61 was not detected. Five distinct haplotypes of the Pvdhfr gene were demonstrated. The 2 most prevalent haplotypes were F57S58T61S117 (62%) and F57S58T61N117 (24%). Haplotypes with 3 and 4 point mutations were not found. The present study suggested that P. vivax in Iran is under the pressure of SP and the sensitivity level of the parasite to SP is diminishing and this fact must be considered in development of malaria control programs.

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Molecular evaluation of pvdhfr and pvmdr-1 mutants in Plasmodium vivax isolates after treatment with sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine and chloroquine in Iran during 2001–2016
Mahdi Parsaei, Ahmad Raeisi, Adel Spotin, Abbas Shahbazi, Mahmoud Mahami-Oskouei, Teimour Hazratian, Alireza Salimi Khorashad, Jalal Zaman, Ahad Bazmani, Sedighe Sarafraz
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2018; 64: 70. CrossRef
Mutational Analysis of Plasmodium vivax dhfr Gene Among Cases in South East of Iran
Hadi Mirahmadi, Maryam Rafee, Jalal Zaman, Ahmad Mehravaran, Reza Shafiei
Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
MOLECULAR SURVEILLANCE OF Plasmodium vivax AND Plasmodium falciparum DHFR MUTATIONS IN ISOLATES FROM SOUTHERN IRAN
Khojasteh SHARIFI-SARASIABI, Ali HAGHIGHI, Bahram KAZEMI, Niloofar TAGHIPOUR, Ehsan Nazemalhosseini MOJARAD, Latif GACHKAR
Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo.2016;[Epub] CrossRef

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Molecular Variation and Distribution of Anopheles fluviatilis (Diptera: Culicidae) Complex in Iran: Saied Reza Naddaf, Mohammad Reza Razavi, Golnaz Bahramali; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(3):231-236.
Published online September 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.231

Abstract
PDF

Anopheles fluviatilis James (Diptera: Culicidae) is one of the known malaria vectors in south and southeastern Iran. Earlier ITS2 sequences analysis of specimens from Iran demonstrated only a single genotype that was identical to species Y in India, which is also the same as species T. We identified 2 haplotypes in the An. fluviatilis populations of Iran based on differences in nucleotide sequences of D3 domain of the 28S locus of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Comparison of sequence data from 44 Iranian specimens with those publicly available in the Genbank database showed that all of the 28S-D3 sequences from Kazeroun and Khesht regions in Fars Province were identical to the database entry representing species U in India. In other regions, all the individuals showed heterozygosity at the single nucleotide position, which identifies species U and T. It is argued that the 2 species may co-occur in some regions and hybridize; however, the heterozygosity in the 28S-D3 locus was not reflected in ITS2 sequences and this locus for all individuals was identical to species T. This study shows that in a newly diverged species, like members of An. fluviatilis complex, a single molecular marker may not be sufficiently discriminatory to identify all the taxa over a vast geographical area. In addition, other molecular markers may provide more reliable information for species discrimination.

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Are members of the Anopheles fluviatilis complex conspecific?
Om P. Singh, Ankita Sindhania, Gunjan Sharma, Shobhna Mishra, Surya K. Sharma, Piyoosh K. Singh, Manoj K. Das
Acta Tropica.2021; 224: 106149. CrossRef
A detailed review of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Iran and their medical and veterinary importance
Shahyad Azari-Hamidian, Behzad Norouzi, Ralph E. Harbach
Acta Tropica.2019; 194: 106. CrossRef
Spatial changes in the distribution of malaria vectors during the past 5 decades in Iran
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Brief Communication

Fecal and Molecular Survey of Neospora caninum in Farm and Household Dogs in Mashhad Area, Khorasan Province, Iran: Gholamreza Razmi; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):417-420.
Published online December 2, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.417

Abstract
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Neospora caninum is an important cause of abortion in dairy cattle worldwide. Dog is the definitive host for N. caninum and can infect dairy cattle. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of Neospora oocysts in feces of dogs from dairy farms. A total of 174 fecal samples was collected from 89 farm dogs and 85 household dogs during 2006 and 2008. Fecal samples of dogs were microscopically examined for detecting Hammondia Neospora-like oocysts (HNLO) by Mini Parasep®SF fecal parasite concentrator. HNLO were microscopically detected in 4 fecal samples (2.2%). The fecal samples with HNLO were examined by N. caninum-specific PCR. Two of the samples were positive for N. caninum. The 2 positive fecal samples were selected for inoculation to calves. Two inoculated calves were seronegative by ELISA for 4 months post-infection. This is the first report of finding N. caninum DNA in feces of farm dogs in Mashhad area, Iran.

