Plasmodium vivax variant interspersed repeats (vir) refer to the key protein used for escaping the host immune system. Knowledge in the genetic variation of vir genes can be used for the development of vaccines or diagnostic methods. Therefore, we evaluated the genetic diversity of the vir genes of P. vivax populations of several Asian countries, including Pakistan, which is a malaria-endemic country experiencing a significant rise in malaria cases in recent years. We analyzed the genetic diversity and population structure of 4 vir genes (vir 4, vir 12, vir 21, and vir 27) in the Pakistan P. vivax population and compared these features to those of the corresponding vir genes in other Asian countries. In Pakistan, vir 4 (S=198, H=9, Hd=0.889, Tajima’s D value=1.12321) was the most genetically heterogenous, while the features of vir 21 (S=8, H=7, Hd=0.664, Tajima’s D value =-0.63763) and vir 27 (S =25, H =11, Hd =0.682, Tajima’s D value=-2.10836) were relatively conserved. Additionally, vir 4 was the most genetically diverse among Asian P. vivax populations, although within population diversity was low. Meanwhile, vir 21 and vir 27 among all Asian populations were closely related genetically. Our findings on the genetic diversity of vir genes and its relationships between populations in diverse geographical locations contribute toward a better understanding of the genetic characteristics of vir. The high level of genetic diversity of vir 4 suggests that this gene can be a useful genetic marker for understanding the P. vivax population structure. Longitudinal genetic diversity studies of vir genes in P. vivax isolates obtained from more diverse geographical areas are needed to better understand the function of vir genes and their use for the development of malaria control measures, such as vaccines.
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Economic and public health importance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in sheep: 2009–2020 J.P. Dubey, F.H.A. Murata, C.K. Cerqueira-Cézar, O.C.H. Kwok, C. Su Veterinary Parasitology.2020; 286: 109195. CrossRef
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Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii in Wild Birds of Punjab Province, Pakistan Ahmad Naveed, Shahzad Ali, Haroon Ahmed, Sami Simsek, Muhammad Rizwan, Imdad Kaleem, Muhammad Asif Gondal, Asghar Shabbir, Fahad Pervaiz, Muhammad Aamir Khan, Muhammad Shahid Nadeem, Muhammad Sohail Afzaal, Sajid Umar Journal of Wildlife Diseases.2019; 55(1): 129. CrossRef
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Molecular and serological prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Anaplasma spp. infection in goats from Chongqing Municipality, China Zuoyong Zhou, Yutong Wu, Yiwang Chen, Zhiying Wang, Shijun Hu, Rongqiong Zhou, Chunxia Dong, Hongquan Lin, Kui Nie Parasite.2018; 25: 20. CrossRef
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