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Molecular Detection of Neospora Caninum in Different Tissues of Dogs and Cats in Shiraz, Iran
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Veterinary Medicine and Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Neospora caninum in various hosts from Iran
Jamal Gharekhani, Mohammad Yakhchali, Reza Heidari
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.2022; 80: 101737. CrossRef
Incorrect reports of Eimeria spp. from dogs—Veterinary and medical parasitologists should work closer
Alireza Sazmand, Alireza Nourian
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Neospora caninum infection in Iran (2004–2020): A review
Jamal Gharekhani, Mohammad Yakhchali, Reza Berahmat
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2020; 44(4): 671. CrossRef
Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated to Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa: Toxoplasmatidae) in Pet Dogs From Hamadan, West of Iran, 2016
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Karla I. Moreno-Torres, Devinn M. Sinnott, Barbara A. Wolfe, Antoinette E. Marsh, William J. A. Saville, Mark Moritz, Rebecca B. Garabed
American Journal of Veterinary Research.2018; 79(11): 1179. CrossRef
Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification technique and comparison with quantitative real-time PCR for the rapid visual detection of canine neosporosis
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Occurrence and first multilocus microsatellite genotyping of Neospora caninum from naturally infected dogs in dairy farms in Henan, Central China
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Case Reports

Orbital Dirofilariasis in Iran: A Case Report: Sepideh Tavakolizadeh, Iraj Mobedi; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):397-399.
Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.397

Abstract
PDF

Dirofilariasis is a common parasitic disease in both domestic and wild animals around the world, with canines as the principal reservoir host and mosquitoes as the vector. Human ophthalmic dirofilariasis is an uncommon condition, but there have been reports from many parts of the world, including Africa, Australia, the Americas, Europe, and Asia. Ophthalmic involvement with Dirofilaria may present itself as periorbital, subconjunctival, orbital, or intraocular infections. In this report, we present a case of orbital dirofilariasis with lateral rectus muscle involvement. To our knowledge, this is the first orbital dirofilariasis case reported in Iran. Although debulking of the tumor usually leads to resolution, our patient showed an episode of recurrence after biopsy. Complete recovery was achieved after a spontaneous discharge, without the need for systemic medication.

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Periorbital dirofilariasis: clinical profile and role of ultrasonography in its diagnosis
Aparna K S, Abraham Kurian, Anju Suresh
Orbit.2025; 44(6): 723. CrossRef
Subconjunctival dirofilariasis in a healthy subject: a case report
Amirhossein Aghajani, Mohammad Taher Rajabi, Seyed Mohsen Rafizadeh, Elham Rahmanikhah, Reza Samiee, Mohammad Reza Abdol Homayuni, Amin Zand
Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Dirofilariasis Presenting as Orbital Abscess Complicating Ethmoid Sinusitis
Vinod Felix, Lakshmi Anilkumar, Muhammed Niyas, Asgar Abbas, Kalpana Elizabeth John, Shalini R. Varma, Jyothi Chakkikavil
Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery.2023; 75(4): 3636. CrossRef
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Molecular characterization of ocular dirofilariasis: a case report of Dirofilaria immitis in south-eastern Iran
Razieh Parsa, Ali Sedighi, Iraj Sharifi, Mehdi Bamorovat, Saeid Nasibi
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Cochlosoma Infection in a Turkey in Iran: Mohammad Javad Gharagozlou, Omid Dezfoulian; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):393-395.
Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.393

Abstract
PDF

Cochlosoma sp. infection was identified in a single case among 60 stunted diarrheic native turkey poults, Meleagris galopavo. A large number of the flagellated parasites was found free or within the intervillous spaces of the jejunum, ileum and cecum. Moderate enteritis was associated with the parasites. In TEM studies of the parasagittal sections of the parasite, a prominent ventral sucker like disc and flagella emerging from an opening on the ventrodorsal surface of the pyriform uninuclear parasite were found. The morphological characteristics of this protozoan match with those described for Cochlosoma anatis. The parasite could be considered as an intestinal pathogenic protozoan causing stunting and diarrhea in turkeys in Iran.

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Infection with Cochlosoma anatis in early brooding leads to poor health outcomes in turkey poults
Justin H Lowery, Chongxiao Chen, Catherine G Fudge, Christina Sigmon, Robert B Beckstead, Lin L Walker
Journal of Applied Poultry Research.2026; 35(1): 100637. CrossRef

8,577 View
116 Download
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Original Articles

Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Inhabitants of Karaj City, Tehran Province, Iran in 2006-2008: Vahid Nasiri, Kasra Esmailnia, Gholamreza Karim, Mehdi Nasir, Omid Akhavan; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):265-268.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.265

Abstract
PDF

Karaj is an area with large influx of refugee people in Iran. To increase knowledge about parasitic infections, we carried out this research during 2006-2008. We recorded the stool examination results and some of their personal characteristics. A total of 13,915 human stools were examined, and 649 (4.7%) were positive for intestinal parasites. Among them, 13 (0.09%) had worm and 636 (4.6%) had protozoan infections. Maximum infections belonged to Giardia intestinalis, and 534 (3.8%) samples had this infection. Other parasitic infections included Entamoeba coli (0.39%), Entamoeba histolytica (0.021%), Blastocystis hominis (0.08%), Trichomonas hominis (0.1%), Iodamoeba butschlii (0.06%), Chilomastix mesnili (0.007%), Endolimax nana (0.05%), Enterobius spp. eggs (0.028%), Taenia proglottids (0.028%), and Strongyloides stercoralis larvae (0.03%). The maximum numbers of referred people to laboratories were in July and the maximum percentage of infections was in August. There is a point that all 5 Strongyloides stercoralis infections were pertained to 2008. With attention to the rate of parasitic infections (4.7%), it seems that we should take additional educational information to wide spectrum of people living in this city.

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Anti-leishmanial Effects of Trinitroglycerin in BALB/C Mice Infected with Leishmania major via Nitric Oxide Pathway: Hossein Nahrevanian, Mana Najafzadeh, Reza Hajihosseini, Habib Nazem, Mahin Farahmand, Zahra Zamani; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):109-115.
Published online May 27, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.109

Abstract
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This study investigated whether trinitroglycerine (TNG) as nitric oxide (NO) releasing agent had anti-leishmanial effects and mediated pathology in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a zoonotic infection caused by leishmania protozoa is still one of the health problems in the world and in Iran. NO is involved in host immune responses against intracellular L. major, and leishmania killing by macrophages is mediated by this substance. Moreover, application of CL treatment with NO-donors has been recently indicated. In our study, TNG was used for its ability to increase NO and to modify CL infection in mice, in order to evaluate NO effects on lesion size and formation, parasite proliferation inside macrophages, amastigote visceralization in target organs, and NO induction in plasma and organ suspensions. Data obtained in this study indicated that TNG increased plasma and liver-NO, reduced lesion sizes, removed amastigotes from lesions, livers, spleens, and lymph nodes, declined proliferation of amastigotes, hepatomegaly, and increased survival rate. However, TNG reduced spleen-NO and had no significant effects on spelenomegaly. The results show that TNG therapy reduced leishmaniasis and pathology in association with raised NO levels. TNG had some antiparasitic activity by reduction of positive smears from lesions, livers, spleens, and lymph nodes, which could emphasize the role of TNG to inhibit visceralization of L. major in target organs.

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Brief Communication

A Serological Study on Toxoplasma gondii Infection Among People in South of Tehran, Iran: Abdoreza Salahi-Moghaddam, Abbas Hafizi; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(1):61-63.
Published online March 12, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.1.61

Abstract
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Although Toxoplasma gondii infection generally shows subclinical courses in adults, it may have severe pathologic effects on the fetus. For a survey of toxoplasmosis in Shahr-e-Rey area, south of Tehran, Iran, we conducted a serological study on 1,187 general populations using indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test. In this cross sectional study, cases were selected randomly by a local primary health care (PHC) system. Blood samples were collected in microcapillary tubes and sera were examined by IFA after centrifugation. It has been shown that 68.3% of cases in all age groups had IFA titer of 1 : 10 and higher, which we consider as positive cases, and the rate for 1 : 400 or over was 30.2%. There was meaningful correlation between anti-Toxoplasma antibody titers and age, sex, and occupation of subjected people (P < 0.05%). The incidence was higher in females and highest in the children age group (10-14 years old). The present study demonstrates high prevalence of Toxoplasma infection among the people in south of Tehran, Iran.

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Original Articles

A Survey of Dung Beetles Infected with Larval Nematodes with Particular Note on Copris lunaris Beetles as a Vector for Gongylonema sp. in Iran: Gholamreza Mowlavi, Elmira Mikaeili, Iraj Mobedi, Eshratbeigom Kia, Lotfali Masoomi, Hassan Vatandoost; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(1):13-17.
Published online March 12, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.1.13

Abstract
PDF

Dung beetles (family Scarabaeidae) are one of the largest families of beetles worldwide. Due to biological behavior of these arthropods, they are considered to play an important role in the life cycle of some helminths. In the present study, dung beetles collected from cattle pastures in rural areas of Ardabil province, north-west of Iran were examined for infection with larval stages of helminths. According to the results, nematodes of 2 genera were identified including Rhabditis and Gongylonema. The more common species was Rhabditis sp. which was found in 9 species of beetles. Out of 15 different species of dung beetles, Copris lunaris was the only scarabaeid to be found naturally infected with the larval stages of Gongylonema sp. Our new findings introduce C. lunaris as a potential biological vector for transmission of Gongylonema sp. to vertebrates in the surveyed region.

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Dan-Cornel Popovici, Ana-Maria Marin, Ovidiu Ionescu, Maria Monica Florina Moraru, Durmuș Alpaslan Kaya, Mirela Imre, Narcisa Mederle
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Avi Patel, Meg Jenkins, Kelly Rhoden, Amber N. Barnes
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First report of Spirocerca lupi larva in dung beetles (Scarabaeus armeniacus) in the central region of Iran: A morphological and molecular identification
Sina Mohtasebi, Aref Teimouri, Mohammad Javad Abbaszadeh Afshar, Iraj Mobedi, Hamed Abbasian, Niloofar Totonchian, Gholamreza Mowlavi
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Experimental infection of selected arthropods with spirurid nematodesSpirocerca lupiRailliet & Henry, 1911 andGongylonema ingluvicolaMolin, 1857
S. Mukaratirwa, E. Pillay, K. Munsammy
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Sarcocystis and Its Complications in Camels (Camelus dromedarius) of Eastern Provinces of Iran: Akbar Valinezhad, Ahmad Oryan, Nasrollah Ahmadi; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):229-234.
Published online December 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.229

Abstract
PDF

The prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. was investigated by gross and histopathological examinations in 250 camels (Camelus dromedarius) slaughtered from 2002 to 2005 in the Mashhad Slaughterhouse, eastern Iran. Samples were taken from the diaphragm, heart, tongue, esophagus and masseter muscles for histopathological studies. No macroscopic sarcocysts were found in the samples at gross inspection. Sarcocysts were detected in 209 of 250 (83.6%) examined camels at histopathological level. The infection rate of the esophagus, heart, masseter muscles, diaphragm, and tongue was 58.8%, 48.0%, 46.8%, 41.6%, and 28.0%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the rate of infection between male (85.8%) and female (81.0%) camels. The tissue response to vital cysts was minimal; however, reaction to the degenerating cysts was severe and caused tissue damages resulting in hyperemia, hemorrhages, mononuclear cell infiltration, necrotic changes, and fibrosis. The wild and domestic carnivores especially dogs may be the final hosts of Sarcocystis spp. in this area.

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Inhibitory Effects of Iranian Thymus vulgaris Extracts on in Vitro Growth of Entamoeba histolytica: Maryam Behnia, Ali Haghighi, Hossein Komeylizadeh, Seyyed-Javad Seyyed Tabaei, Alireza Abadi; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(3):153-156.
Published online September 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.3.153

Abstract
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One of the most common drugs used against a wide variety of anaerobic protozoan parasites is metronidazole. However, this drug is mutagenic for bacteria and is a potent carcinogen for rodents. Thymus vulgaris is used for cough suppression and relief of dyspepsia. Also it has antibacterial and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to investigate antiamebic effect of Thymus vulgaris against Entamoeba histolytica in comparison with metronidazole. One hundred gram air-dried T. vulgaris plant was obtained and macerated at 25℃ for 14 days using n-hexane and a mixture of ethanol and water. For essential oil isolation T. vulgaris was subjected to hydrodistillation using a clevenger-type apparatus for 3 hr. E. histolytica, HM-1: IMSS strain was used in all experiments. It was found that the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for T. vulgaris hydroalcoholic, hexanic extracts, and the essential oil after 24 hr was 4 mg/mL, 4 mg/mL, and 0.7 mg/mL, respectively. After 48 hr the MIC for T. vulgaris hydroalcoholic and hexanic extracts was 3 and 3 mg/mL, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Iranian T. vulgaris is effective against the trophozoites of E. histolytica.

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Brief Communication

Prevalence of ixodid ticks on cattle in Mazandaran province, Iran: Gholam Reza Razmi, Meisam Glinsharifodini, Shaboddin Sarvi; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(4):307-310.
Published online December 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.4.307

Abstract
PDF

A survey was carried out to investigate the prevalence of hard tick species (Acari: Ixodidae) on cattle in Mazandaran province, Iran. A total of 953 ticks were collected from 86 infested cattle during activating seasons of ticks during 2004-2005. Nine species were identified: Boophilus annulatus (51.3%), Rhipicephalus bursa (16.8%), Haemaphysalis punctata (6.3%), Ixodes ricinus (6.8%), Hyalomma marginatum (12.5%), Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (5.2%), Hyalomma asiaticum (0.6%), Hyalomma detritum (0.2 %), and Dermacentor spp. (0.1%). The results show that Boophilus annulatus, Rhipicephalus bursa, and Hyalomma species are dominant tick species in the surveyed area.

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Case Report

A case of Moniliformis moniliformis (Acanthocephala) infection in Iran: Fariba Berenji, Abdolmajid Fata, Zahra Hosseininejad; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):145-148.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.145

Abstract
PDF

Only a few cases of Acanthocephala infections have been reported in humans, and Moniliformis moniliformis is the most common species around the world. We report here a case of infection with M. moniliformis, which passed in the stool of a 2-year-old girl in Iran. The patient had abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and facial edema. According to her mother, the patient had habit of eating dirt and once a cockroach was discovered in her mouth. In stool examination, eggs of M. moniliformis were not found. She was treated with levamisole and the clinical symptoms reduced within 2 weeks. The specimen contained 2 pieces of a female worm with a total length of 148 mm lacking the posterior end. The spiral musculature of the proboscis receptacle and the shape of the trunk allowed its generic determination. Previously 2 cases of M. moniliformis infection were reported in Iran. This is the 3rd case of M. moniliformis infection in Iran.

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Original Articles

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in diarrheic and non-diarrheic humans in Iran: Mohammad Mirzaei; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):133-137.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.133

Abstract
PDF

For evaluation of the prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in diarrheic and non-diarrheic humans in Iran, fecal specimens from diarrheic (n = 129) and non-diarrheic humans (n = 271) were collected and examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts. The presence of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts was determined by Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining. Humans were grouped according to their age as follows: younger than 15, 16-25, 26-35, 36-50, and over 51 years. The results showed that the overall prevalence of infection in all 400 samples was 10.8%, but the prevalence (25.6%) in diarrheic humans was higher than that (3.7%) in non-diarrheic humans. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. were detected in the feces of 21.4%, 9.3%, 8.8%, 6.7% and 5.7% of different age groups, respectively. The intensity of oocysts was significantly higher in diarrheic humans than in non-diarrheic ones. There was a significant association between Cryptosporidium sp. infection and occurrence of diarrhea (P < 0.05). The results indicate that Cryptosporidium sp. infection is prevalent in diarrheic humans in Iran.

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Status of Haemaphysalis tick infestation in domestic ruminants in Iran: Sadegh Rahbari, Sedigheh Nabian, Parviz Shayan, Hamid Reza Haddadzadeh; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):129-132.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.129

Abstract
PDF

The geographical distribution and ecological preferences of Haemaphysalis in domestic animals in Iran were studied 4 times a year from April 2003 to March 2005. A total of 1,622 ixodid tick specimens were collected from 3 different zones. Among them, 108 (6.7%) Haemaphysalis ticks, consisting of 6 species, were identified; H. punctata (3.4%), H. parva (0.5%), H. sulcata (0.6%), H. choldokovskyi (1.7%), H. concinna (0.06%) and Haemaphysalis sp. (0.6%). H. punctata was the most abundant species, whereas H. concinna was the rarest species collected in humid and sub-humid zones on cattle, sheep and goats. H. choldokovskyi was principally collected from sheep and goats grazed in cold mountainous areas. The infested areas consisted of Caspian Sea (Guilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, and central provinces), mountainous (Azarbaiejan, Ardebil, Kohgilouyeh, and Kordestan) and semi-dessert (Khorasan, Semnan, Kerman, Sistan, and Baluchestan) zones. The Caspian Sea zone (23.6%) was the most highly infested region. The results show that various species of Haemaphysalis ticks infest domestic ruminants in Iran and each tick species show characteristic geographical distributions.

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Brief Communication

Genetic diversity in merozoite surface protein (MSP)-1 and MSP-2 genes of Plasmodium falciparum in a major endemic region of Iran: Aliehsan Heidari, Hossein Keshavarz, Mohammad B Rokni, Tomas Jelinek; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(1):59-63.
Published online March 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.1.59

Abstract
PDF

Merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) and merozoite surface protein-2 (MSP-2) were used to develop vaccines and to investigate the genetic diversity in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Iran. Nested polymerase chain reaction amplification was used to determine polymorphisms of block 2 of the MSP-1 and the central domain of MSP-2 genes. A total of 67 microscopically positive P. falciparum infected individuals from a major endemic region, southeast Iran, were included in this trial. Nine alleles of MSP-1 and 11 alleles of MSP-2 were identified. The results showed that amplified product from these surface antigen genes varied in size and there was specific pattern for each isolate. Besides, regarding this pattern, 23 multiple infections with at least 2 alleles were observed. While the endemic regions of malaria in Iran is classified in low to moderate group, but extensive polymorphism was observed for each marker and the MSP-2 central repeat was the most diverse that could be considered in designing malaria vaccine.

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Original Article

Childhood cutaneous leishmaniasis: report of 117 cases from Iran: Safar Ali Talari, Rezvan Talaei, Gholamreza Shajari, Zarichehr Vakili, Abbas Taghaviardakani; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):355-360.
Published online December 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.355

Abstract
PDF

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), due to Leishmania major, is endemic in different parts of Iran and has long been recognized in most provinces of Iran. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of childhood leishmaniasis in 3 areas at the southeast of Kashan. A descriptive study was carried out on all children referred to central laboratories during a 3-year period. Initial information including age, sex, sites of ulcer on the body, number of lesions, address, and the place of the disease was obtained. The study gathered 117 children, and the results showed a prevalence of 7.2% in patients with lesions among the population and 4.2% of people displayed lesion and scar. The ages of subjects were from 6 to 15 years (average 9.75 years). The boy: girl ratio was 1.2. All of our patients lived in an endemic area. The face was affected in 47.0% of cases. The encountered forms of leishmaniasis are as follows: papulonodular 27.4%, ulcer 60.7%, sporotrichoid 6%, impetiginous 2.5%, and erysipeloid 3.4%. Treatment with intramuscular meglumine antimoniate 20-30 mg/kg/day was done for 93 patients. Meglumine antimoniate treatment was tolerated with no side effects. All leishmaniasis lesions healed within an average period of 2-14 months. Hyperpigmented scars were formed in 25.6% of the patients, atrophic scars in 4.3%, and hypopigmented scars were in 3.4%, respectively. The findings of this study indicate increased prevalence of CL in the villages at the area of Kashan and Aran-Bidgol. The clinical finding patterns belonged to different endemic strains of L. major in Isfahan, which indicates the possible transmission of infection from Isfahan to this area.

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